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Importance of Tree plantation

“A tree is the best friend of man on earth.” When we use trees respectfully and economically, we have one of the greatest resources on earth. Trees are rightfully called the ‘lungs of the earth.’ Life on earth would cease to exist in the absence of trees. Trees are responsible for sustaining the environment in several ways.Trees release life-supporting oxygen and absorb harmful gases like carbon dioxide during the process of photosynthesis. They act as sponges by taking in toxic emissions and other pollutants, released into the atmosphere by industries and vehicles. The roots of trees bind the soil together thereby preventing erosion. The blatant and increased rate of deforestation is the primary cause of landslides. In addition to being the bearers of delicious fruits, trees are the natural habitat of several species of animals, birds, and insects. Thus, the destruction of a tree implies the destruction of an entire ecosystem.We have inherited this planet with its many resources, from our ancestors. The onus rests on us to protect the earth’s fragile ecosystem, so that future generations have a place they can call home. It is indeed ironic that despite being at the top of the food chain Homo Sapiens are intent on destroying the very things that guarantee their survival. However, there is a silver lining. The situation can be remedied by restoring the earth’s green cover and taking concrete measures to reduce carbon emissions. Let’s all take a vow to go green and save the earth from destruction.

Trees are our best friends because they clean the air we breathe. Likewise, they also clean the water and soil and ultimately make the earth a better place. It is also a fact that people who live near trees are healthier, fit, and happier than people who do not.Moreover, it is our responsibility to look after our friends who serve us in many ways. Most importantly by saving plants, we are not doing any favor to plants but to ourselves only. Because trees and plants life does not depend on us but our lives depend on them.

Importance of Trees

Trees are important to us in a lot of ways and we cannot ignore their importance. They are important because they give us fresh air to breathe, food to eat and shelter/shade from sunlight and rainfall. Besides this, there are many medicines in the market that are made up of trees extracts. Apart from this, there are plants and trees that have medicinal value.

They bring peacefulness; create a pleasing and relaxing environment. Also, they help in reflecting the harmful rays of the sun and maintaining a balanced temperature. Besides, they also help in water conservation and preventing soil erosion. They also manage the ecosystem and from ancient times several varieties of plants are worshipped.

Benefits of TreesTrees provide us many benefits some of which we can’t see but they make a huge difference. They help in fighting back the climate changes by absorbing greenhouse gases which are the main cause of climate change.Moreover, they replenish groundwater and filter the air from harmful pollutants and odors. Besides, they are a great source of food and the king of fruits ‘Mango’ also grow on trees.

Value of Trees When a seed of a plant or tree grow it makes the area around it greener. Also, it supports many life forms. Birds make their nests, many reptiles and animals live on it or near it.Besides, all these many beautiful flowers, food growing on it. Moreover, many parts of trees such as roots, leaves, stem, flower, seeds, are also edible. Most importantly they never ask anything in return for their services and the gifts they give. Trees also keep the balance in the ecosystem and ecology.To conclude, we can say that trees are very important and beneficial for every life form on earth. Without them, the survival of life on earth will become difficult and after some time every species starts to die because of lack of oxygen on the planet. So, to save our lives and to survive we have to learn the importance of trees and also have to teach our children the importance of trees.

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SHORT STORIES WITHIN NOVELS:

A story within a story is referred to as an embedded narrative. The embedded narrative is a literary device in which a character within a story becomes the narrator of a second story within the first one. Multiple layers of stories within stories are sometimes called Nested Stories. These stories mostly exist in a book to enlighten people. Sometimes the author himself wrote some short stories which are really motivating and alluring, then he might include them in his novels. In the other case, the author pushes himself to write short stories which will be suitable within his/her novels.

We all love stories, especially short stories. So, we will look at some stories within stories or stories within novels or dramas one by one as parts of segments.

THE ALCHEMIST: BY PAULO COELHO

The shopkeeper sent his son to learn about the secret of happiness from the wisest man in the world. The lad wandered through the desert for forty days, and finally came upon a beautiful castle, high atop a mountain. It was there that the wise man lived.

“Rather than finding a saintly man, though, our hero, on entering the main room of the castle, saw a hive of activity: tradesmen came and went, people were conversing in the corners, a small orchestra was playing soft music, and there was a table covered with platters of the most delicious food in that part of the world. The wise man conversed with everyone, and the boy had to wait for two hours before it was his turn to be given the man’s attention.

“The wise man listened attentively to the boy’s explanation of why he had come, but told him that he didn’t have time just then to explain the secret of happiness. He suggested that the boy look around the palace and return in two hours.

“‘Meanwhile, I want to ask you to do something,’ said the wise man, handing the boy a teaspoon that held two drops of oil. ‘As you wander around, carry this spoon with you without allowing the oil to spill.’

“The boy began climbing and descending the many stairways of the palace, keeping his eyes fixed on the spoon. After two hours, he returned to the room where the wise man was.

“‘Well,’ asked the wise man, ‘did you see the Persian tapestries that are hanging in my dining hall? Did you see the garden that it took the master gardener ten years to create? Did you notice the beautiful parchments in my library?’

“The boy was embarrassed and confessed that he had observed nothing. His only concern had been not to spill the oil that the wise man had entrusted to him.

“‘Then go back and observe the marvels of my world,’ said the wise man. ‘You cannot trust a man if you don’t know his house.’

“Relieved, the boy picked up the spoon and returned to his exploration of the palace, this time observing all of the works of art on the ceilings and the walls. He saw the gardens, the mountains all around him, the beauty of the flowers, and the taste with which everything had been selected. Upon returning to the wise man, he related in detail everything he had seen.

“‘But where are the drops of oil I entrusted to you?’ asked the wise man.

“Looking down at the spoon he held, the boy saw that the oil was gone.

“‘Well, there is only one piece of advice I can give you,’ said the wisest of wise men. ‘The secret of happiness is to see all the marvels of the world, and never to forget the drops of oil on the spoon.’”

Through this story author express, that one should follow his dreams and must take care of his responsibilities also. That’s the secret of happiness.

The Alchemist

WHERE TO GET FREE EBOOKS https://eduindex.org/2021/07/20/where-to-get-free-e-books/

THE DETECTIVE NOVELS https://eduindex.org/2021/07/21/the-detective-novels/

Making a Choice of Profession

In India it is a great problem to choose a profession best suited to one. In America there is a National Intelligence Test Bureau where everybody’s intelligence is tested. This test is carried on a mass scale. It is then quite easy for you to select the career that will suit you the most. The system will naturally save our national energy and our health. It will also help in overhauling our present educational system wh8ch is very defective.

When we look around, we see how our schools, colleges and universities are turning out innumerable young persons. They are not fit for any other job except those of clerks. We have to call these institutions as clerk-manufacturing factories. They do produce lawyers, doctors, engineers etc but ‘clerical line’, has the lion’s share on that side.

