Shri Sanjay Kumar, Secretary of Department of School Education and Literacy (DoSEL), chaired an international conference titled “Spectrum of Literacy” today at the CIET, NCERT, New Delhi. The Ministry of Education, Government of India, organized this virtual conference as a prelude to International Literacy Day 2024, to be celebrated tomorrow in an event at Vigyan Bhawan, New Delhi.
Smt. Archana Sharma Awasthi, Joint Secretary, DoSEL; Prof. Dinesh Prasad Saklani, Director of NCERT; Smt. Joyce Poan, Chief of the Education Sector at UNESCO’s Regional Office for South Asia; and other dignitaries attended the conference. It brought together global and national experts, educators, policymakers, and literacy advocates to explore the diverse and evolving dimensions of literacy in today’s world.
Shri Sanjay Kumar in his address mentioned how the definition of literacy now includes Foundational Literacy and Numeracy Literacy, critical life skills, like digital, financial, and legal literacy, etc. Literacy should help people navigate through life, he emphasised. He said that ULLAS is the framework under which we must work to bring down the literacy gap between the urban and rural populations and between males and females. Literacy is to become a powerful force of change and we must carefully negotiate with the strategies and frameworks that underpin our efforts, he said.
Highlighting this year’s theme of International Literacy Day, Promoting Literacy Through Multilingualism, he mentioned that one of the central pillars of the National Education Policy 2020 is multilingualism. Children learn best when they are taught in their Mother Tongue, he added. He underscored the importance of educating women so that their representation increases in the workforce.
Smt. Archana Sharma Awasthi, Joint Secretary, Department of School Education & Literacy (DoSEL), delivered the inaugural address and gave a presentation highlighting the role of ULLAS-Nav Bharat Saaksharta Karyakram, a program introduced to foster adult literacy across the nation.
The conference featured two engaging sessions titled “Exploring the ‘Spectrum of Literacy’ in India” and “Global Perspectives on Literacy Chaired”. The first session was chaired by Dr. Amarendra P. Behera, Joint Director, CIET, NCERT. The session focused on diverse perspectives on literacy within India. Speakers included Ms. Kesang Sherpa, Member Secretary, National Council for Teacher Education (NCTE); Dr. M.K.S. Sundaram, Principal Secretary, Basic Education Department, UP; and Prof. Jai Prakash Dubey, Director, Delhi School of Journalism, University of Delhi.
The second session was chaired by Prof. T.G. Sitharam, Chairman AICTE. This session provided an international perspective on literacy. Renowned global experts such as Mr. Nicholas Jonas from Germany, Prof. Iddo Gal from Israel, and Dr. Anke Grotluschen from Germany discussed critical issues ranging from adult literacy to the impact of artificial intelligence on literacy. Dr. John Benseman provided valuable insights on “Literacy in Social Spaces”. The event concluded with a summary of the steps ahead.
The conference, underscoring the theme “Spectrum of Literacy”, reflected the broad and diverse challenges and opportunities in education globally. It concluded with a call to action to strengthen partnerships and collaborations to build a literate (Jan Jan Saakshar) and inclusive world.
The Vice-President, Shri Jagdeep Dhankhar today called upon everyone to resolve today to make at least one person literate. “ When we make someone literate, we liberate him or her, we help that person discover himself or herself, we make him or her feel dignity, we cut down dependence, we generate independence and interdependence. It enables a person to help himself or herself.It is a supreme facet of handholding”, he added
Addressing the International Literacy Day celebrations as Chief Guest at Vigyan Bhawan in New Delhi today the Vice-President underlined, “The joy and happiness you provide by educating a person, whether a man, a woman, a child, or a girl, is beyond measure. You can’t imagine the happiness it will bring you. It will spread in a positive manner. It will be the greatest affirmative action you can take in Human Resource Development”.
In his address, he called upon everyone to promote literacy.He remarked that it is time for us to be in mission mode with commitment and passion to ensure 100% literacy at the earliest but he said he was sure that this is achievable sooner than we think. Let each one make one literate, this will be a key contribution for Viksit Bharat, he said.
He further asserted that “Education is something that no thief can take away from you. No government can snatch it from you. Neither relatives, nor friends can take it away from you. There can be no reduction in it. It will grow and continue to grow as long as you keep sharing it”. He also expressed confidence that if literacy is pursued passionately, India can reclaim its ancient status as a centre of learning, like Nalanda and Takshashila.
Appealing to the states that are yet to adopt the Education Policy (NEP) to rethink, revisit their stance, he emphasised that this policy is a game-changer for the nation. “This National Education Policy empowers our youth to fully exploit their talent and energy, giving due importance to all languages,” he remarked.
Highlighting the special significance of mother tongue, Shri Dhankahr stated that it is the language in which we dream. Shri Dhankhar emphasised on India’s unparalleled linguistic diversity, Shri Dhankhar stated that, “There is no country in the world like India. We are a unique nation when it comes to the richness of language, with several languages”.
Reflecting on his experiences As Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, he shared that members are given the opportunity to speak in 22 languages. “When I hear them speak in their language, I listen to the translation, but their body language itself tells me what they are saying”, he stated.
He also highlighted the profound significance of Rishi Tradition in Indian culture, and urged everyone to “take resolve to make at least one person literate within six months, so that by the end of the year, we can achieve the goal of educating two individuals.”
Lauding India’s transformative progress over the last decade, Shri Dhankhar emphasised how achievements like electrifying every household, once unimaginable, are now a reality, with future goals focused on self-sufficiency through solar power. He reflected on rural development, highlighting the significant strides like toilets in every household and the impact of widespread digital connectivity. He noted how 4G access in remote villages has revolutionised service delivery, making everyday tasks easier, and eliminating the need for long queues for essential services”.
Cautioning against the people who taint, tarnish and demean our institutions, Shri Dhankhar urged to show path to those misguided souls who are not able to acknowledge the impressive growth of Bharat and are not recognising the ground reality.
Shri Jayant Chaudhary, Minister of State for Education, Shri Sanjay Kumar, Secretary, Department of School Education & Literacy (DoSEL) and other dignitaries were also present on the occasion.
The Ministry of Education’s Department of School Education & Literacy, in collaboration with UNESCO, celebrated International Literacy Day 2024. The theme of this year’s event, “Promoting Literacy through Multilingualism,” highlighted the critical role of linguistic diversity in improving literacy levels across India’s diverse communities.
Shri Jayant Chaudhary, while delivering the inaugural address, highlighted the significance of literacy in improving the health situation, empowering women, and increasing GDP. Literacy is not just a developmental goal; it is the very foundation of our character of a developed India, he added.
The Minister highlighted the unique feature of ULLAs, which is a sense of duty, ‘Kartavyabodh’, with the spirit of volunteerism and community participation. He also expressed his gratitude to Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi for his vision of Viksit Bharat by 2047 which emphasizes inclusive participation and the use of Indian languages to make progress in various fields. This vision is being realized through the NEP-2020, which seeks to eliminate linguistic barriers and ensure that language does not become a barrier in the educational journey of any learner, Shri Chaudhary said.
Shri Chaudhary emphasized that our efforts towards making everyone literate are part of a global mission. He mentioned, how, in collaboration with UNESCO, the work is going on towards making it in sync with international standards and goals towards a world where every individual has the right to education and the opportunity to reach their full potential. Literacy is not just a national priority; it is a global imperative that will have far-reaching implications for the future, he said.
He urged all States and Union Territories to fully embrace the ULLAAS initiative and work tirelessly towards achieving total literacy by 2030. This is not just a government effort, it is a collective responsibility, he reminded.
Shri Sanjay Kumar in his welcoming address mentioned how the literacy programme is aligned with NEP2020 which aims at achieving 100% literacy. ULLAS symbolizes our relentless pursuit of literacy for all, he said. Towards the students present at the event he highlighted the opportunity the programme presents them to contribute to the country’s literacy mission. He congratulated the UT of Ladakh on achieving full literacy (over 97%). Shri Kumar also mentioned that this year’s theme of the ILD stresses multilingualism and India’s linguistic diversity is one of the greatest assets of the country and by embracing multilingual education it can be made accessible for all. Reaffirming the unwavering determination to achieve 100% literacy he mentioned that along with enhancing literacy this mission is igniting hope, empowering individuals and shaping a bright future for India.
A special film on ULLAS – Nav Bharat Saaksharta Karyakram, was launched during the programme, which captured the journey, milestones, and success stories of the program. The film showcased the transformative impact of the initiative in promoting adult literacy across diverse linguistic regions and empowering communities through foundational literacy and digital skills.
The ULLAS DTH Channel, a significant step towards reaching learners across the nation through literacy programs in multiple languages, was also launched today. This initiative will serve as a crucial tool in bridging the literacy gap, particularly for adult learners in remote and underserved regions.
Some volunteer teachers and neo-literate individuals shared their experiences of learning through multilingual education under the ULLAS program. These stories showcased the transformative power of learning in one’s native language and its profound impact on adult learners, empowering them to participate more actively in their communities and the economy.
Cultural performances showcasing India’s linguistic richness at the event reflected the diverse heritage that is the backbone of the nation’s literacy efforts.
International Literacy Day 2024 reinforced the government’s ongoing efforts to promote literacy through multilingual education, aiming to build a more inclusive, literate, and empowered society where linguistic diversity is celebrated and embraced.
Arkade Developers is a well-established real estate development company based in Mumbai, India. Known for its commitment to quality construction, innovative designs, and customer satisfaction, Arkade Developers has carved a niche for itself in the competitive real estate market. The company specializes in the development of residential and commercial properties, with a focus on creating spaces that are not only aesthetically appealing but also highly functional and sustainable.
Overview of Arkade Developers
Founded by Amit Jain, Arkade Developers has been active in the real estate sector for over two decades. The company operates with the vision of building homes and commercial spaces that meet modern-day needs while adhering to the highest standards of construction. With a strong presence in the Mumbai Metropolitan Region (MMR), Arkade Developers has delivered several successful projects that have earned the trust of homebuyers and investors alike.
