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Rights of Pawnee and Pawnor

The bailment of goods as a security for payment of a debt or performance of promise is called ‘pledge’. The person with whom the goods are pledged is known as ‘Pawnee’ or Pledgee’. The person pledging the goods is known as ‘Pawnor’.

The rights of the pledgee or pawnee are mentioned in Section 173 to 176 of the Indian Contract Act,1872.

Rights of Pawnee

  1. Right to retain the goods pledged (Section 173 and 174): According to Sec. 173, the right of a pawnee to retain the goods pledged shall not be only for payment of the debt or the performance of the promise, but he can also exercise this right for interest on the debt and all necessary expenses incurred by him in respect of the possession or for the preservation of the goods pledged. According to Section 174, a pawnee can retain the goods pledged only as a security for that debt or promise for which they are pledged, but there is a presumption that if there are subsequent advances, they are also the part of the original debt and the pawnee may retain the goods and to recover subsequent advamces also. This is merely a presumption which could be rebutted by contract to the contrary. The pawnee is bound to redeliver the goods after he gets what is due to him.
  2. Right to recover extraordinary expenses incurred by pawnee (Section 175) : According to section 175, the pawnee is entitled to receive extraordinary expenses incurred by him for the preservation of the goods pledged from the pawnor.
  3. Right of suit to recover debt etc., and sale of the pledged goods (Section 176) : Section 176 confers right on the pawnee, including right of selling the pledged goods if the pawnor makes a default in payment of debt or performance of promise at the stipulated time. This section confers following rights on pawnee on the pawnor’s default in fulfilling promise:-. a) he may bring a suit against the pawnor upon the debt or promise and retain the goods pledged as collateral security. b) he may sell the good pledged on giving reasonable notice of the sale to the pawnor.

Right of Pawnor

Right of Pawnor to Redeem (Section 177): The pawnor has right to redeem the goods pledged, i.e., take back the goods from pawnee on payment of the agreed debt or performance of the promise in accordance with the agreement. He can exercise the right to redeem before the pawnee has made an actual sale of the goods.

Legal Heir’s Right to Redeem: In case of death of a pawnor, the pledge made by him can be redeemed by his legal heirs on meeting the liabilities concerning the pledge.

Doctrine of Notice

INTRODUCTION

The concept of Notice for the purpose of The Transfer of Property is given under Section 3 of Transfer of Property Act, 1882 (TPA). Notice means to have knowledge of something i.e. to know something. In law, it means knowledge of a fact. It is used to decide on conflicting claims of two parties. In law, the Notice or Knowledge of a fact affects one’s legal rights and liabilities.

Under Section 3 of TPA Notice can be; “Actual or express Notice” or “Constructive Notice”, or it may be imputed to the transferee when information of the fact has been obtained by his Agent.

Constructive notice

It is based on the law of presumption or it is presumed that in certain circumstances that the person knows the fact. He cannot afterwards say against it. This type of notice can be divided into five.

  1. Notice imputed by wilful abstention from enquiry
  2. Notice from gross negligence
  3. Notice by registration
  4. Notice by possession
  5. Notice by agent

Actual notice.- Actual notice, to constitute a binding force, must be definite information given by a person interested in the thing in respect of which the notice is issued, as it is settled rule that a person is not bound to attend to vague rumours or statements by mere strangers, and that a notice to be binding must proceed from some person interested in the thing. A mere casual conversation in which knowledge of a certain thing is imparted, is not notice of it, unless the mind of a person has, in some way been brought to an intelligent apprehension of the nature of the thing, so that a reasonable man or any normal man of business would act upon the information, and would regulate his conduct accordingly. In other words, the party imputing notice must show that the other party had knowledge which would operate upon the mind of any rational man, or man of business, and make him act with reference to the knowledge he has so acquired. A vague or general report or the mere existence of suspicious circumstances is not in itself notice of the matter to which it relates. A general claim is not sufficient to affect a purchaser with notice of a deed of which he does not appear to have knowledge. If a person knows that another has or claims an interest in property for which he is negotiating he is bound to inquire what his interest is, and if he omits to do so, he will be bound, although the notice was inaccurate as to the particulars to the extent of such interest.

The notice must be given in the same transaction. A person is not bound by notice given in a previous transaction which he may have forgotten. Notice to a purchaser by his title papers in one transaction will not be notice to him in an independent subsequent transaction in which the instruments containing recitals are not necessary to his title, but he is charged constructively with notice merely of that which affects the purchase of the property in the chain of title of which the payer forms the necessary link.

Constructive notice.- Constructive notice is the knowledge which the Courts impute to a party upon a presumption so strong that it cannot be allowed to be rebutted, that knowledge must have been communicated. “The doctrine of constructive notice” said Lord Brougham in Kennedy v. Green, depends upon two considerations first that certain things existing in relation or the conduct of parties, or in the case between them, begets a presumption so strong of actual knowledge that the law holds the knowledge to exist because it is highly improbable it should not, and next, that policy and safety of the public forbids a person to deny knowledge while he is so dealing as to keep himself ignorant or so as that he may keep himself ignorant, and yet all the while let his agent know, and himself perhaps, profit by that knowledge. The broad principle underlying the doctrine of constructive notice is that a person who is bound to make an inquiry and fails to do it should be held to have notice of all facts which would have come to his knowledge had he made the inquiry. Where, on the other hand, a person is not bound to make an inquiry he cannot be charged with constructive notice of the facts that might havebeen ascertained on such inquiry. Again, where a fact, of which a person has notice, would not put him on inquiry as to the matters in question, it cannot be constructive notice of such matter.

Classes of constructive notice

(1) Wilful abstention from search which one ought to make.
(2) Gross negligence.
(3) Registration as a notice.
(4) Possession as notice.
(5) Notice to agent
(5.1)Notice should have been received in his capacity as agent.
(5.2)Notice must have been given in the course of agency business.
(5.3)Notice must be of a fact which is material to the Agency Business.
(5.4)Fraud by an agent.

