Conspiracy theory, an attempt to explain harmful or tragic events as the result of the actions of a small powerful group. Such explanations reject the accepted narrative surrounding those events; indeed, the official version may be seen as further proof of the conspiracy.
Conspiracy theories increase in prevalence in periods of widespread anxiety, uncertainty, or hardship, as during wars and economic depressions and in the aftermath of natural disasters like tsunamis, earthquakes, and pandemics. This fact is evidenced by the profusion of conspiracy theories that emerged in the wake of the September 11 attacks in 2001 and by the more than 2,000 volumes on U.S. Pres. John F. Kennedy’s assassination. This suggests that conspiratorial thinking is driven by a strong human desire to make sense of social forces that are self-relevant, important, and threatening
The content of conspiracy theories is emotionally laden and its alleged discovery can be gratifying. The evidentiary standards for corroborating conspiracy theories are typically weak, and they are usually resistant to falsification. The survivability of conspiracy theories may be aided by psychological biases and by distrust of official sources.
Top 10 conspiracy theory
Many conspiracy theorists go much further, though, and see a hidden hand behind the world’s major events. While some of the theories have a grain of truth to them, conspiracy theories are impossible to disprove, because the hardcore believers will find some way to rationalize away evidence that contradicts their beliefs. Eyewitnesses who dispute their conclusions are mistaken—or part of the conspiracy.
The 9/11 Conspiracies
9/11 was the worst terrorist incident in the history of the United States. Terrorists hijacked 3 planes, two of which were flown into the World Trade Center in NYC, which led to its collapse and the death of about 3,000 people. To many people, the official story of what actually happened on that day seemed way off.
The weird way in which the twin towers came down and the surgical precision that is required to use two airplanes to cause the towers to collapse the way they did resulted in many conspiracy theories claiming that the attack was an inside job.
Reptilian People Ruling the World
A rather crazier one among these, this one suggests that the most influential leaders of the worlds are in fact Lizard Peoples. According to researchers travelling to different countries, Reptilians are a predator race that takes the form of a reptile man when feeding off of humanity. Some people have claimed to have seen people turn into reptiles and change back into humans, in seconds and sometimes the change lasts for even days. The theory suggests that the race feeds on human fear and that is why most of the terror attacks are actually inside jobs to keep the humans scared.
According to everyone else who believes in this theory- the society’s elites are actually lizards disguised as humans with the mission of enslaving the human race! Those “elites” include world leaders, actors and large corporate executives. Celebrities that are claimed to be from the “reptilian elite” include George W. Bush, the Clintons and even Queen Elizabeth.
The JFK Assassination
On November 22, 1963, John F. Kennedy was assassinated. Due to the mysterious motives and circumstances surrounding the assassination, plenty of conspiracy theories that are related to this incident have emerged. Those conspiracy theories make all kinds of claims, starting with the identity of the real killer and the people who were really behind it.
Conspiracy theories related to the people behind the assassination involved many organizations and government agencies, starting with the CIA and all the way to the mafia. Some even accuse the Castro government of being behind the assassination.
Who really killed JFK? Nobody knows for sure.
Area 51
Perhaps one of the most interesting and talked about conspiracy theories that trigger the curiosity of people of all ages has to be Area 51. It is a highly guarded place located in the Nevada Test andTraining Range in the southern parts of Nevada in the western United States, 83 miles north-northwest of Las Vegas. Details of what goes on in this area are top national secret but speculations say that it is a training and development grounds of the United States Air Force (USAF).
Where something is called “top secret” to the public, conspiracy theories are bound to surface. This was back in the 1940s when mysterious flying saucers were claimed to been spotted by commercial airline pilots. Then later, what was found on the crash site, was described to be a UFO. Theories suggest that the government has kept within Area 51 many such UFOs and most probably its inhabitants, to re-engineer their aircraft and build highly advanced machines for themselves.
These theories were reaffirmed when a retired army colonel claimed that he was given access to extraterrestrial materials gathered from a crashed UFO in Roswell. MAny other conspiracy theories go as far as suggesting that the government is studying time travel in Area 51. Believe them or don’t but these are sure quite the talk of the town.
The moon landing
The greatest achieved by human civilization was the first steps of mankind on the moon. Astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin were the first humans to set foot on the moon’s soil. But if conspiracy theorists were to be believed, then the whole thing might have been a hoax. It is said that the US was so desperate to win the moon race against Russia, that they faked the whole mission by filming it on a film set.
Unfortunately, there are many conspiracy involving this. Filmmaker Stanley Kubrick in his 1968 Film 2001: A Space Odessey has shown the world that it was possible to create a make-believe film set that perfectly depicted space. This further solidified the conspiracy theories that he might have helped Nasa to film the hoax. Also, the fact that the pictures and videos of the space mission were only available through NASA’s website further raised suspicions.
Secret Societies of the World
The conspiracy theories surrounding this one definitely received its due limelight due to our very famous novelist Dan Brown and his books about the Illuminati. Conspiracy theories suggest that the world is actually ruled by secret societies that are very powerful and influential. They control the world order.
Reports came out in 2004 that both the Presidential candidates were members of a secret society called the Skull and Bones Society of the Yale University. It is believed they control the world.
Apart from that, theories claim that most of the people sitting in some of the most powerful positions in the world are members of some sort of secret society.
The more famous societies that are at the zenith of conspiracies are the Illuminati and the Freemasons. The Illuminati, a Satanic society, which has apparently formed in 18th Century Germany, is said to be trying to create a single government to rule the world and contains some of the most influential people with the likes of Beyonce.
5G causes Coronavirus
Living during a pandemic, how can we miss out on the latest and most happening conspiracy theory that is afloat among us right as we discuss this. This theory claims that 5G technology may have been responsible for the outbreak of the Novel Coronavirus.
Though scientists and experts all around the world have rubbish theses claims stating that it is biologically impossible for a virus to spread through an electromagnetic wave, it hasn’t stopped theorists from second-guessing. The idea around is that 5G lowers the body’s immune system and thus accelerates the spread of the Covid-19.
Also, the huge debatable conspiracy around the coronavirus is that it is a bioweapon created by China to weaken the world. It’s surely one of the tragic events to have ever struck the world. Public health now remains a worry more than ever.
Whatever it is, we would like nothing more than to get rid of the deadly virus and get our normal lives back.
For all we know, the real world is a strange one indeed.
Chemtrails
Did you ever look at the sky and notice those line-shaped clouds that an airplane leaves behind? Those trails are mainly a combination of water vapor and other impurities that are crystallized due to the low temperatures at high altitudes.
The chemtrails conspiracy theory suggests that those trails are a material that is sprayed by governments over their populations with the malicious intent of controlling their minds!
As those trails are seen by people all over the world, this conspiracy theory has gained much more momentum than it should. Or, is that what the government wants us to believe?
Paul Is Dead
This is one of the very many conspiracy theories that has entertained fans in pop culture for decades. According to claims, The Beatles legend Paul Mc Cartney died in a gruesome car accident in 1966 when the band was in the peak of its fame. Fearing that the news of his death would severely affect the band’s image so early on in their career, the band members decided to replace McCartney with a look-alike who, as we all know, is still very much alive and kicking.
Fans have speculated the albums the band released after 1966 and found many references and clues which suggested McCartney’s untimely death. In the album, Sgt Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band, fans have pointed out several clues which validate their suspicion. In the song, A Day In The Life, lyrics like “He blew his mind out in the car” are said to suggest his car accident.
The song, Strawberry Fields Forever has been under the midst of a huge conspiracy which still gets talked about. It is said that John Lennon is clearly heard mumbling at the end of the song “I buried Paul” twice. Lennon has vehemently denied the claims insisting that he was saying “Cranberry sauce”.
Another famous conspiracy theory arises due to the cover of the album Abbey Road where the band members are walking in a line. There John is seen leading a “funeral procession” dressed in white, Ringo is dressed in black signifying a mourner and George appears as a gravedigger. Paul, however, is seeing walking out of line from the rest, barefoot. This, fans claim is a sign since there is no need for shoes in the afterlife.
Tupac Shakur isn’t Dead
After attending the Mike Tyson vs. Bruce Seldon match in the MGM Grand Hotel in Las Vegas, Tupac Shakur was shot in a drive-by shooting in the Las Vegas Strip, after which he died a few days later in the hospital. Well, at least that’s what the official story and the hospital reports said!
According to many of the iconic rapper’s fans, Tupac Shakur is still alive and actually faked his own death. People who believe in this conspiracy theory resort to all kinds of lyrics deciphering to provide evidence of Tupac hinting his own “fake death” and the fact that he is still alive in his songs lyrics.
What are your favorite conspiracy theories? Let us know in the comments section.
” We do not believe in anarchy in material production and we do not believe in anarchy in human reproduction . Man must control nature and he must control his number “
Population of the world has been consistently increasing especially after world war II . In demographic terms ,the world is experiencing a period of population explosion . Population itself is not a problem . Qualitatively good population with manageable size , represents the strength of a nation but if the size becomes unmanageable, the same population invites unwanted problems . It not only halts economic progress but also innumerable challenges to the social system .
The Governing Council of The United Nations Development Programme established , ” World Population Day ” an annual event, observed on July 11 every year in 1989 , to seek and raise awareness of global population issues .
World Population Day aims to increase people’s awareness on various population issues such as the importance of family planning, gender equality, poverty, maternal health and human rights
History :-
World Population Day was established by the United Nations in 1989. It was inspired by the public interest in Five Billion Day on July 11 in 1987, the approximate date on which the world’s population reached five billion people.
A resolution was passed on July 11, 1990 by the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) deciding to continue observing World Population Day every year to enhance awareness about population issues, including their relations to the environment.
Theme , 2021
The theme is organised by the Population Division of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA).
