Mental health professionals well aware of how to help and support the survivors, what are their emotional & psychological requirements in case of physical,verbal, sexual violences, anxiety and depression mental health professional (MHP) capable to encounter accordingly.
2) Counseling is a faithful forum where anyone can be vulnerable, survivors can find it easy to open up & release themselves emotionally in front of mental health Counselors. MHP can maintain solidarity to survivors, value their experience, understand their needs, ensure faith of confidentiality that no word will go out in fact each word will be taken into consideration.
3) In gender-based violence, survivors evidently confront the issue of acceptance and believing. Professionals competent enough to provide acceptance and build confidence in them
4) Survivors need emotional Support as Counselors understand it entrusts emotional assistance.
5) Mental health counseling significantly helps survivors to uplift their lives by feeling confident that helps them to know about themselves and find sustainability on a financial level. Health professionals may support the idea of high level of self awareness for themselves for more influential results.
6) Different Mental health counseling Programs and survey research increase the efficiency and credibility of Counseling for survivors. Research determines the effectiveness of orientation of work, concluding the conceptual results that enhance the relevance and reliability of surveys.
7) Mental health professionals help survivors to overcome feelings of unwantedness just by listening and understanding their outputs, that give them sufficient emotional support.
8) Mental health counseling must be provided 24×7 through E – Governance and from NGOs online portals. Government initiatives become extremely important regarding gender Based violence, their women empowerment Policies must confirm the positive results on society that ultimately helps women socially.
9) Determining mental health counseling in rural areas is crucial because women, especially in marginalized communities, find it far more difficult to come out and express their needs because of social structure & norms. Mostly do not know what to do in such situations. At this time, mental health counselors untapped them & make them aware of their legal, social and political rights; moreover their human rights.
10) Gender based violence survivors do not know what to do now at first, self doubt engraved in them strongly. Mental health professional advisory assistance supports them to better their condition by doing counseling sessions and penetrating positivity.
So how is your career planning going on? Is everything going according to your plan or did you even plan your career or not ? If not, then when are you going to? what about promotion ,bonus or salary? – same regular typical ,annoying and boring questions right asked by many of our near and dear and even far ones right?
I know , I know how it feels ,even I passed from that stage ,sorry I’m still in that stage ,so yeah I know how irritating and annoying those questions feel and how those questions even make us feel guilty about our career planning.
As a student I felt and even do feel that career planning is the most important part of my education ,but the thing was I used to be always confused about what to choose, in my +1 and +2 should I choose the stream which I like or should I play safe and choose stream which is offering more number of opportunities. ok somehow I played safe and choose a stream, but later again after choosing the stream find the exams which you have to take in order to get a good college and after joining the college struggle or say competition to find a good decent job ,so this is it ?
For a good decent job or further studies you have to start planning from 5-6 years before ,and if the plan goes well then there you have you job and if not then a back up plan and all this to enjoy good ,peaceful life, so much of planning and execution right, I know but what can we do ,this thing feels so important in one’s life specially if you are from a brown household .
If you ask me I would tell that career planning is important if you really want good career and growth in career and start doing this from early stage like in your tenth standard mostly and research about what options do you have and take opinions and advices from people of that field and get to know about their work their other opportunities .
One advice from my side is choose the stream you like ,follow your passion but also play safe and try to grab as many opportunities as possible and I can definately tell that people who work with their heart ,follow their passion and choose what they like are much more happy than people who just choose the stream because of the opportunities they are offering.
”Find out what you like doing best, and get someone to pay you for doing it.”
The district is the geographical unit where the complete instrument of administration can be traced. It is the cutting edge level of administration that policies are transformed into action. The success or failure of policies are dependent on the efficiency of District Administration.
It is impossible for union government to manage entire nation in one unit so it is important to distribute the power into different units. Every state is divided into a number of administrative sub centres to needs of the people in the areas comprised in small areas.
According to Willoughby, field administrative organization falls under either of the patterns of areas including territorial, functional or unitary and multiple areas. These areas organized in horizontally , vertically and hierarchically. The office incharge of the area is the head, the head of all other specialized units at that level are his subordinates.
All communication from the field station to the head office and back are routed through him and he has a responsibility for the acts of all other departmental heads. The position is very different in a multiple or functional form of organization, where different division or branches of the headquarters office have their equitable field establishment at different areas and maintain direct contact with them. There is no coordinating or integrating authority at the area level, each service or agency is treated as an independent entity unrelated to other services the line of authority runs direct by from it’s headquarter office.
Luther Gulick described three patterns of field organization as all finger, short Arms long fingers and long Arms short finger. All fingers agencies are controlled by the headquarters office directly. Short arms long fingers patterns, agencies are controlled by the division, they communicate with control field officers in their respective areas.
Long Arms short fingers pattern geographical sub division, to these sub division are located in the central office itself each with an extensive staff and they communicate with the central field office in three respective areas. These districts split into tehsils/Taluks, headed by tehsildars, tehsil lies the pargana/revenue circle under the charge of revenue inspector then primary unit, village official is the patwari or Lekhpal or village accountant.
Constitution of India did not mentioned the term ‘district’ excluding Article 233 mentioned in term of ‘district judge’s. The 73th and 74th Amendment Act of 1992 including the term district at several places under Part IX and IX A dealt with panchayat and muncipalities respectively.
District Administration is the total management of public affairs, within this unit. DA is that portion of Public Administration which functions within the territorial limits of a district as explained by S S khera who is prominent figure in describing District Administration.
District as a unit of administration has a long history from the time of Medieval times. District called Sarkar and headed by Karori faujdar under the direct control of subedar. District administration and the office of district collector existence during the of British East India Company.
After independence the office of the District collector suffered in order to maintain status and authority due to expansion of governmental activities and emerged as Panchayati Raj, replacement of ICS into IAS, influence of pressure Group and Growth of Commissionerate system.
