Aryabhatta was the first Indian mathematician and astronomer. He had immense knowledge in the field of mathematics. Moreover, he did he may discoveries during his era. For instance, some of them were the discovery of algebraic identities, trigonometrical functions, the value of pi, Place value system, etc.

Furthermore, he wrote many books which still help us in performing various calculations. Aryabhatta was a great influence to many youngsters. For he excelled in academics from a very early age. Moreover, he contributed much to the society his works and theories are still remembered and honored till date.

 

EARLY LIFE

Aryabhatta was born in 475 A.D. Furthermore his birthplace eas not sure, but in his book the ‘Aryabhatiya’, he mentions that he was a native of Kusumapura the modern-day Patna. Moreover, from his historical records, the archaeologists believed that he continued his further studies in Kusumapura. Because in Kusumapura his major astronomical observatory was located.

Therefore, we can ascertain that Aryabhatta spent most of the time there. Further, some historians believe that he was also the head of Nalanda University in Kusumpura. Though these theories are all on a probable basis because no proper evidence was there except the books Arybhatta wrote in his lifetime. Yet some of his records were lost and are not found till date.

 

WORK OF ARYABHATTA

Aryabhatta contributed greatly to the field of mathematics. For instance, he was responsible for discovering various trigonometrical functions which are useful for us in the modern era too.

Furthermore, his discovery for the value of ‘pi’ eased the complications in mathematics. Above all, he founded the place value system and zero which are one of his major contributions in the history of mathematics. Most Noteworthy is that every theory is in his book ‘Aryabhatiya’ which states astronomical theories. Furthermore, his book divides into different sections of mathematics and astronomy.

Apart from his discoveries in the field of mathematics, Aryabhatta contributed immensely towards astronomy. He proposed the heliocentric theory which states the planets revolve around the Sun. with the help of this theory, he calculated the speed of the different planets with respect to the Sun.

Furthermore, he also calculated the sidereal rotation which is the rotation of the earth in reference to the stars. Moreover, he founded the sidereal year to be 365 days, 6 hours, 12 minutes and 30 seconds which varies with only 3 minutes and 20 seconds over the modern-day value.

 

CONTRIBUTIONS

Most noteworthy is that Aryabhatta correctly founded that the earth rotates on its axis. Furthermore, he also proposed the geocentric model of the solar system which described the earth to be the center of the universe. And the sun, the moon, and the planets revolve around it.

Aryabhata also explained the solar and lunar eclipses in his book. Consequently, he also proposed that the moon due to the reflection of the sunlight. He explained in his book that the lunar eclipse and the solar eclipse takes by the shadow-casting of the earth and the moon.

In conclusion Aryabhatta approximations in the field of astronomy were quite accurate. It provided the core to the computational paradigm which provides a base to the modern theories.

After the Second World War, the USA and the USSR were the two supreme powers in the world. Hence, both these nations tried to reduce the power of the other indirectly.

The competition between the two nations brought about the Cold War. America was the leader of all the Capitalist countries, and Soviet Russia was the leader of all the communist countries. Hence, both countries continued their rivalry.

Cold War was the state of mounting tension between the USA and Soviet Russia after the Second World War was over for Supremacy in the world as the Super Power. The United States of America became the representative of the capitalist countries, and the Soviet Union Russia became the representative of communism. Hence, there was an ongoing rivalry between the two great powers. Since this rivalry did not result in a war, but only in diplomatic incidents, it is called the Cold War.

Cold War is a term used to describe the tension between two parties but an absence of any quarrels. It is also used to describe the tactics nations use against each other as a diplomatic war.

When Hitler invaded Russia, Roosevelt, the then President of the United States sent supplies for the troops. It could have started the degradation of the relationship between the USA and Russia. When Stalin defeated Germany and wanted to implement communism, he was suspected, and since then, suspicion arose between the western countries and Russia. Hence, Cold Was began.

The United States of America could not accept the communist ideology of Russia. On the other hand, Soviet Russia could not accept the dominance of the USA in other European countries.

After the Second World War, Soviet Russia had manufactured much ammunition and arms. Hence, the USA saw them as a threat and created the atom bomb, hydrogen bomb and other such lethal weapons. Other European countries also participated in the rivalry with Russia, and this divided the world into two halves.

Soviet Russia continued to spread communism is its mass media and wanted to spread it everywhere to encourage their labour revolution. Meanwhile, America helped the capitalists against the communists. The difference in the doctrines led to the intensified Cold War situation.

After the USA bombarded the atom bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Soviet Russia was afraid that they would face similar consequences. Hence, they increased their military and weaponry strength. It also deemed to intensify the Cold War.

When veto was implemented, Soviet Russia used it to reject any statement that the USA made in the UNO council. Hence, the western countries were insulted by it. The incident led to more intensification of the Cold War.

Cold War resulted in the fear and suspicion between Russia and the USA. It created tension between the nations permanently. There were several alliances solely to increase its intensity. Cold War resulted in unnecessary expenditure on military power. It created poverty and decreased the living conditions of people. It is a useless and meaningless war which divided the world in an irreparable way.

Cold Was disturbed world peace. There is still suspicion among these two nations and the counties that support them. It also created a clear demarcation between the first, the second, and the third world counties. It resulted in divided humanity, and there is no perpetual peace partially for this reason.

Cold War was an affair of the 20th century, resulting due to a series of incidents which led to their differences. Some of these incidents were the competition of the western countries to implement capitalism and Soviet Russia trying to propagate communism.