The theme for World Population Day 2021 is “Rights and Choices are the Answer: Whether baby boom or bust, the solution to shifting fertility rates lies in prioritising all people’s reproductive health and rights.”
This year’s theme raises awareness about ‘the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on fertility i.e on sexual and reproductive health and reproductive behaviour globally.
Significance of World Population Day
World Population Day is observed every year with the aim of highlighting the unwanted problems created by overpopulation as well as raising awareness about the harmful effects of overpopulation in an ecosystem.
Through this great awareness celebration, people are encouraged to take part in the event to know about population issues like importance of family planning towards the increasing population, gender equality, maternal and baby health, poverty, human rights, right to health, sexuality education, use of contraceptives and safety measures like condoms, reproductive health, adolescent pregnancy, girl child education, child marriage, sexually transmitted infections, etc.
Sexuality related issues are very necessary to solve among youth, especially those between 15 to 19 years of age.
This year the significance of World Population Day is about how a pandemic has compromised health care systems particularly in the area of sexual and reproductive health.
The World Population Day also spread awareness about gender-based inequities.
According to UNFPA research in March, an estimated 12 million women experienced disruptions to family planning services.
Gender-based violence as well as the sharp rise of unplanned pregnancies has increased under lockdown. The condition of the women didn’t change any better this pandemic , they are being exploited by restricting their freedom of taking decisions . Despite being empowered educationally, economically and politically women are not allowed to exercise choice over their bodies and fertility.
UNFPA lays out joint health service programmes to educate people about the fertility and reproductive health service and advises against policy which can be extremely harmful and violate rights, health and choices aiming particularly for women education regarding health service and choices.
Population growth
” No social problem is beyond human control and solution “.
The actual measure of the real problem of overpopulation has been superlatively seen during the present days of the Covid-19 pandemic.
The world population is continuously increasing . Several nations of the world are gripped by the problem of overpopulation .
The unsustainable population growth and lack of access to reproductive health care also puts pressure on human communities, reducing the facilities to save life at risk during this pandemic and making it harder for the most vulnerable communities to come out of this death threatening time .
About 95% of World population growth is occurring in developing countries. One/ third of the world’s population is under 15 and will soon enter the reproduction bracket , giving more potential for population growth . The UNFPA estimates that the world population is most likely to nearly double to 10 billion people in 2050 , peaking at 11.6 billion reaching 20.7 billion a century later . World population is currently growing at 176 people per minute .
The world population is indeed increasing at an alarming rate . This speedy growth of population is one the greatest obstacles to the economic and social advancement of the majority of people in the underdeveloped world.
“Population growth is the primary source of environmental damage.” – Jacques Yves Cousteau
Overpopulation brings down per capita income and national income , bringing down the standard of living of the people . It becomes difficult to face the challenges of poverty , unemployment and underemployment .
Celebration :-
Every year, on World Population Day , various events and activities are organized, mostly in schools and colleges like seminar discussions, educational information sessions, and essay competitions to draw attention to the issues of the growing population. They also talk about family planning, poverty, gender equality, maternal health, and human rights, and also the health issues faced by childbearing women.
The pandemic has wreaked a devastating toll on this generation. UNFPA and other United Nations agencies and civil society stakeholders are practicing programs to improve health care and social services,
There are several programs. providing detailed knowledge about sexuality and delaying marriages till they become able to understand their responsibilities , educating youths to avoid unwanted pregnancies by using reasonable and youth friendly measures.
A serious problem like “the population explosion ” requires immediate solution . Though it cannot be solved by an act of legislation or by the Presidential promulgation ,it can very well be handled skillfully and efficiently by creating general social awareness. Hence as a member of society it’s our duty to provide a lasting solution to this problem.
Law maybbe broadly divided into two classes: international law and municipal law. Whatever the objections raised against the claim of international law to be called international law, it is now recognised that international law is not only law but also a very important branch of law.
International law is divided into two classes: public international law and private international law. public international law is that body of rules which governs the conduct and relations of the States with each other. by private international law we mean those rules and principles according to which cases having foreign element are decided. if a contract is made between an Indian and a Pakistani which is to be performed in Sri Lanka, the rules and principles on which the rights and liabilities of the parties depend are to be determined by private international law. Critics point out that the term private international law is not correct. The adjective “international” is wrongly given to it as it does not possess any characteristics of international law. Private international law applies to individuals and not to States. Moreover, the rules and principles of private international law vary from State to State and there is no uniformity. Private international law is enforced by municipal courts which apply municipal law and not international law. In order to avoid controversy, it is suggested that private international law be called Conflict of Laws and should be treated as a branch of municipal private law.
Municipal Law
Municipal law is the law applied within a State. It can be divide into two classes: public law and private law. Public law determines and regulates the organisation and functioning of the State and determines the relation of the State with its subjects.
Public law is divided ito three classes: constitutional law, administrative law and criminal law. Constitutional law determines the nature of the State and the structure of the government. It is superior to the ordinary law of the land. Constitutional law is written in India and the Unites States but it is unwritten in England. The modern tendency is to have written constitutons.
Administrative law deals with the structure, powers and functions of the organisation of administration, the limits of their powers, the methods and procedures followed by them and the methods by which their powers are controlled including the legal remedies available to persons whose rights have been infringed.
Criminal law defines offences and prescribes punishments for them. It not only orevent crimes but also punishes the offenders. Criminal law is necessary for the maintenance of law and order and peace within State. In criminal cases, it is the State which initiates proceedings against the wrongdoers. The State is always a party in criminal cases.
Private law regulates and governs the relations of citizens with one another. The parties are private individuals and the State decides the disputes among the people. There is great difficulty in classifying private law. A general classifiactionof private law is the law of persons, the law of property, the law of obligations, the conflict of laws, contaracts, quasi-contracts and tort.
Critics point out many defects in the above classification o laws. Many of the classes of laws do not exist in many legal systems of the world. Those branches f law which have recently been developed cannot be put under any classification. The result is that the classification given abone is neither universal nor exhaustive. Many jurists have attempted classifications on different principles. New branches of law are growing and developing rapidly in different parts of the world and provision has to be made for them in any classification of laws. Industrial law and commercial law are such subjects.
With the rise in the online world of work, digital marketing is emerging as a crucial field of marketing. In 2019, digital marketing surpassed traditional marketing for the first time. This is due to the fact that, consumers are increasingly getting involved with the online channels. Due to the pandemic, nearly all utilities and services are shifting towards the online mode. In such scenario, digital marketing is increasingly getting popular and necessary to sustain businesses. Digital marketing refers to the marketing that is done using internet or online based technologies like laptops, mobiles, or other digital devices. It is basically advertisements done through digital platforms such as search engines, websites, social media, email, and mobile apps. By implementing an a sound digital marketing strategy, marketers can collect valuable insights into target audience behaviours while opening the door to new methods of customer engagement. Additionally, companies can expect to see an increase in profits. Digital marketing revolves around 5Ds: digital devices, digital platforms, digital media, digital data, and digital technology. The first of the 5Ds mainly focuses on digital devices such as smartphones, tablets, desktop computers, TVs, and gaming devices. It mainly deals with the target audience’s interaction and engagement on websites and mobile applications. Digital platforms like Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, YouTube, Instagram etc. Are the preferred platforms to capture the attention of target audience. Digital media revolves around paid, owned, and earned communications channels utilized to build engagement with the target market through several ways such as advertising e-mails, messaging, search engines, and social networks. Digital data refers audience profiles and engagement patterns with businesses. Digital technology on the other hand focuses on building interactive experiences across a wide range of platforms, from your websites and mobile apps. To gain an upper hand in the sphere of digital marketing, it is important to understand and creatively utilize the 5Ds for the benefit of the company or business. There are many platforms that assist in digital marketing. Social media is a great way to promote products or resources organically to brand followers, and engage with consumers. A vast majority of individuals have more than single social media accounts. Platforms like Facebook, Instagram etc. Are very popular and helpful in reaching out to a large audience. Social media platforms allow marketers to reach their prospects in a variety of ways. Marketing teams can use these channels to distribute paid ads and sponsored content. Each platform is different so one can choose accordingly but most have capabilities that allow marketing teams to place ads based on location, job title, interests, age, etc. E mail marketing is also very useful. It allows organizations to stay connected with prospects and customers, sending them customized newsletters or offers based on past shopping history or brand engagements. Even consumers agree that email plays a role in their purchase decisions. Furthermore, transactional emails are more likely to be opened by subscribers. Digital marketing platforms span several functions in one solution – allowing marketing teams to get a more integrated / holistic view of their campaigns.
World Population Day is observed on 11th of July every year. It is an annual and global event which seeks to raise awareness about the rising population issues all over the world. It was first observed on the 11th of July 1989. Governing Council of the United Nations Development Programme was the organization behind the establishment of this event. A question might arise in your mind about why 11th July was established as the World Population Day and not any other date? The answer to this question lies in the year 1987 two years prior to the first observation of the World Population Day. 11 July 1987 is known as the Five Billion Day because it is considered as the approximate date when the world population reaches the mark of 5 billion.
The day was proposed by Dr. K.C. Zachariah who worked as a senior Demographer at World Bank when the world population reaches five billion. World Population Day aims to increase awareness on various issues regarding population such as family planning, gender equality, poverty, human rights, and maternal health.
World Population Trends
Due to the increase in number of people surviving to reproductive age, major changes in fertility rates, increasing urbanization and accelerated migration has resulted in a very dramatic drastic growth in the population all around the world. If look at the empirical data, it will be clearer. Earlier it took hundreds of thousands of years to reach the world population to the 1 billion mark but in the near 200 years or so the population increases by seven times. Global population reaches to 7 billion mark in the year 2011. Today global population stands around 7.7 billion and it is estimated to reach 8.5 billion in 2030, 9.7 billion in 2050, and 10.9 billion in 2 100. These trends as shown here if continues then it will have very far-reaching negative consequences on the future generation to come. They affect economic development, increase unemployment, poverty, increase income disparity and affect income distribution. Growing population also acts as a setback to the efforts of providing universal access to healthcare facilities, sanitation, education, better lifestyle, housing, energy, food and water.
