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Ganesh Chaturthi

 By: Astha Raghav 

Ganesh Chathurthi, also known as Vinayaka Chaturthi, or Vinayaka Chaviti is a Hindu festival celebrating the arrival of Lord Ganesh to earth from Kailash Parvat with his mother Goddess Parvati/Gauri. The festival is marked with the installation of Lord Ganesh’s clay murtis privately in homes and publicly by Shri Bal Gangadhar Tilak popularly known as Lokmanya Tilak in Pune in the year 1893 on elaborate pandals (temporary stages). Observations include chanting of Vedic hymns and Hindu texts such as, prayers and vrata (fasting). Offerings and prasāda from the daily prayers, that are distributed from the pandal to the community, include sweets such as modaka as it is believed to be a favourite of Lord Ganesh. The festival ends on the tenth day after start, when the idol is carried in a public procession with music and group chanting, then immersed in a nearby body of water such as a river or sea, called visarjan.. In Mumbai alone, around 150,000 statues are immersed annually. Thereafter the clay idol dissolves and Ganesh is believed to return to Mount Kailash to Parvati and Shiva. The festival celebrates Lord Ganesh as the God of New Beginnings and the Remover of Obstacles as well as the god of wisdom and intelligence and is observed throughout India, especially in the states such as Maharashtra, Karnataka, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Odisha, Goa, West Bengal, Gujarat, Chhattisgarh and Tamil Nadu. Ganesh Chaturthi is also observed in Nepal and by the Hindu diaspora elsewhere such as in Australia, New Zealand, Canada, Singapore, Malaysia, Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, Suriname, other parts of the Caribbean, Fiji, Mauritius, South Africa,United States, and Europe. In the Gregorian calendar, Ganesh Chaturthi falls between 22 August and 20 September every year.

At public venues, along with the reading of texts and group feasting, athletic and martial arts competitions are also held.

Indian freedom fighter Lokmanya Tilak, championed it as a means to circumvent the colonial British government ban on Hindu gatherings through its anti-public assembly legislation in 1892. It is also known as Ganesh Chaturvedi.

Though not alluding to the classical form of Ganapati, the earliest mention of Ganapati is found in the Rigveda. It appears twice in the Rigveda, once in shloka 2.23.1, as well as in shloka 10.112.9. Both of these shlokas imply a role of Ganapati as “the seer among the seers, abounding beyond measure in food presiding among the elders and being the lord of an invocation”, while the shloka in mandala 10 states that without Ganapati “nothing nearby or afar is performed without thee”, according to Michael. However, it is uncertain that the Vedic term Ganapati which literally means “guardian of the multitudes”, referred specifically to later era Ganesh, nor do the Vedic texts mention Ganesh Chaturthi. appears in post-Vedic texts such as the Grhya Sutras and thereafter ancient Sanskrit texts such as the Vajasaneyi Samhita, the Yajnavalkya Smriti and the Mahabharata mention Ganapati as Ganesvaras and Vinayak. Ganesh appears in the medieval Puranas in the form of “god of success, obstacle remover”. The Skanda Purana, Narada Purana and the Brahma Vaivarta Purana, in particular, profusely praise him. Beyond textual interpretations, archaeological and epigraphical evidence suggest Ganesh had become popular, was revered before the 8th century CE and numerous images of him are traceable to the 7th century or earlier.

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Prime Minister Narendra Modi.

 

By: Astha Raghav 

Narendra Damodardas Modi born 17 September 1950) is an Indian politician serving as the 14th and current prime minister of India since 2014. He was the chief minister of Gujarat from 2001 to 2014 and is the Member of Parliament for Varanasi. Modi is a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and its National Democratic Alliance (NDA). He is also a member of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), a Hindu nationalist volunteer organisation. He is the first prime minister born after India’s independence in 1947, the second non-Congress one to win two consecutive terms after Atal Bihari Vajpayee and the first from outside the Congress to win both terms with a majority in the Lok Sabha.

Born and raised in Vadnagar, a small town in northeastern Gujarat, Modi completed his secondary education there, and is said to have helped his father sell tea at the local railway station. He was introduced to the RSS at age eight. Modi left home at age 18 soon after his marriage to Jashodaben Chimanlal Modi, whom he abandoned and publicly acknowledged as his wife many decades later. Modi has asserted that he travelled around India for two years, visiting a number of religious centres. Upon his return to Gujarat in 1971, he became a full-time worker for the RSS. During the state of emergency imposed across the country in 1975, Modi went into hiding. The RSS assigned him to the BJP in 1985 and he held several positions within the party hierarchy until 2001, rising to the rank of general secretary.

Modi was appointed Chief Minister of Gujarat in 2001 due to Keshubhai Patel’s failing health and poor public image following the earthquake in Bhuj. Modi was elected to the legislative assembly soon after. His administration has been considered complicit in the 2002 Gujarat riots, or otherwise criticised for its handling of it. A Supreme Court-appointed Special Investigation Team found no evidence to initiate prosecution proceedings against Modi personally. His policies as chief minister, credited with encouraging economic growth, have received praise. His administration has been criticised for failing to significantly improve health, poverty and education indices in the state.

Modi led the BJP in the 2014 general election which gave the party a majority in the Indian lower house of parliament, the Lok Sabha, the first time for any single party since 1984. Modi’s administration has tried to raise foreign direct investment in the Indian economy and reduced spending on healthcare and social welfare programmes. Modi has attempted to improve efficiency in the bureaucracy; he has centralised power by abolishing the Planning Commission. He began a high-profile sanitation campaign, initiated a controversial demonetisation of high-denomination banknotes and weakened or abolished environmental and labour laws.