The USA directed many diplomatic incidents and supported in the destruction of USSR indirectly. In return, Soviet Russia used its veto power to oppose anything said by the USA. There were many phases of the Cold War, spanning for decades.

The Cold War demarked the world into three fragments- the first world countries, the second world counties, and the third world counties. It is a situation directed against humanity. It creates division and suspicion among the nations. World peace is unachievable partially due to the Cold War and its far fetching results.

Mobile commerce popularly known as m-commerce is actually just a subset of e-commerce. The term itself was coined in 1997 by Kevin Duffy. It is essentially a way of carrying thousands and millions of retail shops in your pocket.Very simply put M-commerce entails the e-commerce transactions done with a mobile phone. So M-commerce is the use of mobile phones to conduct any type of business transaction. It takes the help of the e-commerce background and WAP technology.

The use of wireless technology (WAP) to conduct sales of goods, provide services, make payments and other financial transactions, the exchange of information etc. is the basis of mobile commerce.

 

M-commerce is actually a rapidly growing sector of e-commerce. Nearly 70% of the online transactions that occur in India happen from mobile phones. Globally it is a 700 billion dollar industry.

M-commerce is about exploiting new opportunities made available to us thanks to e-commerce. So it involves the advent of new technologies, services, business models and marketing strategies. It differentiates itself in many ways from e-commerce. This is because mobile phones have very different characteristics than desktop computers. And it opens so many windows of opportunities for businesses to exploit.

APPLICATIONS OF M- COMMERCE

Mobile Banking: Using a mobile website or application to perform all your banking functions. It is one step ahead of online banking and has become commonplace these days. For example, in Nigeria, the majority of banking transactions happen on mobile phones.

Mobile Ticketing and Booking: Making bookings and receiving your tickets on the mobile. The digital ticket or boarding pass is sent directly to your phone after you make the payment from it. Even in India now IRTC and other services provide m-ticketing services.

E-bills: This includes mobile vouchers, mobile coupons to be redeemed and even loyalty points or cards system.

Auctions: Online auctions having now been developed to be made available via mobile phones as well.

Stock Market Reports and even stock market trading over mobile applications.

ADVANTAGES OF M-COMMERCE

• It provides a very convenient and easy to use the system to conduct business transactions.
• Mobile commerce has a very wide reach. A huge part of the world’s population has a mobile phone in their pocket. So the sheer size of the market is tremendous.
• M-commerce also helps businesses target customers according to their location, service provider, the type of device they use and various other criteria. This can be a good marketing tool.
• The costs of the company also reduced. This is due to the streamlined processes, now transaction cost, low carrying cost and low order processing cost as well.

 

DISADVANTAGES OF M-COMMERCE

The existing technology to set up an m-commerce business is very expensive. It has great start-up costs and many complications arise.

In developing countries, the networks and service providers are not reliable. It is not most suitable for data transfer.

Then there is the issue of security. There are many concerns about the safety of the customer’s private information. And the possibility of a data leak is very daunting.

 

 

Body piercing and tattoos are forms of body art that have been practiced throughout history by various cultures. Tattoo and body piercing has become very popular with adolescents and adults in their early twenties. While the general public and parents may perceive this procedure as rebellious and deviant behaviours, some reasons adolescents offer for body piercing is that it is a form of body art, it is a fashionable, it makes a personal statement. Adolescents and young adults are developmentally susceptible to rebellious behavior, it is seen by many.

The design can be small and discreet or large and obvious. This art used to express individually to indicate membership in a group or to attract attentions. But such body modification carries with it the risk of health problem of ranging from minor bacterial infections to life treating illness. For example, allergies reactions, this may occur even years after they get the tattoo. Some piercing jewelers are made of nickel or brass, which also can cause allergies reaction, Blood- born disease, oral complication, Skin disorder, skin infection.

 

People who get body modifications have a high threshold for pain. Where the tattoo is located will generally tell a person how much discomfort will be involved. Some of the body part causes the most discomfort for men and women are: head, neck back and front of the knee, hands and the wrists just to name a few. Usually the parts of the body that has more fat or muscle build up will causes the least amount of pain.

Adolescents and adults who participating in this newest of fashion trends is a means to establish personal identity through disassociation form accepted norms, Moreover, participants with tattoo and body piercing are more likely to have engaged in risk behaviours and at a great degree of involvement than those without either.

Tattoos and body piercing are done as expressions of independence, for religious or cultural reasons, or to adorn one’s body. Tattooing is accomplished by injecting pigment into the deeper layers of the skin, usually by way of needles or air pressure.

Piercing is performed quickly and without anesthesia by either a spring-loaded ear-piercing gun or piercing needles, with the needle diameter varying from six to 18 gauge. The skin is cleaned, and then the needle and jewelry are inserted through the tissue in one swift motion. Piercing is typically completed in tattoo or beauty parlours.

 

While piercing and tattooing are popular, both present distinct health risks. Tattoos can lead to the transmission of infectious diseases, such as hepatitis B and C and theoretically HIV, when proper sterilization and safety procedures are not followed. Black henna tattoos can cause significant allergies and rashes , leading to renal (kidney) failure and even death in those who are sensitive to their ingredients. These types of tattoos have appeared particularly dangerous to young children. Body piercing also presents the risk of chronic infection, scarring, hepatitis B and C, tetanus , and skin allergies to the jewelry that is used. One study reported that 17 percent of college students with piercings suffered a medical complication such as infection or tearing. Use of piercing guns and preferences for upper ear piercing have led to increased infections. The force of the gun’s delivery further complicates matters around the delicate cartilage of the upper ear and some people require surgical intervention.