Conclusion

Thus it can be said that Constructive notice is a manifestation of the rule of Caveat Emptor. This is because according to Constructive notice, a person ought to have known a fact as if he actually does know it. It presupposed that in property translation a transferee ought to ascertain and verify certain facts for safeguarding his own interest. Thus he must be aware of the nature of the transaction. These facts may relate to property or the transferor, like whether the property is free of any charge or encumbrances or whether the transferor is competent to transfer the property or not.

If the property is encumbered, then the exact nature of the encumbrance ought to be ascertained by the transferee. Law puts it as the duty of the transferee, as a reasonably prudent person to be reasonably vigilant and diligent to ascertain the facts, inspect the documents relating to property in possession of the transferor, inspecting concerned persons, even with relevant statutory authorities, if required. Failure to do this would result in the imposition of Constructive notice.

Internet and Mobile Association of India v. Reserve Bank of India

Statement of Facts

  1. On 5th April,2018 Reserve Bank of India issued a press release raising the concern about the consumer protection from trade of virtual currencies. They were of the view that trading in virtual currency also referred as crypto currency are prone to hacking and therefore would lead to money laundering, terrorist activities, etc. In this view RBI asked the banks to not to deal with the transactions related to the trading of virtual currency.
  2. The services which RBI directed the bank not to deal with were – maintaining the accounts, registering, trading, settling, clearing, giving loans against virtual currencies, accepting virtual currency as collateral, opening accounts of exchanges dealing with them and transfer of sale/purchase of virtual currencies.
  3. The matter was challenged by Internet and Mobile Association of India. The Supreme Court of India allowed the petition on the ground of proportionality. Earlier in 2013 the Reserve Bank of India do issued a public caution to the traders and holders of virtual currency in context with the legal and security related risks associated with it.

Issues Raised

  1. Whether the Reserve Bank of India had the jurisdiction to disallow the trade of virtual currency?
  2. Whether the Respondent had the powers to regulate virtual currency as they were not equivalent to money or legal tender?
  3. Whether the circular which was issued by the RBI was proportional?

Critical Analysis of the Case

A step in the right direction was taken by the Supreme Court of India, in the judgment of Internet and Mobile Association v. RBI. The court quashed the circular of the RBI that directed financial agencies to disocciate themselves from entities involved in virtual trading or transactions relating to VC’s. Some of the concerns that led to the issuance of circular include the anonymity of the transactions and the protection of investors when dealing in cryptocurrency. The major apprehension of the RBI was the inherent difficulty in tracking the source of money which has led to an increase in the number of cryptocurrency scams in the country. Still a very volatile technology, we have not had enough discussion around its shortcomings, leading to an adverse preference of this technology in the monetary circuit.

The Petitioner relied on the case of MS Gill v. Chief Election Commissioner, which led that there was an express prohibition of any authority to do anything which may improve its case. The contention of the petitioners rested on the premise that denial of banking services to those activities of trade recognized by law, would be extremely disproportionate, leading to the violation of extremely disproportionate, leading to a violation of Article 19(1)(g) of the Constitution. Therefore, an understanding of whether there was an infringement of this constitutional right was necessary and to this end, the court relied on the case of Md. Yasin v. Town Area Committee, which makes it amply clear that the right under article 19(1)(g) would be affecyted “In effect and in substance” when there is a complete stoppage of a particular business activity, owing to a certain measure that was undertaken. In Keshavlal Khemchand and Sons Pvt. Ltd. v. Union of India, the court pointed out that “Reserve Bank of India is an expert body to which the responsibility of monitoring the economic system of the contry is entrusted, under various enactments like the RBI Act, 1934, the Banking Regulation Act, 1949.”

The judgement of the court has started an effective discussion on lines that were never traversed before, and while that is indeed commendable, we need to look ahead and anticipate the potential risks on the economy. With that in mind, VC’s promise a more feasible future, especially in this era where people are connected through technology in ways previously unimaginable. Various stakeholders have posted many suggestions, particularly with regarding to creating a model that can monitor and regulate crypto currency, without bringing a blanket ban of the same, which ought to be considered by the government in the light of pending bill. What we need to do is find a balance and not discourage startups from adopting this technology, and if this is ignored, India could be handicapped from exploring opportunities that crypto currencies have to offer. Instead of shying away from addressing these concerns, we need to be proactive and have a structured policy in pace to assuage any potential concerns in the future.

Anatula Sudhakar v. P. Buchi Reddy

Statement of Facts

This appeal for special leave is by the defendant in a suit for permanent injuction. Puli Chandra Reddy and Puli Buchi Reddy were the plaintiffs in the said suit. Both the plaintiffs claimed to be the respective owners in possession of the said two sites having purchased them under two registered sale deeds dated 9.12.1968 from Rukminibai. When they were digging trenches in order to commence construction, the defendant interfered with said work. The plaintiffs filed a suit for permanent injuction to restrain the defendant from interfering with their possession. Defendant resisted the suit claiming that suit property measuring 300sq. yards in premises No. 13/776 was purchased by him from K.V. Damodar Rao, brother of Rukminibai. He had also obtained a loan for such construction from the Central Government by mortgaging the said property. According to him, when he commenced construction in the said property, the plaintiffs tried to interfere with his possession and filed a false suit claiming to be in possession.

Issues Raised

  1. Whether the plaintiffs are in exclusive possession of the suit sites?
  2. Whether the defendant has interfered with the possession of the plaintiffs over the split plots?
  3. Whether the plaintiffs are entitled to permanent injunction? And to what relief?

Critical Analysis

A step in the right direction was taken by the High Court in its judgement of Anatula Sudhakar V. P. Buchi Reddy. The High Court by its judgement dated 18.1.1991 allowed the second appeal and restored the judgement and decree of the Irial Court and consequently held that plaintiffs had established their title in regard to the two vacant sites purchased by them and drew an inference that possession was presumed to be with them by applying the principle of possession follows title. The HC also held that it was not necessary to plaintiffs to sue for declaration of title, as the question of title could be examined incidental to the question of possession.

