World’s population is increasing day by day, consequently need of food is also increased. We have to apply modern technologies to the Agricultural sector for assured and high yield for fulfilling the need of food. Hydroponics system is one of the modern approach of farming.

What is Hydroponics:

Hydroponics is a system where instead of soil liquid nutrient mixture is used for cultivation. It is also known as soil less farming. It is one of the best way of smart farming.

Types of Hydroponics:

A. Standing aerated nutrient solution or Deep water culture system ( DWC)

B. Nutrient film techniques (NFT)

Benefits of Hydroponics System:

• As there is no soil, so there is no chances of soil borne disease infection in the crop.
• Water usage is also very lower than traditional method.
• High productivity than traditional method.
• In hydroponics system under controlled climate crops are grown, so there is no chance of any pest or disease attack.
• Wastage of nutrient is very less in case of hydroponics system.
• Through hydroponics system off seasonal crops can be cultivated all over the year.

Best plants that can be cultivated in hydroponics system:

1.VEGETABLES:

2.HERBS:

3.Fruits:

An environmental disaster  is defined as a catastrophic event regarding the natural environment that is due to human activity . This point distinguishes environmental disasters from other disturbances such as natural disasters and intentional acts of war such as nuclear bombings. Environmental disasters show how the impact of humans’ alteration of the land has led to widespread and/or long-lasting consequences.

These disasters have included deaths of wildlife, humans and plants, or severe disruption of human life or health, possibly requiring migration .Environmental disasters historically have affected agriculture, biodiversity  including wildlife, the economy and human health. The most common causes include pollution that seeps into groundwater or a body of water , emissions into the atmosphere and depletion of natural resources, industrial activity or agricultural practices.

Environmental disasters have a severely detrimental effect on ecosystems. These catastrophes are often short in duration, but have a lasting impact on the animals and plants that live in the affected habitat. Occasionally, environmental catastrophes change the physical environment so much that the damage to the ecosystem is irreversible. In other cases, environmental damage can be contained and the habitat rehabilitated.

Environmental disasters fall into two general categories. Some disasters are caused by natural climate or weather events. These include wild fires, landslides, floods, earthquakes, droughts, tornadoes, tsunamis, and volcanic eruptions. Although the causes of these natural environmental disasters do not involve human activities, in some cases the effects are worsened by the influence of people. For example, the environments that suffered the most damage during the Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004 were those where urban development and construction had damaged coral reefs. In places where coral reefs were healthy, the reef acted like a buffer, deflecting the power of the giant wave.

A second category of environmental disasters includes those caused by human activities. Examples of human-induced environmental disasters include oil spills, chemical spills, and nuclear incidents. In addition, wars and terrorist activities can be disastrous to ecosystems. In many cases, environmental disasters caused by humans have longer lasting effects on the environment than catastrophes brought on by natural events. For example, the enormous oil spill that occurred when the Exxon Valdez supertanker ran aground in Prince William Sound in 1989 continues to have major environmental repercussions. Twelve years after the oil spill, significant deposits of oil, which is toxic to many species, persisted throughout the affected area. In 2002, the population size of at least eight species of fish and mammals was still severely impacted from the oil spill.

Although environmental disasters take a terrible toll on ecosystems, they can bring increased attention to threatened habitats. In some cases, the increased oversight by governmental, intergovernmental, and non-governmental agencies results in legislation, which reduces the impact of future environmental disasters. For example, the Exxon Valdez oil spill led to much stronger regulation of the oil shipping industry. Also, additional funds were allocated for cleaning up oil spills, should they occur again. In the wake of the 2004 tsunami, the United Nations began organizing an Indian Ocean Tsunami warning system to alert citizens when another gigantic wave is heading to shore.

Humans have long believed that their scientific creativity could meet the challenges of natural forces. However, as Earth’s resources continue to be eroded by the growing population and its demand for natural resources, it is ever more likely that environmental disasters will increase both in number and intensity. It delves into the effects that these catastrophes have taken on the environment and on the human communities involved.