Body piercing and tattooing are unregulated in most parts of the United States, and illegal in some. The American Dental Association opposes oral (tongue, lip, or cheek) piercing, and the American Academy of Dermatology is against all forms of body piercing except ear lobe piercing.

There are five methods to remove tattoos when desired, including using a laser to break up tattoo pigments; surgical removal that involves cutting the tattoo away; sanding the skin with a wire brush to remove the epidermis and dermis layers in a process called dermabrasion; using a salt solution to soak the tattooed skin (salabrasion); and scarification, removing the tattoo with an acid solution to form a scar in its place. Topical steroids can often treat reactions to henna tattoos, but improvement may take several weeks.

Depending on the type of infection resulting from either piercing or tattoos, the treatment and prognosis vary. Minor infections respond well to antibiotic therapy, while blood-borne diseases such as hepatitis B and C cause life-altering results. Disfigurement may or may not be fully correctable by later plastic surgery.

Obviously, the best way to prevent infection from piercing or tattoos is not to get one in the first place. However, the risks can be minimized. Procedures should be performed in a sterile environment by an experienced professional. The person performing the procedure should remove a new needle from the plastic in front of the person to be tattooed and should put on a new pair of sterile gloves. Anyone considering a henna tattoo should require proof from the artist that he or she is using pure, safe brown henna, not the unsafe black henna.

Piercing should be completed with smoothly polished jewelry made of 14 or 18 carat gold, titanium, surgical steel, or niobium. An allergic reaction can result with the use of jewelry made of brass plate or containing a nickel alloy. Healing time from a piercing ranges from six months to two years. A piercing should be completed in a sterile environment that uses every precaution to reduce the risk of infection. Excessive force, such as exerting a strong pull, should never be applied to jewelry inserted into pierced body parts to avoid tearing and injuring tissues.

 

Nearly everyone thinks that to be educated, one must attend a formal school. This belief has led to many being illiterate or semi-literate, as they have been programmed by society to accept that you need a diploma or other degree to be considered educated.

There is more than enough practical and historical proof to debunk people who secretly grade others according to educational qualifications “many” “many” times over. These people believe themselves to be better than one who hasn’t studied in the four walls of a classroom for a higher level degree.

We’ll look at a brief description of people who rocked the world without going through any or a great deal of formal education. We’ll also know what it takes to obtain a formal education, if formal education is necessary at all, and if the current global education system actually improves or hampers knowledge acquisition.

THOMAS EDISON : this guy was expelled from school because his teachers thought he was too slow to learn. After his expulsion, Thomas studied at home from his mother. She taught him to read and write. He worked hard and experimented a lot, until he invented the light buld, motion picture camera, and stock sticker, which the world relies on today.

 

ALBERT  EINSTEIN:- Perhaps the most intelligent people the world has ever seen, this scientist started off his education poorly. In Germany, he only reached the standard of a “bad student” and his results for various entrance examinations were insufficient to get him through. He was a German-born theoretical physicist, widely acknowledged to be one of the greatest physicists of all time. Einstein is known for developing the theory of relativity, but he also made important contributions to the development of the theory of quantum mechanics. Relativity and quantum mechanics are together the two pillars of modern physics.

 

 

AISWARYA RAI :- This former Miss World is now one of the greatest actors in the country. She has garnered appreciation and success because of her work in and outside India. Little people know that this successful actor gave up her college education in order to pursue a career in modeling.

 

AZIM PREMJI :- Founder of WIPRO, this is one of the most prominent businessmen in the country. But, I bet you didn’t know that he dropped out of college! He is an Indian business tycoon, investor, engineer, and philanthropist.

 

SACHIN TENDULKAR :- Perhaps the best cricketer ever produced in the world, this Indian has been one of the most successful people in the country. Yet, due to his cricket career, Sachin gave up his education in 1989. Sachin Tendulkar has been the most complete batsman of his time, the most prolific runmaker of all time, and arguably the biggest cricket icon the game has ever known.

 

DHIRUBHAI AMBANI :- He was an Indian industrialist who was the founder of Reliance Industries, a giant petrochemicals, communications, power, and textiles conglomerate that was the biggest exporter in India and the first privately owned Indian company in the Fortune 500. Considered the most successful businessman in the country, this man made “Reliance Industries” what it is from scratch. As a child, Dhirubhai was not a good student and was extremely impatient. Despite being extremely intelligent, he did not do well at school. He gave up education while he was in college to take a job in Aden.

 

MARY KOM :- Mary Kom became the first Indian woman boxer to win a Gold Medal in the Asian Games in 2014 in South Korea and is also the first Indian woman boxer to win gold at the 2018 Commonwealth Games.This ace boxer had to give up her education in order to pursue her career in boxing. She went on to become one of the best female boxers India has ever seen.

 

KAPIL DEV :- Kapil Dev was the greatest pace bowler India has produced, and their greatest fast-bowling allrounder. This former cricketer led the Indian Cricket Team to its World Cup victory in 1983. He is often considered to be one of the best cricketers of India. But, he gave up education between his schooling.