There was some confusion as to what circumstances the question of title will be directly and subsequently in issue in the suit for injunction simpliciter. In Vanagri Sri Selliamam Ayyanar Uthirasomasundareswarar Temple V. Rajanga Asari AIR 1965, Madras High Court considered an appeal arising from a suit for possession and injunction. The defendant contended that the plaintiff had filed an earlier suit for injunction which was dismissed, and therefore the plaintiff was precluded from agitating the issue of the title in the subsequent title suit, being barred by the principal of res judicata. It was held that the earlier suit was only for injunction and the averments in the plaint did not give rise to any question necessitating denial of plaintiffs title by the defendant, and as the earliest suit was only concerned only with possessory right and not title, the subsequent suit was not barred. There are several decisions taking similar view that in a suit for injunction, the question of title does not arise or would arise only incidentaly or collateraly, and therefore a subsequent suit for declaration oof title would not be barred. The judgement by the High Court has stated an effective decision and restoring the decree of the trial court in favour of the plaintiffs that the plaintiffs and their witnesses gave evidence to the effect that Damodar Rao represented that his sister Rukminibai was the owner of the plot and negotiated for the sale of the several portions thereof in favour of the plaintiffs. Further, where title of plaintiffs is disputed and claims for possession is purely based on tiltle, and the plaintiffs have to rely on various principles of law relating to ostensible ownership and section 41 of TPA, validity of an oral gift by way of ‘Pasupu Kumkumam’ under Hindu Law, estoppel and acquiescene, to put forth a case of title, such complicated questions could properly be examined only in a title suit, that is a suit for declaration and consequential reliefs and in a suit for an injunction simppliciter.

Globalisation

Introduction

Globalisation is the process of international integration arising from the interchange of world views, products, ideas and other aspects of life. The vital element of globalisation is ‘worldwide interconnectedness’ that is created and sustained as a consequence of these constant flows. Globalisation is a multi-dimensional concept. It has political, economic and cultural manifestations and these must be adequately distinguished. The impact of globalisation is vastly uneven- it affects some societies more than others and some parts of some societies more than others and it is important to avoid drawing general conclusions about the impact of globalisation without paying sufficient attention to specific contexts.

Causes of Globalisation

  • There are many causes of it but technology affects it more than anything else. Invention of printing, integrated chip(IC), telephone, internet has revolutionized communication between people in different parts of the world.
  • Due to faster communication and transportation, ideas, commodities, capital move more easily to any part of the globe than ever. As people got the technology of better communication and transportation they recognise these mediums to connect rest of the world.
  • The Ebola virus is not confined to only African continent but it affects other nations too.
  • It has mainly 3 types of consequences:-
    1. Political : Globalisation results in discomfort in functionality and working of government. The increased role of MNC all over the world leads to reduction in the capacity of govt. to take decisions on their own. But at the same time globalisation does not always reduce state capacity. The importance of state continues to be unchallenged basis of political community. Indeed in some manner state capacity has recieved a boost as a consequence of globalisation. Due to advancement in technology available in state, it can collect information about its citizens. With this information, the state is better governed. State becomes powerful than earlier due to emergence of new technology.
    2. Economic : The economic globalisation involves greater economic flows or exchange of commodities among different countries of the world. The mention of economic globalisation draws our attention to the role of international institutions like IMF and WTO in determining economic policies across world. The restrictions imposed by different countries on capital across countries and allowing imports of other countries have been reduced. Capital across countries means that investors in prosperous countries can invest in other countries including developing countries where they might get good returns. There is less movement of people across the globe because developed countries have carefully guarded their borders with visa policies to ensure that citizens of other countries cannot take away the jobs of their own citizens.
    3. Cultural : It refers to impact of globalisation in what we eat, wear, drink, watch and think. The cultural effect of globalisation poses a threat to different cultures in the world other than western culture. There is a cultural homegenisation which means rise of uniform culture, as we notice the popularity of American things like McDonald’s, Pizza, KFC, GOOGLE, blue jeans and hollywood movies has spreaded across the globe. This is dangerous not only for the poor countries but for the whole of humanity because it leads to the shrinkage or extinction of the rich cultural heritage of the entire globe. But cultural consequences of globalisation is not always negative as sometimes external culture influences simply enlarge our choices and sometimes they modify our culture without overwhelming the tradition. The Maggi is no substitute for noodles, therefore, does not pose any real challenge. Globalisation leads to each culture becoming more distinctive and different. This phenomenon is called Cultural Hetergenisation. Those who are concerned about social justice are worried about the extent of state withdrawal caused by process of economic globalisation. They point out that it is likely to benefit only a small section of population while impovershing those who were dependent on govt. for jobs and welfare. They have emphasised the need to ensure institutional safeguards to minimise the negative effects of globalisation on those who are economically weak. Many movements all over the world feel that safety nets are insufficient or unworkable. They have called for a stopping to forced economic globalisation, for its results would lead to economic ruin for the weaker countries, especially for the poor within these countries. Some economists have described economic globalisation as re-colonisation of the world. Advocates of economic globalisation argue that it generates greater economic growth and well-being for larger sections of population when there is de-regulation. Greater trade among countries allows each economy to do what it does best. This would benefit the whole world. They also argue that economic globalisation is inevitable.

India and Globalisation

From the colonial period, India became an exporter of primary goods and raw materials and a consumer of finished goods. After independence, because of the experience with British, we decided to make things ourselves rather than depending on others. We also decided not to allow others to export to us so that our own producers could learn to make things. This step generated its own problem. India had a fairly sluggish rate of economic growth (due to ignoring other sectors such as health, housing, etc.). In 1991, responding to a financial crisis and to the desire for higher rates of economic growth, India began programme of economic reforms that opened doors for trade and FDI.

