Surroundings are all around and you assume that people are staring at you which is not real it’s only a trauma and fear of being in Surroundings because you’re still processing to overcome totally. You are afraid of getting dragged again into that past phase where you’ve suffered a lot in an afloat and even in present you’re working on it.Taking steps one after one fearfully like a single wrong step can ruin whole things,things that are going nowadays smoothly a bit. That wrong step may be to be in an unwanted environment or carrying complicated conversation or to stay alone all the time or there may be triggering elements replayed in your unconscious while you sleep.
Everywhere there is fear fear fear and fear of getting betrayed ;no idea how it will. Ignoring all these happenings with great efforts you restarted new life where there is no harm you checked,no negativity checked in practical life the only thing you have to focus on is your health,your passion and on your coming bright everything you assume is good and effective but suddenly something arrives. Neither in your workplace nor in your home it arrives in your unconscious mind where no one is real,not even the place. Suddenly it starts when you go to bed after a long tired day to reduce the stress but as soon as you sleep your unconscious starts dreaming of all the bad ruckus ,chaos and negativity which starts reminding of all that affected you in the past. For a few days you got no affection for it,but as much as time is going and unconsciously replaying all bad stuff very smoothly you failed to neglect.
It is like a reminder of fear of getting betrayed that you have faced worsened which you never want to deal and even you don’t have that much courage to face that situations in coming time,it’s something you can avoid those past happened things but cannot deal with it again but mind is playing against your body and allows unconsciousness to triggers you in that way where you can’t even breathe while you sleep.
When you least expect it, Nature has cunning ways of findings our weakest spot. Just remember: I’m here. Right now you may not want to feel anything; may you never want to feel anything. And maybe it’s not me that you will want to speak about these things but, Feel something you did. Look… You had a beautiful friendship, maybe more than a friendship, and envy you. In my place, most guardians would hope the…..
Adapting material from some origin is not something new that the film industry invented. Classical Greek playwrights adapted myths that had been passed in through oral tradition. And as soon as the cinematographers recognized that presenting a story in moving picture required “good story”, so they started adapting story from novels, plays, short stories. Robert Stam discusses different sources of hostility towards the practice of adaptation. According to him, many have long viewed literature as being superior to film. He goes on to analyze the process of adaptation and the ways in which tie and space are used differently in the two mediums. As per his view, “fidelity in adaptation is literally impossible. A filmic adaptation is automatically different and original due to the change of medium.”
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‘Macbeth’ is one of the finest and acclaimed works by Shakespeare. The play also has an easy to understand plot line which has lent itself to numerous adaptations.
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And one of those notable adaptations is the ‘Throne of Blood’by Akira Kurosawa set in feudal Japan. Needless to mention that the central themes of the movie consist of tragedy, treachery, credulity and fallacy. However, to commence with the dissimilarities between the play Macbeth and Kurosawa’s movie, one among the other possible differences is their depictions of the battle at the opening stages of the plot.
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The play Macbeth opens with grotesque imagery of the revolt, and the weather all muddles up, as informed by the witches seen in medias res (amidst) of their conversation. The captain reporting about the battle even describes Macbeth as unseeming one of his opponents. This type of gory imagery, however, is nowhere to be found at the start of Kurosawa’s film ‘Throne of Blood’,
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instead it opens with the vast fog with a seemingly deserted and peaceful castle depicted behind the fog with a lamenting song, “Look upon the ruins of the castle of delusion haunted…”. It also features various captains reporting about the battle, but there are no depictions about the battle. The use of fog and the lack of violence, in the opening scene, set an uncertain tone for the rest of the film, and Washizu is not seen killing anyone that makes his future actions even more shocking. In fact, we witness Washizu’s innocence when he strongly resists the prophecy. As wherein Macbeth, the brutal portrayal of the battle in the beginning set a violent and dark tone right away, and thus, it makes Macbeth’s future killings somewhat less surprising. The shock factor of Washizu’s actions is also due o the fact that there are no witches at the start of the movie.