 

BILL GATES:- He is an American business magnate, software developer, investor, author, and philanthropist. He is a co-founder of Microsoft Corporation, along with his late childhood friend Paul Allen.Several times richest man in the world. He dropped out of Harvard, only to later build one of the most successful multi-national corporations of our time.

Organ trafficking is a very big issue which the world is facing right now. It is a deadly crime which robs human beings of their healthy life. It is essentially an illegal business of human organs, tissues and body parts. They use them for transplantation. It is bringing down the human body to the worth of an object. They trade them off for a little money or some other commodities. There are various reasons why this happens greatly in all parts of the world.

CAUSES OF ORGANIC TRAFFICKING

When we look at the problems people are facing in today’s world, a lack of organ donors is the main one. There are too many patients nowadays and too few volunteers. Thus, when the supply and demand do not match, crimes like these will rise.

Most importantly, poverty is a great cause of this. People who are in great debt or in need of money sell off their organs to get some temporary relief. They get very less amount than the actual worth. Furthermore, illiteracy is also a great cause. Those who are not educated are not aware of the consequences of selling their organs. They do not know the health hazards and are very vulnerable to this crime.

The children in war and developing regions are also very vulnerable to organ trafficking. When they get displaced from their homes, the traffickers make them easy targets. Furthermore, deceiving and dishonest medical firms and people also are a major cause. As organ transplant cannot be done without proper knowledge of it, people of the medical field who are corrupt contribute to it.

The lack of proper implementation of laws also contributes largely to this problem. As there are no stringent laws against this crime, the traffickers have no fear. Moreover, they also get off easy which makes it easy to commit this crime.

IMPACT OF ORGANIC TRAFFICKING

Organ trafficking has a negative impact on society as a whole. The poor people get robbed off their good health due to this crime. The traffickers exploit them endlessly to make sure they do not betray them.

Moreover, kidnapping and human trafficking also happen due to this crime only. The traffickers abduct and traffic children into selling their organs. Some also murder them after their work is done to not leave any proof behind.

Organ trafficking also impacts the health of a person as well as their safety. The high demand for organs results in diseases and illnesses amongst people whose organs are trafficked. People also rob others so they can sell their organs. Even medical firms are losing their credibility because of such illegal practices.

Therefore, we need to eliminate this crime to protect people. The government must take strict measures and implement stringent laws against this crime. We must spread awareness about organ donation so people can donate their organs after death so the supply meets the demand. This will ensure no organ trafficking happens. Moreover, people must also be made aware of the dangers of organ trafficking so they can be better prepared and aware of the consequences.

CONCLUSION

Organ trafficking can be referred to as one of the cruelest and grimmest crimes in the world. A lot of the time the patients who are kids are unaware of the surgery being operated on them. The organs are robbed from these children and then later sold in the black market. In the black market, these organs are sold for very high prices, the high prices and the high demand make this crime in dire need in the black market all over the world. Sometimes this happens in hospitals of developing nations without the patient’s knowledge, sometimes their kidneys are taken out during surgery without their knowledge.

In countries like India, the concept of body donation after death is frowned upon in society. People in our country are very conservative when it comes to their body and they think that if they donate organs the body won’t reach heaven. A lot of patients die because of the long wait period for the organs they need and it is a crippling issue everywhere and there just isn’t a technology that will help substitute these organs. They are very few volunteers and too many patients. Now when the supply and demand don’t match like this the crime rate for this increases. Another reason for this is poverty, people who just need temporary relief from all their debt sells off their organs. But the problem with doing so is that they can make money less than its worth and also the surgery takes place in very disgusting environments which is completely unsafe for the body.

Getting food delivered right at our doorstep anytime anywhere is easier than ever. Thanks to all the incredible on-demand delivery apps available nowadays. All we need to do is download one of the best food delivery apps, make a selection, place an order, and make payment via our smartphone, or pay on delivery.

Not only the consumers but the sellers too benefit from these apps. The latter can invest in food ordering app development to reap higher sales. Also, these apps help sellers in many ways like cost-cutting, online presence, and customer satisfaction.

So, food ordering and delivery are going to be an incredible disruptor in the food industry. In fact, it has begun already and most companies are opting for mobile app development for food delivery.

Zomato

Zomato, an online restaurant search platform, was founded under the name ‘Foodiebay’ in 2008. The company expanded the features by including food ordering and delivery in the top cities of the world. Zomato is now available in nearly 25 countries all over the world including India, Australia, and the United States.Zomato food delivery app offers the list of best restaurants to its users. Not only does it offer the best restaurant choices, but it also works as a social network like Twitter or Facebook for foodies.

Zomato, one of the best food ordering apps, received the latest update, which is built on the foundation of their new design system—Sushi. It brings the following features to the app-

• One search fits all
• Sorted and how
• All answers under one umbrella
• Fastest way to review now
• Brand new profile

Available on Android, iOS. 

 

Swiggy

Swiggy is the top-rated mobile app, based in Bengaluru, India. With close to 1,500,000 downloads in the play store, Swiggy has been rated No. 1 online food delivery app in India and is currently available in almost all the cities across the country.

Swiggy came up with an idea to provide delivery from the restaurants to big-time urban foodies. Swiggy food app lets customers order their favorite food from their favorite nearby restaurants by detecting the user’s location so that the agent can deliver food as soon as possible.Recently, Swiggy came up with a new upgrade—Wallet Function—where users can store money and pay for transactions on Swiggy.