India and Resistance to Globalisation

Resistance to globalisation in India has come from political parties as well as through forums like the Indian Social Forum. Trade Unions of industrial workforce as well as those representing farmers interests have organised protests against the entry of multinationals. The patenting of certain plants like Neem by American and European firms has also generated considerable opposition.

Tata Consultancy Services(TCS)

Tata Consultancy Services (TCS) is an Indian multinational information technology (IT) services and consulting company. It’s main headquartered is located in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India and largest TCS campus located in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. TCS is the second largest Indian company by market capitalisation. TCS was ranked 64th overall in the Forbes World’s Most Innovative Companies ranking, making it both the highest-ranked IT services company and the top Indian company. TCS  has also became the first Indian IT company to reach $100 billion in market capitalisation.

Tata Consultancy Services Limited, initially started as “Tata Computer Systems” and was founded in 1968 by Tata Sons Limited. It was initially started as taking contracts which included punched card services to sister company TISCO (now Tata Steel), working on an Inter-Branch Reconciliation System for the Central Bank of India, and providing bureau services to Unit Trust of India. TCS established India’s first dedicated software research and development centre, the Tata Research Development and Design Centre (TRDDC) in Pune. In 1981, it established India’s first client-dedicated offshore development centre, set up for clients Tandem. TCS later (1993) partnered with Canada-based software factory Integrity Software Corp, which TCS later acquired. In 2006, it designed an ERP system for the Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation. TCS received the 2019 American Business Awards from Four Stevies.

TCS and its 67 subsidiaries provides a wide range of information technology-related products and services including application development, business process outsourcing, capacity planning, consulting, enterprise software, hardware sizing, payment processing, software management, and technology education services. The firm’s also established software products which include TCS BaNCS and TCS MasterCraft.

TCS’ services are currently organized into the following service lines (percentage of total TCS revenues generated by each respective service line is shown below ): 2012-13 financial year data-

Application development and maintenance (43.80%) value

Asset leverage solutions (2.70%)

Assurance services (7.70%)

Business process outsourcing (12.50%)

Consulting (2.00%)

Engineering and Industrial services (4.60%)

Enterprise solution (15.21%)

IT infrastructure services (11.50%)

Cognitive Business Operations

Cloud Infrastructure

Automation and AI

Tata Consultancy Services has 285 offices across 46 countries and 147 delivery centers in 21 countries.

Tata Consultancy Services(TCS) is also located in-

India: Ahmedabad, Bengaluru, Baroda, Bhubaneswar, Chennai, Coimbatore, Delhi, Gandhinagar, Goa, Gurugram, Guwahati, Hyderabad, Bhopal, Indore, Jamshedpur, Kochi, Kolkata, Lucknow, Mumbai, Nagpur, Noida, Nashik, Patna,[88][89] Pune, Thiruvananthapuram, and Varanasi.

Asia (excluding India): Bahrain, China, Israel, UAE, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, the Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, and Qatar.

Oceania: Australia.

Africa: South Africa, Morocco.

Europe: Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Iceland, Republic of Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom.

North America: Canada, Mexico, and the United States.

South America: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Uruguay.

TCS is one of the largest private-sector employers in India, and the fourth-largest employer among listed Indian companies (after Indian Railways, Indian Army, and India Post). TCS has crossed more than 500,000 employees as of 8 July 2021.

Friendship – The unbreakable bond!!!

TRUST, LOVE, LOYALTY. Friendship is the only bond that suits these three words. In love, if there is love and faith, there is no loyalty at all. In family, if there is trust and love, there is no loyalty. But friendship has these three trust, love and faith. All people in this world will definitely have a true friend who care for you all the time. When I told you this, who is the one that strikes on your mind? The one that strike on your mind will be your soulmate forever. This is my trust. Just try this. Let me come to the point. Why we value friendship more than our family? Have you ever thought about it? Okay. Come on! Let me tell you about the non-sinking ship that is friendship.

When you first went to school, you would have cried when your mom/dad left you there. After getting some friends there, you would have definitely not cried. Yes, the bond that makes feel secure and happy beyond parents must be your friends. When you grow up with your friends, you will feel them as your own brother or sister. This gives you a feel to do anything for them. In your 12 years of school life, you might have faced many situations like punishments etc., right? School, where we learned all goo deeds with our friends. There must definitely be some naughtyness. Getting punishments together, picking on your friends as much as you can, irritating them etc. This childhood friendship has given us something, that is possessiveness, ego, love, care. These are the emergence of our own friendship. We always have a thought, my friend must talk to me and should not talk to others. Those possessive bonds are unbreakable.

14 Reasons Why School Friends Are Friends For Life

In your college life, at first, you might have some hesitation to talk to your friends and it will start very formally and after the bond get stronger, these won’t be formal talks even if you imagine it. The life’s adventures can be known with your friends in your college life. These school and college friendship can never be forgotten. It doesn’t matter what the gender is but what matters is friendship!! Friendship has no language, gender, caste etc., It’s just the sink of two hearts. There have always been the cute and lovely friendship between a boy and a girl. Some thought its wrong; what’s wrong with that? They are friends; they know their limits right? So, let’s stop being opposive on friendship between a boy and girl.

How to teach ... making friends | Teacher Network | The Guardian

As everyone know, tomorrow is International Friendship Day. Rather than texting your long distance friends just make it lively. Just do a video call or a normal call. This makes them feel happy for you. And they will know how strong your friendship is!!

HAPPY FRIENDSHIP DAY!!

