Cyber Bullying is the act of bullying people in form of social media or devices. It is a modern term for bullying, which emerged with the rise of internet and mobile devices. Cyberbullying takes place on digital devices like cell phones, computers, and tablets. It can take the form of texts through SMSs, online chat forums, social networking sites and gaming forums. Acts such as posting, sending or sharing negative content that is harmful, mean or obscene, defines cyberbullying. Cyber bullying can take place in the form of some illegal physical activities and unlawful behaviour.

How Cyber bullying begins:

In this technology dominating world not only teenagers, but adults also addicted in the use f electronic devices and the internet.  Internet which connected the whole world and individual across the continents. Cyber bullying starts in virtual world and the cyberbullies enjoy the anonymity and the infinite reach of the internet to prey on unsuspecting and potential victims.

Effects of Cyberbullying:

1.Mental and Physical Effects: Cyberbullying can result in increased distress for the victims along with increased anger and frustration. They will vent this out on various occasions, and it might force them to get addicted to the virtual world where they can have several identities to hide their real one.

2.Feel Alone and Isolated: Most of the victims are forced to stay away from any and all social sites in a bid to escape the cyberbullies. They separate themselves to feel a sense of protection form the outer world. Most of the victims do not reveal anything to their parents or family members to disappoint them. To escape the bullies, they may try to change their schools or home, but they are hardly able to escape the clutches of the tormentors.

3.Disinterested in attending school: If a schoolmate bullies a  kid, then the first way for him to avoid the bullying is to stop going to school. He/she would choose to skip classes to escape the tormentors temporarily. The feeling of embarrassment and humiliation from the fellow students will prevent the kid to return to school and have a healthy school life. Their grades will start dropping, and most of the time they will drop out.

4.Victims might get ill: Apart from the usual mental health and physical effects, it can cause toll on the health of the victim. Symptoms like headaches and stomach problems. Are very often seen in victims.

Prevent Cyber Bullying:

1.Indentify Victims: Identifying victims will be difficult if they are introvert in nature but every victims leaves off some prominent clues to their condition and their troubles. If they seem to be depressed all the time or are usually anxious and angry, then it may signal that they are going through some form of bullying.

2.Steps to be taken as a country and laws necessary: Laws against cyberbullying have been in place for quite some time though they were introduced after many such cases were highlighted. The rules are designed to protect the victim and keep the case information confidential.

Cyberbullying is a serious issue, and it can be truly horrific to go through such a difficult period. Staying strong and fighting back is the only option against these bullies. It’s possible to get over it and live your life again.

Social Media is a computer based technology which facilitate the sharing of various idea,  thoughts and by making a virtual connections. By design, social media is Internet-based and gives users quick electronic communication of content. Content includes personal information, documents, videos, and photos. User can access social media from laptop, mobile etc.

Understanding Social Media:

Social Media was originated as a way to communicate with friend or family member but was later adopted by businesses that wanted to take advantage of a popular new communication method to reach out to customers. The advantage of social media is the ability to connect with the people of all over the world as well as share of information with many people simultaneously.

Globally, there are more than 3.8 billion social media users. Social media is an ever-changing and ever-evolving field, with new apps such as TikTok and Clubhouse coming out seemingly every year, joining the ranks of established social networks like Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, and Instagram. By 2023, the number of social media users in the United States is forecast to increase to approximately 257 million.

Types Of Social Media:

Social media may take the form of a variety of tech-enabled activities. These activities include photo sharing, blogging, social gaming, social networks, video sharing, business networks, virtual worlds, reviews, and much more. Even governments and politicians utilize social media to engage with constituents and voters. For businesses, social media is an indispensable tool. Companies use the platform to find and engage with customers, drive sales through advertising and promotion, gauge consumer trends, and offering customer service or support. Social media’s role in helping businesses is significant. It facilitates communication with customers, enabling the melding of social interactions on e-commerce sites. Its ability to collect information helps focus on marketing efforts and market research. It helps in promoting products and services, as it enables the distribution of targeted, timely, and exclusive sales and coupons to would-be customers.

Benefit of Social Media:

Social Media changes the way of interaction with people in online. It make everything easy to do. It bring whole world in a small things. In many senses, social media has helped many individuals find common ground with others online, making the world seem more approachable. Businesses are also using social media marketing to target their consumers right on their phones and computers, building a following in order to build a loyal fan base, and create a culture behind their own brand. Some companies, such as Danny’s, have created entire personas on Twitter in order to market to younger consumers using their own language and personas.

Conclusion:

Social media has taken the world by storm, capturing more than 3.8 billion users worldwide and counting. Whether or not each platform resonates with you personally, there are endless ways for businesses to market to their consumers and target them to ultimately make a purchase. Allowing us to stay connected with friends, find information easily, and add our own personalities to the online world, social networks are here to stay.

“WINGS OF FIRE” is the autobiography of APJ Abdul Kalam, a great scientist in Indian science history and a great person. He is very well known across India and is a recipient of India’s three highest civilian awards – Padma Bhushan, Padma Vibhushan and Bharat Ratna. This book cover the entire life of APJ Abdul kalam before he became president of India and in 2013 another autobiography titled ”My journey: Transformation Dreams into Actions” was released.