Available – Android, iOS

 

UberEats

UberEats is operational in more than 1000+ major cities in various countries around the world. The app enables clients to choose their preferred food from local restaurants and delivers food to the clients’ place in the shortest possible time.

UberEats and Uber are two different apps, they share several similar features such as cashless transactions and expected delivery times. If we can trust Uber to drive us safely around the city, maybe we’ll trust them to deliver you good quality food as well.

The UberEats app is a standalone food delivery app, which is currently available in many countries including Brazil, Japan, Mexico, India, and the United States.

Available – Android and iOS. 

 

FoodPanda

 

 

FoodPanda is quite a famous online food ordering app, which has been operational in 41 countries. The company is headquartered in Berlin, Germany and started service in 2012. The firm has banded together with nearly 40,000 local restaurants in different cities to provide on-time delivery.

The reason behind the popularity of the FoodPanda delivery app is the huge database of restaurants from various cities and the accessibility of rebates and offers. The application accepts credit, debit, and cash on delivery payment methods.

Available – Android, iOS. 

 

Grubhub

 

GrubHub’s widespread list of more than 30,000 restaurants in more than 800 U.S. urban communities will make sure to satisfy their customers, thereby making it one of the best food ordering apps. GrubHub has offices in Chicago, New York, and London.

The GrubHub app was launched in 2004, which allowed the company to set up a partnership and build relationships with various restaurants. All the orders are managed by the company’s 24/7 customer service teams.

It offers an option to search for our desired food or browse through the list of local restaurants. We can filter as per working hours, customer feedback, coupons, discounts, and so on. We can even save our order details to our top picks for future orders as well.

Available – Android, iOS. 

Prime Minister Narendra Modi has inaugurated a scheme for girls called Beti Bachao Beti Padhao. It is to save the girl child and educate the girl child all over India. The program was started on the 22nd of January, 2015 at Panipat.  This scheme was initiated first especially in Haryana because this state has a very low female sex ratio (775/1000) all over the country. It has been effectively applied in a hundred districts across the country. It is to improve the status of girls in the country.



 

AIM OF THIS SCHEME

The aim of Beti Bachao Beti Padhao scheme is to stop the drop in girl child sex ratio. Therefore, it will encourage women’s empowerment in order to improve women status in the country. It is a tri-ministerial initiative of the following ministries:

• Women and Child Development
• Health and Family Welfare
• Human Resource Development

 

REASONS FOR THIS INITIATIVE

Two main reasons for Beti Bachao Beti Padhao initiative are:

• Low child-sex ratio called for the launch of the scheme

The Child Sex Ratio (CSR) census data for 0-6 years was 933 girls per 1,000 boys in 2001, which declined to 918 girls for every 1,000 boys in 2011. UNICEF in 2012 Reported that India ranked 41st among 195 countries. A 2011 Population Census revealed that the population ratio of India in 2011 was 943 females per 1000 of males. The Sex Ratio 2011, however, indications an upward trend from the census 2001 data.

• Crime against Women on the rise

Aborting of female foeticide by post ultrasonic testing. Thus this type of discrimination against girl infants resulted in a huge drop in the female population. Also, crimes and sex abuse, so on, have been on a constant high.

Back in the year 2014, Prime Minister Mr. Narendra Modi spoke on the event of International Day of the Girl Child. He highlighted on the abolition of female foeticide and asked suggestions from the Indian citizens on MyGov.in portal.

 

PRIMARY OBJECTIVE OF BETI BACHAO BETI PADHAO INITIATIVE

‘Beti Bachao Beti Padhao’ is a collaborative initiative of the government of India. Ministry of Women and Child Development, Ministry of Human Resource Development and Ministry of Health and Family Welfare started this scheme. It covers all Indian states and union territories.

The scheme has three primary objectives

1. Prevent female infanticide.
2. Develop new schemes and work collaboratively to ensure that every girl child is secured and protected.
3. Ensure every girl child gets a quality education.

DIFFICULTIES IN IMPLEMENTATION

Beti Bachao Beti Padhao scheme having difficulty to gain momentum. This is due to the following facts.

• Social abuses and orthodox rituals like female foeticide, Sati, child marriage and domestic abuse obstruct the due execution of this scheme.
• The government machinery and the police are, however, to get the magnitude of women atrocities seriously. This also weakens the effective implementation of the Beti Bachao Beti Padhao scheme.
• The mindset of people remains conservative besides the numerous campaigns spreading awareness among people.
• The scheme needs civic body support to achieve the objectives of the scheme.
• The Dowry system is the main obstacles in the successful implementation and impact of Beti Bachao Beti Padhao scheme.

IMPACT OF THIS SCHEME

It is important to look for the benefit that ‘Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao’, is India’s most high profile campaign. It is to empower the girl child in the country. Some major impacts are-

• Balancing sex ratios
• Bringing girl child rights into focus
• Achieving girl-child access to education

Conclusion

The Beti Bachao Beti Padhao scheme is an initiative by the Government of India to address the issues revolving around girl children in India. This initiative under the scheme have started giving fruit as the level of awareness among the people is increasing.

Therefore, people now have a serious impact to work for girl child upliftment in society. The success of this scheme will add tremendously to the economic growth of the country. This is due to the fact that India cannot afford to have a large part of its population remain neglected.