When is Friendship Day 2021, International Friendship Day Date

Poverty – The massive trap

  • Almost half the world- over 3 billion people live on less than $2.5 a day
  • More than 80 % of humanity lives on less than $10 a day.
  • Around 27-28 percent of all children in developing countries are estimated to be underweight.
  • According to UNICEF 22000 children die each day due to poverty.
  • Infectious diseases continue to blight the lives of the poor across the world.

and we can pile up many such pathetic situations faced by the folks all over the world by getting trapped in poverty. Poverty is a state in which a person or a community  lacks the financial resources( like the income level of people will be very low to meet the daily human needs) and essentials to lead a minimum standard of living. What could be more disadvantaging of a factor than ruining people’s life ? This also contributes as a loophole in the Indian economy. Development of a country has a lot to deal with the effect of poverty. It is interrelated to many problems of underdevelopment. Both the rural and the urban communities tend to face this issue but they can be different. In rural areas people may not have much access to education, health and many such factors but people are exposed to a healthier and natural environment whereas in urban places people are provided with adequate education and health but many of the problems caused by poverty are made worse by things like overcrowding, rising expenses, pollution, unhygienic conditions etc. There may be some serious economic decline due to poverty. Reduces productivity and economic output by about 1.3 % of GDP. Raises the costs of crime by 1.3% of GDP. Raises health expenditures and reduces the value of health by 1.2 %. This can also make the developing countries to hang back from emerging into a developed country.

Impact of poverty in the environment

In addition to the effects on economic development of a country, Poverty also has an adverse impact on the environment leading to pollution, such a lifestyle leads to unnecessary depletion of resources. It encompasses a combination of factors. The first reason is people hit by poverty create an unhealthy lifestyle around them because most of the houses of such people are located in the slum areas. The houses would be devoid of a proper drainage system and sewage disposal, lack of sanitation and would let all the effluents and filthy water on the road. Such waters would be flowing rapidly in between houses, which to a drastic level will pollute the environment.

Every house may not hold the service of individual toilets and there would be a common one among them, and that would increase the risks of infectious diseases because there would be lack of proper maintenance. People over there use flex banners for house roofing and have them as a sleeping mat but the fact is flex banners are made of poly vinyl chloride( they are made of plastics which do not degrade biologically and it causes a serious threat to the environment as it is not bio degradable. It may have serious effects on the health and can even cause cancer and infertility problems. There are high chances of polluting the water resources due to lack of knowledge and poor water management. Humans who are lesser educated live shorter lives than who are educated more, such intangible gaps are a huge loss for people and the country.

What could be the promising measures to alleviate poverty?

  • Many people are pushed into such a state due to the lack of employment and education opportunities so it would be an important measure to generate such opportunities for the poor and to raise their productivity is the speedy development of infrastructure.
  • Further for the mitigation of poverty growth of non farm employment in the rural areas holds a special importance. Non farm employment is created in marketing, transportation, handicrafts, dairying and forestry, food processing and other agricultural products.
  • Educating a girl child is very prominent for the society. Educated girls can grow into skilled workers and get well paying jobs. Working women can earn and support the families and lead to sustainable development.
  • The public distribution system should be strengthened to remove poverty. Poor section should get food grains at subsidized rates and in adequate quantity.
  • Even a common man are not able to afford things these days due to the constant escalation of prices and just imagine the plight of the impoverished. Stability in prices helps to remove poverty. If the prices increases constantly the poor becomes poorer. So the Government should render the best to keep the prices under control.
  • Development in agriculture can aid the eradication of poverty. Rapid rate of growth of agriculture production will help to remove urban as well as rural poverty. Agriculture should be mechanized and modernized.

IS BEING AN INTROVERT AWFUL ?

Above all else, let me clear out that one ought not get befuddled between the words “introvert” and “being shy”. An outgoing/ extrovert person can likewise feel timid here and there and that doesn’t imply that he/she is an introvert. An Introvert is a tranquil individual that doesn’t prefer to talk definitely and likes to remain quiet about their contemplations for the most part. They are somewhat individual that returns home just to unwind and have the opportunity to think. However, that doesn’t imply that a friendly individual can’t be a contemplative/introvert person. Similarly as they partake in the calm opportunity to get themselves, they’re probably a contemplative person somewhat. Being a contemplative person is regularly viewed as frail. They aren’t exactly on par with the social butterflies, who simply appear to float through life.

OPINION: Introverts still make great leaders – The Lancer Feed

However, that is false, there isn’t anything amiss with being a introvert. The primary issue is with society, which doesn’t see it similarly. Society has instructed us that being an introvert or thoughtful person is the most exceedingly terrible thing you can be and that everybody should need to be outgoing.

The Perks Of Being An Introvert | Writers Write

They are informed that being active is acceptable and being modest and calm is terrible. They are advised in schools to lift hands, take an interest in a class or we lose marks. For introverts, those are a portion of the exceptionally hard principles to accomplish. Insights say that half of Indian populace is comprised of introverts. So society is saying that 675 Million individuals need to change what their identity is to be acknowledged, to be effective and to be content. I’m additionally told this thing since youth that I should change myself and become a outgoing individual. Indeed, presently likewise my companions, educators and direct relations bother me as a bashful individual and they request that I go along with them in their discussion which I don’t need. Furthermore, some of the time it’s truly irritating.

How to Know If and Why You're an Extreme Introvert | SocialPro

Continuously recollect inside this enormous gathering of self observers are individuals like Emma Watson, Michael Jordan, Albert Einstein, Elton John, Audrey Hepburn thus a lot additional moving individuals. Being an Introvert has not prevented any of them from accomplishing their objectives or being cheerful. Pioneers like Abraham Lincoln, Rosa Parks and Mahatma Gandhi. Every inconceivable pioneer and all are introverts. Being a thoughtful/introvert person has no impact on how glad you or fruitful you will be the length of you see it in the correct manner. In the event that you consider yourself to be a thoughtful person and think its the most exceedingly awful thing on the planet, you are never going to be really content with yourself. In any case, in the event that you acknowledge yourself as a introvert and you’re cheerful, there isn’t anything in your method of you accomplishing your objectives.