Themes of this year’s World Population Day
“Rights and choices are the answer: Whether baby boom or bust, the solution to shifting fertility rates lies in prioritizing the reproductive health and rights of all people.” This is the theme of World Population Day this year. The pandemic had made the health system to compromised with other problems especially in the area of sexual and reproductive health of women. Risk of child marriage and female genital mutilation increase in the pandemic and the programmes to eradicate these problems faced a setback due to the pandemic. A quantitative surveys suggest that between 4% – 29% of women who use contraception do so without their husbands’ or partners’ knowledge. Against this backdrop, many countries are expressing growing concern over changing fertility rates. Historically, alarmism over fertility rates has led to abrogation of human rights. The agency emphasizes that women must be empowered educationally, economically and politically to exercise choice over their bodies and fertility.
Muslim law applies to- 1) Mohammedans by birth, as well as to,.
2) Mohammedans by conversion.
A non-muslim , who has attained majority and is of sound mind may embrace Islam in any of two modes:-
a) He may simply declare that he believes in the oneness of God and the Prophetic character of Mohammad,or
b) He may go to a mosque, to a person who is well versed in Islamic theology (Alim), where he utters Kalma (Lailaha-ill-Allah Muham-mad-ur Rasoolullah) before Imam, whereupon he is given a muslim name by the Imam. It is however, necessary that the conversion must be bona fide; the Court will not permit any one to commit a fraud upon the law by pretending to be a covert Islam in order to elude te personal law by which he is bound .
In Rikhya Bibi v. Anil Kumar , a hindu women accepted Islam in order to get rid of her Hindu husband, who was impotent. It was held that her conversion to Islam was colourable and was effected with the intent to commit a fraud upon the law, and was therefore invalid and ineffective.
Conversion to Islam and Marital Rights
According to Muslim Law, a distinction, is made between conversion to Islam of one of the spouses when such conversion takes place- 1) In a country subject to Muslim Law, and
2) In a country where the Law of Islam is not the law of the land
In the first case, when one of the parties embraces Islam, he should offer Islam to the other spouse , and of the latter refuses, the marriage can be dissolved. In the second case, the marriage is automatically dissolved after the lapse of a period of three months after the adoption of Islam by one of the spouses. The courts in India do not administer the laws of any particular community but they administer such laws as are valid in India. Muslim Laws is administered only in those cases where it happens to be the law of India and where the parties are muslims. In India , the spouse who has become a convert to Islam can sue for divorce or a declaration of dissolution of the marriage on the ground that the other spouse has refused to adopt the Muslim religion. It has been held in Pakistan that a marriage of a Hindu married woman on her conversion in British India to Islam should be regarded as dissolved on the completion of three of her monthly couses without any decree or order of the court.
In Sarla Mudgal v. Union of India, the Supreme Court has held that the second marriage of a Hindu husband after conversion to Islam without having his first marriage dissolved under law would be invalid. The second marriage would be void in terms of the provision of Section 494, IPC and the apostate husband would be guilty of the offence under Section 494 of IPC.
In Lily Thomas v. Union of India, the Supreme Court has observed that if hindu wife files a complaint for the offence of bigamy under Section 494, IPC on the ground that, during subsistence of marriage her husband had married a second wife under the other religion after converting to that religion, the offence of bigamy pleaded by her would have to be investigated and tried in accordance with the provisions of the Hindu Marriage Act. Since under Hindu Marriage Act, a bigamous marriage is prohibited and has been constituted as an offence under Section 17 of the Act, any marriage solemnized by the husband during the subsistence of that marriage in spite of his conversion to another religion, would be an offence under Section 17 of the Hindu Marriage Act read with Section 494 of IPC. Change of religion does not dissolve the marriage performed under the Hindu Marriage Act between two hindus. Apostasy does not bring to an end the civil obligation or matrimonial bond but it is a ground for divorce under Section 13 as well as ground for judicial separation under Section 10 of Hindu Marriage Act.
Conversion to Islam and Rights of Inheritance
In the absence of a custom to the contrary, in case of a Hindu converts to Islam, succession and inheritance are governed by Mohammedan Law and not by Hindu law.
Where a Hindu, who had a Hindu wife and children, embraced Islam and married a Muslim woman and had children by her,his property would pass on his death to his Muslim wife and children and not to his Hindu wife or children because under Muslim Law, a Hindu cannot succeed to the estate of a Muslim.
Effects of conversion to Islam
The legal consequences that follow by conversion, may be summarised as under:
1) The religion of Islam is substituted for the previous religion of the convert to Islam, with so much of the personal law as necessarily follows from that religion;
2) The rights and status of the convert become subject to the Mohammedan law;
3) His apostasy (abandonment of religion) has an immediate and prospective effect, from the moment of the conversion and is not retrospective;
4) Conversion of the both spouse, without any intention to commit fraud upon the law, will have the effect to altering the rights incidental to marriage, but this question was left undecided by the Privy Council in Skinner v. Orde.
5) Succession to the estate of a convert is governed by Muslim Law.
Effect of renunciation of Islam
Under the pure Muslim Law Mohammedan after renouncing Islam loses all rights to succeed as Muslim. But now under the provision of the Caste Disabilities Removal Act XXI of 1850, the apostate will lose such rights. The question here arises as to what amounts to apostasy, i.e., abandonment of one’s religion. The answer is that mere deviation from non-fundamental provisons of Mohammedan religion does not amount to apostasy. So long as a person is prepared to accept the fundamental tenets of Islam, he is not an apostate.
Apostsy of guardian – According to Mohammedan Law an apostate has no right to contract a minor in marriage: Hedaya, 392. It is enacted however, by Act XXI of 1850, that no law or usage shall inflict on any person who renounces his religion any “forfeiture of rights of property”, and it was accordingly held in Muchoo v. Arzoon that a Hindu father is not deprived of his right to the custody of his children and to direct their education by reason of his conversion to Christianity. It is submitted that the decision in Muchoo’s case is correct . But the court may in its discretion deal with each case on its own merits.
Effect of renunciation of Islam on Marriage
Marriage of a Muslim husband with a Muslim wife is dissolved ipso facto on the renunciation of the husband of the Islamic religion, their marriage remains intact and is not dissolved.
The renunciation of Islam by a married Muslim woman on her conversion to a faith other than Islam does not by itself dissolve her marriage. But were a woman converted to Islam from some other faith re-embraces her former faith, her marriage with the Muslim husband stands dissolved .
Asymmetric information, also known as “information failure,” occurs when one party to an economic transaction possesses greater material knowledge than the other party. This typically manifests when the seller of a good possesses greater knowledge than the buyer; however, the reverse dynamic is also possible. Almost all economic transactions involve information asymmetries. Asymmetric information can also be viewed as the specialization and division of knowledge, as applied to any economic trade. Asymmetric information examples are everywhere. In the financial world, consider a situation where a lending firms enters into an agreement with a borrower. The lender establishes the terms and agreements that the borrower must stipulate to, and, usually, background checks are done.
Moral hazard is a situation in which one party gets involved in a risky event knowing that it is protected against the risk and the other party will incur the cost. It arises when both the parties have incomplete information about each other.
In a financial market, there is a risk that the borrower might engage in activities that are undesirable from the lender’s point of view because they make him less likely to pay back a loan. It occurs when the borrower knows that someone else will pay for the mistake he makes. This in turn gives him the incentive to act in a riskier way. This economic concept is known as moral hazard.
Adverse Selection describes a situation in which one party in a deal has more accurate and different information than the other party. The party with less information is at a disadvantage to the party with more information. This asymmetry causes a lack of efficiency in the price and the number of goods and services provided. Most information in a market economy is transferred through prices, which means that adverse selection tends to result from ineffective price signals.
Parliamentary system is a democratic form of government in which the party with the greatest representation in parliament (legislature) forms the govt., its leader becoming prime minister or chancellor. Presidential form of govt. is a democratic and republican govt. in which a head of govt. leads an executive branch. The head of govt. is in almost cases also the head of the state, which is called the President. India follows a parliamentary form of govt. modelled on Britain’s.
Features
Features of Presidential system are that the executive can veto acts by the legislature, the President has a fixed tenure and cannot be removed by a vote of no confidence in legislature. The President has the power to pardon or commute judicial sentences awarded to criminals and the President is elected directly by the people or by the people or by an electoral college whereas features of parliamentary system are- close relationship b/w the legislature and the executive, executive is responsible to the legislature, there are two executive i.e. real executive and titular executive, bicameral legislature, no fixed tenure, leadership of Prime Minister.
Merits
Merits of Presidential system are- seperation of powers, expert govt., stability and less influence of the party system.
Merits of Parliamentary system are- better coordination b/w executive and legislature, prevents authoritarianism, responsible govt., represents diverse groups, flexibility in the system.
Demerits
Demerits of Presidential system are- less responsible executive, deadlocks b/w executive and legislature, rigid govt., spoils system as the system gives the President sweeping powers of patronage.
Demerits of Parliamentary system are- no seperation of powers, unqualified legislators, instability, failure to take prompt decision because there is no fixed tenure, party politics is more.
Conclusion
The Presidential system is better for one because of its seperation of powers, the role of judiciary and the govt. accountability to its people. We should ensure a system of govt. whose leaders can focus on governance rather than on staying in power. The present parliamentary system has been tried and tested for nearly 70 years. It can be reformed thoroughly to remove the challenges thrown up by it. Also, there is a need to reform the electoral processes to make democracy more robust.