The programme are executed under the supervision direction and leadership of the collector. Development had a top down approach where people brought under the umbrella of one or in other development Programme. District collector’s main responsibility was identification of beneficiary in the development activities. District collector regulate the development.
The task of good District Collector is the ability to work with all people. This requires good human resource management, strategic thinking and financial management. Village Panchayat refer to the councils of the local government of India, look after the administrative affairs of the rural regions. The local government of India are self sufficient and self enabled units that work under the State Government of India. The 73rd and 74th Amendment Act 1992 attach with development of city and village councils in India. Local government have regular elections, fixed five year term and review and augmentation of finance by the State Finance commission.
NITI Aayog is a government of India policy Think tank established in 2015 after dissolving the planning commission. “Nithi” means policy and “Aayog” means commission. It will seek to provide a critical directional and strategic input into the development process. It will emerge as a “think tank” that will provide central and state government with relevant strategic and technical advice across the spectrum of key elements of policy. It will also put an end to slow and delayed implementation of policy, by nurturing better inter ministry and inter state coordination. It develops a shared vision of national development priorities and promote cooperative federalism, recognizing that strong states make strong nation.
Structure of NITI Aayog:
-Prime minister as chairperson
-Governing council comprising the chief ministers of all states and union territories with legislatures and lieutenant governors of all other UTs.
-Regional council will be formed to address specific issues impacting specific states or a region.
-Experts, specialists and practitioners with relevant domain knowledge as special invitees nominated by prime minister.
-Full time organizational framework comprising: Vice chairperson, two full time members, two part time members, ex officio members and chief executive officer
-Secretariat
Objectives of NITI Aayog
-An administration paradigm in which government is the enabler.
-Progress from food security to focus on a mix of agricultural production
-Ensure that India is an active player in the global commons.
-Ensure that the middleclass remains engaged and its potential is fully realized
-Leverage India’s pool of human resource
-Incorporate the significant geo economic and geo political strength of non-resident Indian community.
-Use urbanization as an opportunity to create a wholesome and secure habitat through the use of modern technology
-Use technology to reduce opacity and potential for failures in governance.
Functions of NITI Aayog
-Cooperative and competitive federalism
It enables to have active participation of states in the formulation of national policy
-Shared national agenda
Evolve a shared vision of national development, priorities and strategies with the active involvement of states
-State’s best friend at the center
Support states in addressing their own challenges, building on strengths and comparative advantage
-Decentralized planning
Restructure the planning process into a bottom-up model
-Vision and scenario planning
Design medium and long-term strategic framework across all sectors. Identify critical gaps and harness untapped potentialities.
-Domain strategies
Build a repository of specialized domain expertise to assist central and state government.
-Network of expertise
Inculcate mainstream external ideas and expertise into government policies
-Knowledge and innovation hub
It aims to be an accumulator as well as disseminator of research and best practices on good governance
-Harmonization
Facilitate harmonization of actions across different layers of government through communication and coordination
-Conflict resolution
Provide a platform for mutual resolution of inter sectoral, inter departmental, inter state as well as center state issues.
-Coordinating interface with the world
Be the nodal point for strategically harnessing global expertise and resources from multilateral platforms
-Internal consultancy
Offer an inter consultancy function to central and state governments on policy and program design
-Capacity building
Enable capacity building and technology upgradation across government
-Monitoring and evaluation
Monitor the implementation of policies and programs and evaluate their impact through tracking for performance and evaluation.
Business refers to the Organization or enterprising entity engaged in commercial, industrial or professional activities. Business activities have existed since ancient ages and over the period it has evolved according to the changes in its environment. Earlier it was limited to mere exchange of goods in return for other and then with the change in conditions it has reached to a stage where people could buy a good or avail a service from a seller who is miles apart even without face-to-face interface.
In the era of globalization, the scope of a business is very large. There are several examples of businesses growing into huge enterprises from a small virtual venture which even lacked a physical existence in its early stages. Similar to the steps of a ladder, there are several stages like local business, regional business, national business, international business and global business.
Local business
Local business is the first stage of a business enterprise and it exists in the limits of a locality. A local area comprises of surrounding neighborhoods, adjacent areas where native community lives. The local economy is the most primitive form of economy. It existed since ages. It focuses on a particular locality and acts according to the culture and traditions of the society. The customer base of a local business is very limited as its area of operation is only that locality.
Regional business
Regional business concentrates on different regions of a nation. A region is a unit on earth’s surface that has unifying and defining characteristics. It focuses on a regional area and provides a variety of commodities. It is a business between different areas within a country. Credit sales play an important role in this business. It helps in developing better quality infrastructure and transportation facilities
National business
National business is one that operates within the borders of a particular country. It has a business and customer base across a nation and understands the culture of the country. Since a national business has more locations than a local or regional business, it can be more competitive with its pricing. A nation is an organized political union of its member states.
International business
International business is business among different nations. Nations satisfy each other’s needs by supplying their surpluses and in return brings home the scanty resources. International means It means interaction between two or more nations. It is used as an analog to the word foreign.
Global business
It is a business which operates worldwide. It is the pinnacle of any business enterprise. Global means means entire Earth and not just one or two nations. It is synonymous to universal and worldwide. It has a wider scope than international business.
The basic idea to be imbibed from this topic is that no business becomes huge overnight. Just like human beings, a business also takes time to grow. Not all local businesses emerge out as global giants. Only those firms which could identify the changes in the environment and could act accordingly would be able to reach its pinnacle.
Government regulate the business activities of private enterprises for direct participation in business and set up public enterprises in areas like coal industry, oil industry, steel manufacturing, banking, insurance etc. These units are not owned by Central, State or local Government, managed and controlled by them and are termed as public sector enterprises.