Key Projects
Arkade Developers is known for creating residential and commercial spaces that reflect luxury, comfort, and sustainability. Some of their notable projects include:
Arkade Earth (Kanjurmarg East): Arkade Earth is a residential project offering 1, 2, and 3 BHK apartments. The project is designed to provide a modern lifestyle, with amenities like landscaped gardens, a clubhouse, a swimming pool, and jogging tracks. The location offers excellent connectivity to key areas in Mumbai, making it a popular choice for homebuyers.
Arkade Crown (Borivali West): Arkade Crown is a luxury residential project located in Borivali West. Known for its spacious apartments and premium amenities, it caters to the needs of urban professionals and families looking for comfortable living spaces in one of Mumbai’s prime suburbs.
Arkade Rise (Mulund West): Arkade Rise is another prominent residential project offering modern apartments with world-class amenities. Its strategic location in Mulund, one of Mumbai’s developing suburbs, provides easy access to commercial hubs, schools, hospitals, and shopping malls.
Arkade Serene (Santacruz West): Arkade Serene is a high-end residential development located in Santacruz West, a sought-after area in Mumbai. The project features luxurious apartments designed for high-net-worth individuals who prioritize comfort, location, and exclusivity.
Arkade Aspire (Goregaon): Arkade Aspire is a well-planned residential project in Goregaon, Mumbai, offering spacious and elegant apartments. This project is equipped with modern amenities, such as a gym, children’s play area, landscaped gardens, and more, making it an attractive option for families and professionals.
Philosophy and Approach
Arkade Developers focuses on delivering projects that combine high-quality construction with thoughtful design. The company believes in creating sustainable developments, ensuring that their projects contribute positively to the environment. They use eco-friendly materials and adopt energy-efficient technologies to minimize the environmental footprint of their developments.
Customer satisfaction is at the core of Arkade Developers’ business philosophy. The company places great emphasis on transparency, timely delivery, and providing value for money. With a dedicated customer service team, Arkade Developers ensures that the homebuying process is smooth and hassle-free for its clients.
Innovation and Technology
Arkade Developers embraces modern construction technologies and innovative architectural designs. They adopt the latest building techniques to ensure durability and safety while maintaining aesthetic appeal. From using advanced construction materials to incorporating smart home technologies, Arkade Developers aims to meet the expectations of the new-age homebuyer.
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)
Arkade Developers is also committed to giving back to society. The company participates in various community-driven initiatives, including environmental conservation, education, and healthcare. They emphasize sustainable development by ensuring that their projects have minimal adverse effects on the environment.
Awards and Recognition
Over the years, Arkade Developers has received multiple awards and accolades for its contributions to the real estate industry. These recognitions reflect the company’s dedication to excellence, innovation, and customer satisfaction.
Future Plans
With an ever-growing demand for high-quality housing in Mumbai, Arkade Developers continues to expand its portfolio with new residential and commercial projects. The company’s focus remains on providing homes that meet modern needs while ensuring a strong return on investment for buyers and investors.
Conclusion
Arkade Developers has established itself as a leading player in Mumbai’s real estate market through its focus on quality, innovation, and customer-centric services. With an impressive track record of successful projects and a commitment to sustainable development, Arkade Developers continues to shape the future of urban living in one of India’s most dynamic cities.
Younis Khan is one of the most distinguished and accomplished cricketers in Pakistan’s cricket history. Born on November 29, 1977, in Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, Younis is renowned for his technical prowess, resilience, and ability to perform under pressure. Over his international career, which spanned from 2000 to 2017, he earned a reputation as one of the finest Test batsmen in the world, known particularly for his consistency and ability to play in challenging conditions.
Early Life and Career Beginnings
Younis Khan grew up in a family passionate about cricket. His early cricketing years were spent playing in the streets of Mardan, and later, he moved to Karachi, where his professional career took off. His talent was evident from an early age, and after impressive performances in domestic cricket, he was called up to the Pakistan national team.
International Debut
Younis made his international debut for Pakistan in February 2000 in a One-Day International (ODI) against Sri Lanka, and a month later, he played his first Test match against the same opposition. Although he started his career on a relatively low note in ODIs, it was in Test cricket where he truly shone. He scored a century (107 runs) in just his second Test match, signaling his potential as a world-class player.
Rise to Prominence
Younis Khan’s rise in Test cricket was marked by his impeccable technique, strong temperament, and ability to adapt to different playing conditions around the world. Over the years, he became Pakistan’s most reliable middle-order batsman, especially known for his ability to play long innings. Younis played some of his best cricket in foreign conditions, with many of his centuries coming in challenging overseas tours, which earned him great respect globally.
Captaincy and Leading Pakistan to Glory
In 2009, Younis Khan was appointed captain of the Pakistan cricket team, a role that came with immense pressure and expectations. His leadership was instrumental in guiding Pakistan to one of its greatest triumphs—the ICC World Twenty20 Championship in 2009. Under Younis’ leadership, Pakistan won the T20 World Cup, defeating Sri Lanka in the final. This victory was significant as it gave the country a reason to celebrate amidst various challenges and unrest at the time.
Although his captaincy tenure was not without challenges, with ups and downs in the team’s performance and some internal conflicts, Younis’ stature as a player remained untarnished.
Achievements in Test Cricket
Younis Khan’s legacy is most closely associated with his outstanding performances in Test cricket. He is the highest run-scorer for Pakistan in Tests, amassing 10,099 runs in 118 matches at an average of 52.05, with 34 centuries and 33 half-centuries. He remains the only Pakistani player to score over 10,000 runs in Test cricket, a milestone he achieved in 2017 during a series against the West Indies.
One of Younis Khan’s most remarkable achievements came in 2015 when he scored his 30th Test century, surpassing Javed Miandad’s long-standing record of 8,832 runs to become Pakistan’s leading run-scorer in Test cricket. He also holds the record for most centuries by a Pakistani in Test cricket, with 34 centuries to his name.
His most famous innings includes a triple century (313) against Sri Lanka in 2009, one of the highest individual scores by a Pakistani in Test matches. He was also known for his incredible ability to perform in the fourth innings of Test matches, an area where many batsmen struggle. Younis scored five centuries in the fourth innings, the most by any player in the history of Test cricket.
Versatility and Adaptability
Younis Khan’s success in different conditions is a testament to his versatility and adaptability. He scored runs in every major cricket-playing nation, including difficult tours in Australia, England, South Africa, and the West Indies. His ability to play both pace and spin with equal competence made him a complete batsman.
He was particularly skilled at playing on difficult, turning tracks in the subcontinent, often rescuing Pakistan from precarious situations with his patience and composure at the crease. His ability to graft innings and build partnerships made him a pivotal figure in Pakistan’s batting lineup for over a decade.
Retirement and Post-Retirement Role
Younis Khan retired from international cricket in 2017 after Pakistan’s historic Test series win against the West Indies. His farewell was emotional, as he left the game as one of Pakistan’s greatest ever cricketers. His retirement marked the end of an era, leaving a significant void in Pakistan’s batting lineup.
After retirement, Younis Khan remained actively involved in the development of cricket in Pakistan. He took up coaching roles, notably becoming the batting coach for the Pakistan national team in 2020. His experience and knowledge of the game are seen as valuable assets for grooming young cricketers in the country. Additionally, he has been involved in various philanthropic and sports development initiatives.
Legacy and Impact
Younis Khan’s contributions to Pakistan cricket extend beyond his statistics. He is admired for his professionalism, dedication to fitness, and his exemplary work ethic. His ability to inspire and mentor younger players has made him a respected figure in Pakistan cricket circles.
One of Younis’ defining characteristics has been his humility and down-to-earth personality. Despite his numerous achievements, he always remained grounded, often crediting his success to the team and the support of his fans.
Honors and Awards
Younis Khan received numerous awards throughout his career. He was awarded Pakistan’s highest civilian honors, including the Sitara-i-Imtiaz, in recognition of his services to cricket. His name is etched in cricket history as one of Pakistan’s all-time greats, and his legacy will continue to inspire future generations of cricketers.
Personal Life
Younis Khan is known to be a private person when it comes to his personal life. He has a wife, Amna, and they have children together. Younis has often credited his family for being his support system throughout his career, especially during tough times.
In summary, Younis Khan’s cricketing journey is one of hard work, perseverance, and excellence. He is remembered as one of Pakistan’s finest players, a cricketing legend who set new standards for Pakistan’s future generations of cricketers.
National Rural Livelihoods Mission (NRLM): Empowering Rural India
The National Rural Livelihoods Mission (NRLM) is a flagship program of the Indian government aimed at reducing poverty and vulnerability among rural communities. Launched in 2011, NRLM seeks to promote sustainable livelihoods, social empowerment, and inclusive growth in rural areas.
Objectives:
Promote livelihoods: Enhance income and employment opportunities for rural households.
Social empowerment: Build capacities and confidence among rural communities, especially women.
Inclusive growth: Foster inclusive growth, reducing poverty and vulnerability.
Key Features:
Community-led approach: Empowers rural communities to take ownership of their development.
Self-Help Groups (SHGs): Supports SHGs, promoting savings, credit, and entrepreneurship.
Capacity building: Trains community members in skills, leadership, and entrepreneurship.
Financial inclusion: Facilitates access to financial services, reducing dependence on informal lenders.
Livelihoods promotion: Supports agriculture, animal husbandry, and non-farm activities.
Strategies:
Intensive Block-level Approach: Focuses on intensive capacity building and livelihoods promotion in selected blocks.
Partnerships and collaborations: Fosters partnerships with NGOs, banks, and private sector entities.
Technology-enabled solutions: Leverages technology for capacity building, financial inclusion, and livelihoods promotion.