There are many factors which should determine the choice of a profession. The first and the foremost is a young man’s taste and aptitude. One who is made to follow a profession for which he has taste or liking is not likely to find himself a misfit therein. He will not be a square peg in a round hole, as the expression goes. One who has a taste for music is likely to shape well as a musician rather than as a lawyer. Rabindranath Tagore had a taste for poetry. If instead of allowing him to follow that line, he was put into some other profession, the result would have been disastrous both for himself and for the world. So aptitude is a great consideration.

Another determining factor is talent. A meritorious young man may go in for a learned profession. But there again a careful choice is to be made. For instance, if he has an argumentative brain and the gift of the gab, but no head for mathematics, he is more likely to make a successful lawyer than an engineer.

A third consideration is sufficiency or otherwise of financial resources of a young man’s family. He may have the aptitude for a particular profession, he may have the talents for it; but if his father or guardian cannot afford to pay for his education or training in that line, it is useless for him to think of joining that profession.

The competition to be faced in a particular profession has also to be taken into account in making a choice. Some professions are already overcrowded and one should try to avoid them unless there are special circumstances, which may help one’s mark in it.

After choosing a profession, there are two fundamentals for its success. First, we must be devoted to our work . We must be able to learn its secrets in the spirit of a devotee. Let us take to any vocation of life. We must work with all the zeal and enthusiasm to make our work a grand success. Secondly, we must be ready to stick to it and struggle for it. A rolling stone gathers no moss and so a drifting worker is rarely a success. The choice should be made after careful consideration, but once it is made, we must stick to it.

The choice of a profession is a matter of vital importance to every man. A right choice may make his future career bright while a wrong choice may mar it forever. It is, however, not possible for an inexperienced young man to assess his abilities for a profession or his chances of success in it. It is, therefore, the duty of his guadians and teachers to help him to make the choice.

DIGITAL MARKETING!

DIGITAL MARKETING is a part of marketing that is done by using internet and online based digital media such as mobile, laptops, computers, and other digital media platforms to promote goods and services. During 1990s and 2000s digital marketing made a huge difference for the brands and businesses for promotion of their products and services. In the era of 21st century the digital platforms have indulged into all marketing plans and everyday life. Many people use digital devices instead of visiting the places or shops physically, digital marketing has become a new trend in today’s world. With the use of digital marketing, it helps to connect the brand with potential customer.

POV, if marketing campaign contains digital communication, it is DIGITAL MARKETING.

CHANNELS OF DIGITAL MARKETING

WEBSITE MARKETING

Website marketing is a master of all digital marketing activities. Beside this it is consider as one of the most dynamic way of marketing. The objective is to pull off the attention of people who may be interested in product or services of a company. More the traffic to a site more the opportunities for company to put the value proposition toward the potential customer. A website should represent a brand, product, or service in a crystal-clear way. It should be swift, easy to use and mobile friendly.

PAY-PER-CLICK ADVERTISING (PPC)

PPC is paying when every time a person clicks on the ad posted by you on the digital flatform. Marketer can setup their PPC campaign on Google, Bing, LinkedIn, Pinterest, and Facebook any many more to display the ad to potential customer who are in search of similar term linked with product and services. Campaign under PPC can segment users according to their demographic attribute (like age or gender) or even can target specific interest or location.

CONTENT MARKETING

The objective of content marketer is to reach the potential customer through the use of content. Website in which content are posted and then promotion is done through social media, email marketing, SEO, or even PPC campaigns.

Bolgs, ebook, podcaste and webinar are the tools of content marketing.

EMAIL MARKETING

One of best effective marketing channel is also an email marketing. Email marketing one of method to get in touch with the potential customer or the people interested your brand. Digital marketers use email to add their leads in the email and then through email marketing, they produce customer acquisition funnels and then convert these leads into customer.

SOCIAL MEDIA MARKETING

It is process of creating brand awareness by engaging people in online discussion Facebook, Twitter and Instagram are most popular flatform for social media marketing.

AFFILIATE MARKETING  

One of the oldest forms of marketing is affiliate marketing. And the internet has brought a new life to this old form of marketing. Through affiliate marketing influencer promote products of other people and get commission when every sale is made or when a lead is generated.

SEARCH ENGINE OPTIMIZATION (SEO)

It is a process of enhancing the quality and quantity of website traffic for a website or web page. SEO particularly concentrate on unpaid traffic (organic marketing) rather than paid or direct traffic.

Pollution

Pollution is a significant threat to our environment and is caused by the reckless attitude of man towards nature. Our Earth provides us with food and shelter, whereas we treat it mercilessly and plunder its resources. Pollution is a direct result of our greed. We dump waste into our water bodies without caring for the organisms living in them. The balance of various gases in the atmosphere has been disrupted because of the large number of vehicles plying on the road. Even factories that release harmful gases into the atmosphere contribute to air pollution. When we do excessive and uncontrolled farming on a piece of land, it loses its natural minerals. So, when we use fertilizers to boost their productivity, it pollutes the soil. Noise pollution is caused by factories, jets, airplanes, etc. It harms our ears and can impair hearing.

Pollution is a term which even kids are aware of these days. It has become so common that almost everyone acknowledges the fact that pollution is rising continuously. The term ‘pollution’ means the manifestation of any unsolicited foreign substance in something. When we talk about pollution on earth, we refer to the contamination that is happening of the natural resources by various pollutants. All this is mainly caused by human activities which harm the environment in ways more than one. Therefore, an urgent need has arisen to tackle this issue straightaway. That is to say, pollution is damaging our earth severely and we need to realize its effects and prevent this damage. In this essay on pollution, we will see what are the effects of pollution and how to reduce it.

Effects of Pollution

Pollution affects the quality of life more than one can imagine. It works in mysterious ways, sometimes which cannot be seen by the naked eye. However, it is very much present in the environment. For instance, you might not be able to see the natural gases present in the air, but they are still there. Similarly, the pollutants which are messing up the air and increasing the levels of carbon dioxide is very dangerous for humans. Increased level of carbon dioxide will lead to global warming.

Further, the water is polluted in the name of industrial development, religious practices and more will cause a shortage of drinking water. Without water, human life is not possible. Moreover, the way waste is dumped on the land eventually ends up in the soil and turns toxic. If land pollution keeps on happening at this rate, we won’t have fertile soil to grow our crops on. Therefore, serious measures must be taken to reduce pollution to the core.

Types of Pollution

How to Reduce Pollution?

After learning the harmful effects of pollution, one must get on the task of preventing or reducing pollution as soon as possible. To reduce air pollution, people should take public transport or carpool to reduce vehicular smoke. While it may be hard, avoiding firecrackers at festivals and celebrations can also cut down on air and noise pollution. Above all, we must adopt the habit of recycling. All the used plastic ends up in the oceans and land, which pollutes them.

So, remember to not dispose of them off after use, rather reuse them as long as you can. We must also encourage everyone to plant more trees which will absorb the harmful gases and make the air cleaner. When talking on a bigger level, the government must limit the usage of fertilizers to maintain the soil’s fertility. In addition, industries must be banned from dumping their waste into oceans and rivers, causing water pollution.