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On the other hand, we encounter that the witches start the play by invoking the name of Macbeth, leaving a sense of suspicion in the mind of the reader that Macbeth may not be who he appears. In the movie, three witches are replaced with a single-spirit who is seen chanting a song that introduces Japanese traditions, Buddhism and feelings of humanity. The song mentioning karma and reincarnation comes straight from the Buddhist beliefs.
Kurosawa’s Throne of Blood and Shakespeare’s Macbeth also differ greatly in their portrayals of Lady Macbeth and Lady Asaji respectively.
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In the play, Lady Macbeth makes her presence and intentions felt in her very first moments. She states, “Fill me from the crown to the toe topful of direst cruelty. Me thick my blood. Stop up the access and passage to remorse.” This quotation by her immediately warns the reader of her growing plans of evil.
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Contrarily, in the movie, Lady Asaji (the equivalent to Lady Macbeth) makes it much more subtle entrance. She is first seen sitting peacefully in Washizu’s castle appearing as submerged in deep contemplation. Throughout her attempts to convince Washizu to kill Tshuzuki, she remains completely sedentary and shows no sign of any emotion, unlike Lady Macbeth who passionately uses strong imagery and vehement speech to ty to persuade Macbeth. And Asaji’s fixed expressions portray the use of Noh mask. As far as the movie is concerned, predominantly the character of Asaji, Kurosawa has adopted the aesthetic of the Noh elements.
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It’s a cultural asset of Japanese theatre. It’s a classical form of dance-drama originated in Japan, and is popular since 14th century. There are several types of these masks used in Japanese theatre. And surprisingly, they are used by Kurosawa commendably through dramatis personae of Asaji. Director Kurosawa was overwhelmingly magnetized by Noh, “I like [Noh] because it is the real heart, the core of all Japanese drama. Its degree of compression is extreme, and it is full of symbols, full of subtlety. It is as though the actors andthe audience are engaged in a kind of contest and as though this contest involves the entire Japanese cultural heritage . . . I wanted to use the way that Noh actors have of moving their bodies, the way they have of walking, and the general composition which the Noh stage provides.” (Extracted from an article by Minae Yamamoto Savas)
Lady Macbeth does not give Macbeth much of a reason to kill Duncan other than to solely attain power. Lady Asaji, on the other side, presents Washizu with the idea that Miki will inform about the prophecy to Tsuzuki that Washizu will ascend to the throne which in turn will lead to Washizu’s death at the hands of Tsuzuki. Despite her reserved nature, she is very deceptive and possesses contriving persona as she uses the prophecy of the witch to implant fear in the mind of Washizu. She also tries to justify the killing of Tsuzuki because Tsuzuki himself attained his throne by murdering someone, and also attempts to convince him that deep down Washizu himself carrying and watering the ambition to attain power, which is also the first time that she looks directly at him in the film. Lady Asaji like Lady Macbeth is a strong evil presence although she is portrayed in a much different manner.
Another difference between the movie and the play is existence of the lack of recognition of eternal ramification for Washizu’s actions in the movie, whereass, in the play, apprehension regarding the afterlife plays a prominent role in Macbeth’s psychological struggles with respect to his decision to kill Duncan.
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In Act 2, scene 1, Macbeth states, “I go, and it is done. The bell invites me. Hear it not Duncan, for it is a knell that summons thee to heaven or to hell.” He knowingly chooses temporal power on earth rather than eternal glory in heaven, a decision that he later realizes that he cannot undo which leads to his supposedly eternal damnation in hell. And in Kurosawa’s Throne of Blood, however, heaven and hell are never referred to. This is ofcourse largely because of the film’s Japanese origin. Instead, it’s Washizu’s contemplation of the goodness of his friend Miki that drives his inner conflict perpetrated by his wife.
The adaptation of literary works into films do distorts the original text. But we should not forget that these adaptations, like what Kurosawa did, are filmed establishing the text on different period of time, background, and geo-political settings. Although film was initially regarded by some as sucking the life out of a literary text, a view forcefully articulated by Theodore Dreiser in 1932, “Film adaptation of novels is not so much a belittling as a debauching process, which works harm to the mind of the entire world. For the debauching of any good piece of literature is – well, what? Criminal? Ignorant? Or both? I leave it to the reader.”