Benefits:
Improved livelihoods: Enhanced income and employment opportunities for rural households.
Social empowerment: Increased confidence and capacities among rural communities, especially women.
Financial inclusion: Reduced dependence on informal lenders, improved access to financial services.
Inclusive growth: Reduced poverty and vulnerability, promoting inclusive growth.
Challenges and Future Directions:
Scalability and sustainability: Scaling up NRLM’s impact while ensuring sustainability.
Diversification of livelihoods: Promoting diversified livelihoods, reducing dependence on agriculture.
Technology integration: Leveraging technology to enhance NRLM’s impact and reach.
Convergence with other initiatives: Integrating NRLM with other government initiatives for greater impact.
In conclusion, NRLM has been a pioneering initiative in empowering rural India, promoting sustainable livelihoods, social empowerment, and inclusive growth. As the program continues to evolve, addressing challenges and building on successes will be crucial to achieving its vision of a poverty-free, vibrant rural India.
Mid Day Meal: A Game-Changer in Eradicating Hunger and Promoting Education
The Mid Day Meal (MDM) scheme is a flagship program of the Indian government aimed at providing free lunches to school-going children, with the dual objective of eradicating hunger and promoting education. Launched in 1995, MDM has grown to become one of the largest school meal programs in the world, benefiting over 120 million children across the country.
Objectives:
Eradicate hunger and malnutrition: Provide nutritious meals to school-going children, particularly from disadvantaged backgrounds.
Promote education: Encourage enrollment, attendance, and retention in schools, especially among marginalized communities.
Improve socialization and inclusivity: Foster a sense of community and social equality among children from diverse backgrounds.
Key Features:
Free meals: Provided to all students, regardless of their background or financial status.
Nutritious menu: Meals are designed to meet nutritional standards, with a focus on local and seasonal ingredients.
Decentralized implementation: Meals are prepared and served at the school level, involving local communities and Self-Help Groups (SHGs).
Monitoring and evaluation: Regular monitoring and evaluation to ensure quality and effectiveness.
Benefits:
Improved attendance and enrollment: MDM has led to increased attendance and enrollment rates, especially among girls and marginalized communities.
Enhanced nutrition and health: Nutritious meals have improved children’s health, reducing malnutrition and related health issues.
Increased socialization and inclusivity: MDM has fostered a sense of community and social equality among children from diverse backgrounds.
Supports poverty alleviation: MDM helps reduce the economic burden on families, enabling them to invest in their children’s education.
Challenges and Future Directions:
Quality and consistency: Ensuring consistent quality of meals across the country remains a challenge.
Infrastructure and logistics: Upgrading infrastructure and streamlining logistics to support MDM’s expansion.
Community involvement: Encouraging greater community participation and ownership to sustain the program.
In conclusion, the Mid Day Meal scheme has been a groundbreaking initiative in addressing hunger and promoting education in India. As the program continues to evolve, it is essential to address the challenges and build on its successes to ensure a brighter future for India’s children.
Surya Kumar Yadav, often known as “SKY,” has emerged as one of India’s most exciting cricketers in recent years. Born on September 14, 1990, in Mumbai, Maharashtra, Yadav’s journey to the top of international cricket has been marked by determination, patience, and extraordinary performances in domestic cricket and the Indian Premier League (IPL).
Suryakumar Yadav, of India, hits 4 during the third T20I match between West Indies and India at Warner Park in Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis, on August 2, 2022. (Photo by Randy Brooks / AFP) (Photo by RANDY BROOKS/AFP via Getty Images)
Early Life and Domestic Career
Surya Kumar Yadav was born into a middle-class family, and like many young boys in Mumbai, cricket became his passion early on. He honed his skills at the local parks before receiving formal training. His talent was evident from a young age, and he progressed quickly through the ranks of Mumbai’s cricketing setup.
Yadav made his first-class debut for Mumbai in the 2010-11 Ranji Trophy season. Despite facing stiff competition in the Mumbai cricketing circles, which have historically been a nursery for Indian cricketing greats, Yadav’s consistent performances, particularly his ability to score runs under pressure, made him stand out.
Rise in Domestic Cricket
Yadav’s domestic performances caught the attention of selectors and cricket enthusiasts alike. Known for his aggressive stroke play, especially his ability to dominate spinners, Yadav quickly became a crucial part of Mumbai’s middle order. He also led Mumbai in domestic T20 tournaments and was highly regarded for his leadership qualities.
Throughout his domestic career, Surya Kumar has shown immense versatility, performing across formats in the Ranji Trophy, Vijay Hazare Trophy, and Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy. His fearless batting style, especially in T20s, soon earned him a place in the IPL, where his career trajectory skyrocketed.
IPL Success and Breakthrough
Surya Kumar Yadav’s breakthrough moment came when he was picked by the Mumbai Indians in the IPL. Initially, he had been with Kolkata Knight Riders, where he was used as a finisher. However, it was his stint with Mumbai Indians (MI) that showcased his true potential. Playing for MI under the captaincy of Rohit Sharma, Yadav found his ideal role as a top-order batsman.
His ability to adapt to different situations in T20 cricket became evident as he played crucial knocks for MI in pressure situations. Yadav was instrumental in MI’s success, helping them win multiple IPL titles during his tenure. His performances in the IPL were characterized by his 360-degree batting style—capable of playing innovative shots all around the ground. He became a fan favorite due to his fearless approach and consistent run-scoring ability.
International Debut
Despite his consistent IPL performances, Surya Kumar Yadav had to wait until March 2021 to make his international debut for India. His debut came during a T20I series against England. He made an immediate impact, smashing a six off the very first ball he faced in international cricket. His fearless stroke play and ability to take on the best bowlers in the world instantly marked him as a player to watch.
Yadav continued to impress in subsequent matches, displaying maturity, calmness, and a wide range of strokes, including his signature “pick-up shot” over fine leg. His ability to score runs quickly and his tactical awareness make him an invaluable asset in the T20 format.
Playing Style and Strengths
Surya Kumar Yadav is widely known for his unorthodox, aggressive batting style. His ability to innovate and play shots in unusual areas of the ground, especially against spinners and during the middle overs, makes him a unique player. Yadav is a natural stroke player, often improvising to find gaps. His signature shots include the ramp shot, sweeps, and lofted drives over cover.
Yadav’s mental toughness, honed by years of grinding in domestic cricket, is another asset. He can play according to the situation, be it stabilizing the innings after a top-order collapse or accelerating the scoring in the death overs.
He is also a brilliant fielder, contributing significantly to his team with his athleticism and sharp reflexes. Whether positioned in the outfield or in the circle, Yadav’s presence is always felt.
ODI and Test Prospects
While Yadav made an immediate mark in T20Is, there have been growing calls for him to be included in India’s ODI and Test setups. His temperament and technical skills indicate that he has the potential to succeed across formats. His adaptability to different conditions and situations would make him a valuable asset in the longer formats as well.
As of 2024, Yadav has already represented India in ODI matches and could potentially break into the Test squad if he continues to showcase his consistent form.
Achievements and Impact
Surya Kumar Yadav’s journey from the domestic circuit to the international stage is a testament to perseverance. His IPL successes, particularly with Mumbai Indians, have made him a household name, and his transition into international cricket has been seamless.
He has won multiple IPL titles with Mumbai Indians and is often lauded for his match-winning contributions during crucial games. His aggressive batting at the top of the order has allowed the Indian team to play with more flexibility and depth in the middle order.
Off the Field
Off the field, Surya Kumar Yadav is known for his humble and grounded personality. Despite his late entry into international cricket, Yadav’s positive attitude and work ethic have earned him respect from teammates and fans alike. He is married to Devisha Shetty, and their relationship has been a cornerstone of his success, with Devisha often supporting him during difficult times in his career.
Conclusion
Surya Kumar Yadav’s rise in cricket exemplifies the power of resilience and determination. After years of performing in domestic cricket and the IPL, he finally got his opportunity to represent India, and he has made the most of it. With his innovative batting, fearless mindset, and ability to handle pressure, Yadav is expected to remain a key player for India in the years to come, especially in white-ball formats.
His journey serves as an inspiration to many aspiring cricketers, proving that persistence, combined with talent, eventually pays off. Surya Kumar Yadav is not just a cricketer; he’s a symbol of modern cricket’s changing face, where innovation and aggression are as valuable as traditional techniques.
Incident Overview: The Ambernath gas leakage incident, which occurred on January 4, 2024, in the town of Ambernath, Maharashtra, was a significant industrial accident involving the leakage of toxic gases from a chemical plant. The incident resulted in a considerable impact on public health and safety, causing panic, injuries, and fatalities, and highlighted critical issues in industrial safety practices.
Location and Background: Ambernath is an industrial town located in the Thane district of Maharashtra, India. It is home to several chemical and manufacturing plants. The gas leakage occurred at a chemical manufacturing facility operated by a major industrial corporation known for producing various chemicals and industrial products.
Details of the Incident:
Leakage of Toxic Gases: The incident began when a leak occurred in a storage tank containing a hazardous chemical used in the production process. Preliminary investigations suggest that the leak was due to a failure in the tank’s structural integrity or a malfunction in the safety mechanisms designed to contain such gases.
Immediate Impact: The toxic gas released into the atmosphere spread rapidly, affecting nearby residential and commercial areas. The leak caused a strong chemical odor, irritation of the eyes and respiratory tract, and other symptoms among residents. Emergency services and local authorities were immediately alerted to the situation.
Response and Containment Efforts:
Emergency Services: Firefighters, police, and medical teams were dispatched to the site to contain the leak and provide medical assistance to those affected. The immediate response included sealing off the affected area and evacuating residents from the danger zone.
Medical Treatment: Hospitals and clinics in the area were put on high alert to treat individuals suffering from gas exposure. Symptoms ranged from mild irritation to severe respiratory distress.