Introverted Leadership
INTROVERT LEADERS

So in conclusion there is noting wrong in being an introvert. I am an introvert myself and I don’t feel like to change myself for the society and so should you. As long as you are happy others opinion doesn’t matter.

Also, in case you are an extrovert and you see an individual sitting at the side of your working environment simply contemplate what incredible thoughts he/she is coming up with.

In a World of Extroverts, What Does it Mean to Be an Introvert at School

RESOURCES:

https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/readersblog/wakeup-india/is-being-an-introvert-bad-23079/

Water and No Water: Wastage, Shortage and mismanagement.

Mumbai is facing a shortage of water with a third of its residents not having drinking water as per a recent report. This comes in heels with the news of massive water-logging across the city and flood-like situations. This is reminiscent of the Chennai Water Crisis in 2019 when a flood had hit the city in 2018 and in May 2019, the city declared a zero-water day – no water left in any of its reservoirs. As per statistics, in the coastal city with a medium size river flowing right through it (the famed Anna University is actually partially built on lands claimed from the river), 60% of its population relies on bottled water for drinking all year long. Was this always the case? History suggests no. But it has been so for about a decade now. This is not very shocking given that Mawsynram, the place with the highest recorded average rainfall on the planet also faces water shortage during summers!!!

Maharashtra received 17 per cent excess rainfall since June: IMD | India News,The Indian Express
A lot of rain, and yet no water to drink

Yemen – the poorest of Arab nations and a region marred by civil war and international interference for more than a decade now might also have the root of its civil war as water shortage. Let us understand that the Yemeni factions are the Houthis, the republicans – with both basically supporting their tribal interests – and a swinging group of Saudi-led forces. Records suggest that there existed blood feud between villages just because a village constructed a well very close to that of the other village. As per data, Yemen has the least water availability per capita on the planet, even inviting statements like – if water were to get exhausted on Earth, this process would begin in Yemen. This is odd, given the fact that Dubai is a sprawling metropolis situated in the same Saudi desert.

War and pieces: Political divides in southern Yemen – European Council on Foreign Relations
Yemen is the most water depreciated nation on the planet.

The situation is actually grim in many more places – Northern India – a land abundant with rivers and lakes – most of them, technically all of them polluted beyond potability. Go to Africa and the nations with rainforests and rivers are dry.

What is the cause then? We often hear of climate change. A reader would agree about the reality of climate change but would certainly not let go of the sheer amount of mismanagement involved in the handling of water resources. Governments all over the world have tried in their own way to clean water bodies – the money ending up in their coffers owing to balant corruption. In India, for instance, the Save Ganges Movement or ‘Ganga bachao abhiyaan’ in the vernacular has been a project spanning over three decades and costing lakhs of crores – the best part – to no result. NGOs and villagers have often revived water bodies across the planet showing the importance of public participation in government or local initiatives. But, the people aren’t really very concerned about this issue it seems. It might find itself in discussions during summers or in newspapers – but people refuse to consider it as a problem as grim as climate change. No one can imagine the change Chennai saw with themselves.

Forget the results(no matter how good or bad)- Class 12

Photo by MART PRODUCTION on Pexels.com

Today, CBSE, The central board of secondary education, has released the class 12th board exam results. According to the statistics available on the internet, we have achieved an overall pass percentage of 99.37 %. That’s an incredible high score, one we aren’t going to break for years, or dare I say, decades to come. And, so unlike many of your relatives or friends or neighbours or acquaintances, I won’t ask your result but I do offer my congratulations.

The CBSE did not conduct the exam this year. And so, though many of you might argue, and rightly so, this grading system wasn’t exactly fair- to those who worked hard throughout the year and didn’t get what they were capable of and to those who didn’t work at all but manage a very decent score, to those who had no access to digital media and to those who had every gadget at their disposal, to those who gave exams last year and to those who will give theirs next.

From the toppers to those who barely made it past the line, everyone do seem to have one thing one mind though. It could have been better. But now that it isn’t, I wish to ask what would have happened with that better result. For a day or two your parents would have been happy, treated you with gifts, but then the third day you would have done something to piss them off and things would have returned to normal. Your neighbours might have praised you in the beginning, but then hey would have found some other thing to bitch about you. Your friends would have been happy or jealous depending on what kind you have but then you would have went to separate colleges and those friends would have been long forgotten. In that new college, though, no one would have given a damn about your result. And this is how the desired ‘better’ result would have made no difference in your result, whatsoever.

Now, many of you might say that a better result means a better college, better career prospects. To all those I would say that it might give you a better kickstart but it certainly cannot dictate your future. Also, it isn’t the only way to kickstart your career . We are Gen-Z. We need not always need support. If you have talent, then I am sure by now you know that you can showcase it to a very large audience, a better one in many cases if you just go on the internet. From the top bollywood musicians to national as well as international public, your music travel oceans and producers. We have all heard ‘Anuv Jain’ or ‘When chai met toast’ or seen ‘Bhuvan Bam’, ‘Tanmay Bhatt’ or ‘Zakir Khan’. Love to cook? Ever heard of ‘Kavita’s Kitchen’. Love to dance? Go see ‘Naach’. We live in the era of talent. Talent and the courage to give it a go and to keep going is all you need. From google to amazon, the top recruiters visit your Github or codechef profile. Participating in international hackathons is just a click away. So, it isn’t as if just an exam hinders our career prospects.

And, at last, this exam was just that- an exam. If you disappointed yourself or your family or your teachers or anyone anywhere, do not worry my friend for you have lived atleast 16 years of your life and you have so many more to live. You have already disappointed them more times than you could count and you will disappoint them in the future, for I don’t know- a million more times, until that one day when you won’t.

Oh! and if you didn’t this time then kindly skip the first two lines of the previous paragraph and read again. It is an infinite loop, you end up disappointing someone with almost every activity (including yourself) until the day when you don’t and then you again do. And the loop repeats. So, why worry instead of preparing for the moment that is somewhere along the path you are currently traversing? That one moment of pride holds the burden of making up for all the disappointments you met along the way and holds the strength for all those you will meet in the future. So why not reduce the load?