BOOK REVIEV:

Wings of Fire is an autobiography of Kalam of his early life, his professional life and also the journey how he become a scientist in ISRO. It is the story of a boy from a humble background who went on to become a key player in Indian space research/Indian missile programs and later became the president of India. The book has been very popular in India and has been translated into multiple languages. I recently picked up a copy and read it in a couple of days. It was very engaging initially, but tended to drag a bit towards the end with lot of technical details and procedural information of his space research and missile projects.

I loved the initial chapters of Wings of Fire since it gives a vivid picture of our country during 1930 – 1950s. Kalam was born in Rameswaram, a southern religious town in Tamilnadu. The initial chapters provides an interesting glimpse of religious harmony which existed before India’s partition. Kalam in younger years wanted to be an officer in air force, however he couldn’t clear the interview. He met Swami Sivananda after this failure and I found his words to Kalam interesting and in a way prophetic.

Kalam describe how he started his academic life and started his career in ADE and engaged to design hovercraft. Later he moved to Indian Space Research which was the brain child of Vikram Sarabani. The book covers a lot of “behind the scene” information and technical details about India’s satellite and missile program (SLV-3, Prithvi, Agni, Thrisul, Akash and Nag). This might interest technically inclined readers but is sure to put off readers who bought the book to get to know Kalam or to know his principles/ideas. The book does give a glimpse of the participatory management technique adopted by Kalam, but at the same time it doesn’t go into details. Wings of fire covers Kalam’s personal life only briefly which is strange for an autobiography. For example, we don’t know why he decided to remain single or his activities outside space research (even though we can conclude in the end that he was married to science and technology).

One of the things that stands out throughout the book is kalam’s positive thinking. Yet in the book he rarely mentions anything about lethargy/corruption of bureaucracy or politicians. The secret to his success seems to be his ability to ignore negative things around him. The book also gives a clue to his popularity in India. Kalam is a simple, secular, inspiring humanitarian.

RABINDRANATH TAGOR is the best poet and writer in India also in world. I love his work very much and many of his poet or writing added in our syllabus. I love to read the poetry as well as songs. The national Anthem written by R.N Tagore.

GITANJALI was written by R.N Tagore and the original poems are written in Bengali, he native language of Tagore. He then translated them (and many other works) to English. What can get better than reading the poems translated by the poet himself? Of course, nothing compares to the beauty of reading them in the original language, but since I do not know the language, I have to settle for the next best.

Tagore was born in Calcutta (now Kolkata), West Bengal, India. He wrote his first poem when he was around eight years old. Songs, sketches, poems, short stories, and prose- Tagore had numerous talents as a musician, polymath, artist, essayist, composer, playwright, and poet.

From his birth to his death (7 May 1861- 7 August 1941), Tagore’s entire life was during the British Raj (British rule) in India. He was a part of the freedom struggle. He wrote and composed the National Anthem of India and Bangladesh [which was then a part of Akhand Bharat (United :and of Bharat)].

The English version of Gitanjali contains 69 poems from the Bengali version of the Book along with rest of his work. He made a few changes, such as clubbing two poems and removing some phrases during the translation. The original Bengali collection was first published in 1910. The translated version was published in 1912, which won him the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1913. He was the first non-European to receive the award.

The second edition of Gitanjali (Song Offerings) has an introduction written by WB Yeats. The core theme of Gitanjali is devotion to the Supreme. The poems are steeped in spiritual essence. The title suits the theme to perfection.

Gita- song

Anjali- offer with the utmost devotion.

The poems are written in the style of the era, where words and spellings are different from today’s English. This period could be called the Indian Renaissance of English language. You will see words like thou, thee, thy, etc. in every poem. While most poems have one-sided conversations with God, some are narrated to fellow villagers, Mother, and even readers. Nature, love (for God), simplicity, devotion, death, graceful acceptance of situations, gratitude, peace, happiness, melancholy, and life are some of the recurring themes of his poems. The imagery is vivid and marvellous. We can feel the hills, the rivers, the open sky, birds flying around. We can hear the sounds of gushing waters, feel the warmth of a kerosene lamp on a twilight evening, and breathe in the scent of night flowers.

The poems are metrical in Bengali. In English, they are lyrical and flow like the waves of a brook. Most of them are about half a page in length. A handful of poems are longer than a page. But the amount of emotion and imagery he packs in each poem is immense.

The Book helped Tagore to achieve the Award Nobel Prize and Tagore became first person to get Nobel Prize in Literature. We all proud of him.

Pather panchali is iconic novel of Bibutibhushan Banerjee. The story originally written in Bengali. It was first published as a set of preodically in 1928 which was later put together as a book in 1929. The story is basically a bildungsroman of the child protagonist Apu whose narration is somewhat related to the author’s own childhood. “Pather” means the path or journey while “Panchali” means a folk poem/song,which can be put loosely as “Song of the Road”. 