Casualties and Injuries:
Fatalities: The gas leak resulted in several fatalities, with the exact number varying based on subsequent official reports and updates.
Injuries: Many residents and workers experienced respiratory problems, skin irritation, and other health issues due to the gas exposure. Treatment for these conditions was provided at local healthcare facilities.
Environmental Impact: The gas leak also raised concerns about environmental contamination. The released chemicals could potentially affect soil, water sources, and local flora and fauna, leading to long-term ecological consequences.
Early Life and Background: Narayan Jagadeesan was born on December 24, 1994, in Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. He grew up in a cricketing family and developed an early interest in the sport. His father, Narayan S. Jagadeesan, was a former cricketer who played for Tamil Nadu, and his support played a crucial role in Narayan’s cricketing journey.
Cricketing Career:
Domestic Cricket: Narayan Jagadeesan began his domestic cricket career with Tamil Nadu. He first came into the limelight during the 2015-16 domestic season when he played for Tamil Nadu in the Ranji Trophy. Known for his right-handed wicket-keeping and batting skills, Jagadeesan quickly made a name for himself in the domestic circuit.
First-Class Debut: Jagadeesan made his first-class debut for Tamil Nadu in the 2015-16 season. His performances in domestic tournaments showcased his potential as a reliable top-order batsman and a skilled wicketkeeper.
List A and T20 Debut: He also made his List A and T20 debuts in 2016. His performances in these formats, particularly in the T20s, have been impressive, demonstrating his ability to adapt to different formats of the game.
Indian Premier League (IPL): Jagadeesan’s performances in domestic cricket earned him a spot in the Indian Premier League (IPL), where he has been part of various teams.
Chennai Super Kings (CSK): He was first signed by the Chennai Super Kings (CSK) in the IPL. His association with CSK provided him with the opportunity to showcase his talent on a larger stage, benefiting from the mentorship of senior players and the experience of playing in high-pressure games.
Kolkata Knight Riders (KKR): Jagadeesan was later picked up by the Kolkata Knight Riders (KKR) for the IPL 2022 season. His stint with KKR was another platform where he continued to develop his skills and gain valuable experience in T20 cricket.
Domestic Achievements:
Vijay Hazare Trophy: Narayan Jagadeesan has been a prominent player in the Vijay Hazare Trophy, a domestic one-day competition in India. He has had several notable performances in this tournament, including high scores and crucial innings for Tamil Nadu.
Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy: In the Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy, a domestic T20 tournament, Jagadeesan has been instrumental for Tamil Nadu, often leading their batting line-up and contributing significantly with both the bat and the gloves.
Playing Style and Strengths: Narayan Jagadeesan is known for his aggressive batting style and solid wicket-keeping skills. His strengths include:
Batting: As a top-order batsman, Jagadeesan is known for his ability to play both attacking and anchor roles. He is particularly effective in the shorter formats of the game, where his ability to accelerate and score quickly is a valuable asset.
Wicket-Keeping: His wicket-keeping skills are highly regarded, with a reputation for being reliable behind the stumps. His quick reflexes and sharp glovework contribute to his effectiveness as a wicketkeeper.
Adaptability: Jagadeesan has shown adaptability across different formats of the game, transitioning smoothly from first-class and List A cricket to T20 formats, which requires a versatile skill set.
Challenges and Future Prospects: Despite his talent and potential, Jagadeesan has faced challenges in securing a permanent spot in the national team. However, his performances in domestic and IPL cricket have kept him in the spotlight as a player with considerable promise.
Personal Life: Narayan Jagadeesan is known for his dedication to the sport and his commitment to continuous improvement. He maintains a relatively low-profile personal life, focusing primarily on his cricketing career.
Conclusion: Narayan Jagadeesan is an emerging talent in Indian cricket, known for his skills as a wicket-keeper batsman. His journey through domestic cricket and the IPL reflects his potential and the hard work he has put into his career. As he continues to develop and gain experience, Jagadeesan is expected to make significant contributions to Indian cricket in the future.
Introduction: Hindi Diwas is celebrated annually on September 14th in India. The primary aim of this day is to promote and celebrate the Hindi language. It is dedicated to the appreciation of Hindi’s role in Indian culture and its significance as one of the country’s major languages.
Historical Background: On September 14, 1949, Hindi was adopted as one of the official languages of India by the Constituent Assembly of India. This date was specifically chosen because it marked the day when Hindi was officially recognized as a major language under the Indian Constitution. The celebration of Hindi Diwas began in 1953, with the government’s initiative to promote the use and importance of Hindi in various spheres of public life.
Objectives:
Promotion and Encouragement of Hindi: The primary objective of Hindi Diwas is to raise awareness about the Hindi language and to encourage its use in day-to-day communication, literature, and official matters.
Linguistic Awareness: The day also aims to foster a sense of appreciation for the diversity of languages in India and to promote understanding and respect for the linguistic heritage of the country.
Cultural Appreciation: Hindi Diwas serves as a reminder of the rich cultural heritage associated with the Hindi language, encouraging people to connect with their cultural roots and traditions.
Achievements and Celebrations:
Educational and Cultural Programs: Various institutions such as schools, colleges, and offices organize special events on Hindi Diwas. These include speeches, essay writing competitions, poetry recitations, and other cultural activities that highlight the beauty and significance of Hindi.
Awards and Recognitions: The day is marked by the presentation of awards to individuals who have made significant contributions to Hindi literature, education, and promotion. These awards recognize efforts that enhance the stature and reach of Hindi.
Inspirational Activities: Events related to Hindi literature, cinema, and media are organized to showcase the language’s versatility and importance in modern contexts, thus attracting younger generations to appreciate and use Hindi.
Challenges and Solutions: Despite Hindi being one of the major languages in India, it faces several challenges. However, Hindi Diwas provides an opportunity to address these issues and work towards solutions.
Linguistic Diversity: India is home to a vast array of languages and dialects. Hindi Diwas emphasizes the need to respect and honor all languages while promoting Hindi as a significant cultural and administrative language.
Modern Relevance: In the digital age, efforts are made to keep Hindi relevant through technological advancements and media. This includes developing digital tools, applications, and content in Hindi to engage with younger audiences.
Conclusion: Hindi Diwas is more than just a celebration of the Hindi language; it is a reflection of India’s cultural richness and unity. The day highlights the importance of language and literature in shaping national identity and encourages individuals to embrace and promote their linguistic heritage. By celebrating Hindi Diwas, the country reaffirms its commitment to preserving and enhancing the role of Hindi in Indian society and beyond.
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Port Blair, the largest city and the administrative capital of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, is a unique destination in India. Situated on the southeastern coast of the Andaman Islands, Port Blair serves as a gateway to the scenic and historically significant archipelago that stretches between the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea. This article provides a detailed exploration of Port Blair, covering its history, geography, attractions, and cultural significance.
Port Blair is located on the southern part of South Andaman Island, which is one of the principal islands in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands group. The city is positioned approximately 1,200 kilometers southeast of the Indian mainland. Its geographical location provides it with a tropical maritime climate, characterized by high humidity and relatively consistent temperatures throughout the year.
Historical Significance
Port Blair has a rich and complex history. The city is known for its colonial past, primarily under British rule, and its role in the Indian freedom struggle.
British Colonial Era: During British rule, Port Blair was established as the administrative center for the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The British constructed a significant part of the city’s infrastructure, including roads and government buildings.
Cellular Jail: One of the most notable historical landmarks in Port Blair is the Cellular Jail, also known as Kala Pani. This prison was used by the British to detain political prisoners and revolutionaries. The jail is infamous for its brutal conditions and is now a National Memorial dedicated to the sacrifices made by Indian freedom fighters.
Post-Independence: After India gained independence in 1947, Port Blair continued to serve as the administrative and economic hub of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The city has since evolved into a key location for tourism and regional governance.
Attractions and Landmarks
Port Blair offers a variety of attractions that cater to history enthusiasts, nature lovers, and adventure seekers alike. Some of the key highlights include:
Cellular Jail National Memorial: This historical prison is a must-visit for anyone interested in India’s freedom struggle. The complex includes a museum that exhibits the lives and struggles of the prisoners. The evening light and sound show, which narrates the history of the jail, is particularly evocative.
Ross Island: Located a short boat ride from Port Blair, Ross Island was once the administrative headquarters of the British in the Andamans. Today, it is known for its ruins, which have been overtaken by nature, and its beautiful surroundings.
North Bay Island: Famous for its water sports and vibrant coral reefs, North Bay Island offers excellent opportunities for snorkeling and scuba diving. The island is known for its clear waters and diverse marine life.
Wandoor Beach: Located about 25 kilometers from Port Blair, Wandoor Beach is part of the Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park. The beach is known for its serene environment and coral reefs, making it a great spot for swimming and snorkeling.
Chidiya Tapu: Situated about 25 kilometers from Port Blair, Chidiya Tapu is known for its bird-watching opportunities and stunning sunsets. The area is home to various species of birds and is a popular destination for nature enthusiasts.
Anthropological Museum: This museum provides insights into the lives and cultures of the indigenous tribes of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. It offers exhibits on the history, culture, and lifestyle of the tribal communities.
Samudrika Marine Museum: Managed by the Indian Navy, this museum showcases the marine biodiversity of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. It includes exhibits on coral reefs, marine species, and the history of the islands.
Climate and Best Time to Visit
Port Blair has a tropical rainforest climate, with high humidity and temperatures that range from 23°C to 31°C throughout the year. The region experiences two main seasons:
Monsoon (May to October): This period is characterized by heavy rainfall and high humidity. While the lush greenery is beautiful, travel during the monsoon can be challenging due to frequent showers and rough sea conditions.
Dry Season (November to April): This is considered the best time to visit Port Blair. The weather is pleasant, with lower humidity and minimal rainfall. The dry season is ideal for outdoor activities, sightseeing, and enjoying the beaches.