 

Recruitment or Hiring is the process of searching and attracting the right candidates for hiring them for vacant jobs in an organization. There are two sources of recruitment, internal sources and external sources. Recruitment refers to the process of searching for potential employees and influencing them to work for their organization.

The purpose of the recruitment process is to find talented and qualified individuals for the growth and development of their organization. It is part of the human resource management(HRM) department.

Recruitment is the development and maintenance of adequate manpower resources. It involves the creation of a pool of available labor upon whom the organization can draw when it needs additional employees.’ The recruitment process leads to a collection of candidates for any vacancies an organization might have.

 

 

There are many sources of recruiting potential employees but all of them can be grouped into two categories, namely.

Internal Sources of Recruitment

Internal sources of recruitment consist of employees who are already on the payroll of a firm. It also includes former employees who have returned to work for the organization. Recruitment from internal sources is done to fill up vacancies through promotion, re-hiring and transferring employees within the company.

Advantages of Internal Sources of Recruitment

• Selecting and transferring existing employees is a simpler process.
• The managers are aware of the talents and abilities of already existing employees.
• Internal recruitment serves as a tool to boost the morale of employees as internal hiring creates job and promotion opportunities for existing employees.
• Internal hiring promotes a feeling of loyalty amongst the employees.
• Existing employees are already aware of the company’s working methods and don’t take a long time to adjust to new positions.

External Sources of Recruitment

External sources of recruitment refer to the sources that lie outside or exist external to the organization.

Sources of external recruitment include:

1. People joining an organization, specifically through recommendations.
2. Employment agencies( e.g. naukri.com) or employment exchanges.
3. Advertising
4. Institutes like colleges and vocational schools (e.g. campus selection)
5. Contractors
6. Hiring unskilled labor
7. List of applications
8. Temporary workers.

Encouraging existing employees to recommend suitable candidates can thus lead to the hiring of the right individuals for the right jobs. A higher level of teamwork and synchronization among employees would, therefore, be achieved.

However, it might also lead to employees picking their close friends and family members who are unfit for the jobs. Thus, talented individuals might lose out on good opportunities.

Whereas, external recruitment provides a wider collection of potential employees with the necessary skillset. It has proven to be a successful recruitment process when hiring for managerial and technical positions.

Characteristics of External Sources

• Long and time-consuming process.
• It is an expensive process.
• When external people are given opportunities over them, then existing workers lose morale
• Hiring new employees can lead to the introduction of new blood and thus the introduction of a new set of skills and ideas.

 

EMPLOYEE SELECTION

Employee Selection is the process of putting right men on right job. It is a procedure of matching organizational requirements with the skills and qualifications of people. Effective selection can be done only when there is effective matching. By selecting best candidate for the required job, the organization will get quality performance of employees. Moreover, organization will face less of absenteeism and employee turnover problems. By selecting right candidate for the required job, organization will also save time and money. Proper screening of candidates takes place during selection procedure. All the potential candidates who apply for the given job are tested.

But selection must be differentiated from recruitment, though these are two phases of employment process. Recruitment is considered to be a positive process as it motivates more of candidates to apply for the job. It creates a pool of applicants. It is just sourcing of data. While selection is a negative process as the inappropriate candidates are rejected here. Recruitment precedes selection in staffing process. Selection involves choosing the best candidate with best abilities, skills and knowledge for the required job.

EMPLOYEE SELECTION PROCESS

Employee selection Process takes place in following order-

Preliminary Interviews- It is used to eliminate those candidates who do not meet the minimum eligiblity criteria laid down by the organization. The skills, academic and family background, competencies and interests of the candidate are examined during preliminary interview. Preliminary interviews are less formalized and planned than the final interviews. The candidates are given a brief up about the company and the job profile; and it is also examined how much the candidate knows about the company. Preliminary interviews are also called screening interviews.

Application blanks- The candidates who clear the preliminary interview are required to fill application blank. It contains data record of the candidates such as details about age, qualifications, reason for leaving previous job, experience, etc.

Written Tests- Various written tests conducted during selection procedure are aptitude test, intelligence test, reasoning test, personality test, etc. These tests are used to objectively assess the potential candidate. They should not be biased.

Employment Interviews- It is a one to one interaction between the interviewer and the potential candidate. It is used to find whether the candidate is best suited for the required job or not. But such interviews consume time and money both. Moreover the competencies of the candidate cannot be judged. Such interviews may be biased at times. Such interviews should be conducted properly. No distractions should be there in room. There should be an honest communication between candidate and interviewer.

Medical examination- Medical tests are conducted to ensure physical fitness of the potential employee. It will decrease chances of employee absenteeism.

Appointment Letter- A reference check is made about the candidate selected and then finally he is appointed by giving a formal appointment letter.

IMPORTANCE OF SELECTION

Selection is an important process because hiring good resources can help increase the overall performance of the organization. In contrast, if there is bad hire with a bad selection process, then the work will be affected and the cost incurred for replacing that bad resource will be high.

The purpose of selection is to choose the most suitable candidate, who can meet the requirements of the jobs in an organization, who will be a successful applicant. For meeting the goals of the organization, it is important to evaluate various attributes of each candidate such as their qualifications, skills, experiences, overall attitude, etc. In this process, the most suitable candidate is picked after the elimination of the candidates, who are not suitable for the vacant job.

The organization has to follow a proper selection process or procedure, as a huge amount of money is spent for hiring a right candidate for a position. If a selection is wrong, then the cost incurred in induction and training the wrong candidate will be a huge loss to the employer in terms of money, effort, and also time. Hence, selection is very important and the process should be perfect for the betterment of the organization.