The plot:

The plot is set in the village of Nischindipur where the family of Apu lives in a ancestral home of their Grandmother Indir Thakuran who happens to be the aunt of Apu’s father Harihor Rai who is the priest but not a man of pratical affairs. Another important person in this story is Indir Thakurun who has lost her whole family and is forced to live alone. So she accepts the proposal of letting in Harihor and their family members who were far off relatives to her. While Sarbhojaya is overly offensive on the old lady with whom they are forced to share their meager rations (although they are living in the old lady’s home) Durga,her daughter and Apu’s elder sister is sympathetic and has a filial affinity towards the old lady. Whenever the old lady leaves the house unable to bear the indifferent attitude meted out on her by Sarbhojaya,it is Durga who drags her grandma back to the home,with her innocent and gleeful talk.One day after an altercation between the two, Indir Thakrun refuses to come back forever and despite repeated calls by Durga she yields no ground. Durga is the quintessential free-spirited girl who refuses to be never bogged down by the difficulties and is presented as a cheerful and happy-go-lucky kind of girl. She has her own shortcomings;especially her propensity to steal things. She doesn’t mind taking away the things which she likes very much such as mangoes from trees of other family people of the village;the bead necklace from her neighbours etc. But she has a good and kind heart. It is just that poverty and failure to fulfill her desires forces her to steal them and behave like a kleptomaniac. Apu is more of an innocent kid who has followed in his father’s footsteps as it can be seen that he is more interested in the scholarly books and articles that are brought home by his father and is more happy to be left alone writing poems and plays of his own, unlike his sister who is an bubbling with hyperactivity and easily approaches any person with whom she wishes to interact. He is more of a shy kid who driven by her sister’s actions. Together they share the simplest of joys which any young brother and sister can have,like eating secretly the stolen mangoes from neighbour’s backyard,running after a candyman who passes through the village,watching a kaleidoscope shown by a vendor and being marvelled by its exquisiteness,walking miles far away from their home just to have a glimpse of the train and so on. As Harihor fails to make any considerable income from the village,he decides to try his luck elsewhere. He promises Sarbhojaya to come back soon with lots of money and gifts for kids. Although he goes here and there,his search goes in vain for the major part. So occasionally he sends a small token amount home which is not at all sufficient to run the family chores. They fall into greater poverty in this period. Adding to their woes Durga falls ill and cyclone hits them at the same time.Due to lack of medical facilities in the nearby village and monetary problems she fails to fully recover from the fever and on a stormy night the dilapidated house collapses partially and also takes away the life of Durga.

Finally Harihor gets a good opportunity as a family priest of a rich family. Brimmed with joy and unaware of the recent happenings in his house he comes back to inform them of the new job and and brings with him new gifts for the family.

Filled with anger and sorrow,when Sarbhojaya breaks down in front of him,he is equally overcome with grief and decides to leave the house and take the whole family with him to the new home where they can lead a better life and leave their bitter memories behind.

The story is a simple expression of human interactions and emotions that has been presented beautifully and poignantly.Even a movie was made in the name “Song of the Little Road” post independence by legendary director Satyajit Ray which was his directorial debut. It was hailed as a master-piece of its own.

The works of Bibhutibhushan Bandopadhyay may not be as widely, or regularly, translated into English but his literary reputation has been strengthened by several film adaptations. Two of his novels form the premise of Satyajit Ray’s much acclaimed Apu Trilogy, made in the 1950s. More recently, in 2013, his popular children’s novel, Chander Pahar (literally, the mountain of the moon), was turned into perhaps the most expensive Bengali film ever made.

The novel tells the story about an ordinary young Bengali man, Shankar Ray Choudhary, he adventures in Africa in the year 1909 and 1910. After graduating from college at 20th years old , his family’s financial struggles almost force him takes a job in a jute mill in Shyamnagar- a prospective he absolutely loathes.  By a stroke of love, he gets a job as a clerk at Uganda railway and rushes to the Africa without a second thought. After a few months laying rail tracks, he encounters the first of many dangers in pre-World War 1 Africa: a man eating lion. where he narrowly escapes a deadly Black Mamba. While at this post, Shankar encounters, rescues and nurses Diego Alvarez, a middle-age Portuguese explorer and gold/diamond prospector. Alvarez’s arrival becomes a turning point in Shankar’s life. While recovering, Alvarez describes his exploits in Africa with his friend Jim Carter. He explains that, lured by the prospect of a priceless yellow diamond from a Kaafi village chief, Alvarez and Carter searched for these yellow diamond caves, on the Mountain of the Moon (Chander Pahar) in the Richtersveld. Shankar, inspired by Alvarez’s exploits, resigns from his job and accompanies Alvarez to venture again for the mines. They meet hardships, like a racist gambler, legends about Dingonek the monster and later, a raging volcano. Eventually, they get lost in the forests where Alvarez is killed by the Bunyip. Demoralised, Shankar tries to return to civilization. He finds the Bunyip’s cave and the diamond mines by accident. Almost getting lost, he finds the remains of the Italian explorer, Attilio Gatti, and learns that the cave is in fact the diamond mine.

Leaving, he becomes lost in the deserts of kalahari and nearly dies of thirst. Fortunately, he is rescued by a survey team and taken to a hospital in salisbury, Rhodesia, from where he sets sail for home. Before going back, he writes his account in a newspaper, earning him money. He names the volcano after Alvarez. He ends the book saying that he will return to the cave one day with a large team, and continue the legacy of Alvarez, Carter, and Gatti.

The Mountain of the Moon, being ever so quaint and gripping, would be better remembered and endeared by readers (the assumption here is that they are Bengali) who encountered it in their childhood, perhaps buried away in the adventure section of their dusty school library. Still, the adventures of Shankar who, armed with erroneous maps and supplies of baboon ham and coffee, seeks to make his mark in an untamed land make for an interesting read.