Cultural and Economic Aspects
Culture: Port Blair is a melting pot of cultures due to its diverse population, which includes people from various parts of India as well as indigenous communities. The city celebrates various festivals, such as Durga Puja, Diwali, and Pongal, with enthusiasm. The presence of different communities adds to the cultural richness of the city.
Economy: The economy of Port Blair is primarily driven by tourism, government administration, and local trade. The city serves as a commercial hub for the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, with various markets and businesses catering to both residents and tourists. Fishing and agriculture also play a role in the local economy.
Connectivity and Transportation
Port Blair is well-connected to the Indian mainland through air and sea routes. The Veer Savarkar International Airport in Port Blair offers regular flights to major cities like Delhi, Kolkata, and Chennai. The city also has a seaport that handles passenger and cargo ships.
Within Port Blair, transportation options include taxis, auto-rickshaws, and public buses. The city is also accessible by ferry services to nearby islands, making it easy for tourists to explore the surrounding regions.
Conclusion
Port Blair is a fascinating destination that offers a blend of historical significance, natural beauty, and vibrant local culture. From its poignant historical landmarks to its stunning beaches and marine life, the city has much to offer both history enthusiasts and nature lovers. As the gateway to the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Port Blair provides a unique glimpse into the region’s past and present, making it a must-visit for anyone exploring this beautiful part of India.
The Initial Public Offering (IPO) process is a significant event for both companies and investors. It marks the moment when a company goes public by offering its shares to the general public for the first time. Among the various IPOs that capture investor attention, PNG (a representative name for illustrative purposes) has recently been in the spotlight. This article delves into the IPO allotment status of PNG, exploring what it means for investors, the key phases of the allotment process, and what one should consider when checking the allotment status.
IPO allotment refers to the distribution of shares to investors who have applied for them during the public offering. The process determines how many shares each applicant receives. This is crucial because the demand for shares often exceeds the supply, especially in high-profile IPOs.
Key Phases of the IPO Allotment Process
Subscription Period: Once the IPO is open, investors can apply for shares through various channels, such as through brokerage firms or online platforms. The subscription period is typically a few days long.
Application and Bidding: Investors submit their bids specifying the number of shares they wish to purchase and the price they are willing to pay. This can be done through either a fixed price or a book-building process.
Allocation of Shares: After the subscription period ends, the company, in conjunction with its underwriters, allocates shares to investors. The process involves several steps:
Basis of Allotment: This is determined based on the demand for shares and the number of shares available.
Proportional Allocation: For oversubscribed IPOs, shares are allocated proportionally. This means that if the demand exceeds the available shares, applicants receive a portion of the shares they applied for.
Lottery System: Some IPOs use a lottery system to allocate shares, especially when the demand is extremely high.
Final Allotment and Refunds: Once the allotment is finalized, successful applicants receive their shares, while those who were not allocated shares receive a refund of their application money.
Listing: After allotment, the shares are listed on stock exchanges, where they begin trading.
How to Check PNG IPO Allotment Status
To determine whether you’ve been allotted shares in the PNG IPO, follow these steps:
Visit the Official Registrar’s Website: IPOs are managed by a registrar who handles the allotment and other related processes. For PNG’s IPO, you would need to visit the registrar’s website (for example, Link Intime or Karvy) where you can find the IPO allotment status section.
Enter Application Details: You’ll need to provide details such as your Application Number, PAN Number, and sometimes the IPO issue name. Ensure that all details are accurate to avoid errors.
Check Allotment Status: After entering the required information, you can check the status to see if you have been allotted shares. This status will typically show whether you have received a full, partial, or no allotment.
Receive Communication: Besides checking online, investors will also receive communication from their brokers or the registrar regarding the allotment status. This includes the number of shares allotted and any refunds due.
Brokerage Firms: Many investors also use their brokerage accounts to check the allotment status. Brokers usually provide a section where you can track the status of your IPO application.
Factors Influencing Allotment
Several factors influence the allotment of shares during an IPO:
Oversubscription: If the IPO is oversubscribed, the demand exceeds the number of shares available, leading to a proportional allotment or a lottery system.
Application Size: Large applications or institutional investors may have a higher chance of receiving shares, although this varies based on the allotment policy.
Investor Category: IPOs often have different allotment criteria for retail investors, qualified institutional buyers (QIBs), and non-institutional investors (NIIs). The allotment ratio may differ for each category.
Company Performance and Market Conditions: The success of the IPO and market conditions can also affect the allotment process. Strong demand or market enthusiasm may lead to adjustments in allotment ratios.
Conclusion
The IPO allotment status for PNG, like any other IPO, is a critical piece of information for investors. It determines whether they will be part of the newly listed company’s shareholder base and can impact their investment strategies. By understanding the allotment process and how to check the status, investors can stay informed and manage their investments effectively. Keep in mind that each IPO may have unique aspects to its allotment process, so it’s essential to stay updated with official communications and guidelines related to the specific IPO you are interested in.
Employees who work in a company are expected to know well the core values, culture and goals of the organization, so that employees can get to know the company where they work well. However, outsourcing employees who basically come from service providers outside the company do not know about this. Therefore it is difficult for outsourcing employees to grow their work loyalty to the company where they work. Meanwhile, loyal employees are related to the goals, objectives, culture and values of the organization. Employee loyalty can go up and down, one of which is due to job satisfaction factors. Job satisfaction felt by employees can increase employee work loyalty. Therefore, we need a motivator in the form of meeting physical and non-physical needs. This need is an encouragement or motivation for employees to work in a company. This study aims to determine the effect of job satisfaction and work motivation on work loyalty of outsourcing employees. This study uses a quantitative approach with research participants totaling 100 outsourcing employees obtained through sampling techniques. The analysis method used is simple and multiple regression. Based on the data analysis that has been done, it is known that there is an effect of job satisfaction on work loyalty of outsourcing employees by 54.3%, there is an effect of work motivation on work loyalty of outsourcing employees by 47.1% and there is an effect of job satisfaction and work motivation which together affect work loyalty of outsourcing employees by 25.7%, the remaining is influenced by other factors outside the research.
Keywords: Job Satisfaction, Work Motivation, Work Loyalty, Outsourcing
Products and services that have quality will certainly be able to compete globally to improve their competitive position in the increasingly global market. Companies can save costs and maintain quality by relying more on external service providers for activities that are seen as complementary to their core business. This is related to outsourcing which functions as a partnership to improve the company’s business (Elmuti., Grunewald., & Abebe, 2010).
One of the complementary activities to improve the company’s business is recruitment. Every prospective employee who is accepted feels unclear about their employment status, namely outsourcing employees or permanent employees. Employee status is a condition that distinguishes one employee from another in the company. Employment status is a person’s position in doing work, namely whether the person’s position is as a laborer or employee. The status of outsourcing employees is included in non-permanent employees and their employment status is included in outsourcing employees (Barthos, 2001).
Outsourcing is the delegation of daily operations and management of a business process to an external party (an outsourcing service provider). Through delegation, management is no longer carried out by the company, but is delegated to the outsourcing service company (Soewondo, 2004). In addition, according to Wahyuningtyas & Utami (2018) Outsourcing is an effort to obtain skilled workers and reduce the burden and costs of the company in improving the company’s performance so that it can continue to be competitive in facing global economic and technological developments by handing over the company’s activities to other parties.
The handover of HR activities to outsourcing services is widely used by organizations around the world, because it is considered profitable. As is the case in the telecommunications industry of Pakistan. In the telecommunications sector of Pakistan, external recruitment companies or so-called outsourcing are known to have high work loyalty. Although they do not know the core values, culture, and goals of the organization well, employees are still able to grow their work loyalty. Employees can quickly adapt to their work environment because a comfortable work environment is created so that employees feel at home and are willing to stay in the company as long as they are still needed by the company. Work loyalty is related to the goals, objectives, culture, and values of the organization. Employees are able to know and adapt to this after they have been in an organization for a long time (Jamil & Naeem, 2013).
According to Flippo (2013) Work loyalty itself is the determination and ability to obey, carry out and practice something that is obeyed with full awareness and responsibility. Robbins (2006) defines loyalty as the willingness to protect and save oneself. While Hasibuan (2002) describes loyalty as loyalty reflected by the willingness of employees to maintain and defend the organization inside and outside of work.
Work loyalty is fundamental to the industry because loyal employees will provide high work results along with work efficiency (Elmuti, Grunewald, & Abebe, 2010). Companies that fail to create strategic HR practices can lose valuable employees due to lack of employee loyalty to the company (Meyer & Allen, 1997). Through outsourcing, companies generate profits through HR which is the company’s most valuable asset. While HR itself will feel disadvantaged, so that employees are unable to grow their loyalty in working in the company where they work (Jamil & Naeem, 2013).
Employee loyalty in an organization is absolutely necessary for the success of the organization itself, one of the factors that causes employee work loyalty to increase or decrease is job satisfaction (Citra. L.M., & Fahmi. M, 2019). According to Colquitt, LePine, & Wesson (2012) Job satisfaction is a level of pleasant feeling obtained from the assessment of one’s work or work experience. In addition, according to Mathis and Jackson (2000) job satisfaction is a positive emotional state resulting from the evaluation of work experiences carried out by an individual.
Achieving employee job satisfaction will increase employee work loyalty. Job satisfaction expresses a number of conformities between a person’s expectations about his/her work, which can be in the form of work performance given by the company and the rewards given for his/her work. In essence, a person is encouraged to be active because he/she hopes that it will bring a better and more satisfying situation than the current situation. So working is a form of activity that aims to obtain job satisfaction (Mathis and Jackson, 2000).
Job satisfaction can be seen from employees who feel happy with their work. They will give more attention, imagination and skills in their work. Therefore, a motivator is needed for employees, namely providing physical and non-physical needs. These needs are an encouragement for employees in carrying out activities in a company. This encouragement is called work motivation (Arianty, Bahagia, Lubis, & Siswadi, 2016).