To sum it up, all types of pollution is hazardous and comes with grave consequences. Everyone must take a step towards change ranging from individuals to the industries. As tackling this problem calls for a joint effort, so we must join hands now. Moreover, the innocent lives of animals are being lost because of such human activities. So, all of us must take a stand and become a voice for the unheard in order to make this earth pollution-free.

Photo by Chris LeBoutillier on Pexels.com

BUDDHA'S NOBLE EIGHT FOLD PATH

Buddha gave eight principles to follow as his noble eight-fold path.

  1. Right Vision
  2. Right Aims
  3. Right Speech
  4. Right Action
  5. Right Livelihood
  6. Right Efforts
  7. Right Mindfulness and
  8. Right Meditation

Right vision:

Buddha meant that man should realize how sorrowful was this world for man’s greed’s , desires and selfishness. Man should, therefore, rise above for a new vision for his own happiness and for the happiness of all.

Right Aims:

Man should not run behind his power and wealth, and should not run for passion, pleasures and enjoyment. Instead, he should aim at loving other fellow men and giving them happiness.

Right Speech :

Man should give up falsehood, lies, criticism of others and quarrels which spoil the peace of others and of the society. Instead, man should be truthful in his words and friendly and kind in his talks. 

Right Action :

Man should avoid violence and killing, give up harmful acts like theft, and stealing, and instead could work for the good of all in a virtuous way.

Right Livelihood :

Buddha advised man to live by harmless means, not by selling or taking wine or butchering animals for himself or others. Instead, he should live an honest and simple life for peace within and peace outside.

Right Efforts:

Buddha meant a correct discipline in mind and action not for any evil thought or practice, but for a proper exercise towards all that was good. Man was asked to give up evil designs from his thought and to develop nobler feelings for better efforts.

Right Mindfulness :

Buddha wanted man to be conscious of the unrealities of his existence, unrealities of the body and the bodily pleasures, the meaninglessness of the worldly bonds and attachments. Instead, he was to search for the real happiness beyond the flesh and material existence which had no substance.

Right Meditation:

Buddha wanted man to concentrate his mind on the real truth of existence. It was necessary for the discipline and training of the mind towards the higher goal.

Earthquake

An earthquake is a natural disaster whose arrival cannot be announced in advance. Earthquakes are more frequent in mountainous areas. Earthquake has many causes such as volcanic eruption due to excess heat. Sliding rocks under the earth. Collide or move existing plates under the earth. Earth quakes when an earthquake strikes, due to which houses, trees, plants etc. fall and millions of humans and animal birds die under them. Whenever an earthquake comes, there is a lot of destruction.

Earthquake also comes due to the burden on the earth and when it comes, the biggest danger is the collapse of high buildings. In the event of an earthquake, all people should go out of the house to the open ground. An earthquake cannot be predicted, but many preparations can be made to avoid it. For this people are advised to stay in wooden houses. They must keep a mobile phone and flashlight with them. It is not possible for humans to stop earthquakes but tree plants protect us from earthquakes. So to prevent disaster like earthquake, we should plant more and more trees.

Simply speaking, Earthquake means the shaking of the Earth’s surface. It is a sudden trembling of the surface of the Earth. Earthquakes certainly are a terrible natural disaster. Furthermore, Earthquakes can cause huge damage to life and property. Some Earthquakes are weak in nature and probably go unnoticed. In contrast, some Earthquakes are major and violent. The major Earthquakes are almost always devastating in nature. Most noteworthy, the occurrence of an Earthquake is quite unpredictable. This is what makes them so dangerous.

Types of Earthquake

Tectonic Earthquake: The Earth’s crust comprises of the slab of rocks of uneven shapes. These slab of rocks are tectonic plates. Furthermore, there is energy stored here. This energy causes tectonic plates to push away from each other or towards each other. As time passes, the energy and movement build up pressure between two plates.

Therefore, this enormous pressure causes the fault line to form. Also, the center point of this disturbance is the focus of the Earthquake. Consequently, waves of energy travel from focus to the surface. This results in shaking of the surface.

Volcanic Earthquake: This Earthquake is related to volcanic activity. Above all, the magnitude of such Earthquakes is weak. These Earthquakes are of two types. The first type is Volcano-tectonic earthquake. Here tremors occur due to injection or withdrawal of Magma. In contrast, the second type is Long-period earthquake. Here Earthquake occurs due to the pressure changes among the Earth’s layers.

Collapse Earthquake: These Earthquakes occur in the caverns and mines. Furthermore, these Earthquakes are of weak magnitude. Undergrounds blasts are probably the cause of collapsing of mines. Above all, this collapsing of mines causes seismic waves. Consequently, these seismic waves cause an Earthquake.

Explosive Earthquake: These Earthquakes almost always occur due to the testing of nuclear weapons. When a nuclear weapon detonates, a big blast occurs. This results in the release of a huge amount of energy. This probably results in Earthquakes.

Effects of Earthquakes

First of all, the shaking of the ground is the most notable effect of the Earthquake. Furthermore, ground rupture also occurs along with shaking. This results in severe damage to infrastructure facilities. The severity of the Earthquake depends upon the magnitude and distance from the epicenter. Also, the local geographical conditions play a role in determining the severity. Ground rupture refers to the visible breaking of the Earth’s surface.

Another significant effect of Earthquake is landslides. Landslides occur due to slope instability. This slope instability happens because of Earthquake.

Earthquakes can cause soil liquefaction. This happens when water-saturated granular material loses its strength. Therefore, it transforms from solid to a liquid. Consequently, rigid structures sink into the liquefied deposits.

Earthquakes can result in fires. This happens because Earthquake damages the electric power and gas lines. Above all, it becomes extremely difficult to stop a fire once it begins.

Earthquakes can also create the infamous Tsunamis. Tsunamis are long-wavelength sea waves. These sea waves are caused by the sudden or abrupt movement of large volumes of water. This is because of an Earthquake in the ocean. Above all, Tsunamis can travel at a speed of 600-800 kilometers per hour. These tsunamis can cause massive destruction when they hit the sea coast.

In conclusion, an Earthquake is a great and terrifying phenomenon of Earth. It shows the frailty of humans against nature. It is a tremendous occurrence that certainly shocks everyone. Above all, Earthquake lasts only for a few seconds but can cause unimaginable damage.

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OUMUAMUA

Well we all know a lot about space but what is Oumuamua?

Oumuamua was the first known interstellar object that was detected passing solar system. It was discovered by Robert Weryk using Pan-STARRS1 telescope at University of Hawaii’s on Oct. 19, 2017. It was discovered more or less 40 days after it passes its closest point to the sun on September 9.

It appears to be rocky, cigar shaped object with reddish hue. It is estimated to be about 1,300 to 2,600 feet. Originally it was classified as comet C/2017 U1, but later reclassified as asteroid A/2017 U1 due to the absence of a coma. Oumuamua varies in brightness by a factor of 10 as it spins on its axis every 7.3 hours and also has a light curve amplitude of 2.5 magnitudes. It has a radius of about 200 m. It is estimated to be 10 times as long as it was width. However ʻOumuamua’s planetary system of origin and the age of its excursion are unknown.