Business activities were occupied to individual and organizations and the government was taking care of essential services such as railways, electricity supply, postal services etc. Private sector did not take interest in areas where investment is high and profit margin is low, such as machine building, infrastructure, oil exploration etc. Industries were also focus in some region that have natural advantages like availability of raw material, skilled labour.
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Public sector enterprises defined as any commercial or industrial undertaking owned and managed by the government with a view to maximize social welfare and upholds the Public interest. Public enterprises consist of nationalized private sector enterprises such as banks life insurance of India and enterprise set up by Hindustan, Gas Authority of India limited (GAIL) and State trading Corporation (STC).
During the colonial period, economic activities were limited to essential support facilitate for the maintenance and continued Growth of economy and defense such as railway transport, electricity project, ordinance factories, irrigation works, education and training Institutions.
The public sector to control certain key point in the economy such as the financial institutions for collecting saving of millions of individual and organizations making these available for investment.
By 1980s, besides traditional fields, the major banks and financial institutions, electricity undertakings, shipping, civil aviation, bus services and big enterprises in significance modern industries such as iron and steel, heavy machine building, light engineering, electronic, petroleum and Petro chemical, fertilizers, pharmaceuticals, cotton textiles and cement. The growth of investment in the central undertakings by way of contribution to share capital and long term loans. In addition, the central government had made large investment in departmentally run undertakings.
Characteristics of Public Enterprises
The public enterprises are owned and managed by the central or state Government or local authority. The government may either own the public enterprises or the ownership partly be with the government and with the private industrialists and the public. The control, management and ownership remain primarily with the government e.g, Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited (ONGC) and National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC).
Public enterprises get their capital from government funds and the government has to make provision for their capital in it’s budget. Public enterprises are not move by profit motive. Their major focus on providing services or commodities at reasonable prices. GAIL Gas Authority of India and Indian Oil Corporation make available petroleum on subsidised price to the public.
Public sector enterprises concentrate on providing public utility services like transport, electricity, telecommunication etc. PE are governed by the government and are accountable to the legislature. The government rules and regulations force the Public enterprises to observe excessive formalities in their operations.
Role of Public SectorUndertakingin Public Policy
The public sector enterprises has been important role of achieving economic growth with social justice, generating larger social gains and strengthening country’s economy by removing regional disparities and promoting balanced development in different parts of the country. The impact of public sector undertaking on the regional development.
PSE through useful help and services in the development of human resources in underdeveloped areas. Investment in human capital is considered an essential ingredient of development planning. Such development is only possible if rural demographics ready to cope with modern knowledge and science & technology.
A large number of PSU have been set up in the regions or districts in order to capitalize the rural labour by equipping them with vocational education, technical training and managerial skills. The reason behind it is to transform the unemployed rural people to get self motivated and self inspired employment avenues in local areas economies.
PSU working as a vehicle of communication have taken the new learning to village and acted as agents for introducing changes in existing practices, initiating commercial use of appropriate village technologies in agriculture and allied activities, village artisan and handicrafts and local village industry by inducing use of productivity enhancing equipment and light machinery.
Improvement in economic infrastructure in the areas where policies cannot reach through PSU and active participation of PSU. Constructing and improving connection between village to make accessibility by modern means of transport, electricity for domestic use as well as for commercial and Industrial.
so what comes to your mind when you hear the words economy ,agriculture and industries ,they are somewhere linked right ?we do have a basic idea that agriculture does contribute to our country’s economy and so do these industries but how do they?
India is known as an agricultural country, as most of the population of villages depends on agriculture. Agriculture forms the backbone of the country’s economy. The agricultural sector contributes most to the overall economic development of the country.
Did you know that historically, India was the largest economy of the world for most of two millennia from the 1st until the 19th century .Since the start of the 21st century, annual average GDP growth has been 6% to 7%,and from 2013 to 2018, India was the world’s fastest major growing economy, surpassing China. . The economy slowed in 2017, due to shocks of “Demonetisation” in 2016 and the introduction of the goods and service tax in 2017.In 2020, pandemic has affected trade and India was the world’s 14th largest importer and the 21st largest exporter.
For a continuous duration of nearly 1700 years from the year 1 AD, India was the top-most economy, constituting 35 to 40% of the world GDP .Under British rule, India’s share of the world economy declined from 24.4% in 1700 down to 4.2% in 1950. India’s GDP (PPP) per capita was stagnant during the mughal empire and began to decline prior to the onset of British rule .India’s share of global industrial output declined from 25% in 1750 down to 2% in 1900. At the same time, the United Kingdom’s share of the world economy rose from 2.9% in 1700 up to 9% in 1870.
There is no doubt that our grievances against the British Empire had a sound basis. As the painstaking statistical work of the Cambridge historian Angus Maddison has shown, India’s share of world income collapsed from 22.6% in 1700, almost equal to Europe’s share of 23.3% at that time, to as low as 3.8% in 1952. Indeed, at the beginning of the 20th century, “the brightest jewel in the British Crown” was the poorest country in the world in terms of per capita income. -MANMOHAN SINGH
In the 1980s and early 1990s the tides began to change. Liberalisation came to India and a growing belief contrary to what Nehru believed, began to rise . By the turn of the 21st century, India had progressed towards a free-market economy, with a substantial reduction in state control of the economy and increased financial liberalisation .
India experienced high growth rates, averaging 9% from 2003 to 2007. Growth then moderated in 2008 due to the global financial crisis. In 2003, Goldman Sachs predicted that India’s GDP in current prices would overtake France and Italy by 2020, Germany, UK and Russia by 2025 and Japan by 2035, making it the third-largest economy of the world, behind the US and China. India is often seen by most economists as a rising economic superpower which will play a major role in the 21st-century global economy.