Our human body is continuously exposed to microorganisms that may or may not be infectious. Millions of microorganisms exist in our body that includes our mouth, eyes, ears, and the other various part of our body.
But in the same way, our body is also exposed to disease-causing microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoans, etc. So in order to keep us healthy, there is a certain process that our body undergoes in order to defend ourselves from such microorganisms, this is done by our immune system. The branch of science that deals with the components of the immune system are called Immunology.

NOW, WHAT EXACTLY IS IMMUNITY?

It is the ability of an organism to fight against disease-causing agents.
It is further divided into two categories.

1. Innate immunity.
2. Acquired immunity.

INNATE IMMUNITY:

It is a non-specific type of immunity that includes all the defense elements with which an individual is born. It is present at the time of birth and is genetic i.e, it is passed down genetically from parents to children.
This includes skin, mucous membranes, and blood cells along with the white blood cell which forms an important component of innate immunity.

The different types of barriers to innate immunity are:

1. Physical barrier: This includes skin and mucous membrane
2. Physiological barrier: This comprises hydrochloric acid, bile, cerum, lysozyme, and our body temperature.
3. Cellular barrier: Certain types of cells called leucocytes(WBC), neutrophils and monocytes, natural killer cells (lymphocyte) as well as macrophages constitutes this barrier.
4. Cytokine barrier: There are certain cells which once infected by a virus, release a glycoprotein called interferons (IFNs). This causes the nearby cell to get alert, as it is a signal which basically says pathogens have been entered and have infected it.
5. Inflammatory barrier: This is a type of barrier that causes redness, swelling, pain, and the production of heat from the infected tissue.

ACQUIRED IMMUNITY :

It involves the active functioning of an individual’s own immune system, which leads to the synthesis of antibodies.

Types of active immunity :

1. Natural active immunity: Natural infection by a pathogen generates antibodies and specialized lymphocytes.
2. Artificial active immunity: Vaccines are administrated to the body which generates antibodies.

PASSIVE IMMUNITY :

In this case of immunity, the antibodies from one individual are passed into another individual. It also gives immediate protection. But this type of immunity is short-lived, generally lasts for only a few weeks.

Types of passive immunity:

1. Natural passive immunity: It is gained naturally, for example, antibodies from a mother can cross the placenta and enter her fetus.
2. Artificial passive immunity: Here the antibodies formed in one individual are extracted and are then injected into the blood of another individual.

CONCLUSION :

We have an immune system in our body that help us fight against the disease-causing microorganisms or pathogen. Some Immunity may be passed to us during our birth and can also be passed to our next generation, this type of immunity is called innate immunity. While the immunity that is acquired after birth that has the ability to recognize and selectively eliminate a certain specific type of pathogens is called Acquired immunity.

☆This article is especially for those who consider that journalism is all about NEWS. Actually it’s not…..

In today’s changing world, Journalism and Mass Communication has a very significant role to play in educating and enlightening the masses about the things happening around the world. With the changing economy, increasing news channels, advertising agencies, and radio stations, there are numerous career opportunities for you across the nation and even abroad, if you plan to take up Bachelor of Arts: Journalism and Mass Communication (BAJMC). You can plan which field to opt for, keeping in mind your area of interest, your communicating & writing skills, the job which will help you upskill  the future scope.

If you aspire to study BJMC, but are uncertain about which career option to choose after completing the course, then consider the various engaging and popular career options as given below.



■Career Options after BJMC:
Talking about the job perspective in Journalism and Mass Communication, then you can prefer to make your career in either Print Media or Electronic Media. While Print Media deals with newspapers, journals, digests, magazines and news agencies, the Electronic Media consists of television, radio, graphics, film events, advertising, corporate communications and the new media.

¤Career Options with Print Media
If you plan to go into the print media field dealing with newspapers, magazines, journals etc. then you can become:

•Reporter

•Correspondent Reporter

•Feature Writer

•Editor

•Critic

•Cartoonist

•Columnist

•Proofreader

•Photojournalist


¤Career Options with Electronic Media:
•Radio Jockey

•Video Jockey

•Researcher

•Anchor

•TV Correspondent

•News Analyst

•Broadcast Reporter

•Researcher


¤Career as a Web Journalist

Moreover, you can also become a Web journalist. As a Web Journalist, your work will be to make news sharp and interesting. Editing and presentation of news, making use of eye-catching captions and key facts will also be a part of your work.