As soon as it grabbed attention two things in particular fixated scientists. The first was its acceleration away from sun which was hard to resonate with many ideas. The second one was its peculiar shape.

HOW IT GOT ITS NAME?

 It was initially named 1I/2017 by the International Astronomical Union (IAU), which was responsible for granting official names. But later  Pan-STARRS team dubbed it to Oumuamua, which in Hawaiian means “a messenger from afar arriving first”. It is pronounced as oh MOO-uh MOO-uh.

TRAJECTORY:

Astronomers were able to record its data only for a short period of time even though its been in our solar system for over decade. Oumuamua wasn’t spotted for a long time because it was too far from the Sun to reflect enough light for astronomers to pick it up. Once it got close enough to the Sun, it was moving fast, remaining for very little time in the relatively small region where it was visible to modern-day telescopes. Oumuamua was again on its way out. “Our very last observations from Hubble were January 2nd of 2018 at fainter than magnitude 27”, says Meech “By May 3rd, it was again outside of Jupiter’s orbit. And once it gets beyond about 1.2 AU or so, it’s 25th magnitude, so beyond Jupiter’s orbit, forget it. It’s gone”, he added. According to Meech, Oumuamua is expected to reach the Kuiper belt in about 2024, and pass the edge of the Kuiper belt in late 2025. It will pass the most distant location the Voyagers have reached, she says, in about 2038. By 2196, it will again be 1,000 AU from the Sun, although our Oort Cloud is projected to extend beyond 100,000 AU, so when Oumuamua truly passes the “edge” of the solar system depends on where you define that edge. Regardless, since January, ‘Oumuamua has been beyond astronomer’s reach.

HAVE ALIEN FOUND US?

Some astronomers even suggested that ʻOumuamua could be a product of alien technology. However evidences are not too strong. Therefore the alien object hypothesis is considered unlikely by many experts.

Apart from this, Borisov is another interstellar object that was found August 30.

India at Olympics 2021

Saikhom Mirabai Chanu paved a path for India at Olympics by securing Silver in weightlifting.

Krishan Vikas, Sutirtha Mukherjee and Manika Batra, Arvind Singh and Arjun Lal Jat, S. Nagal and more players at Olympics today, 24 July 202. Updates.

25 July 2021: P.V. Sindhu, Sania Mirza, P. Nayak, Mary Kom, M. Kaushik, Arvind Singh and Arjun Lal Jat, Nethra Kumanan, Maana Patel, Manika Batra.

26 July 2021: Manika Batra, C.A. Bhavani Devi, S. Rankireddy + C. Shetty, Ashish Kumar, Sharath Kamal Achanta, Sutirtha Mukherjee,Sajan Prakash, P.V. Sindhu, Sajan Prakash.

27th July 2021: Sharath Achanta, Indian hockey team, Lovlina Borgohain(Boxing), C. Shetty and Rankireddy, Sumit Nagal, Sailing.

28th July 2021: Pravin Jadhav (Archery), Tarundeep Rai (Archery), Deepika Kumari (Archery), P.V. Sindhu (Badminton), Pooja Rani(Boxing), Arvind Singh and Arjun Lal Jat (Rowing).

29th July 2021: P.V. Sindhu (Badminton), Manu Bhaker (Shooting), Mary Kom (Boxing), Arvind Singh and Arjun Lal Jat (Rowing), Atanu Das (Archery), Satish Kumar (Boxing).

https://eduindex.org/2021/07/31/india-at-olympic-2021-updated/

30 and 31 July updates

Weightlifting. (Women)

Saikhom Mirabai Chanu lifted a total of 202Kg in four successful attempts. 87Kg in snatch, 115 Kg in clean and jerk.

  • Z.H. Hou from China secured Gold medal by lifting a total of 210Kg.
  • W.C. Aisah from Indonesia secured Bronze medal by lifting a total of 194Kg.

Shooting

Women’s 25m pistol

Manu Bhaker secured 5th Position in the qualifications.

Men’s 10m air pistol

  1. J. Foroughi from Iran secured Gold medal with 244.8 points. Likewise, D. Mikec from Serbia and w. Pang from China secured Silver medal respectively.
  2. C. Saurabh from India secured 7th position with 137.4 points

Table Tennis singles

Sutirtha Mukherjee and Manika Batra have passed Round 1 with flying colors. Both have advanced to second round in Table tennis Women’s single.

— Manika Batra knocks out second room and moves on confidently.

Women’s singles

Sutirtha Mukherjee lost to Fu Yu in the second round.

Polcanova Sofia defeated Manika Batra in the 3rd round.

Men’s singles

Sharath Achanta won against Tiago Apolónia, Portugal, in the second round

Sharath Achanta lost to Ma Long, china in 3rd Round,

Table Tennis mixed doubles

Sharath Kamal Achanta and Manika Batra lost to Yun Ju Lin and Ching Cheng of Chinese Taipei straight games in Table Tennis mixed doubles round of 16 match.

Hockey

The Indian men’s hockey team defeated New Zealand in their first match with scores 3-2 respectively at pool matches.

—–Australia defeats India with a margin of 7-1 in their next match.

In, Men’s tournament, India defeats Spain with scores 3-0

India won against Argentina 3-1. (29th July) ———————

Woman’s tournament

The Indian women’s hockey team have their match scheduled at 5:15 pm against Netherlands.

They lost to Netherlands with a margin of 5-1

India vs Germany today at 5:45pm. (26th July) Germany won 2-0

India lost to Great Britain with margin 4-1 (28th July)

Boxing

Men’s Welterweight

We have Indian boxer Krishan Vikas against OKAZAWA Sewonrets Quincy Mensah at 19:24 (Japan), i.e. here in India the match will be shown at 15:24 (3:24)

Krishan Vikas gave his best but lost to OKAZAWA.

Men’s lightweight

Luke McCormack defeated M. Kaushik with scores as Luke McCormack

Women’s flyweight

Our eternal boxer, Mary kom won her first match against Miguelina Hernandez, Dominican Republic — 4-1—

Mary Kom vs Ingrit Valencia, Colombia at 3:36pm. (29th July )

Women’s welterweight

Lovlina Borgohain, India defeated Nadine Apetz of Germany with score 4-3 in round 16.

Men’s Middleweight

Tuoheta Erbieke from China vs Ashish Kumar today (26th July) at 3:06pm

Women’s Middleweight

Pooja Rani defeated Ichrak Chaib from Algeria

Men’s super heavyweight

Satish Kumar defeated Ricardo Brown in Round 16. ———————

Badminton

Men’s Doubles Group Play Stage – Group A 

C. Shetty and Rankireddy won their opening match in Group A. Their next match is on 26th Jul.

Indonesia Defeated them in the next stage with scores 21-13, 21-12.

C. Shetty and Rankireddy defeated S. VendyB. Lane of Great Britain at Group play stage with scores 21-17 and 21-19. ——————– 27th July 2021

Women’s singles (Group play stage)

P.V. Sindhu gloriously won her first match with scores as 21-7 and 21-10.