Under Modi’s tenure, India has experienced democratic backsliding. Following his party’s victory in the 2019 general election, his administration revoked the special status of Jammu and Kashmir. His administration also introduced the Citizenship Amendment Act, which resulted in widespread protests across the country. Described as engineering a political realignment towards right-wing politics, Modi remains a figure of controversy domestically and internationally over his Hindu nationalist beliefs and his alleged role during the 2002 Gujarat riots, cited as evidence of an exclusionary social agenda.

Narendra Damodardas Modi was born on 17 September 1950 to a Gujarati Hindu family of grocers in Vadnagar, Mehsana district, Bombay State (present-day Gujarat). He was the third of six children born to Damodardas Mulchand Modi (1915–1989) and Hiraben Modi (born 1920). Modi’s family belonged to the Modh-Ghanchi-Teli (oil-presser) community which is categorised as an Other Backward Class by the Indian government. He was falsely accused by Mayawati that he added his caste to the Other Backward Class (OBC) list as a political tool.

As a child, Modi is said to have helped his father sell tea at the Vadnagar railway station, and said that he later ran a tea stall with his brother near a bus terminus. Modi completed his higher secondary education in Vadnagar in 1967, where a teacher described him as an average student and a keen debater, with interest in theatre. Modi had an early gift for rhetoric in debates, and his teachers and students noted this. Modi preferred playing larger-than-life characters in theatrical productions, which has influenced his political image.

When eight years old, Modi was introduced to the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) and began attending its local shakhas (training sessions). There, Modi met Lakshmanrao Inamdar, popularly known as Vakil Saheb, who inducted him as a balswayamsevak (junior cadet) in the RSS and became his political mentor. While Modi was training with the RSS, he also met Vasant Gajendragadkar and Nathalal Jaghda, Bharatiya Jana Sangh leaders who were founding members of the BJP’s Gujarat unit in 1980.

In a custom traditional to Narendra Modi’s caste, his family arranged a betrothal to a girl, Jashodaben Chimanlal Modi, leading to their marriage when she was 17 and he was 18. Soon afterwards, he abandoned his bride, and left home, the couple going on to lead separate lives, neither marrying again, and the marriage itself remaining unmentioned in Modi’s public pronouncements for many decades. In April 2014, shortly before the national elections that swept him to power, Modi publicly affirmed that he was married and his spouse was Jashodaben; the couple has remained married, but estranged.

Modi spent the ensuing two years travelling across Northern and North-eastern India, though few details of where he went have emerged. In interviews, Modi has described visiting Hindu ashrams founded by Swami Vivekananda: the Belur Math near Kolkata, followed by the Advaita Ashrama in Almora and the Ramakrishna Mission in Rajkot. Modi remained only a short time at each, since he lacked the required college education. Vivekananda has been described as a large influence in Modi’s life.

In the early summer of 1968, Modi reached the Belur Math but was turned away, after which Modi wandered through Calcutta, West Bengal and Assam, stopping in Siliguri and Guwahati. Modi then went to the Ramakrishna Ashram in Almora, where he was again rejected, before travelling back to Gujarat via Delhi and Rajasthan in 1968–69. Sometime in late 1969 or early 1970, Modi returned to Vadnagar for a brief visit before leaving again for Ahmedabad. There, Modi lived with his uncle, working in the latter’s canteen at the Gujarat State Road Transport Corporation.

In Ahmedabad, Modi renewed his acquaintance with Inamdar, who was based at the Hedgewar Bhavan (RSS headquarters) in the city. Modi’s first known political activity as an adult was in 1971 when he joined a Jana Sangh satyagraha in Delhi led by Atal Bihari Vajpayee to enlist for the battlefield. But the Indira Gandhi led Central government disallowed open support to Mukti Bahini and Modi was put in Tihar Jail for a short period. After the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, he stopped working for his uncle and became a full-time pracharak (campaigner) for the RSS, working under Inamdar. Shortly before the war, Modi took part in a non-violent protest against the Indian government in New Delhi, for which he was arrested; this has been cited as a reason for Inamdar electing to mentor him. Many years later Modi would co-author a biography of Inamdar, published in 2001.

In 1978 Modi received a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science from the School of Open Learning at the University of Delhi, graduating with a third class. Five years later, in 1983, he received a Master of Arts degree in political science from Gujarat University, graduating with a first class as an external distance learning student.

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Rajaji Tiger Reserve

By: Astha Raghav 

Rajaji National Park is an Indian national park and tiger reserve that encompasses the Shivaliks, near the foothills of the Himalayas. It is spread over 820 km2., and three districts of Uttrakhand :Haridwar, Dehradun and Pauri Garhwal. In 1983, three wildlife sanctuaries in the area namely, Chilla, Motichur and Rajaji sanctuaries were merged into one.
Rajaji National Park has been named after C. Rajagopalachari (Rajaji), a prominent leader of the Freedom Struggle, the second and last Governor- General of independent India and one of the first recipients of India’s highest civilian award Bharat Ratna (in 1954).

The Union government has given the nod to a proposal to grant the Rajaji National Park in Uttarakhand the status of a tiger reserve. It will be the second tiger reserve in the state after the Corbett Tiger Reserve and 48th Tiger Reserve of India. As per directions of the Tiger Conservative Authority of India, the Rajaji National Park will be core area of the Rajaji Tiger Reserve, while about 300 km2. of Shyampur range of the Haridwar forest division and parts of Kotdwar and Laldhang forest division, which function as a buffer zone, will also be included in the Tiger Project, augmented area to 1150 km2.