Tiger conservation: Strides and hurdles

On International Tiger Day( July 29), Prime Minister Narendra Modi reaffirmed that the government is committed to ensuring safe habitats for tigers and nurturing tiger- friendly ecosystems in India, home to over 70% of the world’s tiger population.

Photo by Waldemar Brandt on Pexels.com

The last tiger census (2018) pegged the big cat’s population at 2967, marking an increase of about 30% compared to the 2014 report ( 2226). In 2010, India had 1706 tigers, while in 2006 it was 1411. India’s tiger conservation journey started in 1973 with Project Tiger with nine reserves; today, it has 50 tiger reserves in 18 states.

The steady growth in the number of tigers and reserves happened because of state support; vigilance and conservation efforts by the forest department, especially its frontline staff; and the involvement of local communities that help secure forests and participate in ecotourism activities in many of the popular and revenue – generating tiger reserves.

While increased protection has encouraged tigers to breed, it has also led to migration from the safety of reserves. Once they leave the park, big cats encounter a different world.

The Management Effectiveness Evaluation of Tiger Reserves 2018 report shows that at least half of the 50 tiger reserves are facing threats from linear infrastructure ( roads, highways, and railway lines), fragmented forest corridors, poaching, pressure of human – wildlife conflict, mining, improper garbage disposal, and pollution.

About 20% of the reserves have unsustainable pressure from pilgrims visiting temples inside them.

India has made progress, but must remain acutely conscious of the need for the need for the tiger conservation.

Yoga- Benefits and its use to increase immunity against Covid.

If you thought that yoga was all about bending and twisting your body in odd shapes, it’s time to rethink. Yoga is much more. In very simple words, giving care to your body, mind and breath is yoga. Derived from the Sanskrit word ‘yuj’ which means ‘to unite or integrate’, yoga is a 5,000-year-old Indian body of knowledge. Yoga is all about harmonizing the body with the mind and breath through the means of various breathing exercises, yoga poses (asanas) and meditation.

  • Yoga improves strength, balance and flexibility.
  • Yoga helps with back pain relief.
  • Yoga can ease arthritis symptoms.
  • Yoga benefits heart health.
  • Yoga relaxes you, to help you sleep better.
  • Yoga can mean more energy and brighter moods.
  • Yoga helps you manage stress.

Yoga for Mental Health:

  1. Anjaneyasana

This pose is also known as “the high lunge”. Doing the crescent variation of this exercise is known to help improve your blood flow, calm your mind.

Steps:

  • While standing, lunge one leg forward.
  • Bend the front knee, make sure your knee is in line with your ankle, stretch your back leg.
  • Press your ankle flat against the ground on both ankles.
  • Raise your arms to the sky and connect your palms.
  • Breathe in deeply and breathe out in an even flow.
  • Repeat 5 times per leg.

2. Garudasana.

This pose is known commonly as the eagle pose. This pose requires you to breathe while holding your body in balance. It helps prevent anxiety attacks while improving your focus. Steps are as follows:

  • Breathe in deep, shift the weight of your body onto one leg.
  • Slowly wrap one leg around the other.
  • Sink your hips and gently bend your knees.
  • Keep your ankle flat on the ground.
  • Keep your breathing even and slow.
  • Wrap one arm around the other at the elbows and wrists.

3. Natarajasana

Commonly referred to as “the dancer’s pose”, this asana is great for mood balancing. It can be beneficial for those who are fighting depression and anxiety.

How to Do It:

  • With both legs planted on the ground, bend one knee back; using your arm, grip the ankle.
  • Slowly keeping a steady posture, lean forward and lift your ankle towards the sky.
  • Extend your free hand in front of you.
  • Take 5 deep and even breaths.

Yoga to increase immunity against Covid:

1. Shishuasana:

  • Sit on your heels. Keeping your hips on the heels, bend forward, and lower your forehead to the floor.
  • Keep the arms alongside your body with hands on the floor, palms facing up. (If this is not comfortable, you can place one fist on top of another and rest your forehead on them.)
  • Gently press your chest on the thighs.
  • Hold.
  • Slowly come up to sit on the heels, uncurling vertebra by vertebra and relax.

Shishuasana is an excellent pose to decongest the chest and relax the mind.

2.Setu Bandhasana:

  • To begin, lie on your back.
  • Fold your knees and keep your feet hip distance apart on the floor, 10-12 inches from your pelvis, with knees and ankles in a straight line.
  • Keep your arms beside your body, palms facing down.
  • Inhaling, slowly lift your lower back, middle back and upper back off the floor; gently roll in the shoulders; touch the chest to the chin without bringing the chin down, supporting your weight with your shoulders, arms and feet. Feel your bottom firm up in this pose. Both the thighs are parallel to each other and to the floor.
  • If you wish, you could interlace the fingers and push the hands on the floor to lift the torso a little more up, or you could support your back with your palms.
  • Keep breathing easily.
  • Hold the posture for a minute or two and exhale as you gently release the pose.

Setu Bandhasana opens the heart and improves blood circulation, increasing energy in the body.

3.Dhanurasana:

  • Lie on your stomach with your feet hip-width apart and your arms by the side of your body.
  • Fold your knees and hold your ankles.
  • Breathing in, lift your chest off the ground and pull your legs up and back.
  • Look straight ahead with a smile on your face. Curve your lips to match the curve of your body!
  • Keep the pose stable while paying attention to your breath. Your body is now taut as a bow.
  • Continue to take long deep breaths as you relax in this pose. But don’t get carried away! Do not overdo the stretch.
  • After 15 -20 seconds, as you exhale, gently bring your legs and chest to the ground. Release the ankles and relax.
  •  

Yoga’s incorporation of meditation and breathing can help improve a person’s mental well-being. “Regular yoga practice creates mental clarity and calmness; increases body awareness; relieves chronic stress patterns; relaxes the mind; centers attention; and sharpens concentration.