India started recovery in 2013–14 when the GDP growth rate accelerated to 6.4% from the previous year’s 5.5%. The acceleration continued through 2014–15 and 2015–16 with growth rates of 7.5% and 8.0% respectively. For the first time since 1990, India grew faster than China which registered 6.9% growth in 2015. However the growth rate subsequently decelerated, to 7.1% and 6.6% in 2016–17 and 2017–18 respectively, partly because of the disruptive effects of 2016 Indian banknote demonetisation and to goods and service tax India. India’s GDP growth has been slowing rapidly, from a high of 8.3% in 2016 to just 4.2% in 2019.
Historically, India has classified and tracked its economy and GDP in three sectors: agriculture, industry, and services.
Agriculture and allied sectors like forestry, logging and fishing accounted for 17% of the GDP, the sector employed 49% of its total workforce in 2014.Agriculture accounted for 23% of GDP, and employed 59% of the country’s total workforce in 2016. As the Indian economy has diversified and grown, agriculture’s contribution to GDP has steadily declined from 1951 to 2011, yet it is still the country’s largest employment source and a significant piece of its overall socio-economic development. Crop-yield-per-unit-area of all crops has grown since 1950, due to the special emphasis placed on agriculture in the five-year plans and steady improvements in irrigation, technology, application of modern agricultural practices and provision of agricultural credit and subsidies since the Green Revolution in India. However, international comparisons reveal the average yield in India is generally 30% to 50% of the highest average yield in the world. The states of Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Madya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Bihar, West Bengal, Gujarat and Maharashtra are key contributors to Indian agriculture.
At around 1,530,000 square kilometres (590,000 sq mi), India has the second-largest amount of arable land, after the US, with 52% of total land under cultivation.
Agriculture farming in India is a century-old activity, and is currently the highest contributor to the GDP of India. Agriculture remains the largest contributor to the country’s GDP and farmers constitute 58% of India’s population .Farming is one of the oldest economic activity in our country.
As per 2018, agriculture employed more than 50% of the Indian work force and contributed 17–18% to country’s GDP.
The economic contribution of agriculture to India’s GDP is steadily declining with the country’s broad-based economic growth. Still, agriculture is demographically the broadest economic sector and plays a significant role in the overall socio-economic fabric of India.
The main pillar of the rural economy is based on agriculture. Agricultural land and livestock are the primary means of production for people of the rural areas in any society. Livestock farming consists of the major part of the economy of the majority of people. It relies typically on labor-intensive methods for raising crops and healthy livestock. Livestock feed is shipped all over the country, and land is frequently needed for cultivation, farrowing, watering, and other activities.
The advent of modern technology has also revolutionized the agriculture sector. Farmers are adopting more sophisticated techniques to get more production from small pieces of land. So the use of advanced techniques is urging the farmers to focus on small land in order to get more production. But the farmers also need support from the government and also they need help in hard times like no enough rainfall or over rainfall etc. The government must extend a helping hand towards the farmers ,they are the ones who work selflessly and for the sake of the whole country’s population and they do not worry about in which season they are working in ,they put all their hard work and efforts into their work and they are the ones who worship their proffesion .
The rural economy mainly depends upon agriculture. Even though traditional farming still exists, the use of advanced technology has revolutionized the agriculture sector. It has proved a blessing for small-scale farmers. They can adopt modern agricultural techniques to get more produce from their small farms. Organic farming is another window of opportunity for farmers. They can grow more food to generate better revenue.
The cottage industry or the small scale industry plays a vital role in the rural economy of India. Majority of the population of India lives in rural areas; it is where the real India resides. Apart from agriculture, the cottage industry is the primary source of livelihood in rural India. Cottage industry or the small scale industry are those where the business is carried on at home with small numbers of workforce or labours . the members may be of the same family, religious groups or the community. Most of the workers of the small scale industry are the traditional artisans who have inherited their work as art from their ancestors.
In India, more than 74 per cent of the total population lives in the villages where their lot is linked with agriculture. They have to live in the villages as they cannot leave their fields which give them their ‘living’. Side by side they must be provided with some kind of cottage industries upon which they can depend during that period in which they remain idle and unengaged’.
After independence, our country has been taking gigantic strides towards industrialisation. Cottage industries can become and alternative means of employment for the people living in the rural areas. Cottage industries will be of benefit for our villages, which form the back bone of the nation.
The place of cottage industries in the national economy in the country has been unique since time immemorial. India was famous, in the past, for the wealth of the land and for the high artistic skill of her craftsmen. India was exporting wonderful jewellery and superfine embroideries to Europe. European merchants were attracted towards India more by her craft and industry than by the rich raw material.
It must not be forgotten that cottage industries are the back-bone of our rural economy and no rural uplift is possible without the protection of and encouragement to these small-scale industries. Apart from all other considerations, small-scale or cottage-industries are essential for providing employment to our tillers of soil in their leisure time or when they remain idle.
To improve and encourage the cottage-industry in our country we have to change the views of the general public. The people should be made interested in patronizing home-made goods. A ready market is a further urgency in this direction.
Rural Co-operatives and Rural Banks should be established and stabilized by the Government for advancing short-term loans on nominal interest.
Lastly, adequate marketing facilities should be arranged for them, as sale of goods has now-a-days become as complicated an affair as production itself.
Hence, the artisans must be helped to get the best price of their goods. Frequent exhibitions should be organized to enable the artisans to show their art and industry and give them impetus and inspiration to create still better patterns of handicrafts.
Basically the agriculture and cottage industries are the main sources of livelihood in India and they contribute most to our economy , we all know that these both professions are being practiced from very long period of time ,like around some centuries in India ,they have been contributing to the country’s economy from very beginning. the rural economy’s most percentage is received from agriculture and cottage industry and without their contribution our country’s economy might destroy or decline very rapidly ,even a small change in their contribution percentage might affect the economy of country ,but its economy right and GDP ,it wont stay constant there are many ups and downs ,in a year our GDP might good where as in the other it might be bad we cannot predict that ,there might be various reasons for the decline of GDP, like in 2017 it was demonitisation and in 2020 the pandemic hit us and it affected the whole world’s economy , and India’s GDP has been declined by 23.9% by 2020.