Final approval was accorded to Kudremukh (Karnataka) and Rajaji (Uttarakhand) for declaring as a tiger reserve on 15 April 2015. Rajaji became the second tiger reserve in Uttarakhand.

Rajaji National Park of India is nestled between the Shivalik ranges and the Indo-Gangetic plains. Broadleaved deciduous forests, riverine vegetation, scrubland, grasslands and pine forests form the range of flora in this park. The dense jungles here are home to vivacious wildlife. The varied topography of the national park is also responsible for vivid animal life inhibited here. The under-wood is light and often absent, consisting of rohini Mallotus Philippines , amaltas Cassia fistula, shisham Dalbergia Sissoo, Sal Shorea robusta, palash Butes monosperma, arjun Terminalia arjuna, khair Senegalia catechu, baans Dendrocalamus strictus, semul Bombax ceiba, sandan, chamaror Ehretia, amla Phyllanthus emblica, kachnar Bauhienia variegata, ber Ziziphus mauritiana, chilla Casearia, bel Aegle marmelos, etc.

Rajaji National Park is predominantly formed from dense green jungles, and this environment forms a habitat for a number of animals. The park is at the northwestern limit of distribution for both elephants and tigers in India. The park is most renowned for its elephants. The mountain goat, goral is another noteworthy resident. It is mainly confined to the precipitous pine-covered slopes. Besides the huge pachyderms and the nimble goats, you might come across huge herds of chital, sometimes as many as 250 to a herd. sambar, barking deer, hog deer, nilgai, wild pigs and sloth bears also inhabit these forests though you may not always catch a glimpse of these. The rhesus macaque and the common langur are fairly common here. Tigers and leopards are the prime predators in Rajaji. The leopard cat, jungle cat, civet and yellow-throated marten are other carnivores. Mammals like the jackal and the Bengal fox scavenge in the park. The Himalayan black bear though uncommon, can be sighted in the higher reaches of the park. Other wild animals found in the park include:

  • Asian elephant
  • Bengal tiger
  • Indian Leopard
  • Striped hyena
  • Jungle cat
  • Goral
  • Indian hare
  • Sloth bear
  • Himalayan black bear
  • King cobra
  • Jackal
  • Barking deer
  • Sambhar
  • Wild boar
  • Rhesus macaque
  • Indian langur
  • Indian porcupine
  • Monitor lizard
  • Python

Over 315 species of birds are found in the park, whereas the wider region has over 500 species of birds, including both residents and migrants. The most prominent avian species include pea fowl, vultures, woodpeckers, pheasants, kingfishers and barbets, supplemented by a number of migratory species during the winter months. The park is also home to the great pied hornbill, pied kingfisher  and the fire tailed sunbird. This area is the first staging ground after the migratory birds cross over the Himalayas into the Indian subcontinent.

The rivers which flow through the park harbour species of fish such as trout and mahseer.

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UNPRECEDENTED TIMES REQUIRE UNPRECEDENTED MEASURES

 It is not necessary that an economy will always work as we have planned it to.

Sometimes it might not work according to our judgement. There have been situations where the economy took an unexpected turn and the whole country had to change its ways according to that.

One of the recent and most difficult situations of all time is the unpredicted birth of Coronavirus. COVID-19 is a crisis that not just a country but the whole world is going through. It just popped out of the blue and we had absolutely no time to prepare ourselves for it. Still we have been taking a lot of measures to stop the spread of coronavirus. We have been trying our best from declaring immediate lockdown to continuously looking for cures to treating the people affected by it and what not to get out of this situation despite knowing nothing about it before it came on earth. We are doing everything in our power to stop this but still a lot of lives have been affected because nothing from all of this was planned.

It was an unexpected situation which was treated with unexpected measures. On an instant note we stopped the whole economy. The goverment declared lockdown which affected the financial status of the society as a lot of them lost their jobs. Suddenly masks, sanitizers and gloves became our rescruer and our lives depended on them. Nobody ever imagined that there would be a time where all of us would be working from home, everybody would be locked in their own houses and the outside world would be completely empty. If these sudden measures were not taken, the virus might have done worse than what it is already doing.

Things are not always in our control. A person needs to be quick and spontaneous in order to deal with them or the situation can slip out of our hands and become a huge problem for us. There is a way to deal with everything even if we are not prepared and if we don’t learn those ways then there might be huge repercussions.

Another example of similar situation in India could be demonetization. The sudden announcement by the government of banning the old notes created a havoc amongst the people. From the very next day banks became the busiest place of all. Cash payments were being rejected. Many digital payment platforms were created. Income tax rates were dropped.

This was also a time where people expected nothing still we did everything we could to handle the circumstance properly.

Certain times need to be treated unprecedentedly. Not everything can be planned. Life is full of uncertainities and though we might not have a prepared arrangement for them, we should be ready to face any kind of situation at any time.

7 best Windows 10 Apps to use in 2021

 

By: Astha Raghav 

Here, we have categorized 7 Best apps for Windows 10 so you can easily pick an app for your need. What is the point of spending money on paid programs for your Windows Computer, if you can easily download and install the best apps for Windows 10 that are available absolutely for free? There is a huge variety of programs that are completely grates, but they are no inferior to paid counterparts and can easily satisfy your needs.