The very first thought when I read Macbeth for my university paper was, “Goodness, this is ideal for Halloween.” Macbeth begins with a lightning storm and three very creepy witches.

The name “Shakespeare” can be perceived by children and grown-ups the same all throughout the planet. Macbeth is the one play that stood apart from me from the rest, for both great and awful reasons.  Macbeth is the story of how a little push for greed can send an aspiring, ambitious man on a disastrous and deadly fate.

Macbeth is a Thane (a provincial chief) in Scotland, and when he performs strikingly on the battlefield, King Duncan raises Macbeth’s degree of power. In the meantime, Macbeth and Banquo meet three witches on their way back to the kingdom, and they foresee that Macbeth will become ruler. This gives him ideas and when he tells it to his better half, and Lady Macbeth is resolved to get that power. Murder, foul play, madness, and more conflict and war hence follow. Giving the personal verdict I’d say that Macbeth was incredibly lucid and readable. I didn’t end up stammering over sentences (particularly when I read it out loud with a terrible Scottish accent).

What is the play about? It’s about desire and greed. It’s about the ambition. We do see mankind, to say the least, humanity at its worst. Macbeth and his. Significant other. Lady Macbeth fail…and flop pitiably as individual human beings. Three witches encounter Macbeth, a victorious military leader, that he will become the king of Duncan. With this goody of premonition, the seed of aspiration in Macbeth sprouts. He starts to consider how he should deal with make the witches’ prescience work out. The sprout is watered and supported by Lady Macbeth, his better half, who urges her significant other to adopt an active strategy. Macbeth appeared to be blinded by the ideas of power, but he had some integrity in that he felt remorseful. He delayed, he hesitated, he dreaded and feared, he needed guts. But Lady Macbeth, on the other hand, was really wicked. Macduff, who demanded of his fellow fighters that he be permitted to kill Macbeth in retaliation for the deaths of his wife and children, search out Macbeth and battles him proclaiming, “Macduff was from his mom’s womb untimely ripped.” last of the witches’ prophecies about him. That being said, I truly appreciate and enjoy Shakespeare now and then. He has special insight with words that can’t be denied. Also, Macbeth is one of his best works. There are such countless lines and expressions from Macbeth that are a valid part of our culture…” sound and fury”….”something wicked this way comes…” not to mention those famous “double, double, toil and trouble…”. I’d highly suggest this play. Indeed, it’s presumably one of the better entry points into Shakespeare since it’s short, not a complex plot – however, a rich one, and is one of the more recognizable works. It’s a book brimming with magnetic words, which beg to be savored. Proceeding to turn the pages is an effortless act when with each passing moment something significant in the plot is occurring.

A tradition is a belief or behaviour (folk custom) passed down within a group or society with symbolic meaning or special significance with origins in the past. Modernity is defined as a condition of social existence that is significantly different to all past forms of human experience, while modernization refers to the transitional process of moving from “traditional” or “primitive” communities to modern societies.

Tradition: India is considered the birthplace of some of the world’s major religions: Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism, and Sikhism. Today, other religions such as Muslim and Christianity have worked their way into the population as well, though Hinduism remains the most popular. For some visitors, the heavy spices and herbs used in Indian cuisine can be difficult to adjust to. Indian spices are legendary for their medicinal purposes, food-preserving powers and flavour kicks. Spices, such as cumin, turmeric and cardamom, have been used over thousands of years to make otherwise bland but nutritional dishes taste better. Though it varies from region to region, wheat, Basmati rice and pulses are staples of the Indian diet. Several religious groups are vegetarian or have certain limitations as to what meat they can consume, but lamb and chicken are most common for those who do eat meat. One most old tradition is wearing sari. Saris vary from five to nine yards long and two to four feet in breadth, and are wrapped around the waist and draped over the shoulder often baring the midriff. The sari may have originated among India’s temple dancers in ancient times because saris allowed them to maintain modesty while also giving their limbs the freedom of movement. A dhoti is an unstitched piece of cloth ranging from four to five yards in length and tied around the waist and legs. Gandhi used to wear a dhoti, and it was considered to be an attire that commanded dignity and respect.

Modernity: Modern Indian culture is a combination of traditional Indian customs, British heritage and other modern influences from around the world. It would impossible to cover every aspect of it, but let’s explore some important and interesting elements. The majority of the population practices one of the forms of Hinduism. This faith is a combination of several religious beliefs and traditions and is commonly perceived as a way of life. Islam is the second largest religion, coexisting with Buddhism, Sikhism, Jainism, Christianity and others. Modern India is also a test of two middle-ground philosophies. As an early proponent of non-alignment in international politics, India has attempted to establish a [middle] position between Western and [communist] oriented states. Over the years, its leadership in carving out a Third World posture demonstrated that there is a viable route for nations who did not want to take sides in Cold War politics, an approach which many other nations in Asia, Africa, Latin America, and the Middle East have followed and hope to sustain. 

