JEL Classification Codes

A:General Economics and Teaching 

B:Methodology and History of Economic Thought 

C:Mathematical and Quantitative Methods 

D:Microeconomics 

E:Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics 

F:International Economics 

G:Financial Economics 

H:Public Economics 

I:Health, Education and Welfare 

J:Labor and Demographic Economics 

K:Law and Economics 

L:Industrial Organization 

M:Business Administration and Business Economics; Marketing; Accounting; Personnel Economics 

N:Economic History 

O:Economic Development, Technological Change and Growth 

• O00 – General
• O1 – Economic Development
• O10 – General
• O11 – Macroeconomic Analyses of Economic Development
• O12 – Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development
• O13 – Agriculture; Natural Resources; Environment; Other Primary Products
• O14 – Industrialization; Manufacturing and Service Industries; Choice of Technology
• O15 – Human Resources; Human Development; Income Distribution; Migration
• O16 – Financial Markets; Saving and Capital Investment; Corporate Finance and Governance
• O17 – Formal and Informal Sectors; Shadow Economy; Institutional Arrangements
• O18 – Urban, Rural, Regional, and Transportation Analysis; Housing; Infrastructure
• O19 – International Linkages to Development; Role of International Organizations
• O2 – Development Planning and Policy
• O20 – General
• O21 – Planning Models; Planning Policy
• O22 – Project Analysis
• O23 – Fiscal and Monetary Policy in Development
• O24 – Trade Policy; Factor Movement Policy; Foreign Exchange Policy
• O25 – Industrial Policy
• O29 – Other
• O3 – Innovation; Research and Development; Technological Change; Intellectual Property Rights
• O30 – General
• O31 – Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives
• O32 – Management of Technological Innovation and R&D
• O33 – Technological Change: Choices and Consequences; Diffusion Processes
• O34 – Intellectual Property and Intellectual Capital
• O35 – Social Innovation
• O38 – Government Policy
• O39 – Other
• O4 – Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity
• O40 – General
• O41 – One, Two, and Multisector Growth Models
• O42 – Monetary Growth Models
• O43 – Institutions and Growth
• O44 – Environment and Growth
• O47 – Empirical Studies of Economic Growth; Aggregate Productivity; Cross-Country Output Convergence
• O49 – Other
• O5 – Economywide Country Studies
• O50 – General
• O51 – U.S.; Canada
• O52 – Europe
• O53 – Asia including Middle East
• O54 – Latin America; Caribbean
• O55 – Africa
• O56 – Oceania
• O57 – Comparative Studies of Countries

P:Economic Systems 

Q:Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics 

R:Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics 

Y:Miscellaneous Categories 

Z:Other Special Topics