7 Best Windows 10 Apps

1.Dropbox– Our Choice = Dropbox gives you secure access to all your files. Collaborate with friends, family  and co-workers from any device. Dropbox is a file hosting service operated by the American  company Dropbox, Inc., headquartered in San Francisco, California, that offers cloud storage, file synchronization, personal  cloud, and client software. Dropbox was founded in 2007 by MIT students  Drew Houston and Arash Ferdowsi as a start up company with initial funding from seed accelerator Y Combinator.

2.Duolingo= Duolingo is an American language-learning website and mobile app, as well as a digital language proficiency assessment exam. The company uses a freemium model: the app and the website are accessible without charge, although Duolingo also offers a premium service for a fee.

3.Facebook Messenger= Facebook Messenger (also known as Messenger) is an American messaging app and platform developed by Facebook, Inc. Originally developed as Facebook Chat in 2008, the company revamped its messaging service in 2010, and subsequently released standalone iOS and Android apps in August 2011 and standalone Facebook Portal hardware for Messenger-based calling in Q4 2018. Later on, Facebook has launched a dedicated website interface (Messenger.com), and separated the messaging functionality from the main Facebook app, allowing users to use the web interface or download one of the standalone apps. In April 2020, Facebook officially released Messenger for Desktop, which is supported on Windows 10 and macOS and distributed on Microsoft Store and App Store respectively.

4.Fresh Paint = Fresh Paint originated from a Microsoft Research project known as Project Gustav, an endeavor to reproduce the behavior of physical oil paint on a digital medium. To push the boundaries of simulating oil on a digital medium the research team created a physics model that precisely replicated on a screen what would happen in the real world if you combined oil, a surface and a tool such as a paint brush. Two publications, Detail-Preserving Paint Modeling for 3D Brushes and Simple Data-Driven Modeling of Brushes, were released as a result of the team’s findings.
After a variety of internal testing Project Gustav was codenamed Digital Art. Partnering with The Museum of Modern Art, Digital Art was tested for a year by 60,000 people. With feedback culled from MoMA, developers expanded the existing physics model, experimenting with how real oil paint blended and reacted to the texture of a canvas. After final adjustments were made Digital Art was rebranded as Fresh Paint. It was released to the public on 25 May 2012.
5.Netflix = Netflix, Inc. is an American over- the- top content platform and production company headquartered in Los Gatos, California. Netflix was founded in 1997 by Reed Hastings and Marc Randolph in Scott’s Valley, California . The company’s primary business is a subscription-based streaming service offering online streaming from a library of films and television series, including those produced in-house. As of July 2021, Netflix had 209 million subscribers, including 72 million in the United States and Canada. It is available worldwide except in mainland China (due to local restrictions), Syria, North Korea, and Crimea (due to US sanctions). The company has offices in Canada, France, Brazil, the Netherlands, India, Japan, South Korea, and the United Kingdom. Netflix is a member of the Motion picture Association (MPA), producing and distributing content from countries all over the globe. Netflix’s initial business model included DVD sales and rental by mail, but Hastings abandoned the sales about a year after the company’s founding to focus on the initial DVD rental business. Netflix expanded its business in 2007 with the introduction of streaming media while retaining the DVD and Blu-ray rental business. The company expanded internationally in 2010 with streaming available in Canada, followed by Latin America and the Caribbean. Netflix entered the content-production industry in 2013, debuting its first series House of Cards.
6.Polarr Pro= Polarr is an artificial intelligence start-up headquartered in downtown San Jose, CA building photo management and editing. The company was founded in August 2014 by former Stanford University masters’ student, Borui Wang. The company received initial funding from Pejman Mar Ventures and StartX. Polarr currently offers two products: Polarr Photo Editor and Polarr Album Plu.
7. Team Viewer = TeamViewer is remote access and remote control computer software, allowing maintenance of computers and other devices. It was first released in 2005,  and its functionality has expanded step by step. TeamViewer is proprietary software, but does not require registration and is free of charge for non-commercial use. It has been installed on more than two billion devices. TeamViewer is the core product of developer Team Viewer AG.
Rossmanith GmbH released the first version of TeamViewer software in 2005, at that time still based on the VNC project. The IT service provider  wanted to avoid unnecessary trips to customers and perform tasks such as installing software remotely. The development was very successful and gave rise to TeamViewer GmbH, which today operates as TeamViewer Germany GmbH and is part of TeamViewer AG.
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Online Gambling

 By: Astha Raghav 

Introduction 

Online Gambling is also known as Internet gambling. It is any kind of gambling conducted on the internet. This includes virtual poker, casinos and sports betting. The first online gambling venue opened to the general public was ticketing for the Liechtenstein International Lottery in October 1994.

Forms of Online Gambling 

1. Poker: Online poker tables commonly offer Omaha, Seven- card stud, razz, HORSE and other game types in both tournament and Cash game structures.

2. Casinos: There are a large number of Online casinos in which people casino games such as roulette, black Jack, baccarat and many others.

3. Sports betting : It is the activity of predicting sports results and placing a wager on the outcome. Usually the wager is the form of money.

4. Bingo: Online bingo is the game of bingo played on the internet. 

5. Lotteries: Most lotteries are run by government and are heavily protected from competition due to their ability to generate large taxable cash flow s.

Online Gambling in India 

India has recently become a potential gold mine for online gambling operators. This is mainly due to the current financial growth of their middle classes and the exponential increase in the number of people in the country who now have access to the internet. Most gambling games require you to risk money to get desired results. Nowadays, Indian people are more than just immersed in technology and it’s high tech devices. They play online  Casinos in India at a cheaper price in comparison to a physical casino setup. 