P.V. Sindhu defeats N.Y. Cheung from Hong king with scores 21-9 and 21-16. (28th July)

P.V. Sindhu wins Round 16 by defeating Mia Blichfeldt, Denmark with scores 21-15 and 21-13. ————————–

Rowing (Men’s lightweight double sculls)

India’s pair of Arvind Singh and Arjun Lal Jat finished fifth and eventually qualified for the repechage round.

They secured 3rd Position at Repechage 2 today(25 July).

They secured 6th Position at semifinals. (28th July)

Arvind Singh and Arjun Lal Jat took 5th Place in the Final B (29th July) ———————–

Tennis

Sumit Nagal passed the first round of Men’s singles defeating D. Istomin from Uzbekistan. Next match on 26 July.

Daniil Medvedev defeated Sumit Nagal in the second round. ——————————

Women’s doubles

L. KichenokN. Kichenok defeated S. Mirza, A. Raina

Swimming

Women’s 100m backstroke

Maana Patel finished second in Heat 2.

Men’s 100m and 200m BUtterfly

Sajan Prakash will be competing in men’s 200m and 100m butterfly today.

Sailing

Laser Radial / Laser

Nethra Kumanan secured 27th Position and 33rd Position resp.

49er

India secured 18th position qualifying for race 2

India secured 18th position again in race 4

Archery

Men’s team

India defeated Kazakhstan to qualify for Quarterfinals

But, in Quarter-finals India lost to South-Korea with margin as 6-0

Men’s individual

Pravin Jadhav defeated Galsan Bazarzhapov from ROC (Russua) in 1/32 Eliminations.

Pravin Jadhav continues to shine after he defeated Brandy Ellison from US in 1/16 Eliminations.

Tarundeep Rai won in 1/32 eliminations but lost in the next round.

Atanu Das defeated Oh Shin-Hyek from South Korea with scores 6-5 in 1/16 Eliminations. ———————-

Women’s individual

Deepika Kumari won both 1/32 and 1/16 Eliminations today (28 July)

Fencing

Women’s individual sabre

C. A. Bhavani Devi defeated N. Ben Azizi from Tunisia with score of 15-3 in her first match.

SHE BECAME THE FIRST FENCING INDIAN PLAYER TO WIN A MATCH. ————————-

But, she lost against Manon Brunet, a world top 3 player, in the second round.

Flood

Flood is a type of natural hazard, affecting humans and natural habitats, or even killing them. A flood can also cause severe damage to homes, factories, places in public, etc. Initially, the trees in the forest should not be cut down unethically because they can cause many human disasters, which include flooding. A flood occurs; therefore, it is not possible to absorb the rainwater in the plant root, so water flows directly.

Secondly, in our properties, in the desert field and along the side of the road, we can plant any plants so that the plant root can quickly suck up the water. It provides other incentives, such as reducing air contamination and embracing the ‘Go Green’ Global Warming and Climate Change Policy on our Planet. The last thing is that we should not throw waste anywhere to disturb the flow of the river. In Jakarta, for example, people want to dump the trash somewhere as in the canal, and also in the drainage, resulting in flooding every year. In many other places, such as Situ Gintung and Wasior, the other flood is because people like to throw waste anywhere. By doing that, we can minimize disasters and contribute to defending our environment. So, we have to keep our environment clean.

Flood is one of the most dangerous natural disasters. It happens when excessive water is collected in any area. It usually happens due to heavy rainfall. India is highly prone to flood. There are many regions in the country that face this natural disaster because of the overflowing of rivers. Moreover, it also happens because of the melting of snow. Another reason for floods is when the dam breaks down. If we look at the coastal areas, the hurricanes and tsunamis are held responsible for causing floods. In this essay on flood, we will see the prevention and after-affect of flood.

In other words, whatever the cause may be, it is equally dangerous. It has a lot of harmful consequences. Flood damages the living conditions and it takes a lot of time to recover from this disaster. Therefore, the consequences of floods must be known and steps must be taken to prevent it.

After-effects of Flood

Floods interrupt with the day to day functioning of the affected area. The severe floods sometimes cause mass destruction. A lot of people and animals lose their lives due to floods. Several others are injured. Floods also bring a rise in diseases. The stagnant water attracts mosquitoes causing malaria, dengue, and more illnesses.

Furthermore, people face power cuts due to the danger of electrocution. They also have to face expensive pricing. As the supply of food and goods gets limited, the prices naturally grow higher. This creates a big problem for the common man.

Most importantly, the whole country faces economic loss. The resources needed to rescue people and tackle this disaster demands a hefty amount. Plus, the citizens lose their houses and cars which they worked all their lives for.

Subsequently, floods also hamper the environment. It causes soil erosion and this degrades the quality of the soil. We lose out on fertile soil. Similarly, floods also damage flora and fauna. They damage crops and displace trees. Thus, the measure should be taken to avoid these grave consequences.

Ways to Prevent flood

The government and citizens must work together to formulate ways to prevent floods. Proper awareness must be spread about the steps to take when floods occur. Warning systems must be set up so people get sufficient time to save themselves. In addition, areas that are more likely to have floods must have tall buildings above the flood level.

Further, there should be an efficient system for storing excessive water due to rain. This will prevent the overflowing of water. One of the most important steps is to strengthen the drainage system. This can avoid water logging which will prevent floods.

Other than that, dams must be constructed strongly. The use of cheap materials causes dams to break. The government must ensure there is a quality building of dams to prevent floods.

In short, we cannot prevent natural causes like rain and the melting of glaciers. However, we can stop the manmade causes like breaking of dams, poor drainage system, installing warning systems and more. We should take inspiration from countries like Singapore that never experience floods despite having heavy rainfall for most time of the year.

Photo by hitesh choudhary on Pexels.com

Some Healthy Vegetables

Everyone wants to live a healthy life & to live like that you have to know the ways for being healthy .Food takes a great role in this case .As you know vegetables are very nutritious & it keeps us healthy .Some vegetables have much nutrition value than other vegetables .Come & take a look at them .

Spinach

1.SPINACH : Spinach is a greeny & leafy vegetable .It’s origin is Persia .

Scientific Name — Spinacia  oleracea is its scientific name .

This vegetable is very nutritious & it often is eaten as salads or juice .It can be eaten in both ways, raw & cooked .

Spinach salad

Nutrients — 100 gm of raw spinach contain 3.6 gm Carbohydrates ,2.9 gm Proteins ,2.2 gm Dietary  Fibers ,0.4 gm sugars (as the form of Glucose & Fructose) ,0.4 gm Fat ,0.18 mg Vitamin B2 ,0.73 mg Vitamin B3 ,0.19 mg Vitamin B6 , 99 mg Calcium ,2.7 mg Iron ,79 mg Magnesium ,79 mg sodium , 558 mg potassium , 49 mg phosphorus .  It also contains Folate ,Vitamin E ,vitamin K , Vitamin A ,Vitamin B1 ,Vitamin B2 ,Zinc , Manganese ,zeaxanthin, lutein  etc. Spinach Also contains 91.4 mg water . It gives away 97 kilo joule energy .