Education is the most powerful weapon for the human. Education is proved the our mental stability, education can change life. It is good for career. And it can taken to lead the happy life.
What is education?
Education is the process of facilitating learning, or the acquisition of knowledge, skills, values, morals, beliefs, and habits. Educational methods include teaching, training, storytelling, discussion and directed research. … The methodology of teaching is called pedagogy.
Importance of education in life
Education can turn our life’s. It is help to growing the life. If you learn some thing not only study’s whatever you learn that is also education.
Features of education:
1.Removing poverty
Education helps in removing poverty as if a person is educated, he can get a good job and fulfill all the basic needs & requirement of his family.
2.women empowerment
Education also helps in empowering women. Certain old customs like Not Remarrying Widows, Sati Pratha, Child Marriage, Dowry System etc. can be demolished with the power of education. Women, if educated, can raise voice against the injustice done to her. This will bring a lot of development in society as well as in the nation. In short, Right to Freedom of speech & expression can be used in the right way if all women will become educated.
3.communications
The relationship between the education and communition is related to each other. Education can makes help to good communication.
person who is educated feels confident within him to confront or give a speech in front of a large public or can held a meeting or seminar.
Writing emails, letters, typing messages, reading magazines & newspapers or even using a Smartphone can never be possible without getting a basic education.
4.law and order
Education enables the process of the Nation’s Fast Development. If you have a good education, you can serve your country well. It develops a good political ideology.
Types of education
1.Formal education:
Formal education or formal learning usually takes place in the premises of the school, where a person may learn basic, academic, or trade skills. Small children often attend a nursery or kindergarten but often formal education begins in elementary school and continues with secondary school.
2.Informal education:
Informal learning refers to learning that occurs away from a structured, formal classroom environment. Informal learning comes in many forms, including viewing videos, self-study, reading articles, participating in forums and chat rooms, performance support, coaching sessions, and games…
3.Non-formal education
Non–formal education refers to education that occurs outside the formal school system. Non–formal education is often used interchangeably with terms such as community education, adult education, lifelong education and second-chance education. … Inclusion in a regular school should be prioritized as every child’s right.
Characteristics of education
Characteristics of education (A) Formal Education Highlights (i) Planned with a particular end in view. (ii) Limited to a specific period. (iii) Well-defined and systematic curriculum (iv) Givenby specially qualified teachers. (v) Includes activities outside the classroom (vi) Observesstrict discipline.
Gandhism derives its name from most prominent leader of India’s freedom movement Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, commonly referred to as Mahatma Gandhi. He was a lawyer by profession. He was also a social and moral philosopher. His social and political thoughts are collectively known as Gandhism. His thoughts are not in a single book it is scattered in many notes, his autobiography “My Experiments with Truth”. He himself rejected the existence of anything such as Gandhism but with due course of time it is seen that Gandhian thoughts have worldwide application. The features of Gandhian ideology are as follows: –
Politics and Ethics
Gandhi thinks that ethics and morality should be the guiding principles of politics. He emphasizes the use of spiritualization in politics. He believed in purity of means to achieve pure ends. He lifelong criticise the use of unfair means even if gives the best possible result. His morals were based on all religions, but he paid special attention to Sanatana Dharma. In his views the essence of all religion is same. No religion is superior or inferior to any other religion. He thinks that politics without religion is nothing short of a death trap, which kills the soul. He sat for hunger strike to force Indian Government to pay ₹ 55 crore to newly formed to Pakistan.
Truth and Non-violence
One of the major philosophies of Gandhism is the search for truth. Finding truth is as tough as to find God itself. He believed that truth can be found through devotion to its creations specially the oppressed. Non-violence is also a part to pursue truth. It means preventing the use of violence in one’s behaviour towards other living beings which include both physically and mentally. He says, “It is non-violence only when we love someone those that hates us.” He holds that harming nature is also a form of violence. His firm belief in non-violence can be seen in his ways of struggle against the British. He uses non-violence ways such as Satyagraha, Dandi March etc. It is not the way of weak but the power of strong. Non-violence has the power to defeat physical force by the use of spiritual force.
Vision of Classless Society
Gandhi was the flag bearer of a classless society. People have a mindset that physical labour is inferior to another type of labour such as mental labour. He made ‘bread labour’ compulsory for all. The concept of ‘bread labour’ expected everyone to do physical labour to compensate or produce his/her consumption. Here bread is symbolical for various items of one’s consumption. This will create a sense of dignity of labour among societies. He rejected discrimination on the basis of race, caste, religion etc. He strived to create a classless society by transforming the attitude of peoples towards discrimination.
The Parliament is the supreme legislative body of the country. It comprises the President and 2 houses: the Rajya Sabha and the Lok Sabha.
The Lok Sabha
It is the lower house consisting of 545 members in which 530 represent States, 13 represent Union Territories and 2 are nominated by the President from Anglo-Indian Community. The other 543 members are directly elected by the people from the constituencies of the states and their term is of 5 years. A speaker is elected among 543 members. Any Indian citizen above 18 years of age can vote for them. The maximum strength limit is 552 members. Smt. Sumitra Mahajan is the present speaker of the Lok Sabha.
The Rajya Sabha
Also, know as the upper house, it consists of 245 members with a maximum limit of 250. 232 members are indirectly elected by members of legislative bodies of the states. The other 12 members are nominated by the President. These 12 members can be from different stratum of the society in the fields of arts, social science, literature, etc. They are elected for 6 years and the new members are appointed in the place of one-third members after every 2 years. For a bill to be passed it has to be approved by both houses. The present Chairperson of Rajya Sabha is Mr. Venkaiah Naidu and The Deputy Chairperson of Rajya Sabha is Harivansh Narayan Singh
The President
He is elected by the elected members of Parliament of India and the state legislatures and serves for a tenure of 5 years. The present president of India is Mr. Ram Nath Govind. By the constitution, he is bound to act on the advice of the Prime minister and cabinet as long as the advice is not violating the constitution. A bill can be formed into law only when the president signs it. The main duty of the president is to protect and preserve the constitution. The Chief Justice of India and other judges are also appointed by him. He is the Supreme Commander of the Indian Armed Forces.
MEPAP(MULTIPURPOSE ELECTRICITY PRODUCER INTEGRATED WITH AIR PURIFIER)
WHAT MADE ME TO DO THIS PROJECT
I was from a lower middle class family. We suffered many months without electricity and our area is prone to traffic so our area is filled with smoke and dust. Many were suffering from several respiratory disorders due to this dust and smoke. These made me to think of inventing a low cost electricity generator
The growing demand for electrical energy and increasing air pollution around the globe is the main factor that driven my research.
More than 80 percent of our energy today comes from burning fossil fuels, which is both harmful to our environment and unsustainable as well. My invention will help to solve the energy crisis by improving the efficiency of electromagnetic energy-harvesting systems, vibration energy-harvesting systems , wind energy-harvesting systems, thermal energy harvesting system and air cleanser all in a single project.
Due to increase in the carbon dioxide level and other harmful gases specially which are contributing in increase in pollution and global warming, our automobile industries are one of the easy and clear target therefore many researches has been undertaken in this field . Globally, it is estimated that about 1/3 of the total energy is utilized while remaining is rejected as waste heat. The maximum efficiency of an engine is around 25% which means that 75 % of the energy left is wasted in the form of heat from parasitic losses and friction which causes 30% waste in the engine coolant and 40% in the form of gases in exhaust.
The given figure shows the energy distribution in an Internal Combustion Engine.
MEPAP’S AIR PURIFIER
FEATURES AND WORKING
MEPAP AIR CLEANSER IS AN AIR PURIFIER WHICH PURIFIES AIR FROM THE SOURCE (VEHICLES AND FACTORIES EXHAUST) WHERE IT IS PRODUCED.
IT IS MADE TO REDUCE THE AIR POLLUTION
The compact purifier is an apt solution for the increasing pollution. The Active Oxidization Cell with its self-cleaning abilities keeps the purification process on, while the 360º air flow guards us from harmful impurities by distributing healthy air.
Active shield
The purification process eliminates sub-micron respirable particles and infection carrying microbes in the air.
Active Carbon Filter
The most advanced technology filters out bad odor, toxic gases and other harmful gases including VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds) from the air you breathe in. The carbon filters have excellent absorbent qualities to soothe respiratory discomforts by eliminating irritants in the air.
ICC (Improved Catalytic Converter): Catalytic converters, having expensive metals namely platinum-palladium and rhodium as the catalysts, are fitted into automobiles for reducing emission of poisonous gases. As the exhaust passes through the catalytic converter, unburnt hydrocarbons are converted into carbon dioxide and water, and carbon monoxide and nitric oxide are changed to carbon dioxide and nitrogen gas, respectively. To overcome from cost and reducing the rare metal usage the project made the drive to develop an alternate source of oxidation catalyst for oxidation reaction and thus reduces the NOx and HC emissions. The substrate selected in this project is wash coat technology employed by using the silicon dioxide and alumina with silica. The catalytic converter is constructed with inner/outer shell construction supported with cones and flanges. The initial emission readings are conducted in the experimental engine. This catalytic converter reduces the harmful pollutant more efficiently and at a lower cost than the conventional catalytic converter.
Honeycomb Active Carbon Filter
The carbon filters have excellent absorbent qualities to eliminate repulsive smell, toxic gases and other odor, leaving behind fresh and pure air to breathe.
HEPA (High Efficiency Particulate Air Filter) Type Filter
The HEPA type filter removes airborne pollutants and eliminates ultra-fine particles like bacteria, pollen, and mould, which cannot be done by other air purifiers.