Conflict between tradition and modernity: It might benefit us to engage with the idea of parampara, which is the Sanskrit word, also used in many other Indian languages, for what we call tradition in English. While tradition is not exactly an equivalent, it is also quite resonant. Methodologically, it is useful to make key concepts across cultures and meaning universes to converse with each other, rather than subduing or supplanting each other—in our case, the Western idea superimposing and superseding ours. Indian modernity is Janus-faced, even schizophrenic. On the one hand, it looks to the West and to the future, but on the other hand, it looks to India and its past. Arguably, the single most significant problematic in recent Indian intellectual history is that of tradition vs modernity. After nearly 200 years of debate and discussion, it seems fairly clear that India can have neither pure tradition, nor uncontaminated modernity. Whatever we are or have become has to be some combination or amalgamation of both

LEONEL ANDRÉS MESSI also known as LEO MESSI, is an Argentine Professional footballer who plays as a forward and captain the Argentine National team. He is currently a free agent, having played all his professional career for La Liga club Barcelona, whom he captained from 2018 to 2021. Messi has won a record six European Golden Shoes, six Ballon d’Or awards. He spent his entire professional career with Barcelona FC.

Early life:

Messi was born on June 24, 1987. Messi was the youngest player ever to play for Barcelona. Messi was born in Rosario, Argentina and move to Spain at the age of 13 where he was offered the chance to train at FC Barcelona’s youth academy.

FOOTBALL LIFE:

At a young age, Messi was diagnosed with hormone deficiency which restricted his growth. Shorter than most of the kid at the age, Messi showed great talent and skills which put him in front of many organization; one of which was Barcelona. However, Messi was given a trial with Barcelona where he impressed the coach. Barcelona offered Messi a contract which included Barcelona paying for Messi’s treatment in Spain.

During the 2003-04 season, his fourth with Barcelona, Messi rapidly progressed through the club’s ranks, debuting for a record five youth teams in a single campaign. Messi was the one of several youth players called up to strengthen a depleted first team during the international break.

On 24 June 2005, his 18^th birthday, Messi signed his first contract as a senior team player. It made him a Barcelona player until 2010, two years less than his previous contract, but his buyout clause increased to €150 million.

His team’s prosperity continued into the second half of 2009, as Barcelona become the first club to achieve the sextuple, winning six top-tier trophies in a single year. Barcelona won the FIFA Club World Cup against Estudiantes De La Plata on 19^th December , with Messi Scoring the winning 2-1 goal with his chest. At 22 Years old, Messi won the Ballon d’Or and the FIFA World Player Of The Year.

As Messi maintained his goalscoring form into the second half of the season, the year 2012 saw him break several longstanding records. On 7 March, two weeks after scoring four goals in a league fixture against Valencia, he scored five times in a Champions League last 16-round match against Bayer Leverkusen, an unprecedented achievement in the history of the competition.

As Messi evolved into one of the best players in the world, he secured a place in Alfio Basile starting line-up, as part of a team considered favourites to win the 2007 Copa America, held in Venezuela. He set up the game-winning goal of their 4–1 victory over the United States in the opening match, before winning a penalty that led to the game-tying first strike of their 4–2 win in the next match against Colombia.

Following on from their poor qualification campaign, salvaged by Messi, expectations were not high going into the 2018 World Cup, with the team, without an injured Messi, losing 6–1 to Spain in March 2018. Prior to Argentina’s opener, there was speculation in the media over whether this would be Messi’s final World Cup. In the team’s opening group match against Iceland on 16 June, Messi missed a potential match-winning penalty in an eventual 1–1 draw. In Argentina’s second game of the 2018 World Cup on 21 June, the team lost 3–0 to Croatia. Post match the Argentina coach Jorge Sampaoli spoke of the lack of quality in the team surrounding Messi, “the reality of the Argentina squad clouds his [Messi’s] brilliance”.

                     ###CONGRATULATION FOR YOUR FIRST INTERNATIONAL CUP#####

Unemployment occurs when a person who is actively searching for employment is unable to find work. Unemployment is often used as a measure of the health of the economy. The most frequent measure of unemployment rate, which is the number of unemployed people divided by the number of people in the labour force.

Definitions:

The state of being without any work yet looking for work is called Unemployment. Unemployment is the key for the economic indicator because it signals the ability of workers to readily obtain gainful work to contribute to the productive output of the economy. High unemployment indicate the lower output of social economy.

Types Of Unemployment:

We can divide unemployment into four types

1.Classical Unemployment: Classical, or real-wage, unemployment, occurs when real wages for a job are set above the market-clearing level, causing the number of job-seekers to exceed the number of vacancies. On the other hand, most economists argue that as wages fall below a livable wage, many choose to drop out of the labor market and no longer seek employment. That is especially true in countries in which low-income families are supported through public welfare systems. In such cases, wages would have to be high enough to motivate people to choose employment over what they receive through public welfare. Wages below a livable wage are likely to result in lower labor market participation in the above-stated scenario.

2. Cyclical Unemployment: Cyclical unemployment is the variation in the number of unemployed workers over the course of economic upturns and downturns, such as those related to changes in oil price. Unemployment rises during recessionary periods and declines during periods of economic growth. Preventing and alleviating cyclical unemployment during recessions is one of the key reasons for the study of economics and the purpose of the various policy tool that governments employ on the downside of business cycles to stimulate the economy.