According to Vroom (in Setiawan, 2015) work motivation is how much effort is made to achieve certain results or rewards. Meanwhile, according to Purnama (2008), work motivation is the entire process of providing work motivation to subordinates in such a way that they are willing to work sincerely in order to achieve organizational goals efficiently and economically.
Based on the results of research conducted by Jamil & Naeem (2013) showed that work loyalty has an impact on outsourcing employees. This means that work loyalty that grows in each individual does not depend on the status of the employee, whether permanent or outsourcing. Employee loyalty that grows in the outsourcing company has a positive impact on employee engagement, employees have a sense of attachment to the organization or company where the employee works. In addition, research conducted by Wibowo & Sutanto (2013) also stated that the results of the study showed that there was an influence of job satisfaction and work motivation on employee loyalty in the sales department where if the work motivation of employees in the sales department increased, then the loyalty of employees in the sales department would increase. The regression results also showed that employee loyalty CV. Pratama Jaya was influenced by job satisfaction and work motivation, which was 66.7%. Another study conducted by Thanos, Pangemanan, and Rumokoy (2015) also stated that work motivation and job satisfaction had a significant partial effect on employee loyalty at PT Kimia Farma Apotek.
Based on the explanation that has been presented previously, the hypothesis that can be developed in this study are:
H1: job satisfaction and work motivation affect work loyalty in outsourcing employees;
H2: job satisfaction affects work loyalty in outsourcing employees;
H3: work motivation affects work loyalty in outsourcing employees.
RESEARCH METHODS
The population in this study were outsourcing employees and had the following characteristics: outsourcing employees, had worked for 6 months to 3 or more, because it is expected that during this period of work, real behavior can be seen which is reflected as an action of their loyalty in working for the company where the outsourcing employee works.
The sample (subject) of the study consisted of 100 outsourcing employees who had the same characteristics as the population. Sampling was carried out using non-probability sampling techniques and with purposive sampling types. The answer choices on each scale range from 1 – 6 ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree.
Job satisfaction in this study can be seen through the scores obtained in the job satisfaction scale according to Spector, (1994) namely aspects of salary, promotion, superiors, benefits, non-material rewards, working conditions, coworkers, nature of work, and communication. This measuring instrument contains 36 items divided into 17 favorable items and 19 unfavorable items. One example of an item in the job satisfaction scale is “I feel paid a fair amount for the work I do”. Based on the results of the analysis of the reliability test of the job satisfaction scale, a Cronbach alpha of 0.870 was found, which means that the scale is reliable in measuring job satisfaction.
Work motivation in this study can be seen through the scores adapted by researchers from Tremblay, MA, Blanchard, CM, Taylor, S., Villeneuve, M., and Pelletier, LG (2009) which are arranged based on the form of work motivation according to Deci & Ryan (2000) namely amotivation, intrinsic motivation, external regulation, projected, identified, integrated, extrinsic motivation. This measuring instrument contains 18 favorable items. One example of an item in the work motivation scale is “The awards given by the company are appropriate”. Based on the results of the analysis of the reliability test of the work motivation scale, a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.840 was found, which means that the scale is reliable in measuring work motivation.
Work loyalty in this study is known based on the score obtained through the work loyalty measurement scale adapted by Asih (2018) which is compiled based on aspects of work loyalty, namely obeying regulations, being responsible, dedicated and honest in working. This measuring instrument contains 32 items divided into 30 favorable items and 2 unfavorable items. One example of an item in the work loyalty scale is “I like to work hard, am agile and always want to do my best for the company”. Based on the results of the analysis of the reliability test of the work loyalty scale, a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.967 was found, which means that the scale is reliable in measuring work loyalty.
The data processing technique in this study used simple and multiple regression tests.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Based on the results of the reliability test in this study to determine the consistency of the measuring instrument based on items that have been declared to have good discrimination power and proven by the Alpha Cronbach technique with the help of the IBM SPSS Statistic version 23 program. According to Azwar (2012) the reliability coefficient on the scale that shows high consistency and stability of values, namely 0.70 to 1. Based on the results of the reliability test that has been carried out, the scale of job satisfaction, work motivation and work loyalty is known to have good alpha Cronbach reliability test values, this means that the reliability coefficient on the scale as a whole shows high consistency and stability of values. The results of the reliability test on the three variables can be seen in the following table:
Table 1. Reliability Test
Variable
Alpha Cronbach
Result
Job Satisfaction (X1)
0,870
Reliable
Work Motivation (X2)
0,840
Reliable
Work Loyalty (Y)
0.967
Reliable
Based on the results of the study, it is known that the variables of job satisfaction and work motivation have an effect on work loyalty in outsourcing employees. The results of the regression test on the three variables can be seen in the following table:
Table 2. Regression Test
Variable
F
R
R Square
Sig
Job Satisfaction (X1)
117,576
0,739
0,543
0,000
Work Motivation (X2)
87,160
0,686
0,471
0,000
Job Satisfaction (X1) and Work Motivation (X2)
16,773
0,507
0,257
0,000
on Work Loyalty (Y)
Effect of Job Satisfaction on Work Loyalty
Based on the results of data analysis on the job satisfaction variable, the F value is 117.576 and the significance coefficient is 0.000 (p <0.01), meaning that the job satisfaction variable has a very significant effect on work loyalty. The R value on job satisfaction of 0.739 indicates a positive relationship direction and a strong relationship. The R Square value of 0.543 means that job satisfaction affects work loyalty by 54.3%, the remaining 45.7% is influenced by other factors.
These results indicate that the hypothesis that states that there is an effect of job satisfaction on work loyalty in outsourcing employees is accepted. This means that the satisfaction felt by employees in working can increase or decrease their work loyalty to the company. The results of this study are in line with research conducted by Susilowati and Supriyadi (2018) which states that job satisfaction affects work loyalty by 34.3%. The higher the job satisfaction felt by employees, the higher the employee’s work loyalty to the company.
Employees who are satisfied will achieve work loyalty within the company. Job satisfaction is basically something that is individual, while each individual has a different level of satisfaction. In a company, leaders must pay serious attention to the job satisfaction of the employees they lead, because job satisfaction has a chain with the organization’s human resources, organizational performance, and the sustainability of the organization itself (Husni., Musnadi., and Faisal, 2018).
Effect of Work Motivation on Work Loyalty
Based on the results of data analysis on the work motivation variable, the F value is 87.160 and the significance coefficient is 0.000 (p <0.01), meaning that the work motivation variable has a very significant influence on work loyalty. The R value on work motivation of 0.686 indicates a positive relationship direction and a strong relationship. The R Square value of 0.471 means that work motivation affects work loyalty by 47.1%, the remaining 52.9% is influenced by other factors. These results indicate that the hypothesis that there is an influence of work motivation on work loyalty in outsourcing employees is accepted. This means that work loyalty can grow and increase if the motivation felt by employees in working also increases.
The results of this study are in line with research conducted by Swadarma and Netra (2020) which states that there is a positive and significant influence between work motivation and employee loyalty at Rame Cafe Jimbaran of 41.6%. If motivation increases, employee loyalty will increase. High work motivation in employees will make employees work harder in carrying out their work. On the other hand, with low work motivation, employees do not have work enthusiasm, give up easily and have difficulty completing work (Husni., Musnadi., and Faisal, 2018).
The growing employee work motivation can come from themselves or from outside themselves. According to Herzberg (in Robbins & Judge, 2006) stated that basically motivation is divided into two main types, namely, intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation is motivation related to themselves to feel satisfied such as achievement, appreciation, responsibility, opportunities to advance, and the work itself. While extrinsic motivation is motivation from outside themselves such as physical working conditions, interpersonal relationships, company policies and administration, supervision, salary, and job security.
Effect of Job Satisfaction and Work Motivation on Work Loyalty
Based on the results of data analysis on the variables of job satisfaction and work motivation, the F value is 16.773 and the significance coefficient is 0.000 (p <0.01), meaning that the variables of job satisfaction and work motivation have a significant influence on work loyalty. The R value on job satisfaction and work motivation of 0.507 indicates a positive relationship direction and a strong relationship. The R square value of job satisfaction and work motivation of 0.257 means that job satisfaction and work motivation together affect work loyalty by 25.7%, the remaining 74.3% is influenced by other factors.
These results indicate that the hypothesis that states that there is an influence of job satisfaction and work motivation on work loyalty in outsourcing employees is accepted. This means that the satisfaction and motivation in working felt by outsourcing employees can foster their work loyalty in their workplace. The results of this study are in line with research conducted by Husni., Musnadi., And Faisal (2018) which states that job satisfaction and work motivation owned by prison employees in Aceh Province have an effect on the emergence of employee work loyalty. In addition, another study conducted by Citra and Fahmi (2019) also stated that job satisfaction and work motivation together have an influence of 73.9%, while the remaining 26.1% of work loyalty is influenced by other variables.
Employee loyalty is a positive employee attitude towards the company where they work. Employees with a high level of loyalty can work not only for themselves but also for the benefit of the company. Therefore, the role and duties of a leader in acting and making decisions are very influential, so that they can be a benchmark for actions and motivation for employees in all forms and positive activities that will later build enthusiasm and job satisfaction and even employee work loyalty itself (Citra and Fahmi, 2019).
Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that job satisfaction influences work loyalty in outsourcing employees by 54.3%, the rest, 45.7% is influenced by other factors outside the study. Furthermore, work motivation influences work loyalty in outsourcing employees by 47.1%, the rest, 52.9% is influenced by other factors outside the study. Thus, job satisfaction and work motivation influence work loyalty in outsourcing employees by 25.7%, the rest, 74.3% is influenced by other factors outside the study.
Based on the results of the study, the following suggestions can be submitted so that employees are expected to continue to reflect work loyalty in their workplaces such as in terms of obeying regulations, being responsible, dedicated and honest in working.