Benefits — 1)It prevents ageing effect by preventing the free radicals from oxidation  of our body cells . 2)The carotenoids in spinach improves our retina, that’s why it is good for our eye health . 3)Vitamin K  which is present in spinach , helps in  blood clotting . 4) The nitrates of spinach keep the marginal level of blood pressure and prevent heart diseases . 5)Some research shows that spinach also fights against cancer .

Bell peppers

2.BELL PEPPER : It Is a very crunchy and tasty vegetable and full of Nutrition . It comes with various colours like green red yellow orange and also in purple . 

4 Common Color of Bell Pepper

Scientific Name —  Capsicum  annuum  is its biological species name .

some other colors of Bell peppers

It Is eaten in a cooked manner but it also can be eaten raw in salad .

Bell pepper salad
Bell pepper recipe

Nutrients —  red ,yellow, green, purple, orange And other various colored bell peppers have the same nutrients .100 gram bell pepper have 6 gram carbohydrate , 42 grams sugar ,1 gram protein ,2.1 g Fibers , 0.3 gram fat ,0.05 mg Vitamin B1, 0.48 mg vitamin B3 , 80 mg Vitamin C , 0.2 mg Vitamin B6 , 10 mg calcium,10 mg magnesium , 20 mg phosphorus , Free mg zinc ,0.3 mg iron ,175 mg Potassium etc. It also contains some amounts of vitamin B2 , Folate , phosphorus , Vitamin K ,Vitamin B9 , vitamin E ,many antioxidants(zeaxanthin, lutein) .Yellow and Orange wallpaper contains carotenoids & many other nutrients . It contains 92% water .It gives us 84 kilo joule energy.  Benefits — 1) zeaxanthin, lutein ,Vitamin A, Vitamin K , Vitamin C  work as antioxidants for our body . 2) Bell peppers help to prevent anemia Due to the presence of Vitamin C & iron . 3) The continents of bell peppers are good for our eye health . 4)Bell peppers help in metabolism by raising up the body temperature and kick out the toxins from our body . 5)Bell peppers are also good for our respiratory system like lungs & other parts .

Sea weed

3.SEA WEEDS : Seaweeds are produced from algae (green algae or Chlorophyta ,Brown algae or Phaeophyceae ,Red algae or Rhodophyta etc) which are found in the sea . It is eaten cooked in salad & soup .Various types of seaweeds are available based on from which algae it is produced .

Dried sea weed

Nutrients — Seaweeds are a very good source of vitamins and minerals . It contains proteins, iron , and copper carbohydrate fibre in high amounts . It has very low calories . As for vitamins riboflavin , vitamin A ,Vitamin C ,vitamin E, vitamin K and many essential amino acids are present in Seaweeds .It also has many antioxidants . various seaweed units contain various amounts of nutrients ,carbohydrates ,fibers ,polyunsaturated fatty acids etc.

Sea weed recipe

Benefits —  1) sea weeds are very good for our gut health . 2) It is a diet vegetable which helps to to lose weight . 3) It controls the blood sugar level in our blood . 4) It also helps to prevent heart diseases and protect our cardiovascular system . 5)Seaweed also has a very important role in our body’s thyroid function .

Brussels sprouts

4.BRUSSELS SPROUTS : It is a green vegetable & it looks like a small ball of cabbage .

Vegetable Brussels Sprouts

Scientific Name — Brassica oleracea  is its species name . 

It can’t be eaten raw . 

Nutrients — 100 grams of brussel sprout contains 8.9 gram carbohydrate ,3.8 gm dietary fibers ,3.48 gram of protein , 0.1 mg of Vitamin B1, 0.7 mg of vitamin B3 , 0.3 mg of Vitamin B5 , 0.2 mg of Vitamin B6 , 85 mg of Vitamin C , 19 mg of choline , 42 mg calcium , 1 mg iron , 23 mg magnesium ,25 mg sodium ,389 mg potassium , 69 mg phosphorus 7 many other  nutrients and antioxidants .It gives 179 KJ energy & contain 86 gm water .

Cooked Brussels sprouts

Benefits — 1) Brussels sprouts fight against cancer & prevent it in our body . 2)It also helped by working on the reduction of inflammation in our body . 3) Brussel sprouts maintain the blood sugar level in our blood  and it is good for diabetes patients . 4) It helps to lose weight so it is a very good diet vegetable . 5) Brussels sprouts are good for blood clotting to lose more blood .

Ethical Hacking and IT

Data Technology (IT) is one of the greatest and most mainstream businesses as far as building up a profession on the planet today. Industry 4.0 has invited various innovative headways because of which specific IT experts have discovered conspicuousness, in IT organizations as well as in different enterprises. Maybe, the most famous among them is a vocation in online protection.

More than 1 billion network safety experts are required to be sought after over the course of the following 2 years in this field, making it perhaps the most worthwhile profession ways on the planet today. Notwithstanding being a mammoth association, National Health Services couldn’t shield themselves from a huge scope hack. A main nourishment application, MyFitnessPal, likewise went through a monstrous security penetrate where the individual information of more than 150 million clients was taken. The recurrence of these assaults has expanded off-late, making network safety basic in each association.

Huge banks and gems stores regularly enlist proficient hoodlums to endeavor burglaries, to recognize provisos in their security frameworks. Through these preliminaries, these establishments can reliably redesign their security frameworks, to ultimately arrive at a phase of becoming invulnerable. Taking motivation from this interaction, the network protection space has likewise reversed the situation on hacking and made it a legitimized idea through moral hacking.

Moral hacking is a cycle through which experts are paid to hack into an association, to pinpoint weaknesses in the security framework that the association needs to fix. Ill-conceived programmers have likewise discovered lawful conspicuousness in the IT world today because of the developing significance of moral hacking as an idea.

Moral programmers are recruited and prepared to utilize a huge number of methods to attempt to penetrate various associations. They help in the identification of holes inside the security framework as well as during digital assaults.

Government associations wherein digital fighting holds extraordinary unmistakable quality, moral programmers are accustomed to balancing endeavors made by noxious programmers with the expectation of outmaneuvering them, and protecting the information. Another use of moral hacking is of supporting in the examination that follows a digital assault.

Law implementation offices frequently recruit moral programmers to follow the means of a programmer and distinguish the culprit.

Thinking about the incredibly specialized nature of the calling, a basic degree is for the most part insufficient to build up an effective vocation in the field a particular preparing is fundamental. Many driving IT organizations today offer affirmed courses in Ethical Hacking that involve the nuts and bolts of PC organizing as well as intricate methods and driving cycles for keeping up with digital protection.

Think inventively and out-of-the-box:

Aside from these specialized ideas, it is additionally fundamental for moral programmers to have the option to think imaginatively and out of the container. The explanation programmers are developing and can penetrate confounded security frameworks is that they are reliably attempting to concoct new ways and approaches for something very similar.

Another significant quality to have is critical thinking, as the expertise can be fortified after some time, and sharpened with experience and down to earth openness. In this manner, getting ready for a vocation in moral hacking needs to involve a decent blend of both, specialized and reasonable viewpoints.