Anion Generator
The technology ensures that the air you breathe has no positive ions, leaving you rest assured of living in a no impurities zone. Negative ions produced by purifier bind themselves with airborne pollutants and removes them from the air thereby creating a fresh and cleaner environment
Air pollution sensors
Air pollution sensors are devices that detect and monitor the presence of air pollution in the surrounding area. They can be used for both indoor and outdoor environments. These sensors can be built at home, or bought from certain manufactures. Although there are various types of air pollution sensors, and some are specialized in certain aspects, the majority focuses on five components: ozone, particulate matter, carbonmonoxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrous oxide.
FUTURE PLAN FOR AIR PURIFIER PART
Carbon Separator and Collector: Carbon dioxide is considered a major reason for global warming. The element jeopardizes people’s health, threatens national security, and endangers basic human needs. Yet, it also holds great promise as a fuel of the future.
The carbon dioxide splitter, which consists of copper and tin.
The splitter has an atomic layer of tin in order to trap the energy that would be lost if copper is utilized as an electrode. It also has a thin membrane between the cathode and anode to improve the reaction.
The splitter can open windows to solving the problem of storing energy from renewable sources by turning it straight into liquid fuel.
The process of splitting is efficient and carbon-neutral. It is already a well-known method of producing fuel without increasing the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. CO2 is split into oxygen and carbon monoxide.
Carbon monoxide can be incorporated with hydrogen to create synthetic carbon-based fuel. CO2 is taken out of the atmosphere without being put back in, which produces clean fuel.
MEPAP ELECTRICITY GENERATOR GENERATES ELECTRICITY WITH THE HELP OF VIBRATRION(Piezoelectric Materials) AND ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION(with the help of MetaMaterials) ELECTROMAGNETIC induction [inductive coupling(power density is proportional to d, q, 1/d^3)] and wind energy( from purifier where mini turbine is connected with dynamo) AND ALSO THERMOELECTRIC ENERGY (power density=25µW/cm^2).
ELECTRICITY from VIBRATRION
MEPAP ELECTRICITY GENERATOR could produce enough electricity from random, ambient vibrations to power a wristwatch, pacemaker, wireless sensor , phones etc..,
MEP are highly efficient at providing renewable electrical power from arbitrary, non-periodic vibrations. This type of vibration is a byproduct of traffic driving on bridges, machinery operating in factories and humans moving their limbs.
In two of the sub generators present in PFIG (Parametric Frequency Increased Generators), the energy conversion is performed through electromagnetic induction, in which a coil is subjected to a varying magnetic field. This is a process similar to how large-scale generators in big power plants operate. It also uses piezoelectric material, which is a type of material that produces charge when it is stressed. This version has applications in infrastructure health monitoring. The generators could one day power bridge sensors that would warn inspectors of cracks or corrosion before human eyes could discern problems.
Power Density= 4 µW/cm^2
MECHANISM AND APPLICATIONS:
It contains a resonator which is used to amplify the vibration source, and a transducer device which changes the energy from the vibrations into electrical energy. The transducer consists of a magnet and coil of a piezoelectric crystal.
A number of crystals can emit an electric current when compressed or they can change shape when an electric charge is employed. This piezoelectric effect is used in ultrasound and sonar devices, as well as energy harvesting.
Piezoelectric generators utilize thin casings or beams made of piezoelectric crystals as a transducer mechanism. When a crystal is placed under strain by the kinetic energy of the vibration, a small quantity of current is produced because of the piezoelectric effect. These mechanisms are generally straightforward with few moving parts, and they have a very long service life, making them the most prevalent technique of harvesting the energy from vibrations. It is fabricated by MEMS process.
This device uses a freely rotating, unconventional brass rotor with an implanted magnet, and multiple PZT beams with a magnet on each beam.
As the magnet on the rotor draws near one of the beams, the magnets repel each other and deflects the beam, pulling the beam in a process that is described as frequency up-conversion. The gradual rate of a rotating wrist is changed into a higher frequency oscillation. This device is more efficient than a standard electromagnetic harvester, as such as those used in self-powered watches.
Another application, which is in the early stages of development, desires to use the vibrations generated during aircraft flight to power the electronics on the plane that currently depend on on batteries. Such a system would produce a reliable energy source, and reduce maintenance, since batteries would not need to be replaced and piezoelectric systems have a long service life. This system uses a resonator, which permits the airflow to produce a high amplitude steady tone. This is the same principle that is used in many wind instruments by converting the airflow furnished by the musician into a loud steady tone. This tone is used as the vibration that is transformed from kinetic to electric energy by the piezoelectric generator
ELECTRICITY from ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION:
Electromagnetic energy harvesting based on the “full absorption concept.” This involves the use of metamaterials that can be tailored to produce media that neither reflects nor transmits any power—enabling full absorption of incident waves at a specific range of frequencies and polarizations since the inception of collecting and harvesting electromagnetic energy, classical dipole patch antennas have been used. “Now, my technology introduces ‘metasurfaces’ that are much better energy collectors than classical antennas. microstrip patch antennas areused because of their low profile, light weight, and planar structure for RF harvesting.
Metasurfaces are formed by etching the surface of a material with an elegant pattern of periodic shapes. The particular dimensions of these patterns and their proximity to each other can be tuned to provide “near-unity” energy absorption. This energy is then channeled to a load through a conducting path that connects the metasurface to a Electromagnetic energy collector.
We can also channel the absorbed energy into a load, rather than having the energy dissipate in the material as was done in previous works. Other key applications include “wireless power transfer—directly adaptable to power remote devices such as RFID devices and tags or even remote devices in general.
The technology can also be extended to the infrared and visible spectra
Power Density= 25µW/cm^2.
ELECTRICITY from ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION(RF):
Wi-Fi signals are made of radio waves. Receiving antennas can wirelessly harvest electromagnetic radiation in the Wi-Fi (2.4 GHz and 5.9 GHz), global satellite positioning (1.58 GHz and 1.22 GHz), the cellular communications fourth-generation (4G) (1.7 GHz and 1.9 GHz), and Bluetooth (2.4 GHz) bands and convert the energy from these electromagnetic waves to alternating current (AC). The AC electricity is then sent to the rectifier, which converts it to direct current (DC) electricity.
Using a rectifier made from a molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) layer that is only 3 atoms thick. At this thickness, the MoS2 behaves differently than the bulk material — the atoms rearrange themselves when exposed to certain chemicals. This means the material can behave like a switch, changing from a semiconductor to metallic structure. The MoS2 creates what’s called a Schottky diode, a junction of semiconductor and metal. The diode described in their paper can convert signals at higher frequencies because the structure reduces the extra energy stored by certain materials used in electronics, known as parasitic capacitance. The researchers’ design reduces parasitic capacitance by an order of magnitude compared to current flexible rectifiers, meaning they can capture the previously elusive high-frequency Wi-Fi band radio waves.
ENERGY FROM TERAHERTZ(will implement in future.):
Terahertz waves are electromagnetic radiation with a frequency somewhere between microwaves and infrared light. Also known as “T-rays,” they are produced by almost anything that registers a temperature, including our own bodies and the inanimate objects around us.
Terahertz waves are pervasive in our daily lives, and if harnessed, their concentrated power could potentially serve as an alternate energy source. However, to date there has been no practical way to capture and convert them into any usable form.
MEPAP device would be able to convert terahertz waves into a direct current in future, a form of electricity that powers many household electronics.
This design (referred from MIT ) takes advantage of the quantum mechanical, or atomic behavior of the carbon material graphene. They found that by combining graphene with another material, in this case, boron nitride, the electrons in graphene should skew their motion toward a common direction. Any incoming terahertz waves should “shuttle” graphene’s electrons, like so many tiny air traffic controllers, to flow through the material in a single direction, as a direct current.
Rectifiers, devices that are designed to convert electromagnetic waves from their oscillating (alternating) current to direct current.
Most rectifiers are designed to convert low-frequency waves such as radio waves, using an electrical circuit with diodes to generate an electric field that can steer radio waves through the device as a DC current.
Solar Energy:
Photovoltaic (PV) solar panels use the sun’s power to create a flow of electricity. This is the most widely adopted method of harvesting solar energy today. These panels, which range in size from a few square centimeters to a few square meters, are constructed from many PV cells arranged in an intricate matrix. Intuitively, the larger the surface area available for sunlight to penetrate the PV cells, the more solar energy that gets harvested.
Each PV solar cell is generally made up of a compound semiconductor wafer structure, which can either be a monocrystalline or polycrystalline structure. The structure’s two thin semiconductor wafers, one P-type and one N-type, are each grown separately. The two wafers are placed on top of each other, and the natural reaction that occurs between the two semiconductor types creates a depletion zone that reaches an equilibrium point, without generating any electricity. Due to the PV cell, when light photons pass through and connect with the semiconductor wafers, their interaction releases enough energy to create an equilibrium disruption in the depletion region. That action subsequently creates a brief flow of electricity. However, because of the constant presence of light, this interaction occurs continuously and can produce massive amounts of electrical energy.
The power produced by a single photon interaction replicates across the entire surface of the PV cell. It’s compounded into a whole panel of solar cells. This minor interaction in the depletion zone can be repeated and multiplied, resulting in a significant amount of electricity. PV solar arrays, however, produce DC power. To be integrated with modern power transmission technology, such as the outlets in your home, this DC energy must be converted to AC power using an inverter. There are a variety of proprietary iterations of this fundamental technology that seek to optimize the efficiency of each PV cell on a molecular level, the assembly of the panel, and the panel’s ability to be integrated into a larger solar array.
Thin-film solar cell, type of device that is designed to convert light energy into electrical energy (through the photovoltaic effect) and is composed of micron-thick photon-absorbing material layers deposited over a flexible substrate.
Cadmium telluride thin-films have a peak recorded efficiency of more than 22.1 percent (the percentage of photons hitting the surface of the cell that are transformed into an electric current). By 2014 cadmium telluride thin-film technologies had the smallest carbon footprint and quickest payback time of any thin-film solar cell technology on the market. This is the reason why I used Cadmium telluride thin-film in MEPAP.