REFERENCES
Arianty, N., Bahagia, R., Lubis, AA, & Siswadi, Y. (2016). Human Resource Management. Medan: Perdana Penerbitan.
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The current research paper explores the phenomenon of internet addiction among College going students of district Anantnag. The study which was descriptive in nature was conducted on 100 College going students belonging to five different colleges of district Anantnag. The students were sampled by using simple random technique (Lottery Method) whereas, colleges were purposively selected. Data were collected by using a standardized tool developed by Daman Deep Kaur Gulati, Dr. Jose J. Kurisunkal and Dr. Mamta Bakliwal 2021. The data were analyzed by using t-test. The major finding of the study revealed that Internet Addiction is more in Arts Stream Students belonging to different Colleges of district Anantnag as compared to Science stream students belonging to different Colleges of district Anantnag.
Key Words: Internet Addiction, Lottery Method, t-test.
INTRODUCTION
In the modern digital age, the internet has become an integral and indispensable component of daily life for billions of people around the world. What was once considered a novel technological innovation has rapidly evolved into an essential tool for communication, information-gathering, entertainment, and a multitude of other functions.The Internet’s pervasive presence and increasingly ubiquitous accessibility through smartphones, laptops, tablets, and other digital devices have transformed the way individuals interact with the world and each other.
The ubiquity of the internet in the 21st century has ushered in a technological revolution, profoundly shaping the way we work, learn, socialize, and entertain ourselves. The internet has become an essential resource for a vast array of daily activities, from professional tasks and academic research to personal communication and leisure pursuits. It has enabled instantaneous access to a wealth of information, fostered global connectivity, and revolutionized the way we consume and share content.
However, as the internet has become more deeply embedded in the fabric of modern society, a concerning trend has emerged – the growing problem of problematic internet use and internet addiction. Internet addiction, characterized by an inability to control one’s use of the internet despite the presence of negative consequences, has emerged as a significant public health concern in recent decades. As individuals, particularly young people, find themselves spending more and more time online, the detrimental effects of this excessive and compulsive internet use on mental health, physical well-being, social relationships, academic or occupational performance, and overall quality of life have become increasingly apparent.
Nature and Scope of Internet Addiction
In order to fully understand the issue of internet addiction, it is essential to first explore the definition and conceptualization of this behavioural disorder. Internet addiction, also referred to as problematic internet use or compulsive internet use, has been the subject of extensive research and debate among scholars and clinicians in recent decades.
The term “internet addiction” was first introduced in the 1990s by Dr. Ivan Goldberg, a psychiatrist who observed patterns of excessive and uncontrolled internet use among his patients. Goldberg proposed that individuals could become addicted to the internet, experiencing symptoms similar to those associated with substance addictions, such as tolerance, withdrawal, and impaired function in daily life. Since then, a growing body of research has sought to further define and characterize this emerging behavioural addiction.
One of the key challenges in defining internet addiction lies in the fact that the internet is not a single, discrete activity, but rather a platform that enables a wide range of activities, from social media and online gaming to e-commerce and information-seeking. As such, internet addiction is often conceptualized as a multidimensional construct, with various sub-types or “addictions” related to specific internet-enabled behaviours, such as social media addiction, online gaming addiction, or cybersex addiction.
Despite this complexity, researchers have proposed various frameworks and diagnostic criteria for internet addiction. One of the most widely recognized models is the Generalized Problematic Internet Use Scale (GPIUS), developed by Caplan and colleagues. This model posits that internet addiction is characterized by a cognitive-behavioural syndrome, including symptoms such as mood regulation, compulsive use, cognitive preoccupation, and negative outcomes.
Another influential framework is the Internet Addiction Test (IAT), developed by Dr. Kimberly Young. The IAT assesses the degree of preoccupation, compulsive use, withdrawal symptoms, and negative consequences associated with problematic internet use. This assessment tool has been widely used in both clinical and research settings to identify and measure the severity of internet addiction.
It is important to note that the classification and diagnosis of internet addiction remain subject to on-going debate and refinement. While the American Psychological Association (APA) has recognized “Internet Gaming Disorder” as a condition warranting further study in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), the broader concept of internet addiction has not yet been formally included as a distinct diagnostic category. However, many researchers and clinicians advocate for the recognition of internet addiction as a legitimate behavioural addiction, akin to substance use disorders or gambling addiction.
Risk Factors and Etiological Mechanisms of Internet Addiction
The development of internet addiction is a complex and multifaceted process, influenced by a variety of individual, social, and environmental factors. Understanding the underlying risk factors and etiological mechanisms that contribute to the emergence and maintenance of this behavioural disorder is essential for designing effective prevention and intervention strategies.
Individual Factors :
A growing body of research has identified several individual-level factors that may predispose individuals to the development of internet addiction. Personality traits, such as high levels of impulsivity, sensation-seeking, and neuroticism, have been consistently linked to an increased risk of problematic internet use. Individuals with these characteristics may be more likely to engage in compulsive and excessive online behaviours as a means of mood regulation or stimulation-seeking.
Additionally, the presence of co-occurring mental health conditions, such as depression, anxiety, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), has been associated with a higher likelihood of internet addiction. These underlying psychological and neurological factors may contribute to a heightened vulnerability to the development of addictive behaviours, including problematic internet use.
Demographic factors, such as age and gender, have also been identified as risk factors for internet addiction. Adolescents and young adults, particularly males, have consistently been found to be more susceptible to developing internet addiction. This may be partially attributed to the developmental changes and social pressures experienced during these life stages, as well as the increased accessibility and pervasiveness of digital technologies among younger generations.
Social and Environmental Factors
Beyond individual-level characteristics, social and environmental factors also play a significant role in the etiology of internet addiction. The quality and nature of an individual’s interpersonal relationships and social support systems can influence the risk of developing problematic internet use. For instance, individuals with poor social skills, limited social connections, or dysfunctional family environments may be more likely to turn to the internet as a means of socialization, emotional regulation, or escape from real-world problems.
The availability and accessibility of the internet, as well as the design and features of digital platforms and applications, can also contribute to the development of internet addiction. The ubiquity of smartphones and the constant connectivity they provide, combined with the reinforcing and addictive design elements of social media, online gaming, and other internet-based activities, can foster compulsive and excessive use.
Moreover, cultural and societal factors, such as the normalization of technology use, the perceived importance of online presence and participation, and the lack of digital literacy and self-regulation skills, can also shape an individual’s relationship with the internet and increase the risk of problematic use.
Neuro–biological and Psychological Processes
In addition to the individual, social, and environmental factors, researchers have also explored the potential Neuro-biological and psychological mechanisms underlying internet addiction. Emerging evidence suggests that the neurological and Neuro-chemical processes involved in the development of substance addictions may also play a role in the etiology of internet addiction.
Studies have found that excessive internet use and engagement in certain online activities, such as gaming or social media use, can trigger the release of dopamine and other reward-related neurotransmitters in the brain’s reward system. This can lead to a heightened sense of pleasure and reinforcement, potentially fuelling compulsive and addictive behaviours.
Furthermore, the cognitive and behavioural patterns associated with internet addiction, such as attentional biases, cognitive preoccupation, and impaired self-regulation, may be underpinned by specific psychological processes. These include the development of maladaptive coping strategies, distorted cognitions related to the internet and its use, and impaired executive functioning and impulse control.
By understanding the multifaceted risk factors and etiological mechanisms involved in the development of internet addiction, researchers and clinicians can better inform the design and implementation of targeted prevention and intervention strategies. This comprehensive approach is crucial for addressing the growing public health concern of problematic internet use in the digital age.
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Various research studies have been conducted by various research scholars across the globe on internet addiction. Few of them have been presented below in chronological order;
In the study by Menon, Shanker & Narayanan, Lakshmi & Kahwaji, Ahmad (2018), the researchers investigated the internet addiction among college students. The study was conducted on 300 students in a management institute in India, were 300 students (first, second and third years’ students) were sampled and the result shows that the older students were more internet addicted than the younger students. It also showed that men were more addicted than women.
A cross sectional study was conducted by Prashant Bagdey, Hemant Adikane, Uday Narlawar, Dadasaheb Dhage, Kishor Surwase, Alka Kaware (2018) for investigating the association between mental health and internet addiction among college students in Nagpur city. The result showed that the students aged from 17-25 years were high on internet addition. They suggested that excessive use of the Internet effects on physical, mental health and social well-being of students.
A cross sectional study on internet addiction and their relationship with depression among professional college students was carried out by Subhashini KJ, Praveen G (2018). The study was conducted on 300 students from Hassan Institute of Medical Sciences (Government Medical College) and Government Engineering College, Karnataka. They found that out of 300 students 173 (57.7%) were found to be internet addicted and 67 (38.7%) among them were found to be depressed and a there was positive relation between internet and depression. A male student shows more internet addiction than female students.
Azher, Musarrat (2018) has explored the relationship between Internet Addiction and Anxiety among 300 PG students form University of Sargodha. The data was collected by Internet Addiction Scale (I.A.S) and Beck Anxiety Scale. The result finding showed that internet addition was more in male students as compare to female students and also suggested that there was positive relationship between internet addiction and anxiety level among University students.
A cross sectional study on 1304 undergraduate college students (716 were females and 588 were males) was conducted in Udupi taluka Karnataka by Sharma B,Ashok L,Chandrasekaran V, Monteiro A (2018) to examine the correlates of internet addiction. They found the prevalence of internet addiction was 44% and this was associated gender, father’s occupation, mother’s education, availability of personal gadgets, use of smartphone, exposure to internet at young age and there was positive relationship between internet addiction and level of depression, anxiety, and stress.
A study conducted by Teena Sarao & Dr. Poonam Sharma (2017) on the relationship between the Internet use and locus of control among college students. The result indicated that internet addicted students’ feel symptoms of tolerance, withdrawal and escape, frequent interpersonal and academic conflicts, and physical health-threatening risks related to problem. The result also showed that men facing more problems then women and they found positive correlation between external locus of control and problem Internet use.