Some feelings are like old familiar friends, Depression is like that for me. When I’m not in it, I don’t remember.I remember it’s bad,I remember darkness,but it is different to feel it again. It’s the difference between remembering what a room looks like and actually walking through the door in that room. Being inside it again, feeling it again. When depression starts,it can be slow at first.An instructive thought appears,“I don’t want to be here”and assume it’s gone like you bat it away like a fly or a bad smell. But when it hits you fully though when you are really in it,it’s everything;It’s Who you’re, you’re nothing else. On the outside, You look the same smiling and pretending is so much work but inside it’s a different story. You start to hate yourself, you’re so alone;so unbelievably Alone. And you can be with someone you Love but you’re not really with them.
“We think we know what’s going on with other people,but we don’t.You never really know what’s going on inside someone else’s head. Everyone’s fighting a battle;you can’t see.” We all have blind spots. And you know it’s you,it’s something wrong with you and it’s also exhausting: so goddamn shitty and exhausting,it’s helpless. It’s a void and existing takes so much energy,you want to sink into a hole of nothing where no one talks to you and you don’t have to smile or talk or be.
Anyway, it’s familiar, I’ve been here before, gotten out of it before but getting out of the part becomes the room that you remember but aren’t in; and that’s what’s Scary.
A very simple family of Modern era living with their life old fashioned limitations like not allowing the phone to their children even if they jumped in higher class, they do not have permitted to attend any party with their friends,Not allowed to go out in late night.Their mother a housewife made these rules But we all know that there is always reasons of restrictions, the same are here with those two siblings of this exciting family.Both are studying in a same school and everyday their father use to receive and drop them,eating foodings made by dad bakery, play video games and sometimes spend times in sleepover.Cavin the little boy has sharp mind and he enjoy the imaginary world more than real.
One day a neighbour’s parents come with his child to leave him for the night. That boy also has some list by his mother about what to do or what to don’t.But as he is in another house with another rule and restrictions nothing from the list could be done right from his list.In loan area Cavin’s dad fixed a tent for their sleepover and left them to sleep. And in the same night her daughter tries to escape from home with her friend for one night to attend the party invited by her senior.
At late night tiem to sleep ,Ninjas enter in the house and attack on her housewife mother to take her with themselves for a mission.They took up both husband and wife with them for a robbery. After knowing their mother’s real identification that her mother was the head robber many years before her marriage in the bachelors age;their children decided to find their parents and went out for an overnight adventure.
Their mother was a witness protection lady who was caught by the police but allowed to be free with a new identification by letting no one know her real identity.
Following the signs Including their dog’s neck belt left by her mother at every steps they followed and in not finally but at end of getting signs they met her mother’s younger sister who is also a robber; she gave them the direction to reach their mother and they followed.Finally they reached the destination and saw their simple housewife mother extraordinary actions and looks that were never been seen before.And also they saw her mother’s fiance who was a robber man,charm and dashing.
But there and then her mother become with a new identification and living her life as a normal person with family this mission was not her choice.They escape brilliantly from this leaving behind all this stuff if past and came back to home safely creating this adventurous night.And the boy who has very quite talent to make stories of imagination,he does the same in front of police too,reached all back to home safely.
Next morning, the neighbour came to take their child who was left for a sleepover and found the child safe and that child went home too.
Everything happened, the restrictions,the limitations came across with a very valid reason why kids of this family faced too many rules and regulations other than others.Now they understand and respect the situations and their family especially her mother.
So,The conclusion comes here with a brief mentality of parents and children.
Parents never want to grab or tie their own children with restrictions. If they do there must be the reason for their safety that’s important more than anything for any parents.
Children like that boy who live in his imagination are brilliant so to make success and happiness in their life it’s necessary to promote and support your child according to their way of interests.