Power Density= 1000µW/cm^2
Energy Harvesting from a Vehicle’s Exhaust System Using Thermoelectric Generator Module(TEG):
The efficiency in an internal combustion engine ranges from 25% to 35%. About 50% – 85% of the overall energy loss in a combustion engine is heat, which is either cooled away by the vehicle’s radiator or blown out with the exhaust gases. The other losses take place in bearings and gear boxes. This energy is never put into use again and therefore is called “waste heat”. Even if a small fraction of the waste heat could be turned into useful energy again, it would be a step to the right direction of improving fuel economy.
TEG in MEPAP is a solid stated device which works on the principle of ‘Seebeck effect’.
They are found in solar energy systems like solar panels, solar hot water system, biomass power applications, energy power plants and solar pond systems .Installing a TEG with MEPAP is easy and very beneficial as it has some advantages like small in size, it has no vibrations, makes less or no noise while operating, it generally requires less or no maintenance. And major advantage is that it is using free thermal energy and converting into useful electrical energy. A thermoelectric module consists of many thermo elements connected in electrical channel in series to increase the operating voltage and to increase the thermal conductivity they are connected in parallel. According to a research the conversion of this waste heat into electricity results to an increase of fuel efficiency about 20% . A TEG in MEPAP works on the principle of a Seebeck effect. Two metallic strips, made of different metals and joined at the ends to form a loop. If the junctions are kept at different temperatures then there is an electric current in the loop and the emf developed is called the SEEBECK emf or thermo emf and the current can be used to power a load.
The TEG in MEPAP structure is sandwiched with the thermoelectric material which is then sandwiched by the heat exchanger plates at their ends respectively. The two heat exchangers remains at different temperatures, one at high temperature and the other at lower temperature and called the hot side and cold side. A thermally insulated layer is present between metal heat exchanger and material of a TEG in MEPAP. The p type and n type materials are connected by the metal electrically. A TEG in MEPAP consists of a two sides, one is cold and other is hot side. The hotter side derives the electrons in n type leg towards the cold side which pass through the metallic connection and then passes into the p type leg, hence develops current. Larger the temperature difference between cold side and hot side, larger value of emf will produce.
TEG Power Generation Calculation:
The equation involved in calculation of the performance of a TEG
Z = α2/ kR
Z is a figure of merit of thermoelectric material, R is the electric resistivity
k is a thermal conductivity and
α is a Seebeck coefficient which is
α = ∆V / ∆T,
THERMOELECTRIC METALS:
Thermoelectric materials are used in automobiles, power plants, space satellite, etc. Thermoelectric materials can be characterized according to the structure and composition. They can be classified as – chalcogenide, clathrates, skutterudites, half-heusler, oxides and silicides. The most common thermoelectric materials are the alloys of chalcogenide. The calcogenide materials are popular for their use with (Bi2Te3) and (PbTe).Thermoelectric materials made with Bi2Te3, Se and Sb for temperature use are economical. PbTe has better thermo electric properties at temperature range 500-600 ⁰C and has been used by NASA as a radioactive thermo electric generator (RTG’s) . The stability of a TE material is very important as it should not oxidize within the operating temperature when exposed in air .But nowadays; automobile industries are focusing on bismuth telluride for constructing a TEG.
High charge mobility and small band gaps are the properties of two heavy elements Bi and Te and Bulk alloys of PbTe have a zT value of 0.7 at 467 ⁰C. When SrTe and PbTe are doped with Na, zT value was 2.2 at 642 ⁰C .Skutterudites (MX3) have a lower thermal conductivity due to its complex crystal structure has large voids. CoSb3 based skutterudites are versatile in accepting various actinides, lanthanides, alkalis and alkaline earth metals to be used in void filling and thermal conductivity of skutterudites lowers as the size decreases .Compounds of half heuslers are intermetallic compounds which are thermally stable, having high thermal conductivity and corresponding seebeck coefficient. The lattice thermal conductivity of these compounds reduces having nano structures due to phonon scattering. SiGe alloys are used for high temperature applications because of having very low degradation up to 1000 ⁰C. When compared to their bulk alloys, nanostructured SiGe alloys have higher zT value. Bulk Si0.8 Ge0.2 has zT value of 1 and 0.6 for n type and p type respectively. There is an improvement in zT value when nanocomposite thermoelectric materials are used.
HARVESTING WIND ENERGY(HEW Module):
The present invention relates to a combination air purifier and wind generator. The combination air purifier and wind generator includes a wind-receiving unit installed on a central shaft for driving an electric generator mounted in housing, and an air purifier. The wind-receiving unit includes a governor fixed to an upper end of the central shaft, a spherical blower installed in the middle of the central shaft, and planar magnetic rotary plates installed at a lower end of the central shaft for receiving both artificial and natural winds. Lower magnets are attached to the top of the housing while upper magnets having the same polarity as the lower magnets are attached to the bottoms of the magnetic rotary plates to face the lower magnets. The air purifier includes two air inlets; one air outlet; a copper net, a silver net and a hard charcoal/zeolite net disposed within the air purifier for purifying air introduced there into; and a blower interposed between the silver net and the hard charcoal/zeolite net.
Even though the intensity of the wind increases, the shaft of the generator is prevented from being accelerated beyond a predetermined speed so that any damage to the generator can be avoided and its life can be prolonged, and which includes a multi-stage wind-receiving unit for causing the shaft to be easily rotated even with the gentle natural wind and the artificial wind from the blower so as to enhance the electricity generation.
HEW Module consist of electric generator installed in a box-type housing, a central shaft protruding beyond the top of the box-type housing and having a lower end with a gear coupled thereto for engaging with a gear of the electric generator and transmitting a rotational force, and a wind-receiving unit coupled to the central shaft. The wind-receiving unit includes a governor fixed to an upper end of the central shaft, a spherical blower disposed below the governor, and planar magnetic rotary plates disposed below the blower for receiving both artificial and natural winds. The governor includes a plurality of cylinders of which one ends are fixed to the central shaft, a plurality of wind cups of which one ends are slidably installed within the respective cylinders, and springs connected with the inner ends of the wind cups for elastically supporting them. Lower magnets are attached to the top of the box-type housing, and upper magnets having the same polarity as the lower magnets are disposed on the bottoms of the respective magnetic rotary plates to face down toward the lower magnets.
FIG. 1 is a sectional view of a combination air purifier and wind generator according to the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a section view taken along line A—A of FIG. 1.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS:
Hereinafter, a preferred embodiment of a combination air purifier and wind generator according to the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.
FIGS. 1 and 2 are sectional views of a combination air purifier and magnet-type wind generator according to the present invention. Reference numeral 1 designates a box-type housing, 2 designates a wind-receiving unit, 3 designates an air purifier, and 10 designates an electric generator.
Each of the electric generators 10 is a conventional model for converting mechanical energy into electrical energy. A shaft of the electric generator 10 is coupled with a gear 11.
The electric generator 10 is installed within the box-type housing 1 made of steel frame and plate, or the like. The gear 11 of the electric generator 10 is engaged with and rotated together with a gear 12 coupled with a lower end of a central shaft 13 which penetrates through the center of a top surface of the box-type housing 1 and is positioned in the box-type housing 1. Thus, the gear 11 connected to components for generating electricity, such as a coil and a magnet that are not shown in the figures, within the electric generator 10 converts the mechanical energy into the electrical energy.
The wind-receiving unit 2 installed on the central shaft 13 includes three wind-resistant bodies: a governor 7 fixed to an upper end of the central shaft 13, a spherical blower 6 disposed below the governor, and planar magnetic rotary plates 5 disposed below the blower 6 for receiving both artificial and natural winds.
The governor 7 fixed to the upper end of the central shaft 13 is a horizontal centrifugal rotary body and includes a plurality of cylinders 73 of which one ends are fixed to the central shaft 13, a plurality of wind cups 72 of which one ends are slidably installed within the respective cylinders 73, and springs 75 connected with the inner ends of the wind cups 72 and inner walls 74 of the cylinders 73 for elastically supporting them.
The blower 6 installed in the middle of the central shaft 13 takes the shape of a sphere defined by a plurality of grouped winglets and can obtain a rotational force even with gentle winds generated in all directions. Further, since the blower 6 is disposed in the middle of the central shaft, it can serve to provide a starting force to the central shaft 13 upon existence of the gentle wind while keeping the balance of the central shaft 13, thereby preventing the central shaft 13 from stopping.
Each of the planar magnetic rotary plates 5 installed at a lower portion of the central shaft 13 is made in the form of a rectangular bucket as shown in FIG. 2. Upper magnets 4′ are attached to the bottoms of the respective magnetic rotary plates. Repulsive forces are produced between the upper magnets 4′ and lower permanent magnets 4 (20,000 gauss or higher) that have the same polarity as the upper magnets and are attached to the top of the box-type housing 1, and thus, a levitation phenomenon occurs therebetween. Accordingly, weights of all the components installed on the central shaft 13 become zero, so that the magnetic rotary plates can be easily rotated even with the gentle wind by means of a rotational action resulting from the repulsive forces between the magnets having the same polarity. Consequently, the rotational ability of the magnetic rotary plates can be improved even under any windy conditions. Particularly, the magnetic rotary plates are constructed to be forcibly rotated with the artificial wind discharged from a blower 36 of the air purifier 3 to be described later, even in the gentle natural wind or windless state.
Moreover, as shown in FIG. 2, the wind cups 72 of the governor 7 and the magnetic rotary plates 5 are staggered so that the wind sequentially and consecutively encounters the wind cups 72 and the magnetic rotary plates 5. Thus, a continuous rotational force is transmitted to the central shaft 13.