 

 

Rolihlahla Mandela was born in the village of Mvezo, in the Eastern Cape, on 18 July 1918. His mother was Nonqaphi Nosekeni and his father was Nkosi Mphakanyiswa Gadla Mandela.

Hearing the elders’ stories of his ancestors’ valour during the wars of resistance, he dreamed also of making his own contribution to the freedom struggle of his people.

 

EDUCATION

He attended primary school in Qunu where his teacher, Miss Mdingane, gave him the name Nelson, in accordance with the custom of giving all schoolchildren “Christian” names.

He completed his Junior Certificate at Clarkebury Boarding Institute and went on to Healdtown, a Wesleyan secondary school of some repute, where he matriculated. Mandela began his studies for a Bachelor of Arts degree at the University College of Fort Hare but did not complete the degree there as he was expelled for joining in a student protest.He completed his BA through the University of South Africa and went back to Fort Hare for his graduation in 1943.

Meanwhile, he began studying for an LLB at the University of the Witwatersrand. By his own admission he was a poor student and left the university in 1952 without graduating.He only started studying again through the University of London after his imprisonment in 1962 but also did not complete that degree.

In 1989, while in the last months of his imprisonment, he obtained an LLB through the University of South Africa. He graduated in absentia at a ceremony in Cape Town.

JOINED THE POLITICS

Mandela, while increasingly politically involved from 1942, only joined the African National Congress in 1944 when he helped to form the ANC Youth League (ANCYL). Mandela rose through the ranks of the ANCYL and through its efforts, the ANC adopted a more radical mass-based policy, the Programme of Action, in 1949.

A two-year diploma in law on top of his BA allowed Mandela to practise law, and in August 1952 he and Oliver Tambo established South Africa’s first black law firm, Mandela & Tambo.

At the end of 1952 he was banned for the first time. As a restricted person he was only permitted to watch in secret as the Freedom Charter was adopted in Kliptown on 26 June 1955.

Mandela immersed himself in official talks to end white minority rule and in 1991 was elected ANC President to replace his ailing friend, Oliver Tambo. In 1993 he and President FW de Klerk jointly won the Nobel Peace Prize and on 27 April 1994 he voted for the first time in his life.

PRESIDENT

On 10 May 1994 he was inaugurated as South Africa’s first democratically elected President. True to his promise, Mandela stepped down in 1999 after one term as President. He continued to work with the Nelson Mandela Children’s Fund he set up in 1995 and established the Nelson Mandela Foundation and The Mandela Rhodes Foundation.

 

THE TRIAL AND THE RELEASE

Mandela was arrested in a countrywide police swoop on 5 December 1956, which led to the 1956 Treason Trial. Mandela and his colleagues in the Treason Trial were among thousands detained during the state of emergency.Days before the end of the Treason Trial, Mandela travelled to Pietermaritzburg to speak at the All-in Africa Conference, which resolved that he should write to Prime Minister Verwoerd requesting a national convention on a non-racial constitution, and to warn that should he not agree there would be a national strike against South Africa becoming a republic. After he and his colleagues were acquitted in the Treason Trial, Mandela went underground and began planning a national strike for 29, 30 and 31 March. On 11 January 1962, using the adopted name David Motsamayi, Mandela secretly left South Africa. He travelled around Africa and visited England to gain support for the armed struggle. He was charged with leaving the country without a permit and inciting workers to strike. While facing the death penalty his words to the court at the end of his famous “Speech from the Dock” on 20 April 1964 became immortalised:

“I have fought against white domination, and I have fought against black domination. I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons live together in harmony and with equal opportunities. It is an ideal which I hope to live for and to achieve. But if needs be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die. ”

 

FASHION TODAY VS 20 YEARS AGO

Fashion has changed a great deal over the past three centuries. As history changes it seems that fashion in some aspect changes with it to adapt to the era. Even today fashion continues to change as the years go on. Looking at fashion even 20 years ago we can see a difference from what we see in our everyday lives.

 

HISTORY OF FASHION

Fashion history is the history of people. People have loved clothing fashion for thousands of years. From the early days of Egypt to the day clothes have become the expression of who we are. Throughout history, drawings, documents and other archaeological finds have also revealed fashion worn by people in various ancient civilizations.

The Greeks were wearing clothes in different styles from their eastern neighbors. Both women and men were usually wearing thick woolen long dresses.

The ancient Egyptians were typically dressed in light cotton clothing; Women were wearing long, ready-made clothes. With the Romans becoming dominant over time, the Romans began to be known as the most important example of style and fashion at the same time.

 The sixties and seventies are great transitional periods in fashion. Women wearing trousers has seen more and more accepted. The clothes became shorter and looser. 80’s brought great fashion trends and different hairstyles for both men and women.

As time went by from the twentieth century to the twenty-first, fashion continued to change every year, and today still changing.

 

FASHION NOW

Fashions come into vogue and then go out because man loves change, variety and novelty. With the change in the mood of man, change in styles, manners, conduct and way of life also come about.Fashions are infectious as well and spread rapidly like wildfire, especially among young men and women in big towns and cities.

Youth is more fashion-conscious because they represent life in terms of energy, courage, expectations, potentialities, power, and vigour. They want to look smart, up- to-date, charming and fresh in their dress, etiquette, styles of shoes, and hair-do, etc. They want to enjoy every moment of life and are full of unlimited zeal and appetite for it.