RATIONALE OF THE STUDY
1. Prevalence and Growing Concern
Increasing Usage: College students are among the most frequent users of the internet, and their usage often extends beyond academic purposes to social media, gaming, and other online activities. With the rise in digital technology, understanding the extent and impact of internet addiction in this demographic is critical.
Rising Trends: Recent studies and reports suggest that internet addiction is becoming more prevalent among young adults. Research can provide updated data and insights on how widespread the problem is among college students.
2. Impact on Academic Performance
Academic Challenges: Internet addiction can significantly impact students’ academic performance by leading to procrastination, reduced concentration, and lower grades. Investigating this relationship can help identify the extent of these effects and inform strategies to mitigate them.
Educational Outcomes: Understanding how internet addiction affects learning outcomes can help educators develop targeted interventions to support students in maintaining academic performance while managing their internet use.
3. Mental Health Concerns
Psychological Effects: Internet addiction is associated with various mental health issues, including anxiety, depression, and stress. Research can provide insights into how these issues specifically affect college students and identify potential mental health support needs.
Support Systems: By highlighting the mental health impacts, your research can contribute to developing better support systems and resources within college environments.
4. Social and Behavioral Implications
Social Interactions: Internet addiction can affect students’ social relationships and communication skills. Research can explore how excessive internet use impacts students’ interactions with peers, family, and faculty.
Behavioral Patterns: Studying behavioral patterns associated with internet addiction can help in understanding the broader social consequences and developing interventions to promote healthy social interactions.
5. Identification of Risk Factors
Understanding Triggers: Research can identify specific risk factors contributing to internet addiction among college students, such as academic stress, social pressures, or personal traits. This information can be used to develop preventive measures.
Targeted Interventions: Identifying risk factors allows for the design of targeted interventions and support programs that address the root causes of internet addiction rather than just its symptoms.
6. Development of Effective Interventions
Evaluating Existing Programs: Your research can assess the effectiveness of current interventions and support programs aimed at reducing internet addiction. This evaluation can help refine and improve these programs.
Innovative Solutions: By identifying gaps in existing research, you can propose new strategies or solutions to help students manage their internet use more effectively.
7. Contributing to Policy and Practice
Institutional Policies: Findings from your research can inform college policies related to internet use and mental health support, promoting a healthier academic environment.
Educational Practices: Research outcomes can help educators and counselors develop best practices for integrating technology use in a way that supports rather than hinders student success.
8. Future Research Directions
Foundation for Further Study: Your research can lay the groundwork for future studies on related topics, such as the long-term effects of internet addiction or the impact of emerging technologies on student behavior.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The problem under study was worded as, “Internet Addiction: A Study on College going Students of District Anantnag”.
OBJECTIVE
To compare internet Addiction scores among College going Students of District Anantnag with respect to Stream.
H0= There is no significant difference in Internet Addiction scores among College going Students of District Anantnag based upon their stream.
DELIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
The study was conducted on 100 college going students only,
Study was conducted on 05 colleges only.
SAMPLE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
The current study was descriptive in nature. The sample of the study consisted of 100 college going students from 05 going students belonging to district Anantnag. Out of the 100 sampled students 50 were Male and 50 were Female. The students were sampled by using simple random sampling technique (Lottery Method) and the colleges were sampled by using purposive sampling technique. Gender equality was maintained wherever possible. Respondents were selected from diverse socioeconomic status.
TABLE 1.0 depicts the brief sample of the study
S.No.
Name of the College
GenderMale Female
01
GDC Boys Anantnag
15
10
02
GDC Women Anantnag
00
20
03
GDC Mattan
10
05
04
GDC Kokernag
15
05
05
GDC Bijbehara
10
10
Total
50
50
Grand Total
100
TOOLS
For data collection Internat Addiction Scale (IAS) developed by Daman Deep Kaur Gulati, Dr. Jose J. Kurisunkal and Dr. Mamta Bakliwal 2021
DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURE
Data were collected from 05 different colleges of district Anantnag. After taking the prior permission from the principals of the selected colleges, the respondents selected for the current study were made aware about the objective of the research and were assured that their responses are being used for research purpose only and will be kept confidential.
STATISTICAL TECHNIQUE
The data were analyzed with help of T-Test.
ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS
The data related to the objective was collected and analysed by using t-test. But before applying t-test, the investigator checked the assumptions of t-test which are normality and Homogeneity as has been discussed below;
ASSUMPTION OF NORMALITY
H0= the distribution of Internet Addiction Scores of Arts and Science students belonging to different Colleges of district Anantnag do not deviate significantly from normality.
Tests of Normality
Stream
Kolmogorov-Smirnova
Shapiro-Wilk
Statistic
df
Sig.
Statistic
df
Sig.
Internet addiction scores
Arts
.086
50
.200*
.966
50
.165
Science
.109
50
.194
.956
50
.059
*. This is a lower bound of the true significance.
a. Lilliefors Significance Correction
From above table it is clear that Kolmogorov-Smirnov Statistics for Internet Addiction scores of Arts students belonging to different Colleges of district Anantnag is 0.086 with df 50, whose significance value is 0.200 which is greater than 0.05, thus the value is not significant at 0.05 level of significance. In view of this the null hypothesis that the “distribution of Internet Addiction Scores of Arts students belonging to different Colleges of district Anantnag do not deviate significantly from normality” is accepted.
Similarly, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov Statistics for Internet Addiction scores of Science students belonging to different Colleges of district Anantnag is 0.109 with df 50, whose significance value is 0.194 which is greater than 0.05, thus the value is not significant at 0.05 level of significance. In view of this the null hypothesis that the “distribution of Internet Addiction Scores of Science students belonging to different Colleges of district Anantnag do not deviate significantly from normality” is accepted.
From above table and discussion it is quite clear that Assumption of Normality gets fulfilled. The investigator further proceeded to check the second assumption which is;
Assumption of Homogeneity:
H0= “there is no significant difference in the variance of Internet addiction scores of Arts and Science Students belonging to different Colleges of district Anantnag”.
Levene’s Test for Equality of Variances
Internet Addiction Scores
F
Sig.
t
df
Sig (2-tailed)
Equal variances assumed
.109
.742
3.837
98
.000
Equal variances not assumed
3.837
97.082
.000
From table it is clear that Levene’s F value is 0.109, its significant value is 0.742, which is greater than 0.05. Hence, the value is not significant at LOS 0.05. Thus, the Null Hypothesis that “There is no significant difference in the variance of scores of Internet Addiction of Arts and Science Students belonging to different Colleges of district Anantnag” is accepted. Hence the assumption of Homogeneity of variance holds good.
Further from the above table it is clear that t-value is 3.837 with df= 98, whose two tailed significance value is 0.000 which is less than 0.01 level of significance. Hence the value is significant at 0.01 level of significance. In view of this the null hypothesis that’ “there is no significant difference in Internet Addiction Scores of Arts and Science Stream Students belonging to different Colleges” is rejected which means that Internet Addiction is not Independent of Stream.
Therefore, it can be concluded that Internet Addiction Scores of Arts and Science Stream Students belonging to different Colleges of district Anantnag differ significantly.
Also, from the Table below it is observed that mean of Internet Addiction Scores of Students belonging to Science Stream is 67.3600 which is significantly less than the mean of Internet Addiction Scores of Students belonging to Arts Stream which is 75.3600. Therefore, it can be concluded that Internet Addiction is more in Arts Stream Students belonging to different Colleges of district Anantnag as compared to Science stream students belonging to different Colleges of district Anantnag.
Group Statistics
Stream
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error Mean
Internet addiction scores
Arts
50
75.3600
10.92042
1.54438
Science
50
67.3600
9.90518
1.40080
Similar to our research findings, here are some research studies that suggest internet addiction varies with academic stream or field of study:
1. “Internet Usage Patterns and Addiction Among Students of Different Streams” (2019) by Sharma, A., et al. published in Journal of Educational Technology, 15(3), 1-12. This study found that students from the commerce stream were more likely to experience internet addiction than students from the arts and science streams.
2. “Internet Addiction and Academic Performance: A Study of Students from Different Disciplines” (2020) by Gupta, A., et al. published in Journal of Educational Computing Research, 58(4), 866-881.This study found that students from the engineering and management disciplines were more likely to experience internet addiction than students from the arts and science disciplines.
3. “Internet Addiction and Its Relationship with Academic Performance Among Students of Different Streams” (2018) Singh, S., et al. published in International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science, 9(1), 240-246.This study found that students from the arts stream were more likely to experience internet addiction-related problems than students from the science and commerce streams.
In contrast to our results here are some studies whose findings suggest that internet addiction is same irrespective of the academic stream of students
1. “Internet Addiction Among University Students: A Study of Engineering and Humanities Students” (2017) by, Kumar, A., et al. (2017) in International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science, 8(3), 355-361.- This study found no significant differences in internet addiction between engineering and humanities students.
2. “Internet Addiction Among University Students: A Cross-Sectional Study” (2019) Al-Dhahir, M., et al. in Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences, 14(1), 34-41. – This study found no significant differences in internet addiction among students from different faculties (arts, science, engineering, and medicine).
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[1] Student Indira Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi, J&K, INDIA
[2] Former Student, University of Kashmir, Department of Economics, J&K, INDIA
[3] Assistant Professor (Environmental Science), GDC Women Anantnag, J&K, INDIA
[4] Principal, Islamia Faridiya College of Education Kishtwar, J&K, INDIA
[5] Assistant Professor (Education), GDC Women Anantnag, J&K, INDIA
[6] Assistant Professor (Kashmiri), GDC Mattan Anantnag, J&K, INDIA
[7] Teacher at Department of School Education, J&K, INDIA
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