3. Structural Unemployment: structural Unemployment comes about through technological change in the structure of the economy in which labor markets operate. Technological changes—such as the replacement of horse-drawn transport by automobiles or the automation of manufacturing—lead to unemployment among workers displaced from jobs that are no longer needed. Retraining these workers can be difficult, costly, and time-consuming, and displaced workers often end up either unemployed for extended periods or leaving the labor force entirely.

4. Frictional Unemployment: Frictional Unemployment occurs as a result of people voluntary changing job within an economy. After a person leaves a company, it naturally takes time to find another job. Similarly, graduates just entering the workforce add to frictional unemployment. Usually, this type of unemployment is short-lived. It is also the least problematic from an economic standpoint. Frictional unemployment is a natural result of the fact that market processes take time and information can be costly. Searching for a new job, recruiting new workers, and matching the right workers to the right jobs all take time and effort, resulting in frictional unemployment.

Measurement:

Though many people care about the number of unemployed individuals, economists typically focus on the unemployment rate, which corrects for the normal increase in the number of people employed caused by increases in population and increases in the labour force relative to the population. The unemployment rate is expressed as a percentage and calculated as follows:

An Bengali guy lead most successful team, team India and his name is Sourav Chandidas Ganguly or Sourav Gangopadhyay affectionately known as DADA. He is popularly honoured as “MAHARAJ” of Indian Cricket. During his playing career, Ganguly established himself as one of the world’s leading batsmen and also one of the most successful captains of the Indian national cricket team. While batting, he was especially prolific through the off side, earning himself the nickname God of the Off Side for his elegant stroke play square of the wicket and through the covers.

Early And Personal Life:

Sourav Ganguly was born on 8 July 1972 in calcutta, and is the youngest son of Chandidas and Nirupa Ganguly. Chandidas ran a flourishing print business and was one of the richest men in the city. Ganguly had a luxurious childhood and was nicknamed the ‘Maharaja’, meaning the ‘Great King’. Ganguly’s father Chandidas Ganguly died at the age of 73 on 21 February 2013 after a long illness. Inspite of being right handed batsman, he become e left handed because he can use the kit of his brother. Showing some potential in batsman Sourav joined a cricket academy. He became the “Princess of Kolkata”. Some people called his “Bengal Tiger” due to his place of birth and partially due to the way he would pounce on the ball.

Cricket Career:

In 1991, Sourav Ganguly made a disastrous debut during the India tour of Australia and to add to it the media printed some articles alleging that he had, ‘attitude problems’. Sourav refuted these allegations but after that first one day with Australia that marked his debut he was forgotten for four years. It seemed like his career as an international cricketer had ended even before it took off. He continued to play domestic cricket and in 1996 earned a place in the Indian side touring England. Ganguly’s cricket career divided into two parts, one is pre 2003 and next one is post 2003. Ganguly made a destructive innings of 183 runs against Sri Lanka in the World Cup 1999. Ganguly was considered as a best Captain of Indian team. As captain of Indian team Ganguly led India in 49 test matches, winning 21 of those, including 12 that were played outside India. His careers biggest victory came when he captained the Indian side to a victory over Steve Waugh’s Australia in the 2001 Border-Gavaskar trophy.

Sourav Ganguly was a captain that the boys could count on. He was fearless, and intelligent enough to battle brains with the world’s best. During the final match of the 2002 NatWest Trophy held in Lords, after a brilliant performance by his teammates, Sourav took off his shirt in public and brandished it in the air to celebrate India’s winning the match. He was condemned for disrespecting Lords protocol but he earned brownie points nonetheless with the Indian fans.

Although Sachin and Sourav made a world best opening partnership but he pushed himself down to promote Sehwag in batting order. His falling individual statistics falling down and his controversies with Greg Chappell led him to be dropped from the team in October 2005.

Sourav Ganguly has risen like the Phoenix from the ashes. He has accumulated 1000 runs in the past year. His performance in the 2007, India vs. Pakistan test series has been simply brilliant. Here is a man who can reinvent himself after two decades at the age of thirty five; surely he deserves all praise and accolades.

For every Indian Fan  jersey No 7 will be an emotion. Mahendra Singh Dhoni, former Indian Captain. Nick name was Mahi. And a famous dialogue “Mahi mar raha h”. MS Dhoni joined Indian Cricket in 2004, and his first ODI match was against Bangladesh. In 2005 Dhoni played his first Test match against Sri-Lanka. Against South Africa in 2006 Dhoni played his debut match in T20 format.

Early Life:

Mahendra Singh Dhoni was born on 7^th July 1981 in Ranchi, Bihar(now in Jharkhand). His parent names are Pan Singh and Devaki Devi. He also has sister name Jayanti Gupta and brother Narendra Singh Dhoni. Dhoni completed his study at DAV Jawahar Vidya Mandir and he started badminton and football. Early he was an goalkeeper but later he impressed in wicket keeping and he started wicket keeping at commando Cricket Club. Later he selected for Vinoo Mankad Trophy Under-16 championship and he performed well. Dhoni focused on cricket after 10^th standard. He was a Travelling Ticket Examiner(TTE) at Kharagpur Railway Station from 2001 to 2003.

Career In Cricket:

Junior cricket in Bihar: Dhoni was selected by Devel Sahay to play for the Central Coal Fields Limited(CCL) team in 1998. Till 1998 Dhoni, who was in class 12th in school, had played only school cricket and club cricket and no professional cricket. One of the famous episodes, when Dhoni used to play for CCL, was when Deval Sahay used to gift him Rs 50 for each six that he hit in Sheesh Mahal tournament cricket matches.