Fashions can also be abused as well and become harmful when turned into an obsession. Then they mean waste of time, energy, and money. It is better to be a little out of fashion than to be in fashion at the cost of one’s conscience and discretion.

Fashions are also influenced by glossy, colourful and eye-catching textile advertisements, fashion shows, propaganda of fashion and dress designers, articles in the fashion magazines and foreign visitors.

Films and cable T.V. are a great source of fashions and quick changes in trends. Fashions are liquid and changeable like weather. Till recently, bell-bottoms, midis, minis and maxis were quite in fashion and now they are out of fashion. Again tight-bottoms, skirt-tops, salwar-kamiz and saris are in fashion.

Fashion designing and technology is now an established branch of human knowledge, science and practice. It provides employment and business to millions of people throughout the world and there has been a huge investment in the fashion industry. Expert fashion-designers, technologists, tailors and drapers are busy day and night to cater to the needs of the fashion-conscious in society. They not only cater to the tastes of the people but also create taste and fashion and thereby earn huge profits.

 Fashion-consciousness is a healthy sign as it appeals and pleases people, promotes togetherness, social interaction and enlivens the environment. It is misconceived to link fashion with immorality. But it would be certainly foolish to spend extravagantly on the latest fads and to run after them at the expense of valuable time, energy and resources.

Social influences are probably the strongest influences on the Fashion trend. Many music stars strongly influence Fashion choice. For example, wearing hoodies became famous due to rap musicians. Furthermore, movie and television actors create a big impact on Fashion. Many youngsters love to emulate the Fashion sense of their favourite celebrity.

It is good to be fashionable but it is better to be simple and dignified because simplicity with dignity is the best and evergreen fashion.

 

 

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Reservation in India refers to the practice of reserving a certain percentage of seats in government institutions for people belonging to backward and under-represented communities.

The primary beneficiaries of the reservation policies under the Constitution are the Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs) and Other Backward Classes (OBCs). Furthermore, this concept was made part of the Constitution in order to let the deprived classes come at par with the privileged classes.

One can attribute the origin of the reservation system to the age-old caste system of India. According to the caste system, the division of the people was to take place on the basis of occupation. As such, various sects came up like teaching and preaching (Brahmins), kingship and war (Kshatriya), and business (Vaish).

Soon, however, the system became an instrument of dividing the society on the basis of caste. Furthermore, this led to the creation of various walls between the different sections of society. After independence, the main objective of the reservation policy was to uplift the untouchables who had to suffer maximum marginalization.

Today, the division of the Indian society has taken place into Hindu, Muslim, SC, ST, OBC etc. Furthermore, demands for newer reservation are also coming from Christians, Jats, Pandits, Tribals etc.

Unfortunately, there has been the failure of the policy to achieve its aim to uplift the marginalised classes. Rather, the reservation policy has become a political tool in the hands of politicians.

The 93^rd Amendment stirred the anger of the youth, in general, all over the country. Furthermore, protests took place from various sections of society. Moreover, the reason for the anger of the youth was that the development of one section of the society cannot take place at the cost of the other section.

Overall, it can be said that while the intention behind reservation cannot be blamed, it is the faulty implementation that has been the main problem.

 

Men are also human beings and honestly speaking some men out there know how to respect a woman for being a woman.

These are the ones who define the term ‘gentleman’.

I too have male friends who are always there to help me, to guide me, to protect me, who will never ever even think of taking advantage of a girl sexually.

Therefore blame the person and not the GENDER.

Yes I myself have heard about the Facebook stories and had conversations with my female friends. It was clear that men feel empowered to whistle, make unsolicited comments, stalk, grope and more.

But why blame every man out there and not the exact person responsible for this?

Why are Indian women denied the freedom of walking on the streets of their own city fearlessly – broad daylight or not! Can they not use their own judgment of appropriate dressing when stepping out of the house – not one stipulated by our narrow minded society?

There are definitely men out there who are also against all this injustice towards their mother, wife, sister or any other female. They know how to stand for them and speak for them.

These men know how to take care of their wife while she is doing a job and handling all the household at the same time. They will help her while she is working alone in the kitchen.

They will understand her menstrual cramps, buy her a chocolate, pamper her. They also know how to take care of their son or daughter as a loving dad.

So let’s take positive steps towards this and respect a MAN. Everyone deserves to be treated right.

 

Profession is not only about salaries Or what amount of money we invest in it.  Yes the other professions are equally important.

But if you ask me, the best profession is that of a mother. It is a job which is extremely challenging and difficult to learn and master.

Although often this job is underrated and overlooked.

A mother is someone who binds all the corners of the house and it’s people. Mothers are entrusted, and are almost totally responsible for the health, care, training, morals, security, emotional strengths, attitudes, social understanding discipline, and success of their children.

Mothers are required to possess the knowledge, practice the skills, and perform the duties of so many different life functions. They are so many in number that it is impossible to even list them.

According to me, there is no school or college that trains you to become a successful mother. Other professions like attorneys, medical doctors, and dentists, must attend anywhere from six-to-ten years of additional education after high school to be qualified to begin their profession.

Mothers are far more qualified and far more valuable producers than they, or the business world realizes. Therefore every mother of this world should receive the love that she deserves. They should be highly respected and cared.

Honestly speaking, my world revolves around my mother.