Agriculture and cottage industry are major contribution of rural economy , and for these people if government is trying to extend a helping hand to them then probably our economy might go to better figures and it’s a fact that our rural economy can be developed by agriculture and cottage industries and the Rural Economy in India is wholly agriculture based and it is of tremendous importance because it has vital supply and demand links with the other Indian industries. Agriculture is the main stay of the Indian economy, as it constitutes the backbone of rural India which inhabitants more than 70% of total Indian population.
Attribution of compulsory taxes by government is main characteristic of financial system. Taxes are levies in every country to generate revenue. Rudimentarily to raise revenue for government expenditure, and for other purposes as well. Without taxes, government would be unable to meet demands of the societal needs. Taxes are crucial because government collect the revenue and use it to finance social projects.
Tax system based on equality module that rich in the society will pay more than the poor. According to Adam Smith’s four principle in his famous book ‘Wealth of Nations’. Adam Smith stated that taxes should be proportional to income, that is everybody should pay the same rate or percentage of his income as tax.
Another important principle of a accurate tax system as per Adam Smith laid a good deal of stress in his cannon theory of certainty. The tax which each individual is bound to pay ought to be certain and not arbitrary. The time of payment, method of payment, the quantity to be paid ought all to be clear and plain to the contributor and to every other person.
A successful function of an economy requires that the people, especially business class, must be certain about the sum of tax that they have to pay on their income from work or investment. The sum, the time payments of tax should not be certain but the time and manner of it’s payment should also be convenient to the contributor.
The Government has to spend money on collecting taxes levied by it’s collection costs of taxes and nothing to the national product, they should be minimised as far as possible. If the collection costs of a tax are more than the total revenue yielded by it, it is not worth while to levy tax.
Productivity of taxes when levied to generate sufficient revenue from the government. If few taxes imposed yield a sufficient funds for the state, they should be preferred over a large number of small taxes which are expensive in collection. Fair elasticity at any the government need of more funds, it should increase it’s financial resources without incurring any additional cost of collection.
Simplicity of tax system must be simple, plain and intelligible to tax payer. System of taxation should include a large number of taxes that is economical. The government should collect revenue from it’s subjects by levying direct and indirect taxes.
Reforms in Taxation Policy
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Tax Policy in India has evolved as an important component of fiscal Policy which had to play core role in the planned development strategy. Taxation Policy cannot be same always it keep on changing with changes in economic scope of the country. To structure and strengthen in taxation Policy various reforms we’re implemented and many are in stream like recent change was good and services tax was country’s biggest reform.
The taxation enquiry commission 1953 was the first comprehensive attempt to review the tax system, it design to structure. Holist tax system for the country; covered central and state also local taxes. In 1985, Government of India introduced long term fiscal policy; this policy led to Modified System of Value Added Tax (MODVAT) in 1986.
Economic crisis of 1991, tax reforms we’re initiated as a part of structural reform process. Tax reform committee recommend major reforms to stabilize economic turbulence in the country. Changes are Reflection of custom duty, Rationalize the capital gain tax and wealth tax, Reduce excise duty, bring the service sector in the VAT tax system, Improving quality of tax Administration, reduction of corporate taxes and reduce the cost of imported inputs.
Reform of Direct Taxes
The government brought consolidated direct taxes. The income tax act was passed in 1961. Direct Taxes Enquiry Committee was constituted to look into affair of direct taxes, tax reform committee (1991) has recommended various point to consolidated direct taxes and task force on tax Policy and administration gave explained path to reform direct taxes in country. National Securities Depository Limited (NSDL) established tax information network to moderate the collection, and monitoring accounting.
Reform of Indirect Tax
The indirect tax Enquiry report in 1977 recommended valuable reform in indirect tax regime. Initiated modified value added tax (MODVAT) for commodities in 1986 to replay the central excise duty, extend to all commodities through Central Value Added Tax (CENVAT). State replace sale tax and have Value added tax.
Life insurance corporation of India has initiated its initial public offer for five percent of its shares. It is one of the largest profit-making enterprises owned by the government of India. In this instance, it is important to know more about this enterprise.
LIC or Life Insurance corporation of India was started in the year 1956 in accordance with the Life insurance corporation of India act of 1956. As India was following a socialistic approach of economic development, LIC was introduced as an enterprise owned and operated by the government of India.
Story of formation
The Oriental Life Insurance Company, the first company in India offering life insurance coverage, was established in Kolkata in 1818. Its primary target market was the Europeans based in India, and it charged Indians heftier premiums. After that several companies emerged. The first 150 years were marked mostly by turbulent economic conditions. It witnessed India’s First War of Independence, adverse effects of the World War I and World War II on the economy of India, and in between them the period of worldwide economic crises triggered by the Great depression. The first half of the 20th century saw a heightened struggle for India’s independence. The aggregate effect of these events led to a high rate of and liquidation of life insurance companies in India. This had adversely affected the faith of the general in the utility of obtaining life cover. In 1955, parliamentarian Feroze Gandhi raised the matter of insurance fraud by owners of private insurance agencies. The Parliament of India passed the Life Insurance of India Act on 19 June 1956 creating the Life Insurance Corporation of India, which started operating in September of that year.
Structure
The LIC’s executive board consists of Chairman, currently M R Kumar, and Managing Directors, Vipin Anand, T. C. Suseel Kumar, Mukesh Kumar Gupta and Raj Kumar. The Central Office of LIC is based out of Mumbai which sits The Chairman, all four Managing Directors, and all Executive Directors (Department Heads). LIC has a total of 8 Zonal Offices namely Delhi, Chennai, Mumbai, Hyderabad, Kanpur, Kolkata, Bhopal & Patna.