ENGAGING CONTENT WRITING TIPS ON AFFILIATE MARKETING

People who are flourishing as an industrialist thinks of a way to grow their business. The best way is to look for an alternate income. An alternate income doesn’t mean starting a new business but, a way of finding customers and supporters.

The best way to earn money is affiliate marketing. If you don’t have an idea on affiliate marketing, have one now. With affiliate marketing, the customer buys the product, the company gets a new customer and the affiliate also gets a commission. Marketing products is an effective way to increase product sales.

So, the content you provide must be engaging that the readers can read and get clarified with their doubts. Here are some tips to write engaging content for affiliate marketing.

10 TIPS TO WRITE ENGAGING CONTENT FOR AFFILIATE MARKETING:

1. UNDERSTAND THE CONCEPT:

     Affiliate marketing is a marketing strategy that makes the product owner earn money by letting on third persons sell or promote their products. The third person is an affiliate. An affiliate promotes the products through blogs, articles, social media platforms, and other possible ways. An affiliate finds the product he likes, promoting it to others, and earns commission by selling it.

Here, this is the basic concept of affiliate marketing. Understanding the concept and using your own words to write the article. Understanding is the basic step in writing engaging content. Without understanding, you can’t write a reader-friendly article.

2. DO RESEARCH:

     For writing an article, you should do research and make notes of the key points you searched. Use advanced search options and avoid the sites with mistakes. The information you gather through research should be reliable.

     The quality of your content relies on the research make. You should do extensive research and follow the content path.

3. INVOLVE PUBLIC OPINION:

     One should know people’s feedback on a product and need to know what they feel about the product. Keep yourself in their shoes and note the pros and cons of a product. An affiliate should gain trust by making people satisfied with the product. By doing so, the people will feel the product you recommend will be trustworthy.

     A writer should include a public opinion on the product and write content based on those opinions. A reader should think the writer cleared all their doubts and queries about the product. The content you write should answer the questions which people search for.

4. ADD RELATED DATA:

     Adding data to content makes readers interested in your article and will read it. Add data and statistics related to the product. Data can be attracted more by people than a word or sentence. Data and statistics have a sight of attraction towards the people. Try to add data related to the product and make the content engaging and reader-friendly.

15 Best Affiliate Marketing Networks in India in 2021

5. USE SIMPLE KEYWORDS:

     Always remember  Search Engine Optimization (SEO) and keyword search play an important role in affiliate marketing. It is not enough just to publish your content on an affiliate website but should also increase web traffic.

You should know the basics of SEO and keyword search which help in increasing web traffic. One must know what keywords people would search for a related topic and use those keywords. Understand how the keyword you use intends the keyword search and analyze it.

For example, A person searches for “How to start a vlog” for content you want to create. A vlog means a video log or video blog where people post their short videos. What the person’s intent behind the search will induce the direction of your article. Whether the person wants to start an individual vlog? Or he wants to know the steps in the vlog? This will lead to a search accordingly.

One fine idea is to search for the keyword yourself in the search engine and get to know more about it. Use anchor phrases that are not wordy or spammy.

6. DRAFT QUALITY CONTENT:

     As we know, content marketing is one of the best ways to advertise a product. Write more simply so that people can understand your thoughts easily. The quality of the content lies in its originality. Try to use your own words to draft it. The content you provide must answer the question “how to” because people search for the sample or product review before buying it. So, your content must clear all the doubts and queries of the reader.

Focus on the main theme of the content. The content you provide must be trustworthy and should be reader-friendly. Writing the content with good English and using simple keywords can make the content engaging. The content you draft must be unique that express your company’s personality.

7. ADD PROPER AFFILIATE LINK:

     Affiliate links help in increasing the online performance of an industrialist. If you want to add some affiliate link, take some time and research it properly. Because affiliate marketing is based on the concept of sharing and publish online platforms.

The content you write must attract the target audience. Furnishing high-quality content will help you to attract the target audience which involves the adding of proper affiliate links. Provide some information about the affiliate link you provide.

For example. High ticket affiliate marketing will be the best one for a beginner affiliate. It is a program that provides commission per referral. This high ticket affiliate marketing will allow you to earn more without any effort from your side. Provide some information about the affiliate link you provide. Promoting high ticket affiliate products is one of the most profitable affiliate programs nowadays.

8. USE SIMPLE ENGLISH AND SHORT PARAGRAPH:

     The content you draft must not be too wordy.

  • Use simple English to draft the content and make it reader-friendly.
  • Avoid the use of passive voice, use active voice instead.
  • Avoid overuse of prepositions.
  • Use contradictable words or sentences.
  • Use a shorter paragraph than a longer one. Because people will like it when it’s simple and understandable. Using longer paragraphs may irritate the readers to finish it.

9. BE SINCERE:

     Be sincere while writing the content. Don’t make up a story that people will buy your product. When you are true, people will always buy the product you recommend. So, give your true research ideas and visual treat. If you find any fault in the product you recommend mention it in your article.

Give the positive as well as the negative feedback of the product. In this way, people will feel your article trustworthy. If the article only has positive views and no negative views, it will make people not trust your article. So, be true to the people and yourself.

10. PROOFREADING:

     Proofreading is a way to correct the errors in the article you drafted. The article may have grammatical errors, punctuation errors, etc. So, take proofreading seriously while writing an article. Proofreading is important because, if the article you drafted is published online and contains some errors, it will influence your career.

Proofread your content with the help of some error-checking tools such as Grammarly etc. Check your content before publishing it. It is important to produce an article without any errors in it.

These are some tips to write engaging content for affiliate marketing. However, affiliate marketing is the best way to earn money without any effort. Just follow the tips and make your content engaging. Then what are you waiting for? Start writing your content soon. Affiliate marketing is a money-making side in which its price will rise to $16 billion in 2021.

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