Bihar Cricket Team: In 1999-2000 Dhoni made his first debut in Ranji Trophy and the made his first half century of 68* in second Innings against Assam Cricket Team. Dhoni scored his maiden first-class century while playing for Bihar against Bengal in the 2000/01 season, in a losing cause.

India A team: In the 2003/2004 season, especially in One day format Dhoni was picked for the India A squad for a tour of Zimbabwe and Kenya. In the tri-nation tournament involving Kenya, India A and Pakistan A, Dhoni helped India A chase down their target of 223 against Pakistan A with a half-century. Dhoni scored 362 runs in 6 innings at an average of 72.40 and his performance in the series received attention from the Indian Captain- Sourav Ganguly and Ravi Shastri, amongst others.

International Career:

The Indian ODI team in the early 2000s saw Rahul Dravid as the Wicket-Keeper to ensure thet the Wicket-Keeper to ensure that the Wicket-keeper spot didn’t lack in batting talent. With Dhoni making a mark in the India A squad, he was picked in the ODI squad for the Bangladesh tour in 2004/05.

2011 World Cup: Under Dhoni’s captaincy, India won the 2011 World Cup. In Final against Sri Lanka, chasing 275, Dhoni promoted himself up the batting order, coming before an in-form Yuvraj Singh. When he came to bat, India needed more than six runs per over with three top-order batsman already dismissed. Dhoni made 91 not out of 79 balls. Dhoni finished with a SIX and won the World Cup.

##HAPPY BIRTHDAY MAHENDRA SINGH DHONI

Microsoft windows also known as windows; windows operation system is developed by Microsoft Corporation to run personal computer. On 20^th November Microsoft introduce an operating environment called Windows as a graphical user interfaces for MS-DOS in responds to growth more interest in graphical user interfaces. Microsoft also overtake Apple OS in profit which introduce in 1984.

Version History:

The first version of Windows was Windows 1.0. Microsoft started a program called “Interface Manager” in 1981 and it was announced in 1983 under the name windows but windows 1.0 released on November,1985. The Shell of Windows 1.0 known as MS-DOS executive. Component included Calculator, calendar, clock, control panel etc. Next released version was windows 2.0 and it was released on December, 1987 and was most popular than its previous one. It had an improvement of the user interface and memory management. Windows 2.1 released in two different version: Windows/286 and windows/386. Windows/386 use virtual 8086 mode of the intel 80386 to multitask several DOS Programs and the Paged Memory model to emulate expanded memory using available extended memory.

Windows NT:

In November 1998, a new development team within Microsoft began work on a revamped version of IBM and Microsoft’s OS/2 operating system known as “NT OS/2”.

Windows XP:

The next major version of Windows of after Windows NT is Windows XP and it was released on 25^th oct, 2001. Windows XP would also introduce a redesigned user interface with start menu and a “task-oriented” Windows Explorer. With retaining some feature from previous version, Windows XP introduce an interface which was a new visual appearance, with an increased use of Alpha Composition effects, drop shadow, and Visual Style.

Windows Vista:

After Lengthy Development process, Windows Vista was released on 30^th November, 2006. It introduces a number of features form redesigned shell and user interface to significant technical changes with a particular focus on security features.

Windows 7:

Windows 7 was released on july22, 2009. Windows 7 was intended to be more focused, incremental upgrade to windows line, with the goal of being compatible with applications and hardware with which windows Vista was already compatible. Windows 7 had multi-touch support with an updated taskbar and redesigned windows shell.

Windows 8:

Windows 8 was released on 26 oct, 2012. Windows 8 introduces a number oof change including the introduction of user interface based around Microsoft’s Metro Designed language with optimization for touch-based devices such as tablets and all-in-one pc.

Windows 10:

Windows 10 was released on 30^th September,2014 as a successor of windows 8.1. Changes of pc returns on the start menu, a virtual desktop system, and the ability to run windows stores apps within windows on the desktop rather than in full-screen mode. In June 2021, shortly before Microsoft’s announcement of Windows 11, Microsoft updated their lifecycle policy pages for Windows 10, revealing that support for their last release of Windows 10 will be October 14, 2025.

Windows 11:

On June 24, 2021, Windows 11 was announced as the successor to Windows 10 during a livestream. The new operating system was designed to be more user-friendly and understandable. It is set to release in Fall 2021. Windows 11 will be a free upgrade to all Windows 10 users.

If you want to give light as like a sun then burn yourself like a sun

                                                                                                ……. A.P.J Abdul Kalam

“Wings Of Fire” these 3 words is enough to recognize the person about whom this writing is.

Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam was a former scientist of ISRO and he served as the 11^th president of India from 2002 to 2007. APJ Abdul Kalam was born on 15^th  oct, 1931 to a Tamil Muslim family in the pilgrimage centre of Rameswaram on Pambam Islan, then in the Madras Presidency and now in the State of Tamil Nadu. His father Jainulabdeen Marakayar was a boat owner and Imamof a local mosque;his mother Ashiamma was a housewife. Kalam was the youngest among his brothers and sisters.