¤Other Career Options after BJMC:
Apart from the media industry and broadcasting career, you can also go for other options such as-•Graphic Designer

•Marketing Manager

•Professor of writing and reporting

•Run own business

A cartoon is a type of illustration that is typically drawn, sometimes animated, in an unrealistic or semi-realistic style. The specific meaning has evolved over time, but the modern usage usually refers to either: an image or series of images intended for satire, caricature, or humor; or a motion picture that relies on a sequence of illustrations for its animation. Someone who creates cartoons in the first sense is called a cartoonist, and in the second sense they are usually called an animator.

The concept originated in the Middle Ages, and first described a preparatory drawing for a piece of art, such as a painting, fresco, tapestry, or stained glass window. In the 19th century, beginning in Punch magazine in 1843, cartoon came to refer – ironically at first – to humorous illustrations in magazines and newspapers. Then it also was used for political cartoons and comic strips. When the medium developed, in the early 20th century, it began to refer to animated films which resembled print cartoons.

Fine art:

A cartoon (from Italian: cartone and Dutch: karton—words describing strong, heavy paper or pasteboard) is a full-size drawing made on sturdy paper as a design or modello for a painting, stained glass, or tapestry. Cartoons were typically used in the production of frescoes, to accurately link the component parts of the composition when painted on damp plaster over a series of days (giornate). In media such as stained tapestry or stained glass, the cartoon was handed over by the artist to the skilled craftsmen who produced the final work.

MASS MEDIA:

In print media, a cartoon is an illustration or series of illustrations, usually humorous in intent. This usage dates from 1843, when Punch magazine applied the term to satirical drawings in its pages, particularly sketches by John Leech. The first of these parodied the preparatory cartoons for grand historical frescoes in the then-new Palace of Westminster. The original title for these drawings was Mr Punch’s face is the letter Q and the new title “cartoon” was intended to be ironic, a reference to the self-aggrandizing posturing of Westminster politicians. Cartoons can be divided into gag cartoons, which include editorial cartoons, and comic strips. Comic strips, also known as cartoon strips in the United Kingdom, are found daily in newspapers worldwide, and are usually a short series of cartoon illustrations in sequence. In the United States, they are not commonly called “cartoons” themselves, but rather “comics” or “funnies“. Nonetheless, the creators of comic strips—as well as comic books and graphic novels—are usually referred to as “cartoonists“. Although humor is the most prevalent subject matter, adventure and drama are also represented in this medium. Some noteworthy cartoonists of humorous comic strips are Scott Adams, Steve Bell, Charles Schulz, E. C. Segar, Mort Walker and Bill Watterson.

Scientific:

Cartoons such as xkcd have also found their place in the world of science, mathematics, and technology. For example, the cartoon Wonderlab looked at daily life in the chemistry lab. In the U.S., one well-known cartoonist for these fields is Sidney Harris. Many of Gary Larson‘s cartoons have a scientific flavor.

Animation:

Because of the stylistic similarities between comic strips and early animated movies, cartoon came to refer to animation, and the word cartoon is currently used in reference to both animated cartoons and gag cartoons. While animation designates any style of illustrated images seen in rapid succession to give the impression of movement, the word “cartoon” is most often used as a descriptor for television programs and short films aimed at children, possibly featuring anthropomorphized animals,  superheroes, the adventures of child protagonists or related themes.

Political Cartoon:

Political cartoons can be humorous or satirical, sometimes with piercing effect. The target of the humor may complain, but can seldom fight back. Lawsuits have been very rare; the first successful lawsuit against a cartoonist in over a century in Britain came in 1921, when J. H. Thomas, the leader of the National Union of Railwaymen (NUR), initiated libel proceedings against the magazine of the British Communist Party. Thomas claimed defamation in the form of cartoons and words depicting the events of “Black Friday”, when he allegedly betrayed the locked-out Miners’ Federation. To Thomas, the framing of his image by the far left threatened to grievously degrade his character in the popular imagination. Soviet-inspired communism was a new element in European politics, and cartoonists unrestrained by tradition tested the boundaries of libel law. Thomas won the lawsuit and restored his reputation.