And the last but not least ,the priority matter a lot for a family person no matter who you are,mother or father or sister or you are a brother,if you are in a family you must put your priorities first for them other than anyone no matter how complications has started ,how it is difficult to deal or to resolve it but things will become smoother as soon as one put family on prior.Stay tied to the family is one of the best weapon to fight against any circumstances, situations,or any difficulty.
Basically everyone expects the normal student lifestyle with proper and regular routine or schedule to follow for a student even that student too.But Eventually mine is bit different.Different lifestyle is not a decision of mine but the wise decision is something that to accept this difference. Like all other students I’m also a student of a regular class of academic course at a high named Central University.But the thing is I’m not capable of interacting with people or Hodge podge anymore,The reason behind is something I’m not blaming but before Corona pandemic i was not that what I’m now.I feel anxious and low from deep down to be in gathering,it’s became tough to hear more than one sound hitting my ears,even sunrays and a close conference room makes me uncomfortable. But taking these all wisely i chose to work from my room ,even class work , activities, projects and all doing individually that makes me feel really good.My elders and professors are understandable enough.I order food or cook sometimes,i ate,i do work like personal stuffs too,I enjoy myself ,watch movies,series etcetera it’s also appreciable for me to write about my lifestyle cause I’m living my own way with no glitches or now atleast and it’s working literally,every well wishers hoping to see me out or be social like before i was,but here I’m not only hoping but working on it too. What do you think,does it sound like a normal lifestyle?If I’m the only one who is facing this? The answer is Big Noo… As of now things are getting recovered after the pandemic, One after one has faced different phases but the outcome is the same It is Anxiety, depression or phobea and many health issues as well as mental issues. They try to be social,to be active and involved like they were before Pandemic.But there and then remember one thing that things will get worse when we push it to show surroundings that we are okay and internally we continuously go deep down by doing this.
So just let it be, If you don’t want to be in gather just make a space where you can feel atleast not bad than to be in gathering. If you don’t wanna hear something/someone just listen to you for yourself to make Comfortable atleast. Don’t wanna go out or see something just feel for yourself and work yourself to do productice that can be seen for a single time atleast. Atleast eat a bite and drink a drop to immune your brain that is continuously running without break. Don’t wanna describe yourself to anyone,just don’t do but focus on yourself to make your personality and let it describe your victory. Not feeling okay is too short to say,just don’t say… but i have one oath to say that is;It’s totally okay to not be Okay. Okayy?
Hamari Pehchan NGO is a non-governmental organisation with the main motive of improving and changing the lives of people and leading them towards a better and happier life. It provides a platform for different people across the country as well as the society to show their skillsets and develop a unqiue niche for themselves. Through this NGO, many underprevlideged have been able to improve their livelihood and have also been able to overcome the fear of living their lives in jeopardy.
The NGO continuously thrives in changing the lives of people who are deprived of the basic essentials and are unable enjoy their company. Hamari Pehchan is not just limited to a specific gender, age group or a particular methodology for conditioning the advancement of the society. Whether it is about women, children, older people, it tries to reach out to everybody and every section of society. The main motto as earlier stated is always to help all the underprevildged ones and provide them an essential platform to showcase their skills and expertise.
Mission-
Seeking a world of hope, tolerance and social justice where poverty has been eradicated and all people live with dignity and security.
Vision-
To help everyone in creating their own ‘Pahchan’ and live a life with dignity.
Values driven-
Believing in urgent action, innovation and the necessity of transformation—within the world and our own organization.
The NGO has created almost 390+ campaigns throughout the country to spread awareness regarding the donation programs and making lives of the underprivledged much better. And not just this, it has also helped almost 10,000+ people across the country in create their own niche and live their lives with dignity. The organization has been up and running for the past 5 years. With collaboration and support of the Delhi police, School Teachers, Advocates, experienced Doctors and especially the school and college youth, the organization has come a long way with now over 5000 active members working relentlessly to support various causes.
Help is the most expensive gift, so be Rich by heart- Tarun Mathur
The rise of Web series,episodic video entertainment produced for the internet and mobile devices and look into the motivations of their creators which first emerged in the late 1990s and became more prominent in the early 2000s.