The air purifier 3 is fixedly installed on a side of the top of the box-type housing 1 and is Y-shaped by including two air inlets 31, 31′ and one air outlet 32. One of the air inlets 31 is horizontally in line with the air outlet 32 while the other air inlet 31′ is formed to incline upward, so that a wind can be generated due to a change in ambient airflow resulting from drawn air streams and a discharged air stream. Further, a copper net 33, a silver net 34 and a hard charcoal/zeolite net 35 for purifying the polluted air are disposed to be spaced apart from one another at predetermined intervals within the air purifier so that the polluted air is caused to pass through them and to be purified. The blower 36 is interposed between the silver net 34 and the hard charcoal/zeolite net 35 so that the air is forced to be drawn and discharged. Mosquito nets 37, 37′ can be installed at the air inlets 31, 31′ to prevent insects from entering the air purifier.
Reference numeral 8, which has not yet been explained, designates a bearing for ensuring smooth rotation of the central shaft 13.
Next, the operation of the combination air purifier and wind generator according to the present invention will be described.
When the box-type housing 1 of the combination air purifier and wind generator is installed at a desired location such as the interior of a room or a roadside, a no-load state suitable for rotation of the central shaft 13 is achieved by means of the repulsive forces between the upper magnets 4′ in the magnetic rotary plates 5 and the lower magnets 4 attached to the box-type housing 1. Thus, even though a very gentle wind encounters the blower 6, the wind cups 72 of the governor 7 and the magnet rotary plates 5, the central shaft 13 immediately begins to be rotated and is further accelerated by the action of the repulsive forces between the lower and upper magnets 4, 4′. Accordingly, the desired electricity can be easily obtained through the electric generators 10.
In order to reduce loads and cause the rotational speed of the central shaft 13 to reach a normal rotational speed in a short time upon initial rotation of the central shaft 13, the wind cups 72 of the governor 7 are maintained in a state where they are pulled toward the central shaft 13 by the springs 75. The wind cups 72 are kept in the initial starting state without any change in their state so as to facilitate the rotation of the central shaft 13 until rated electricity is provided through normal electricity generation.
The initial rotation of the central shaft is facilitated even with the gentle wind by means of the repulsive forces between the lower and upper magnets 4, 4′, the inward positioned state of the wind cups 72, and the spherical blower 6. Further, the magnetic repulsive forces and the inward positioned state of the wind cups 72 continuously assist the central shaft 13, which has begun to be rotated, to cause its rotation speed to reach the rotational speed at which the desired rated electricity can be generated.
Meanwhile, if the intensity of the wind is increased in a state where the rotational speed of each electric generator 10 reaches a normal rotational speed, the rotational speed of the central shaft 13 is also increased and thus the electric generator may be burdened with an overload.
In order to protect the electric generator 10 against the overload, if the central shaft 13 is rotated with a rotational force larger than a predetermined rotational force, the wind cups 72 of the governor 7 are urged outward from the center of the central shaft 13 by centrifugal forces to reduce its rotational force. On the contrary, if the rotational force of the central shaft 13 begins to be reduced, the wind cups 72 are pulled toward the central shaft by means of the restoring forces of the springs 75 so as to reduce the centrifugal forces. Therefore, it is possible to always maintain the normal rotational speed of the central shaft 13.
Meanwhile, in the very gentle natural wind state or the windless state, the blower 36 of the air purifier 3 is operated using either electric power, which has been generated by the electric generators 10 and then stored, or separate electric power. With the operation of the blower 36, the ambient polluted air is caused to be introduced into the air inlets 31, 31′. This causes a change in airflow thereabouts which in turn generates a wind. The introduced polluted air is purified by passing through the copper net 33, the silver net 34 and the hard charcoal/zeolite net 35, which are disposed within the air purifier. The purified air is discharged and then causes the magnetic rotary plates 5 to be rotated as shown in FIG. 2. As the magnetic rotary plates 5 are rotated, the blower 6 and the governor 7 installed above the magnetic rotary plates are rotated together therewith to increase the rotational force. Finally, the central shaft 13 operates the electric generators 10 so that the electricity is generated.
STORAGE SYSTEMS:
The hybrid energy-storage system(HESS) contains two supercapacitors of different sizes and a switching circuit. An adaptive-learning switching algorithm controls the switching circuit. This algorithm predicts the available source energy and the period that the sensor node will remain in the high-energy area. The algorithm dynamically switches between the supercapacitors according to available ambient RF, Vibration, Solar, EM and Thermal energy. Extensive simulation and experiments evaluated the proposed method. The proposed system showed 40% and 80% efficiency over single supercapacitor system in terms of the amount of harvested energy and sensor coverage.
In a HESS typically one storage (ES1) is dedicated to cover “high power” demand, transients and fast load fluctuations and therefore is characterized by a fast response time, high efficiency and high cycle lifetime. The other storage (ES2) will be the “high energy” storage with a low self-discharge rate and lower energy specific installation costs .
Main advantages of a HESS are:
Reduction of total investment costs compared to a single storage system (due to a decoupling of energy and power, ES2 only has to cover average power demand)
Increase of total system efficiency (due to operation of ES2 at optimized, high efficiency operating points and reduction of dynamic losses of ES2)
Increase of storage and system lifetime (optimized operation and reduction of dynamic stress of ES2)
Energy storage coupling architecture in HESS used in MEPAP:
The coupling architecture in MEPAP consists of two DC/DC-converters. Here the parallel converter topology is very common. The additional DC/DC-converter associated with the “high-power” storage is in charge of the voltage regulation of the DC-bus. It helps to operate the “high-power” storage in a broader voltage band, and hereby the available storage capacity is better utilized.
Frequency decoupling used in MEPAP is well suited for real-time applications. It is accomplished by a simple low-pass filter or by advanced filter concepts based on wavelet or Fourier transform. The low frequency component supplies the set-point value of the power controller of ES2, the high frequency component is covered by ES1.
DESIGNS
PIEZOELECTRIC TRANSDUCER
ELECTRICITY from ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
Metasurfaces
MoS2 layer
RF CIRCUITS
Photovoltaic (PV) solar panel:
Thermoelectric Generator Module(TEG)
STORAGE SYSTEMS
RESEARCH TEST AND IMPACTS
RESEARCH TEST ON PIEZOELECTRIC MATERIAL AND ENERGY FROM VIBRATION:
RESEARCH TEST ON ENERGY HARVESTING FROM EM RADIATION,METAMATERIALS AND RECTENNA:
Output power Usually, the outcome of a WPH system is DC power, which is characterized by load voltage VDD and current IDD. Measuring open-load voltage demonstrates the performance of WPH in general since VDD and IDD depend on load impedance. If the load is a sensor, VDD is more important than IDD while in applications like electrolysis or LED, current is the dominant parameter
Comparison of power-harvesting antenna:
Comparison of voltage multiplier:
R as:
Pr= PtGtGr (λ/4πR)2
where Gt and Gr are antenna gains, and λ is the wavelength of the transmitted signal. The received signal strength, diminishes with the square of the distance, requires special sensitivity considerations in the circuit design. Moreover, FCC regulations limit the maximum transmission power in specific frequency bands. For example, in the 900 MHz band, this maximum threshold is 4 W. Even at this highest setting, the received power at a moderate distance of 20 m is attenuated down to only 10 μW.
(a) The concept of a Huygens’ metasurface [38]. (b) A loaded strip-loop unit cell. (c) A reflection less refracting bi-anisotropic metasurface tested using a quasi-optical system at 20 GHz. (d) Full-wave simulation of reflection less refraction for normal incidence to 71.8 degrees.
(a) A collimating Huygens’ metasurface lens. A ‘spider’ unit cell has been used. (b) Beam collimation in the E-plane at 35.2 GHz. Top view of the metasurface metallization pattern. (c) Concept of a cavity excited metasurface to synthesize arbitrary antenna patterns. (d) Synthesized one parameter Taylor’s distribution with side lobes <-20Db. Sketch of metamaterial converter for the generation of flying doughnut pulses. The metasurface consists of azimuthally oriented dipole resonators arranged in concentric rings. The inset at the bottom left of the figure shows a false color image of a flying doughnut pulse, experimentally generated by a plasmonic metasurface (fabricated by focused-ion-beam milling.
Schematics of TPV (a) and STPV (b) systems. Metasurface emitters are heated with the heat source (TPV) or with solar irradiance in STPV using broadband absorbers and the emission is used to power PV cells.
Waveform-dependent absorber which uses a diode bridge and RC circuit to selectively respond to the envelope of the incoming signal rather than simply its frequency.
Generic representation of a nonreciprocal metasurface, with bias field F0. (b) Magnetless transistor-loaded ring metamaterial particle, mimicking electron spin precession in ferrites, with current J0 operating as the biasing field. (c) Reflective Faraday ring metasurface based on the particle in (b). (Left) Perspective view of the metasurface structure. (Right) Faraday rotation angle versus frequency obtained theoretically from the equivalent magnetic Polder tensor (dashed and solid curves) and experimentally from the prototype shown in the insets (dots) .
(a) Calculated dispersion diagram of a coaxial cable loaded with circular metallic inclusions. (b) calculated effective index of refraction of a parallel-plate glide-symmetric structures .
RESEARCH TEST ON PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL AND SOLAR ENERGY
FF is determined by the relation Vmpp /Voc .
RESEARCH TEST FROM EXHAUST ENERGY(TEG MODULE)
Speed of the vehicle is the most important factor for the power generated by a TEG. For better Performance of TEG, speed of vehicle should be greater. As the exhaust temperature is higher, more energy is available for the conversion into electrical energy. There is increase in optimal length and reduction in optimal width based on dynamic optimization simulations when the Temperature of the exhaust increases.
The efficiency and power of a TEG remarkably depends on the temperature. Given figure shows the temperature of inlet and outlet when the engine is operated between 2500 rpm to 3400 rpm. As the engine speed increases, the temperature difference between the surfaces of TEM increases rapidly, hence the output power also increases.