Types of Online Gambling in India 

1. Online teen patti.

2. Cricket betting and satta.

3. Online lotteries issued by state government. 

Conclusion 

Online Gambling has its own set of problems will require both legislative technical solutions. It is commercially viable and will be a major e- commerce  application. I believe there are two types of people who play online gambling. The first type is people who have some money to enjoy their life or try to do what they have not done yet. The other case is to earn money. People who are struggling to get a job or not having enough pays. Online Gambling needs to be understood from a perspective focusing as much on contexts as individuals.  Highlights the need to tailor prevention not only to specific groups such as college students but also to account for the risk embedded in specific settings. 

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MARS (Modern Architectural Research Group) Plan

 In the inter war years, there was a war between two rival camps for urban planning, the highdensity housing with lots of communal space, or low-density with lots of private space. One group was known as The Modern Architectural Research Group (MARS), founded in 1933, with luminaries as varied as Morton Shand, Wells Coates, Maxwell Fry, F. R. S. Yorke, Ove Arup and John Betjeman. 

As an organization though, it is probably most famous for a radical plan for the redevelopment of London, the details of which were published the Architectural Review in June 1942. They pretty much planned to rebuild London in its entirety – the entire city was to be rebuilt from scratch. Away with haphazard layouts they provided with an organized “herringbone” arrangement of homes, factories and facilities. 

Although the report was presented in terms of preventing the further expansion of the built-up area of London and planning for new growth, it was suggested that redevelopment might extend the linear city corridors inwards as well, slowly stripping away the mass of buildings that had built up over centuries to create a utopian linear city.

MARS plan

The plan included a “vertebra” of the herringbone that comprised the areas of administrative and commercial buildings, with the docks and industries at its ends. The “bones” are the residential areas with the local industries at their ends. Between the residential ribbons are parks and recreation grounds would have been where the schools and playing fields were to be located. All parts of the city would have been then connected by a railway, whose stations were to be within walking distance even from the remote parts of the residential area. The long-distance railways were then to be connected by means of a belt which forms a traffic ring to the north and south, meeting in a central line where the main passenger stations are located. 

One of the main criticisms of the plan wasn’t just how utterly bonkers it was, but that the finer details were less than ideal. For example, placing factories at the ends of the spines meant more travel was needed to go between residential and work zones within the city. Blending them more closely would reduce travel times the critics argued. 

The plan was overshadowed by the release of a much more famous planning document, Abercrombie’s County of London Plan which came out two years later, in 1944 and was seen as a blueprint for post-war rebuilding, not just of London but also other bomb damaged cities. The welcoming of Abercrombie, and the rejection of MARS pretty much signed the death warrant for MARS, and its direction changed in subsequent years. The group finally disbanded in 1957. 

Bhagat Singh : True Face of FEARLESSNESS

Bhagat Singh was a prominent freedom fighter of India. The courage with which Bhagat Singh fought the mighty British government for the independence of the country is a great role model for the youth of today. He also refused to run away by throwing a bomb in the Central Parliament (Central Assembly). As a result of which he was hanged on 23 March 1931 along with his two other companions, Rajguru and Sukhdev.

The whole country remembered his sacrifice very seriously. First the Saunders-Slaughter in Lahore and then the Explosion of the Central Assembly in Delhi with Chandrashekhar Azad and other members of the Party gave rise to an open rebellion against the British Empire. Bhagat Singh was interested in anarchist and Marxist ideology.

Early Life:

Bhagat Singh was born on 27 September 1907. His father’s name was Sardar Kishan Singh and mother’s name was Vidyavati Kaur. It was a Sikh family. The Jallianwala Bagh massacre that took place in Amritsar on April 13, 1919 had a profound effect on Bhagat Singh’s thinking. Leaving the National College of Lahore, Bhagat Singh founded the Naujawan Bharat Sabha for the independence of India. Bhagat Singh was so agitated by the hanging of 4 revolutionaries including Ram Prasad ‘Bismil’ and the imprisonment of 16 others in the Kakori incident that along with Pandit Chandrashekhar Azad, his party joined Hindustan Republican Association and gave it a new name Hindustan Socialist Republican Association.

His family was politically active. His grandfather Arjun Singh was a follower of Dayanand Saraswati in his campaign for the reconstruction of the Hindu Arya Samaj. This had a great impact on Bhagat Singh. Bhagat Singh’s father and uncle were also members of the Ghadar Party run by Kartar Singh and Har Dayal Singh. Arjit Singh was exiled due to many legal cases, while Swaran Singh died in Lahore in 1910 after being released from jail.

In 1919, when he was only 12 years old, thousands of unarmed people were killed in Singh Jallianwala Bagh. When he was 14 years old, he was one of those people who used to kill the British for their defense or for the defense of the country. Bhagat Singh never adopted the element of non-violence of Mahatma Gandhi, he believed that it is very important to be violent to get freedom. He always opposed Gandhiji’s campaign of non-violence, because according to him, the reason behind the killing of the villagers in the Chauri Chaura massacre of 1922 was to be non-violent. Since then, Bhagat Singh, along with some youth, started a revolutionary campaign whose main objective was to violently end the British Raj.

Bhagat Singh had the inspiration to serve the country since childhood. He always opposed the British Raj. And at that age, he did a revolutionary movement at that age. We will get to see many stories of Bhagat Singh’s bravery in history. He himself was brave but he had made his comrades also brave and the British had to be washed away even in his short life. He is the role model of Indian youth and today’s youth should also try to be like them.