Definition:Web SeriesAlso called Web Shows,A series of scripted or non scripted online videos that are available in the form of episodes and seasons uploaded on Websites.Web Shows,A series of scripted or non scripted online videos that are available in the form of episodes and seasons uploaded on Websites.
In early days Individuals had to watch their favourite shows on Television with time barriers and even with a trauma of missing shows because there were no any features that can recap or replay the missed episodes.But Nowadays it’s became easy to resume or play any show anywhere that are broadcasting on websites.An individual can access for their entertainment ,interest and for their spending time.Individuals make up over 70% of the population of India,and the majority of them use the Internet.The new generation’s tendency is now using the internet.Due to the tendency of young people to become addicted to social Media,web series are easily produced and are becoming more and more popular in India.
Websites called Providers on which all series are available to watch anytime anywhere.Out of them, there are many series available free to watch but for more to watch one have to subscribe or can say have to take subscription (Amount are different for different websites).
Here are those website:
Netflix
Amazon Prime Video
Hotstar
Jio Cinema
MX Player
Voot
Zee5 and more.
On these platforms individuals can watch their favourite and interest based series, movies and episodes that inspires one whether they want to watch episode to episode or binge-watching.
Binge-watch– The practice of watching content like streaming services for a long time span, usually a single series or show.
In India it’s going fastest in this field of watching Web Series/Shows. In this context Hum log, India’s first series, debuted in 1984-1985 and ran for 154 episodes,making it the longest series in India history at the time of its finale. A 60 million strong audience watched it. The last episode lasted approximately for 55 minutes,while each episode lasted around 25 minutes.
And now web series have become more popular as it provides all types of entertainment and the majority of the series at the end leave some moral for the viewers. It has the chance to “go viral” by being viewed online and by people all over the world. It also has the potential to be “picked up,” or given a distribution deal, by well-known TV and film studios. There have been numerous web series awarded their own television shows.
In India Puppetry has been one of the most ancient folk skill forms of traditional entertainment and has the richest variety of types and styles of shadow puppets.
Shadow puppets are made up of leather that has been carved into flat figures.
The audience is seated in front of the screen, and shadow puppets are pressed up against the screen with a powerful source of light behind it. The interaction between the light and the screen creates vibrant shadows for the audience. Popular regions for these puppets include Orissa, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, and Tamil Nadu.
Indian shadow puppetry examples include:
Togalu Gombeyatta (Karnataka),
Tholu Bommalata (Andhra Pradesh),
and
Ravanachhaya (Odisha)
Togalu Gombeyatta:
Togalu Gombeyatta is the name of Karnataka’s shadow theatre.
Most of these puppets are small in size.
However, the puppets’ sizes vary according to their social standing; for example, kings and religious figures are larger than ordinary people or servants, who are smaller.
Tholu Bommalata:
The majority of it comes from the state of AP. The puppets have jointed shoulders, elbows, and knees and are quite huge. On both sides, they are colored. As a result, these puppets cast colorful shadows on the screen. The Ramayana, the Mahabharata, and the Puranas are used as the inspiration for the puppet plays’ themes, and the music is mostly influenced by local classical music.
Ravanachhaya, Orissa:
This is a type of puppet from that state. There are no joints and the puppets are in one piece. Since they lack color, they cast opaque shadows on the screen. Along with the usage of human and animal characters, several props are also employed, including trees, mountains, chariots, etc. Despite being smaller in size—the tallest Ravanachhaya puppets are less than two feet tall and lack jointed limbs—they cast incredibly tender and lyrical shadows.
Gender role and division on Shadow puppetry in India:
For a long time, this art has hampered the involvement of women in taking part in the playing role of puppets. Women are mostly hidden or invisible in play and men’s roles are exclusively visible. A study conducted on the role of women in the traditional puppeteer family in India on two major forms of puppetry-‘String puppetry and Leather- Shadow puppetry which shows women are not involved in making puppets even in South India that are made of wood called string marionettes.