In School year, Kalam was an average student but he described himself as a hard working student with a great desire of learning new things. His favourite subject was Mathematics and he spent a lots of time in maths. He completed his school life from  Schwartz Higher Secondary School, Ramanathapuram, Kalam went on to attend Saint Joshep’s College, Tiruchirappalli, then affiliated with the University Of Madras, from where he graduated in Physics in 1954. Then he moved to Madras for Aerospace Engineering from Madras Institute Of Technology.

After completion of Graduation from Madras Institution of Technology in 1960 and joined the Aeronautical Development Establishment of the DRDO.In 1996 Kalam moved to ISRO(Indian Space Research Organisation) where he appointed as a project director of Indian First Satellite launch mission(SLV-III) and he become successful in this project. Kalam known as Missile Man Of India because in DRDO Kalam work in the integrated Guided Missile Development Program.

 Personal Life:

Kalam lead a very normal and simple life style and had a very good habit of rising at 6.30-7.00 in morning. Through out of his life religions and spirituality made a great impact. Kalam was a Muslim and his father was a Imam of a Mosque in Rameswaram. Kalam was a proud and practising Muslim, daily Namaz and whole day fasting during Ramadan were integral to Kalam’s life.  Young kalam had a great nack in spirituality. In his Book named “Wings Of Fire” he wrote that his father and Pakshi Lakshmana Sastry, head priest of Rameswaram Temple were used to sit together and discuss about the spituality and it shows the harmony between them.

A.P.J Abdul Kalam was a former president of India from 2002 to 2007. On 10 June 22002, the National Democratic Alliance(NDA)  expressed that they would nominated Kalam for the post of president.

On 27 July 2015, Kalam delivered a speech in Shillong and after 5 min of this speech he collapsed. He was rushed to nearby Bethany Hospital in a critical situation and the doctors confirmed that he was died for a cardiac arrest. Then Kalam Body was airlifted by IAF from Shillong to Guwahati, from where it was flown to New Delhi on morning of 28 July in an air force C-130J Hercules. On 30 July, the formar scientist and president was laid to rest at Rameswaram ‘s pei Karumbu Ground With Full State Honours.

A.P.J Abdul Kalam was a great personality and a great man in Indian History and is a great example of that is hard work is the main key of success and nothing is difficult

The word culture means the arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively. India is famous for the diversity of culture. Indian culture is the tradition of social norms, believe, politics, ethical value, artifacts and technologies that originated in or are associated with the Indian subcontinent. Indian culture, language   festival, religion differs from place to place because India has a big number of population. India-originated religions are Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism, Sikhism and these religions are on the basis of god, karma etc.

 As a Indian I can say that this culture make the communal harmony. India, being a multi-cultural, multi-ethnic and multi-religious society, celebrates holidays and festivals of various religions. The three national holiday are the Independence Day ,the Republic Day and the Gandhi Jayanti, are celebrated with zeal and enthusiasm across India. There are many festival which are celebrated by various religion like Diwali which celebrated by Hindu, Sikh, Buddha. For Muslim the main festival is Eid. The Durga puja Which is the emotion of Bengali which celebrated in various side of the India. India celebrated many festival in the large number of diversity. The religion festival like Diwali(Hindu), Eid(Muslim), Christmas(Christian) are celebrated by all in India and govt also provided facilities to all the religions. Islam is the second largest religion in India and the main festival days are declared as holidays. Greeting is also a culture of India. Indian do the greeting during  Anjali, puja and pranama.

Greetings include Namaste (Hindi and Sanskrit), Namaskaara/Juhaara in Odia Khulumkha (Tripura), Namaskar (Marathi), Namaskara (Kandana), Namaskaram (Telegu, Malaylam), Vanakkam (Tamil), Nomoshkaar (Bengali), Nomoskar (Assamism), Aadab (Urdu), and Sat Shri Akal (Panjabi) are some famous greeting in India.

By dressing sense we can guess that from which part he/she came. The dress code are different for various part of India. Traditional clothing in India greatly varies across different parts of the country and is influenced by local culture, geography, climate, and rural/urban settings. Popular styles of dress include draped garments such as Sari and mekhela sador for women and Dhoti or Lungi or panche (in Kannada) for men. Stitched clothes are also popular such as Churidar or salwar-kameez for women, with dupatta (long scarf) thrown over shoulder completing the outfit.

India taught Dance from various ancient book. According to Ragini Devi dance the inner expression and internal divine of man. Bharatanatyam is a very famous dancing step. There are  various dance steps like Bharatanatyam of the state of Tamil Nadu, kathak of Uttar Pradesh, Kathakali and Mohiniattam of Karala, Kuchipudi of Andhra Pradesh, Yakshgana of Karnataka, Manipuri of Manipur, Odissi (orissi) of the state of Odisha and the Sattriya of Assam.

The various Architectures and wall painting is milestone for Indian culture. Some Architectures show the love of two person as example TAJ MAHAL. And for wall painting or cave painting famous is Ajanta Ellora cave. There are various evidence which proves that how beautiful our Indian cultural.

 To conclude it, I can say that there are various aspect for Indian Culture and these aspect by us but not everyone. Indian culture is very traditional and unique. But in this era some of our culture was ruined by us. But the harmony of India make the cultures more beautiful and enjoyable.