Bhagat Singh first joined the Naujawan Bharat Sabha. When his family members assured him that they would no longer think of their marriage, Bhagat Singh returned to his home in Lahore. There he interacted with the people of Kirti Kisan Party, and started working for their magazine “Kirti”. He used to convey his message to the youth of the country through this, Bhagat ji was a very good writer, who also used to write for Punjabi Urdu paper, in 1926 Bhagat Singh was made secretary in Naujawan Bharat Sabha.

After this, in 1928, he joined the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA), a fundamental party, which was formed by Chandrashekhar Azad. The whole party together opposed the Simon Commission which came to India on 30 October 1928, in which Lala Lajpat Rai was also with him. They stood at the Lahore railway station, shouting “Go back Simon”. After which there was a lathi charge, in which Lala ji was badly injured and then he died.

To avenge the death of Lala Lajpat Rai, Bhagat Singh, along with revolutionary partner Batukeshwar Dutt, threw bombs and pamphlets to escape the British government on 8 April 1929 in the Parliament House, the auditorium of the then Central Assembly of British India in present-day New Delhi. . After throwing the bomb, both of them also gave their arrest there. And he was also jailed for 116 days. Bhagat Singh did not believe in the non-violence of Mahatma Gandhi. On 23 March 1931, Bhagat Singh and his two companions Sukhdev and Rajguru were hanged at around 7.33 in the evening. And even while dying, he had happily welcomed death by kissing the noose of the gallows.

On 8 April 1929, Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt threw a bomb in the Legislative Assembly building during the Central Legislative Assembly session. No one was harmed by the bomb. Instead of fleeing from the scene, he deliberately gave the arrest. During his hearing, Bhagat Singh refused to appoint any defense counsel. In jail, he went on a hunger strike to protest against the inhuman treatment being meted out to fellow political prisoners by the jail authorities. On 7 October 1930, Bhagat Singh, Sukh Dev and Raj Guru were sentenced to death by a special court. Bhagat Singh and his companions were hanged early in the morning on 23 March 1931, despite immense pressure and many appeals by all the political leaders of India.

In 1921, when Mahatma Gandhi called for non-cooperation movement against British rule, Bhagat Singh left his studies and became active in the movement. In the year 1922, when Mahatma Gandhi called off the non-cooperation movement after the violence at Chauri-Chaura in Gorakhpur, Bhagat Singh was very disappointed. His faith in non-violence weakened and he came to the conclusion that armed revolution was the only useful way to achieve freedom. To continue his studies, Bhagat Singh took admission in the National School established by Lala Lajpat Rai in Lahore. This school was the center of revolutionary activities and here he came in contact with Bhagwati Charan Verma, Sukhdev and other revolutionaries.

Bhagat Singh wrote many letters during his nearly two years in jail. And in many of his articles, he had strongly condemned the exploitative policies of the capitalists. In the prison, the prisoners were kept in raw food and unclean exile. Bhagat Singh and his comrades called for a fast unto death against this atrocity – a hunger strike. And continued the hunger strike for almost two months (64 days). In the end the British government surrendered-And he was forced to accept the demands of Bhagat Singh and his companions. But revolutionary Yatindranath Das was martyred due to hunger strike.

Out of all the accused arrested in the Kakori incident, four were sentenced to death and, the other sixteen accused were given life imprisonment. This news turned Bhagat Singh into the blazing embers of revolution. And after that Bhagat Singh called for the new party “Hindustan Socialist Republican Association” by merging his party “Naujawan Bharat Sabha” with “Hindustan Republican Association”.

Interesting Facts about Bhagat Singh:

• In childhood, when Bhagat Singh used to go to the farm with his father, he used to ask why we cannot grow guns in the ground.

• At the time of Jallianwala Bagh massacre, Bhagat Singh was only 12 years old. This incident made Bhagat Singh a revolutionary forever.

• Bhagat Singh had established ‘National Youth Organization’ during his college days.

• Bhagat Singh was also a good actor during his college days. He took part in many plays. Bhagat Singh was also fond of wrestling.

• Bhagat Singh was also a good writer, he used to write regularly for many newspapers in Urdu and Punjabi language.

• Saddened by the Hindu-Muslim riots, Bhagat Singh declared that he was an atheist.

• Bhagat Singh loved watching movies and eating Rasgulla. He used to go to see films with Rajguru and Yashpal whenever he got a chance. I loved Charlie Chaplin movies.

• The slogan of ‘Inquilab Zindabad’ was given by Bhagat Singh.

• Bhagat Singh’s last wish was that he should be shot to death. However, his wish was also ignored by the British government.

Ideas:

• I am a human and I mean anything that affects humanity.

• The sanctity of the law can be maintained only as long as it expresses the will of the people.

• Revolution is an indispensable right of mankind. Freedom is a never-ending birth-right of all. Labor is the real sustainer of society.

• Life is lived on its own… Only funerals are raised on the shoulders of others.

• Evil does not increase because evil people have increased, but evil increases because people who tolerate evil have increased.

• Every particle of ashes is moving with my heat. I am such a lunatic who is free even in prison.

• My pen is so full of my feelings that whenever I want to write love, It always writes Inquilab.

Swami Vivekanand : Small Introduction to a big personality

Swami Vivekananda was a renowned and influential spiritual teacher of Vedanta. His real name was Narendra Nath Dutt. He represented Sanatan Dharma on behalf of India in the World Dharma Mahasabha held in 1893 in Chicago, USA. The Vedanta of India reached every country in America and Europe only because of the oratory of Swami Vivekananda. He had established the Ramakrishna Mission which is still doing its work. He was an able disciple of Ramakrishna Paramhansa. He is best known for opening his speech with “My American Brothers and Sisters”. This first sentence of his address won everyone’s heart.