Women are mostly involved in the fabrication of natural dyes and colors, such as those made from dirt, mud, leaves, tree bark, seeds, and charcoal, on cloth, the preparation of appam (Wall putty) utilizing soft lay, tamarind seeds, and traditional glue, and the designing and dressing of costumes are all more commonly done by women. puppets that are stitched using a needle and thread.
Whatstudies say?
Traditional puppeteers did not allow women to take part actively as in Kerala, Shadow puppetry and the place and performance going on are like a temple and puppets are made of Gods and goddesses to be played on stage where they are not allowing women for the reason by the Custom or their menstruation. Only Male members are allowed to connect the profession and play roles.
What’s now?
Nevertheless, Today Women from Traditional families and women who are interested in puppetry come under an umbrella called Contemporary puppeteers. As a result, women in puppetry are using puppetry to revive the art form, to address some of India’s most pressing social problems, to impart education, awareness campaign, in theatre, and also as therapeutic value.
Women artists today not only contribute to this rich art form, but they also hold their own as equal puppeteers and performers. The evident cultural rebirth can be seen in the appropriation of traditional art, modifications, exploration of interconnection, artistic and creative modules connecting the international models, for teaching, education, social cause, campaign, and lastly to entertain with a message.
Reference:
Many Voices, One World (1982). New Delhi: Oxford, IBH. Melkote, S.R. (1991). Communication for Development in the Third World: Theory and Practice. New Delhi: Sage. Mukhopadhyay, D. (1994). Folk Arts and Social Communication, New Delhi: Publications Division.
Empowerment stands for giving authority and power to women. Thus, Women’s empowerment refers to empowering women to make their own decisions. It means women should have full equality across all fields, regardless of stereotypes. With higher literacy rates and equal pay for equal work, women can thrive economically and rise out of poverty. Protecting women and girls from violence and abuse while challenging the stigmas against reporting crimes would overall create a much safer society.
The Current State of Gender Equality:
On the World Economic Forum’s Global Gender Gap Index of 2021, India ranks 140th among 153 nations, “becoming the third-worst performer in South Asia.” India fell 28 places from its 2020 rank of 112th. The report cites several reasons for this fall. In terms of political empowerment, the number of female ministers declined from about 23% in 2019 to just 9% in 2021. The female workforce participation rate also decreased “from 24.8% to 22.3%.” Additionally, the “share of women in senior and managerial positions also remains low.” The report also indicates that women in India earn just one-fifth of what men earn.
Furthermore, “one in four women” endure “intimate violence” at least once in their lifetime. Although India has achieved gender parity in educational attainment, illiteracy rates among women remain high. The report indicates that just 65.8% of women in India are literate in 2021 in comparison to 82.4% of men.
Women also endure inequality concerning land and property rights. A 2016 UNICEF report noted that only 12.7% of properties in India “are in the names of women” despite 77% of women in India depending on agricultural work as a core source of income.
Benefits of Empowering Women in India:
As the majority of India’s population, women represent a significant portion of the nation’s untapped economic potential. As such, empowering women in India through equal opportunities would allow them to contribute to the economy as productive citizens. With higher literacy rates and equal pay for equal work, women can thrive economically and rise out of poverty.
Protecting women and girls from violence and abuse while challenging the stigmas against reporting crimes would overall create a much safer society. Improving the female political representation rate would enable more women to serve as role models for young girls and allow a platform to bring awareness to the issues affecting women in India. Overall, gender equality allows for women to live a better quality of life, allowing them to determine their futures beyond traditional expectations.
Women Of Worth (WOW):
According to its website, “Women Of Worth exists for the growth, empowerment, and safety of girls and women” standing “for justice, equality and change.” WOW began in 2008, created by a group of women who longed for change in a society rife with gender discriminatory practices. Its ultimate vision is “to see women and girls live up to their fullest potential.” With a mission of empowering women in India.
The organization has three focal areas:
1. Advocacy Work: WOW utilizes social media platforms to raise awareness of gender inequality and “change attitudes and behavior.”
2. Training and Health Services: WOW provides training to both men and women in schools, tertiary institutions, and companies on women’s safety and rights. It also presents lectures and “keynote addresses” on the topic. Furthermore, WOW provides counseling sessions to improve mental health. Rehabilitation and Restoration: WOW offers “counseling, life skills training, and therapy” to children and women who are victims of abuse, neglect, and trafficking.