Be that as it may, there is an exceptionally clear ability hole in the business today, and subsequently, an absence of qualified staff in the field. Attributable to the hole between the interest and supply of moral programmers, this vocation way has gotten very rewarding with monstrous extension later on.

An Adventure in a 'FOREST'.

My father’s ancestral village of Rampur, on the left bank of the Ganga at the Himalayan foothills, has a long stretch of forest which has not been afflicted by deforestation yet. Without exception, my vacations here have always been very exciting.

One cold December, my kid brother went missing. My father was at his wit’s end trying to get someone to accompany him to the forest.The village elders were divided in their opinion on the course of action. My mother was too shocked to speak. He was last seen playing near the trees at the end of the field in front of our house. Then some local boys saw him disappearing further into the area which had denser growth. It had been more than an hour since he had vanished. Nobody could have imagined such audacity from an eight year old who had been strictly instructed not to go beyond the field.

Ten of us left for the forest at three in the afternoon. My mother was most unwilling to let me go. While I managed to convince my mother, some elders were not too happy with my presence, but nothing discouraged my optimistic father. As we kept walking into the denser zones of the forest, ominous visions began to cloud our imagination. Calling out my brother’s name loudly had been futile.

The silence of the forest was punctuated by the shrill notes of various insects and distant growls. The approaching darkness was waking them up. Though we had both fire and torches along with guns, the village elders were becoming sceptical about proceeding further without more help. My father, though nervous by this time, refused to give up.

We had reached a small stream. Suddenly one of the elders asked us to stand still. The approaching dusk forced us to follow his example, and we witnessed a herd of elephants crossing the stream. The leader, to our horror, suddenly stopped and raised his trunk in the air, trying to locate us, I presumed! My father was sweating. Mahato, the shooter, was getting his gun into position almost without any obvious movement. For a moment I thought the leader of the herd was staring at me, but thankfully, they moved on and we heaved a sigh of relief.

Suddenly the shrill cry of a child pierced our ears along with the growl of some wild beast. Fearing the obvious fatal end, we rushed towards that direction. In about seven minutes, we reached an open area to find Ratan standing at a distance of barely five feet from a tigress. Handsomely built, the sinewy and powerful beast seemed to be more interested in sniffing my brother. My brother was speechless and was not even aware of our presence behind him. Before Mahato could get ready, the tigress, aware of and disturbed by our presence, snarled and disappeared into the deep forest.

My father rushed towards Ratan, who fainted at his mere touch. The tigress, perhaps a mother, had spared my brother. I hope, we men too, spare the tigresses.

So, this is my Adventurous experience in forest. Because you know what , Forests are essential for life on Earth. Three hundred million people worldwide live in forests and 1.6 billion depend directly on them for their livelihoods. Forests also provide habitat for a vast array of plants and animals, many of which are still undiscovered. They inspire wonder and provide places for recreation. They supply the oxygen we need to survive. They provide the timber for products we use every day.

Photo taken in Rockerville, United States

Forest conservation act:
Forests are an important resource that nature can bestow upon mankind. Therefore, it is the duty of every citizen to preserve the ecosystems of forests. But due to rapid deforestation, the cycle of nature is itself being disrupted. Therefore, the need to bring about a law to ensure the preservation of forest was needed.

One of the first legal drafts to protect forest tracts was the Indian Forest Act, 1865 replaced by a 1927 version of the same act. However, it was more geared towards protecting the commercial interests of the British Empire in India.

The act gave authority to the British to restrict tribal activities by levying taxes on timber and forest services. In other words, it mainly regulated the cutting of timber and flow of raw materials rather than protecting forests.

Upon independence, the President of India enforced the Forest (Conservation) Ordinance in 1980 which was later repealed by virtue of Section 5 of the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980. Under the 1980 Act, the restriction was made on the use of the forests for non-forest purposes.

Child Marriage: A Silent Health and Human Rights Issue

Marriages involving a kid under the age of 18 have place all over the world, but are most common in South Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Child marriage is a violation of human rights since it has a direct influence on girls’ education, health, psychologic well-being, and the health of their kids. It raises the chances of developing depression, sexually transmitted infections, cervical cancer, malaria, obstetric fistulas, and maternal mortality. Their children are at a higher risk of premature delivery and, as a result, neonatal or infant mortality. Poverty drives the custom, which is kept alive to secure the financial prospects of females and to strengthen social relationships. Mandating that girls stay in school is one of the most effective ways of preventing child marriage and its health effects. Child marriage, defined as marriage of a child under 18 years of age, is a silent and yet widespread practice.

Factors Driving Child Marriage

Child marriages are motivated by three factors: poverty, the desire to strengthen social relationships, and the idea that it provides protection. Child marriage is more common in impoverished communities. Parents confront two economic incentives: ensuring their daughter’s financial stability and reducing the financial burden girls impose on the family.

Child marriage is, first and foremost, a result of economic desperation. Feeding, clothing, and educating girls is expensive, and they eventually leave the home. The bride’s family receives a dowry as a result of her marriage. The larger the dowry, and the sooner the economic responsibility of rearing the daughter is relieved, the younger the girl.

By marrying their daughter to a “good” household, parents strengthen social links between tribes or clans and raise their social standing. Parents also think that marrying their daughters while they are young protects them against rape, premarital sexual activity, unwanted pregnancies, and sexually transmitted illnesses, including HIV and AIDS.

Causes Of Child Marriage:-

Previously, there was a custom of child marriage, in which children were wedded at a young age. Poverty and girls’ lack of education are the primary causes of child marriage.

When a parent receives a threat from another parent regarding the marriage of their children, they may prepare for child marriage. The illiteracy of the kid’s parents is a major reason of child marriage.

Health Consequences of Child Marriage

Isolation and Depression:-

Girls are transported to their husband’s home after marriage, where they undertake the roles of wife, domestic worker, and, eventually, mother. These new residences may be located in a separate village or town. Because of the large dowry, men are often considerably older than the girls (and so have nothing in common with them), and their new brides are expected to procreate. Polygamy may be permitted in some of these areas as well. As a result, the females experience rejection, isolation, and depression. Some females recognise that survival necessitates adapting to their new surroundings and demonstrating their fecundity. They miss out on their youth and the ability to play, make friends, and be educated.

Risk of Sexually Transmitted Infection and Cervical Cancer:-

Parents think that marrying their daughters at a young age shields them against HIV/AIDS. According to research, marriage before the age of 20 is a risk factor for HIV infection in females. 7 In Kenya, married females are 50% more likely than unmarried girls to contract HIV. The danger is considerably worse in Zambia (59 percent ). In Uganda, the HIV prevalence rate among married and unmarried females aged 15 to 19 years is 89 percent and 66 percent, respectively. These females were infected by their spouses. Because the females were attempting to demonstrate their fertility, they engaged in frequent, unprotected intercourse with their husbands. Their elder spouses had already had sexual relationships or were polygamous. Furthermore, the girls’ virginity and physical immaturity raise the danger of HIV transmission by hymenal, vaginal, or cervical lacerations. 5 Other sexually transmitted diseases, such as herpes simplex virus type 2, gonorrhoea, and chlamydia, are also more common and increase the girls’ susceptibility to HIV. According to research, child marriage increases the risk of human papillomavirus transmission and cervical cancer.