Early Life:

Narendra’s primary education took place at home, after which he went to study at many places. Swami Vivekananda was fond of wrestling, boxing, running, horse racing, swimming, his health was very good, due to his beautiful and attractive personality, people would keep looking at him mesmerized, the house upper father would have a discussion with the wise men, Narendra participated in that discussion. Taking and surprising everyone with his thoughts, he got the education of B.A, by this time he had studied Indian culture after him.

With the study of philosophical thoughts, the desire to know the truth started awakening in his mind. After some time, Narendra realized that he could not get the right guidance without a qualified guru, because while on the one hand he had an innate tendency towards spirituality, he had an equally intelligent logical nature, in such a situation he was attracted towards the Brahmo Samaj. Narendra’s question was whether God exists, for the solution of this question, he met many people but could not get the solution.

The atmosphere of Swami Vivekananda’s house was very religious. In the afternoon, all the women of the house would sit and talk about the story, Narendra would listen to this story with great interest. In childhood, Narendra had memorized many episodes of Mahabharata, Ramayana and some hymns. walked .

Guru:

Once a foreign friend of Swami Vivekananda requested to meet his Guru Sri Ramakrishna Paramhansa and said that he wanted to meet the great man who created a great personality like you. When Swami Vivekananda introduced that friend to his guru, that friend was surprised to see the outfit of Swami Ramakrishna Paramahansa and said – “How can this person be your guru, he does not even have a way of dressing.” So Swami Vivekananda said with great humility – “Friend, a TAILOR builds CHARACTER in your country, but in our country CHARACTER is built by ETHICS.”

As a young man, he had to go through a deep conflict because of the atheistic materialism of the Western philosophers and the firm Indian belief in the existence of God. A jeweler like Paramhans ji tested the gem. The touch of that divine great man changed Narendra. It was around this time that he met his guru, Ramakrishna, who first convinced him that God really exists and that man can find God. Ramakrishna guided Narendra in attaining the supreme realization of God as the all-pervading Absolute Truth and taught him that service should never be a charity, but the conscious worship of the God inherent in all humanity.

This sermon became the main philosophy of Vivekananda’s life. It is said that because of that shaktipat, Narendra remained frantic for a few days. He was given self-realization by the Guru. At the age of twenty-five, Narendra Dutt wore Kashayavastra. Inspired by his guru, Narendranath took initiation to lead a sanyasi life and became known as Swami Vivekananda. He had to present the light of life to the creatures wandering in the darkness of the world. Swami Vivekananda traveled all over India on foot.

Love for the Country:


After Ramakrishna’s death, he tried to immerse himself in the ocean of contemplation in the Himalayas, but soon he left it and set out on a tour across India to interview India’s crippling poverty and rebuild the country. During this he also had to starve for several days. During these six years of travel, he was the guest of both the kings and the Dalits.

His great journey culminated in Kanyakumari, where the meditative Vivekananda came to know that only by awakening the dormant divinity of the new Indian recluse and all souls, especially the common man, who are inclined towards national reconstruction, life can be infused in this dying country. His passion for the reconstruction of India eventually led him to attend the Chicago Parliament of Religions in 1893, where he had gone uninvited, making it difficult for him to be allowed to enter the council. Every effort was made to ensure that they do not get time.

The work that Swami Vivekananda accomplished in his short life span of forty-nine years will continue to guide generations for many centuries to come. At the age of thirty, Swami Vivekananda represented Hinduism at the World Conference of Religions in Chicago, USA and brought it universal recognition. Gurudev Rabindranath Tagore once said, “If you want to know India, read Vivekananda. In them you will find everything positive, nothing negative.

Romain Rolland said of him, “It is impossible to even imagine that he is second. Wherever he went, he was the first. Everyone would refer to their leader in them. He was the representative of God and it was his specialty to achieve sovereignty over all. Once in the Himalayan region, an unknown traveler stopped by seeing him and shouted in amazement, ‘Shiva!’ It was as if the deity of that person had given his name. written on his forehead.

Ideas:

1. Tell people what is true, boldly and boldly – ​​do not pay attention to whether it hurts anyone or not. Never give shelter to weakness. If the light of truth seems to the ‘intelligent’ man to be too bright, and drives them away, let them be carried away—the sooner they are carried away, the better.

2. Only God can achieve God. All are living Gods – look at all with this attitude. Study man, man is living poetry. All the Jesus or Buddhas in the world are astrologers with our light. If you leave this flame, all of them will not be able to live any more for us, they will die. You stay on your soul.

3. The human body is the supreme body, and man is the supreme being, because it is only in this human body and in this birth that we can be completely out of this relative world—certainly we can attain the state of liberation, and this Liberation is our ultimate goal.

4. One after the other appears in all these great men – in the end, the ultimate result of their power emerges such a powerful person who imparts education to the world.

5. Apart from the liberation-benefit, which higher state can be availed? Angels never do any bad deeds, so they never get punished, so they cannot be free. It is the worldly push that wakes us up, it helps in breaking this world-dream. It is such constant trauma that awakens our desire to get rid of this world, that is, to gain liberation.

Demise:

Vivekananda’s eloquent and succinct lectures are famous all over the world. On the last day of his life he explained the Shukla Yajurveda and said – “One more Vivekananda is needed, to understand what this Vivekananda has done so far.” According to his disciples, even on the last day of his life, on July 4, 1902, he did not change his meditation routine and meditated for two to three hours in the morning and took Mahasamadhi after breaking his Brahmarandhra in the meditative state itself.