Policies
Some important policies are:
LIC tech term plan
LIC Jeevan Umang
LIC Jeevan Amar
LIC Money back years
LIC New Jeevan Anand
Role of LIC
It has been a significant driver in creating the culture of investment in insurance. It has made insurance accessible to the economically weaker sections. The long-term schemes with affordable premiums made it highly attractive. The role of Life insurance corporation as an employer is also applaudable. It provides employment to many. More than all, many other insurance firms in India has benefitted out of the trust built by LIC.
Initial public offering
Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman announced a proposal to conduct an initial public offering for LIC in the 2021 Union Budget. The IPO opens on 4th May 2022 and closes on 9th May 2022. The Government of India will remain the majority shareholder after the public listing. Due to the scale of the offering and LIC’s ownership structure, the deal has been referred to as “India’s Aramco moment” in reference comparable importance and scale of 2019 IPO of Saudi Aramco. The latest development in the LIC IPO is the slashing of issue size from 5% to 3.5% of total equity of the company. LIC will open its IPO to the public on May 4 and the process concludes on May 9. Through this IPO, the Government of India, the sole owner of LIC, is now aiming to raise ₹21,000 crore, as opposed to raising between ₹65,000 crore to ₹70,000 crore by diluting 5% equity earlier, indicating more than 50% compromise on valuation as well. As per the IPO price band for 3.5% stakes for Rs. 21,000 crores, the valuation comes to around Rs 6 lakh crore.
Breakfast is a great way to start your day. However, since it is the first meal of the day, one must keep in mind to have a whole and hearty meal that will not only provide nutrients to the body but also keep us full for hours. People should avoid consuming foods that are rich in carbs, sugars and additives. Below are some of the healthy breakfast choices –
1) Eggs Eggs are rich sources of protein and are nutritious. Since protein takes time to digest, therefore it makes us feel full and lowers our calorie intake later in the day. However, it is imporant to note that eggs must not be paired with processed food items such as sausages. Instead, they can be eaten with whole grain toast, sauteed veggies or fruits.
2) Greek Yoghurt Greek yoghurt has probiotics that helps to improve gut health. Greek yoghurt can be consumed with fruits and berries for added vitamins and minerals.
3) Oatmeal Oatmeal keeps one’s cholestrol levels in check and are also rich in vitamins and minerals. Oatmeals also contain protein and one can boost the protein levels by adding milk to oatmeal instead of water.
4) Berries Berries are rich source of antioxidants that reduces the risk of diseases. They can be consumed with greek yoghurt or oatmeal or a fruit smoothie.
5) Whole wheat toast Whole wheat toast is a good source of fiber. To add to it’s nutritional value, you can top it with varieties of nutritious toppings such as cottage cheese, fried eggs, peanut butter and banana or egg salad.
Have you ever got disturbed while watching movie? Have you ever thought about the absurdity of some scenes in movies? Have you ever wondered about the need of a so called “item dance” in movies? If yes, then this article will help you in your way ahead.
Films are always considered as a medium of entertainment and stating this argument many of the film makers have taken the liberty to do whatever they like, ignoring the great impact it could have on the society. By putting forth the shallow argument that people are looking for commercial movies, they have shut the doors of political correctness.
All of you would have found some scene or the other incorrect in most of the so-called “mass movies”. Objectification of women as well as men, denial of choice, body shaming, sexist jokes, establishment of caste supremacy and several other disturbing trends are being normalised in movies these days.
The filmmakers should realise the impact these could have on the society, particularly the younger population, as the heroes themselves are endorsing these practices.
Most of the commercial movies these days will have the central character from a high caste family, with his friends always being inferior to him. The hero could love any woman based on her looks and she is obliged to love him back without any freedom to choose or else the hero could adopt any means from stalking to making suicide threats. Also, the hero is always glorified by pointing out the inefficiencies of his friends. Most of the songs would also be means for objectification.
This do not signify that all movies are wrong. There are several movies which uphold political correctness. Let us look into some such movies:
The great Indian Kitchen
The Great Indian Kitchen is a 2021 Indian Malayalam-language drama film written and directed by Jeo Baby. The film tells the story of a newlywed woman who struggles to be the submissive wife that her husband and his family expect her to be. The central characters are not given names, which is the biggest political idea. Just like the name signifies, it mainly happens inside the kitchen and clearly shows the monotonous lives of Indian wives and finally ends with the wife breaking the chains of marriage.
Thappad
Thappad is a 2020 Indian Hindi-language drama film directed by Anubhav Sinha, which he also co-produced with Bhushan Kumar of T-Series. The film, starring Taapsee Pannu, was released in theatres on 28 February 2020.Amrita Sandhu and Vikram Sabharwal are happily married. Amrita is a sparkling woman and a homemaker, who is shown to spend her days looking after Vikram and the house. As the story progresses, she comes to some realizations and gradually breaks the marriage which had cost her self-respect and passion.
Pink
Pink is a 2016 Indian Hindi-language legal thriller film directed by Aniruddha Roy Chowdhury and written by Shoojit Sircar, Ritesh Shah and Aniruddha Roy Chowdhury. Pink features an ensemble cast, which includes Taapsee Pannu, Kirti Kulhari, Andrea Tariang, Amitabh Bachchan, Angad Bedi, Tushar Pandey, Piyush Mishra, and Dhritiman Chatterjee. It clearly put forwards the statement, “no means no, whoever says it”.
Visaranai
Visaranai is a 2015 Indian Tamil-language crime drama film written and directed by Vetrimaaran. The film deals with lives of two men before and after thrown into a Kafkaesque scenario in which they get tortured for confession. The film strongly stands against the encounter. The story is an eye opener for all those who blindly supports encounter.