Risks During Pregnancy:-

Pregnant women in malaria-endemic areas were found to be at a greater risk of infection. Half of the 10.5 million girls and women who become infected with malaria die. During their first pregnancy, they are most vulnerable. Not only does pregnancy increase the chance of contracting malaria, but pregnant girls under the age of 19 have considerably greater malaria density than pregnant women over the age of 19. HIV and malaria coinfection rates are highest in Central African Republic, Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia, and Zimbabwe, where more than 90% of the population is malaria-exposed and more than 10% is HIV positive. The presence of both illnesses complicates their management and treatment. HIV-infected individuals are more likely to contract Plasmodium falciparum, a more severe form of the malaria parasite. They are less likely to respond to antimalarial treatment as well. Malaria increases the viral load of HIV and the rate of mother-to-child HIV transmission. Data show that the combination of these illnesses is lethal to a young pregnant woman.

Risks for Infants:-

Moms under the age of 18 have a 35% to 55% greater chance of having a preterm or low-birthweight baby than mothers over the age of 19. When the mother is under the age of 18, the infant death rate rises by 60%. Data show that even after surviving the first year, children under the age of five had a 28% higher death rate in the young moms group. This morbidity and mortality is due to the young mothers’ poor nutrition, physical and emotional immaturity, lack of access to social and reproductive services, and higher risk for infectious diseases.

Biomes

A biome is a geographical extensive ecosystem where all flora and fauna are found collectively. It is the total assemblage of plant and animal life interacting within the biosphere. Biomes are defined by abiotic factors like,relief, climate,soils and vegetation. They are classified into two broad categories,

  1. Terrestrial biomes
  2. aquatic biomes

Terrestrial Biomes

Terrestrial biomes is a group of living organisms that live and interact with one another on land. They are mainly determined by temperature and rainfall. Some of the major terrestrial biomes of the world are

A. Tropical Forest Biomes
B. Tropical Savanna Biomes
C. Desert Biomes
D. Temperature Grassland
E. Tundra Biomes

Classification of Biomes

A. Tropical Forest Biomes

The tropical forest biome is comprised of several sub-biomes, including evergreen rainforest, seasonal deciduous forest etc.

Tropical forest have the highest biodiversity and primary productivity of any of the terrestrial biomes. The Amazon basin, Congo basin and Indonesian islands are the major regions of this biome. These regions have very dense forests and so have great economic importance. Human settlements are found scattered here. They sustain their livelihood through food gathering, fishing, lumbering and shifting cultivation. Due to the humid nature of this biome, the people get afflicted to tropical diseases like malaria, yellow fever etc. The chief trees found here are rubber, bamboo, ebony,etc. Bats, pheasants, jaguars, elephants, monkeys etc. are the important birds and animals found here.

B. Tropical Savanna (Grasslands) Biomes

Tropical grasslands are generally found between tropical forests and deserts. Tropical Savanna biomes are found between 10° to 20°N and S latitudes. These grasslands are generally flat and are found in the Sahel, south of Sahara in East Africa and in Australia. This biome is generally hot and dry and experiences moderate to low rainfall. So, the grass which grow here are tall and sharp. Hence the chief occupation of the people found here is herding. The primitive people living here are nomadic. The common animals found here are the lion,leopard, tiger,deer, red oats grass, lemon grass etc. are found in this biome.

C. Desert Biomes

Deserts are usually found on the western margins of the continents between 20° and 30° N and S latitudes. The annual rainfall is less than 25cm in these regions. Due to the lack of rainfall and arid conditions, these regions do not possess any vegetaion but have special vegetaion type called Xerophytes. As the soil is sandy and saline, deserts remain agriculturally unproductive. Drought resistant throny scrubs and bushes, palms are found here.

Tribal people who live here practice food gathering and hurting. They move their temporary settlements frequently in search of pasters. Transportation becomes very difficult here and is carried on by camels. Reptiles like snakes, lizards, scorpions etc., are most commonly found here.

D. Temperate Grassland Biomes

Temperate Grasslands are usually found in the interior of the continents and are characterized by large seasonal temperature variations, with warm summer and cold winter. The type of grassland in these regions strongly depends upon precipitation. Higher precipitation leads to talk and short and soft grass. These regions favour wheat cultivation. Extensive mechanised agriculture is practised due to lack of farm labour. Pastrol industry becomes the main occupation, thereby facilitating slaughtering of animals, packing of raw and processed meat, dairy products etc. The common birds and animals are grass hopper, wolf, bison, prairie dog etc.

E. Tundra Biomes

These vast lowlands are found where the ground remains frozen. Greenland, Arctic and Antarctic regions and Northern parts of Asia, Canada and Europe fall in this biome. These regions are also called Barren lands. This biome experiences long severe winter and short cool summer. Due to the prevailing of low temperature and short growing seasons, the net primary productivity is very low in tundra. People are nomadic. Hunting and fishing are their major occupations. The population here is extremely sparse and the harsh environment makes them change their settlement frequently. They live in igloos in winter and in tents during summer. Arctic moss, Arctic willow, lichens etc. grow here. Fauna like the polar bear, wolverine, reindeer, snowly owl are found here.

Aquatic Biomes

Aquatic biome is a group of living organisms that live and interact with one another and its aquatic environment for nutrients and shelter. Like terrestrial biomes, aquatic biomes are influenced by a series of abiotic factors.

  1. Fresh water biomes
  2. Marine biomes

A. Fresh water Biomes:

It comprises lakes, ponds, rivers, streams, wetlands etc. It is influenced by various abiotic components such as the volume of water, water flow, composition of oxygen, temperature,etc. Humans rely on freshwater biomes for drinking water, crop irrigation, sanitation and industry. Water lily,lotus, duck weeds etc. are the common plants found here. Trout, salmon,turtles, crocodiles etc. are the animals found here.

B. Marine Biomes:

They are the largest aquatic biomes on earth. They are continuous bodies of salt water and provide a wide range of habitats for marine plants and animals. Coral reefs are a second kind of marine biomes within the ocean.Estuaries, coastal areas where salt water and fresh water mix, form a third unique marine biome. As water provides maximum mobility to marine organisms, nutrients are circulated more quickly and efficiently here than the terrestrial biomes. Apart from animals, plants such as kelp, algae, phytoplankton etc. also grow in water. Aquatic biomes are not only important for plants and animals, but also for humans. Humans use aquatic biomes for water, food and leisure activities. Some of the threats and issues to aquatic biomes are overfishing. Pollution and rise in sea level.

Conservation

The biosphere extends from the deep ocean trenches to lush rain forests. People play an important role in maintaining the flow of energy in the biosphere. At the same time, the primary cause of today’s loss of biodiversity is habitat alteration caused by human activities. The ever increasing population results in over exploitation of biological resources. This has an adverse impact on flora and fauna on earth. There are places on earth that are both biologically rich and deeply threatened. Hence it is man’s duty to conserve and care for the earth and make it a better place to live in.