He was cremated on a sandal pyre on the banks of the Ganges at Belur. On the other side of this Ganges, the last rites of his guru Ramakrishna Paramhansa were performed sixteen years ago. His disciples and followers built a temple there in his memory and established more than 130 centers to spread the messages of Vivekananda and his guru Ramakrishna all over the world.


Gautam Buddha : Synonym of Enlightenment in Life

Early Life of Gautam Buddha: 

He was born between 483 and 563 AD in Lumbini, Nepal, near Kapilvastu, the then capital of the Shakya Republic. The Lumbini forest was located in the Terai region of Nepal between Kapilvastu and Devdah, 8 miles west of Nautanwa station, near a place called Rukmindei. Mahamaya Devi, the queen of Kapilvastu, on her way to Naihar Devdah, experienced labor pains and gave birth to a child there. The child was named Siddhartha.

He was also called Gautam because of being born in Gautam Gotra. His father was Suddhodhana, the king of the Shakyas. According to the traditional legend, Siddhartha’s mother Mayadevi, who belonged to the Koli clan, died seven days after his birth. He was brought up by his maternal aunt and Shuddhodhana’s second queen Mahaprajavati (Gautami). The infant was named Siddhartha, which means “He who is born to achieve Siddhi”. During the birth ceremony, the sage seer Asit announced from his mountain abode—the child would either become a great king or a great holy guide.

Siddhartha was of a compassionate and serious nature since childhood. Even after growing up, his attitude did not change. Then his father got him married with a beautiful girl named Yashodhara. Yashodhara gave birth to a son who was named Rahul. But Siddhartha’s mind did not rest in the household. Went out for a day’s excursion. On the way, the patient saw the old and the deceased and the truth of life came to know. They got restless thinking whether this is the speed of man. Then one night when everyone was sleeping in the palace, Siddhartha got up secretly and left his wife and children sleeping and left for the forest.

Slowly, there was a change in the mind of Mahatma Buddha. Prince Buddha expressed his desire to roam the city. He was allowed to tour the city. The king gave a message to the guards of the city that they should not bring any such scene in front of the prince which would create a feeling of detachment in his mind towards the world. Siddhartha went for a walk in the city. He saw the old man in the city. On seeing him, he asked the charioteer, who is this? Why has this situation happened? The charioteer said- This is an old man. In old age this condition occurs in almost all men.

One day Siddhartha saw the patient. Seeing the patient, he asked the charioteer about him. The charioteer told- He is a patient and the disease leads to such a condition of a human being. These incidents increased Siddhartha’s disinterest. His mind turned away from worldly pleasures. He decided to leave the world to know the secret of life. He started severe penance in the forest. His body became weak due to penance but the mind did not get peace. Then he chose the middle path, leaving severe penance. Finally he reached a place called Gaya in Bihar and sat meditating under a tree. One day he attained enlightenment. He became ‘Buddha’ from Siddhartha. That tree became famous as ‘Bodhi tree’. 

The teachings of Mahatma Buddha were simple. He said that the world is full of sorrows. The cause of sorrow is desire or craving. By giving up desires, one is freed from sorrows. He told the people that by right-seeing, right-feeling, right-discourse, right-behavior, right living, truth-observing, right-thinking and true meditation, man’s cravings are quenched and he remains happy. The teachings of Lord Buddha are very relevant even in today’s times. 

Education: 

Siddhartha not only read the Vedas and Upanishads with Guru Vishwamitra, but also took education in politics and warfare. No one can match him in wrestling, horse racing, archery, chariot driving. At the age of sixteen, Siddhartha was married to Yashodhara, a Koli girl. He started living with Yashodhara in a palace built by his father to suit the seasons, where his son Rahul was born. But after marriage, his mind went in dispassion and he left his family for the sake of proper happiness and peace.

The path of nirvana that he suggested to mankind is as relevant today as it was two and a half thousand years ago, he himself renounced the royal pleasures and suffered many types of physical tortures to find the way to the salvation of humanity. It was only after deep contemplation and rigorous spiritual practice that he had attained philosophy under the Bodhi tree in Gaya (Bihar). And he had given initiation to the first five disciples. After that many majestic kings also became his followers. His religion spread rapidly outside India. Even today Buddhism is the main religion of many countries like China, Japan etc.

Ideas:

1. Time that has passed does not come back – We often think that if a work is left unfinished today, it will be completed tomorrow, although the time that has passed now will not come back.

2. “Just as a candle cannot burn itself without fire, so a man cannot live without spiritual life.”

3. “Don’t get caught up in the past, don’t get lost in the dreams of the future, focus on the present, that’s the way to be happy.”

4. “There are only two mistakes a person can make while walking on the path of truth, either not going the full way or not starting at all.”

5. Every human has the right to discover his own world.

6. Understand the importance of every day – Every day a new person is born, every day is for fulfilling a new purpose, so understand the importance of each day.

7. Time elapsed does not come back – We often think that if any work is left unfinished today, it will be completed tomorrow, although the time which has passed now will not come back.

8. Happiness is in our mind – Happiness is not in things bought with money, but happiness is in how we feel, how we behave and how we respond to the behavior of others, so the real happiness is in our brain.

9. There is no distinction between East and West in the sky, people create discrimination in their mind and then believe it to be true.

10. Think of the good things – We become what we think, so think positive things and be happy.

Demise: 

Mahatma Buddha continued to propagate the religion throughout his life. In the end, while preaching it, he died at the age of eighty in Kushinagar. He became immortal even after his death. Even today millions of his veterans worship him like a god.