Ishq
Ishq is a 2019 Indian Malayalam language thriller film written by Ratheesh Ravi and directed by Anuraj Manohar. The film revolves around the life of a man from Kochi, named Sachi and his girlfriend, Vasudha. The story mainly revolves around the moral policing that they had to face. But the more than that it ends with the message that virginity is not the ultimate measure of a woman’s worth.
The great success of these movies clearly explains the acceptance for these movies. It shows that audience are ready to accept movies which deals with serious topics.
The advent of OTT platforms and the receptive audience have encouraged filmmakers to experiment with their creations. The extent of criticism in the era of social media has also instilled fear in many. Even though it is the case, the film industry needs a revamp. It should be updated
Nuts are very popular. They are tasty and can can be consumed even when you are on diet. They are eaten as a snack food and sometimes used in cooking as well. Listed below are some health advantages of consuming nuts :
1) Nuts are rich in fats and low in carbs. They are great sources of magnesium and Vitamin E. One can consume nuts when on a low carb diet.
2) Nuts can aid in weight loss despite being a high calorie food. Our body doesn’t absorb all the calories in nuts. Reasearch has further shown that consuming almonds can be beneficial while aiming for weight loss.
3) Nuts can help to lower cholestrol and triglyceride levels. Pistachios help to lower triglyceride levels while almonds and hazelnuts helps in lowering bad LDL Cholestrol and raises good HDL Cholestrol.
4) Nuts are rich sources of fiber which makes us full thus lowering our calorie consumption and improving our gut health.
5) Daily consumption of walnuts can improve our cognitive function and reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. Walnuts are rich sources of antioxidants and omega – 3 fatty acids that fights with inflammation.
Mother tongue is the language that a child gets to hear after birth and grows up listening to it and adapting it. Mother tongue is also called as the native language and it helps to give shape to our thoughts and beliefs. In today’s world where a child is expected to be proficient in not just one but rather two to three languages, knowing one’s mother language by heart becomes secondary. However, learning one’s mother tongue is not only important but is beneficial for the child as well. If a child wants to be well versed in any foreign language, he must be well versed in his mother tongue the first thing. Below are some of the reasons as to why one’s mother tongue is so important and hence should not be taken lightly.
1) Our Mother tongue helps us to stay grounded to our traditional culture and values. It is a means of keeping our culture alive. No matter what part of the world, one must always take pride in one’s culture and help to bring it forth to the outer world but that can only be done if one is well known with one’s mother tongue
2) If one is well versed in one’s own mother tongue, he can learn a secondary language faster. He will also be a better communicator and will have better writing and reading skills in other languages.
3) If one is aspiring to become an entrepreneur, then knowing his mother tongue will benefit him while interacting with local customers. The possibilities of making money with one’s mother tongue has also increased globally.
4) Knowing one’s mother tongue is a matter of pride and honor. It boosts our self esteem and confidence while making us connected with our cultural identity.
Parliamentary Committees are established to effectively control the governmental regular and constant activities. Parliamentary Committee is appointed by the house or nominated by the speaker or Chairman, shows its report to the house, work has been completed under the direction of speaker or Chairman. The Parliamentary system grants various ministries that are allotted without the elected Representatives of ministries.
The Constitution of India has mentioned these committees at different places but without making any specific provision regarding structure, tenure and functions.
Types of Parliamentary Committee
Parliamentary Committees are of two types :
Standing Committee
The Standing Committee considers annual reports of ministries/departments. Examine bills pertaining to the concerned ministries. Overlook national basic long term policy documents presented to the houses. It considers the demands for grants of the concerned ministries departments before they are discussed and voted in the Lok Sabha. Report should not suggest anything of the nature of cut motions. It ensure economy and efficiency in Public expenditure for ministries and would be more careful in formulating their demands.
These committees are permanent and work on a continuous basis. These committees are classified into the six categories:
1) Financial committees
• Public accounts committee
• Estimates committee
• Committee on public undertaking
2) Departmental standing committees
3) Committees to inquire
4) Committees to scrutinize and control
5) Committees relating to the day to day business of the house
6) Housekeeping Committees or service committees
Financial Committees
Public Account Committee
This Committee was set up first in 1921 under the provisions of the government of India Act 1919, which consists of 22 members (15 from Lok Sabha and 7 from Rajya Sabha). The members are elected by the parliament every year. The chairman of PAC is appointed by the speaker from its members.
The Committee examines Public expenditure not only from a legal and formal perspective of economy, prudence, wisdom and brings out the cases of corruption, inefficiency and expenses.
Some important functions of PAC are as under:
• To examine the appropriation accounts and the finance account of the Union Government and any other account laid before the Lok Sabha.
• To examine the accounts of stale corporation, trading concerns and manufacturing projects and audit report of CAG.
• To identify the money spent on any service during a financial year in excess of the amount granted by the Lok Sabha.
• To formulate the account of autonomous and semi autonomous bodies, the audit which was conducted by the CAG.
Estimate Committee
To suggest alternative policies in order to bring alternative policies in order to bring about efficiency and economy in administration. To report what economies need to improve in organization, efficiency and administrative reforms consistent with the Policy underlying the estimates can be affected. To look how much money is spending out limits of the policy implied in the estimates.
The committee does not exercise its functions in relation to Public undertakings as are allotted to the committee on Public undertakings. It shall not be incumbent on the committee to examine the entire estimates for the year.
Committee on Public undertakings
This Committee report of the CAG on Public undertakings. To exercise such other functions vested in the public accounts Committee and the estimates Committee in relation to the public undertaking . To examine the reports and accounts of PU and identify the affairs of the PU that are being managed in sound manner.