It was found that there is a possibility of generating 1.4 kW of electricity form the heat recovery system in the exhaust of the car if the power produced by the engine is 150 kW and also found that it is possible to produce electricity of 5.9 MW by a waste heat energy recovery system of 500 MW of gas turbine power plant.
Another experiment has been performed for checking the power output of TEG by changing the speed of vehicle. The speed of the vehicle were 48.3, 80.6 and 112.7 km/hr and the result was the output power increased as speed of vehicle increases correspondingly mass flow rate of exhaust and inlet temperature increased as per the speed. At the speed of 80 km/hr, the power output with 72 mm * 4 mm TEM was 75 W.
Fig1. Variation in temperature due to variation in speed.
Fig2. Variation in power production.
TEG Power Generation Calculation:
The equation involved in calculation of the performance of a TEG is
Z = α2 / kR,
Z is a figure of merit of thermoelectric material, R is the electric resistivity
k is a thermal conductivity and
α is a Seebeck coefficient which is
α = ΔV / ΔT,
T ͞ is the average temperature of cold and hot plate of a TEM and when multiplied by Z it makes it Dimensionless.
ZT ͞ = α2 T ͞ /KR
And
T ͞ = (TH +TC ) / 2
As per the second law of thermodynamics,
ῃ = TH – TC / 2
The maximum efficiency of conversion of a TEG can be found using
The output efficiency of a TEG mainly depends on two variables: the temperature and MFR of exhaust. Maximum power output and corresponding heat transfer can be obtained by maximizing the
MFR ratio. As the size of a TEG increases, the output power also increases.
The awesome spectacle of a black hole ripping a star to shreds can be seen in this striking new visualization from the Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), a particle accelerator lab in Hamburg, Germany.
Such events are known as stellar tidal disruptors, and they are fairly rare, occurring just once every 10,000 years in a typical galaxy, according to NASA. Stars are typically flung toward a ravenous black hole after interacting gravitationally with another star or massive object, only to become stretched and devoured should they come too close to the black hole’s maw in a process called spaghettification.
Gravitational tidal forces, similar to the ones that cause the moon to raise tides on Earth, are responsible for most of the destruction. At first, the star’s outer atmospheric layers will get pulled toward the black hole, spinning around its edge like water going down a drain and forming what’s known as an accretion disk, as the video depicts.
Surprisingly, the black hole only consumes about 1% of a star’s mass, according to NASA. The majority will actually get catapulted back out into space in the form of enormous jets of energy and matter that shoot from the black hole’s central region.
These jets can sometimes light up the cosmos, allowing astronomers on Earth to catch glimpses of distant black holes, which are otherwise mostly invisible. Tiny, ghostly particles called neutrinos will also be flung from the black hole, occasionally giving researchers insights into processes occurring during the consumption event.
Some of the star’s material does fall past the event horizon, the point after which nothing, including light, can escape. The visualization shows some of the strange optical effects that the event horizon produces, such as bending light so much that regions at the back of the accretion disk can be seen from its front.
Witnessing how swiftly the black hole dismembers and dispatches the star is an excellent reminder that no one should want to get anywhere near such a powerful object any time soon.
Chinese scientists are planning to fire more than 20 rockets into space to divert an asteroid impact that has a small chance of one day ending life on Earth.
Their target is an asteroid named Bennu, a 85.5-million-ton (77.5 million metric ton) space rock that is on track to swoop within 4.6 million miles (7.5 million kilometers) of Earth’s orbit between 2175 and 2199. Although Bennu’s chances of striking Earth are slim — at just 1 in 2,700 — the asteroid is as wide as the Empire State Building is tall, meaning that any collision with the Earth would be cataclysmic.
The estimated kinetic energy of Bennu’s impact with Earth is 1,200 megatons, which is roughly 80,000 times greater than the energy of the bomb dropped on Hiroshima. For comparison, the space rock that wiped out the dinosaurs delivered about 100 million megatons of energy.
Scientists at China’s National Space Science Center calculated that 23 Long March 5 rockets, each weighing 992 tons (900 metric tons), pushing against the rock simultaneously would be necessary to divert the asteroid away from a fatal course by nearly 6,000 miles (9,000 km) — 1.4 times the Earth’s radius. Their calculations are detailed in a new study published in the forthcoming Nov. 1 issue of the journal Icarus.
A mosaic image of the asteroid Bennu, taken by NASA’s OSIRIS-REX spacecraft. (Image credit: NASA/Goddard/University of Arizona)
“Asteroid impacts pose a major threat to all life on Earth,” Mingtao Li, space science engineer of the National Space Science Center in Beijing and lead author of the new study, wrote in the paper. “Deflecting an asteroid on an impact trajectory is critical to mitigating this threat.”
The Chinese scientists’ plan would sidestep the need to stop the asteroid by more direct, yet riskier, means — like the atomic bomb method popularized by Bruce Willis in the film “Armageddon.” In reality, nuking the incoming space rock would break it into multiple smaller chunks that could still collide with Earth, leading to devastating consequences.
The Chinese plan follows a similar, yet slightly more costly, past proposal made by the United States. The NASA plan, called Hypervelocity Asteroid Mitigation Mission for Emergency Response (HAMMER), would send a fleet of 30-foot-tall (9 meters) spacecraft with battering rams to bump the asteroid off course. NASA simulations suggest that 34-53 blows from HAMMER spacecraft, launched 10 years before Bennu collides with Earth, would be needed to shift the asteroid.
NASA and the ESA (European Space Agency) will be the first to test a novel asteroid nudging method in two joint missions launching November 24 of this year. The DART mission (Double Asteroid Redirection) will send a spacecraft to arrive a year later at the 7 million mile (11 million kilometer) distant Didymos asteroid system. Once there, the NASA spacecraft will slam into Didymos’s moonlet — a rock in orbit around the asteroid. The ESA’s mission, Hera, will then monitor how DART has budged the moonlet off-course.
Bennu is a B-type asteroid, which means that it contains high amounts of carbon and, potentially, many of the primordial molecules present when life emerged on Earth. NASA already sent a spacecraft, called Osiris-Rex, in pursuit of samples from the asteroid. Osiris-Rex arrived above Bennu in October 2020, floating above it for long enough to collect loose pieces from its surface with its 10-foot (3 m) arm. Osiris-Rex is expected to return to Earth with its spoils in 2023.
Long March 5 rockets are the workhorses of China’s space program, completing most of the deliveries to China’s space station and launching Chinese probes to Mars and the moon. The rockets have caused concern in the past due to their uncontrolled reentry to Earth. In May, the 22-ton (20 metric ton) section of a Long March 5 rocket fell to Earth, either burning up or landing in the sea near the Arabian peninsula. In May 2020, fragments from a previous March 5 rocket were believed to have crashed into two villages in the Ivory Coast.
Long March 5 rockets are the workhorses of China’s space program, completing most of the deliveries to China’s space station and launching Chinese probes to Mars and the moon. The rockets have caused concern in the past due to their uncontrolled reentry to Earth. In May, the 22-ton (20 metric ton) section of a Long March 5 rocket fell to Earth, either burning up or landing in the sea near the Arabian peninsula. In May 2020, fragments from a previous March 5 rocket were believed to have crashed into two villages in the Ivory Coast.
Mohammed Yusuf Khan (11 December 1922 – 7 July 2021), known professionally by his stage name Dilip Kumar, was an Indian actor and film producer who worked in Hindi cinema. Referred to as the “Tragedy King” for his portrayal of serious roles and retrospectively as “The First Khan” of Bollywood, he has been described as one of the most successful film stars in the industry and is credited with bringing a distinct form of method acting to cinema. Kumar holds the record for most wins for the Filmfare Award for Best Actor (eight, which was later equalled by Shah Rukh Khan), and was also the inaugural recipient of the award.
In a career spanning over five decades, Kumar worked in over 65 films. He debuted as an actor in the film Jwar Bhata (1944), produced by Bombay Talkies. Following a series of unsuccessful ventures, he had his first box office hit in Jugnu (1947). Kumar found further success with the romantic Andaz (1949), the swashbuckling Aan (1952), the social drama Daag (1952), the dramatic Devdas (1955), the comical Azaad (1955), the epic historical Mughal-e-Azam (1960), the social dacoit crime drama Gunga Jamuna (1961), and the comedy Ram Aur Shyam (1967). Both Andaz and Aan briefly became the highest-grossing Indian film upto that point, a feat later achieved by Mughal-e-Azam, which sustained the record for 11 years. As of 2021, the latter remains the highest-grossing film in India when adjusted for inflation.
The 1970s saw Kumar’s career take a downturn, marked by a string of commercial failures. In 1976, he went on a five-year hiatus from film performances and returned with the revolutionary drama Kranti, which was the highest-grossing Indian film of the year. He continued to play leading roles in films such as Shakti (1982), Karma (1986), and Saudagar (1991). His last on-screen appearance was in the commercially unsuccessful Qila (1998), which saw him in a dual role. Kumar later served as a member of the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of India’s parliament, from 2000 to 2006.
Kumar’s personal life was the subject of much media attention. He was in a long-term relationship with actress and frequent co-star Madhubala that ended after the Naya Daur court case in 1957. He married actress Saira Banu in 1966 and resided in Bandra, a suburb of Mumbai, until his death in 2021. For his contributions to film, the Government of India awarded him with the Padma Bhushan in 1991 and the Padma Vibhushan in 2015, the country’s third and second-highest civilian awards respectively. He was also awarded India’s highest accolade in the field of cinema, the Dadasaheb Phalke Award in 1994. In 1998, the Government of Pakistan conferred Kumar with Nishan-e-Imtiaz, the highest civilian decoration, making him the only Indian to have received the honor.
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