Departmental Standing Committee
The standing Committee is to secure more accountability of the executive to the parliament in the sphere of financial accountability. The term of office of each standing Committee, 8 work under the Rajya Sabha and 16 under the Lok Sabha.
Committees to Inquire
The main objective of this Committee is to identify petitions on bills and on general public importance. Matters associated with Union subjects. It is a semi-judicial system; examine the cases of breach of privileges of the house and its members and recommend action. The committee imposes the code of conduct of members of parliament. Also, look over the cases of misconduct and recommend action.
Committee to scrutinize and Control
It is a committee that assures, promises and undertakings given by ministers from time to time on the time of house. It was established in 1953. It has the powers to make regulations or conferred by the Constitution. Its functions are to consider the reports of the National Commission for the STs to examine all the matters relating to welfare of SCs and STs like Implementation of constitutional and statutory safeguard.
Committee Related to the day to day Business of the house
Committee regulates the programme and time table of the house. It allocated transactions of legislative and other business that came into the house or were introduced by the Government. The committee considers the matters of procedure and management in house and recommends necessary amendments. Classifies bills and allocates time for the discussion on bills and resolutions introduced by private members.
Housekeeping Committees
The committee considers and advises on matters of the house that do not fall within the jurisdiction of any other parliamentary Committee. It deals with residential accommodation of members and other amenities like food, medical aid etc,. Conduct meetings related to the library of parliament and assist members in utilizing the library services. Committee also structure the salary, allowances and pension of members of Parliament Act 1954.
Kudumbashree, a community organization of Neighbourhood Groups (NHGs) of women in Kerala, has been recognized as an effective strategy for the empowerment of women in rural as well as urban areas: bringing women together from all spheres of life to fight for their rights or for empowerment. The overall empowerment of women is closely linked to economic empowerment. Women through these NHGs work on a range of issues such as health, nutrition, agriculture, etc. besides income generation activities and seeking micro credit.
Kudumbashree differs from conventional programs in that it perceives poverty not just as the deprivation of money, but also as the deprivation of basic rights. The poor need to find a collective voice to help claim these rights. Kudumbashree was conceived as a joint program of the Government of Kerala and NABARD implemented through Community Development Societies (CDSs) of Poor Women, serving as the community wing of Local Governments. Kudumbashree is formally registered as the “State Poverty Eradication Mission” (SPEM), a society registered under the Travancore Kochi Literary, Scientific and Charitable Societies Act 1955. It has a governing body chaired by the State Minister of LSG. There is a state mission with a field officer in each district. This official structure supports and facilitates the activities of the community network across the state.
KUDUMBASHREE MICROFINANCE
This system operates by encouraging women to form small homogenous groups under the SHG-bank linkage program. The members of these minute groups were encouraged to meet frequently and amass minute thrift amounts from their members. They were also taught simple accounting methods to enable them to maintain their accounts. Individually these poor could never have had enough savings to open a bank account. The first step in establishing links with the formal banking system opened up when the pooled savings enabled them to open a formal bank account in the denomination of the group. These were followed by frequent group meetings. Pooled thrift was utilized to impart lean loans to members for meeting their diminutive emergent needs saving them from debt traps/ money lenders who demanded unusually high rates of interest and accelerated their empowerment through group dynamics, decision-making, and funds management. Peer- screening effect was engendered as borrowers themselves undertook the task of credit evaluation and reduced the transaction costs, community members had much more preponderant information than banks. Peer monitoring effect induced group members to utilize their imprests in productive ways. The desire to preserve valuable ties induced borrowers to spend extra effort if compulsory to secure timely payments. These ties were valuable because they sanctioned members’ borrowing and provided business connections. Moreover, a very consequential feature of group-lending was the collateral effect. Gradually the pooled thrift grew and soon 11 they were adept in receiving external funds in multiples of their group savings. Bank loans enabled the group members to undertake income- generating ventures.
The various microfinance activities taken up by Kudumbashree are:
Thrift and credit operations
NHGs are instrumental in thrift mobilization, encouraging the poor to save and to avail low -cost formal credit. They facilitate easy and timely credit to the unreached. The amount of loan to members and the purpose for which the loan should be utilized are decided by the NHG. The repayment is collected weekly during the NHG meetings. It is estimated that the thrift mobilized is on an average Rs 40 per month per member.
Linkage Banking.
NHG-Bank linkage scheme is one of the flagship programmes of Kudumbashree. NABARD SHG-Bank linkage grading procedures are applied while selecting eligible NHGs for availing loan. The NHGs are rated on the basis of a 15 -point index developed by NABARD. Bank will provide loans to those NHGs who pass 80 % of marks in the grading.
Matching Grant.
Matching grant is an incentive provided to NHGs. This grant linked to amount of thrift mobilized, performance of NHG in the Grading and loan availed from banks. An amount of 10% of the savings of the NHG subject to a maximum of Rs 5000/- is provided as matching grant to each NHG. The grant is released based on their assessment rated using 15-point grading criteria developed by NABARD.
Interest Subsidy for Linkage loan.
Govt of Kerala has introduced a new interest subvention scheme to promote Bank Linkage Program among Kudumbashree Neighborhood Groups. Under this scheme all Kudumbashree NHGs are eligible for interest subvention to avail the loan facility at an interest rate of 4% on credit up to Rs. 3 lakhs. The interest subsidy would be provided as annual instalments to the NHGs.
KAASS.
KAASS, the Kudumbashree Accounts & Audit Service Society; is a homegrown enterprise to ensure proper account keeping in the community network. Each district has been furnished with a KAASS team that has been 12 drawn from commerce graduates and is guided by professional chartered accountants
Digitization of MIS’ and repayment Info System (E- SHAKTI)
Keeping in view the Government of India’s mission for creating a digital India, NABARD has launched a project for digitization of all Self -Help Group (SHG) in the country.
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