WOW’s efforts have seen success. The organization helped to rescue 200 girls from abusive backgrounds, providing them with rehabilitation services. WOW also gave 11 girls scholarships to continue their education. WOW provided training on gender equality to about 800 working people and “1500 students” along with “200 parents” and 300 educators.
3. Gender equality is a crucial cornerstone in the advancement of any society or nation as it affects all areas of society from economic growth to education, health, and quality of life. Gender inequality in India is a deep-rooted, complex, and multi-layered issue but it is also an essential battle to overcome to see the fullest potential of the nation.
How are women empowered in India?
The Constitution of India has certain provisions that specifically focus on women’s empowerment and prevents discrimination against women in society. Article 14 talks about equality before the law. Article 15 enables the state to make special provisions for women.
Beti Bachao Beti Padhao Andolan has been launched for creating awareness among the people to educate all girl children in the country. The government successfully promotes this scheme by forming District Task Force and Block Task Force. The scheme was launched in the Panipat district of Haryana on 22 January 2015 with initial funding of Rs. 100 crore. Before the launching of this scheme, the Child Sex Ratio of Panipat was 808 in 2001 and 837 in 2011.
Massive publicity is made about the program in print and electronic media, and the logo of this scheme is very common in government buildings such as pillars of National Highway 44, Panipat District Court, bus stand, and railway station of Panipat district, etc.
Financial independence is important for women’s empowerment. Women, who are educated and earning, are in a much better position in our society as compared to uneducated women workers. Therefore, a scheme called working women hostels has been launched so that safe and convenient accommodation should be provided to working women. The benefit of this scheme is given to every working woman without any distinction of caste, religion, marital status, etc. To take benefit from this scheme, the gross total income of women should not exceed Rs. 50,000 per month in the case of metropolitan cities whereas, in the case of small cities, the gross total income should not exceed Rs. 35,000 per month.
The focus of the government has shifted from women’s development to women-led development. To achieve this goal, the government is working around the clock to maximize women’s access to education, skill training, and institutional credit. MUDRA Yojana ( Micro Units Development and Refinance Agency Ltd ) is one such scheme that was launched on 8 April 2015 in which loans up to Rs. 10 lakh are provided to women entrepreneurs, without any collateral. For instance: A woman namely Kamla daily wage laborer from Panipat has taken a loan of Rs. 45,000 from the State Bank of India to start work in a beauty parlor and she is engaged in gainful employment with dignity now.
Conclusion:
Women must have an equal voice, rights, and opportunities, throughout their lives. Gender equality can make a difference to individual lives and whole communities. Economic and Social Empowerment places women and girls in a stronger position. Women’s and girls Economic Empowerment gives a voice in decison making processes. women also should be given equal rights like men to actually empower them. They need to be strong, aware, and alert every time for their growth and development. The most common challenges are related to the education, poverty, health, and safety of women.
Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; 21 April 1926 – 8 September 2022) was Queen of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms from 6 February 1952 until she died in 2022. She was queen regnant of 32 sovereign states during her lifetime and 15 at the time of her death.[a] Her reign of 70 years and 214 days is the longest of any British monarch and the longest recorded of any female head of state in history.
Elizabeth was born in Mayfair, London, as the first child of the Duke and Duchess of York (later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth). Her father acceded to the throne in 1936 upon the abdication of his brother, King Edward VIII, making Elizabeth the heir presumptive. She was educated privately at home and began to undertake public duties during the Second World War, serving in the Auxiliary Territorial Service. In November 1947, she married Philip Mountbatten, a former prince of Greece and Denmark, and their marriage lasted 73 years until his death in April 2021. They had four children: Charles, Anne, Andrew, and Edward.
When her father died in February 1952, Elizabeth—then 25 years old—became queen of seven independent Commonwealth countries: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Pakistan, and Ceylon (known today as Sri Lanka), as well as Head of the Commonwealth. Elizabeth reigned as a constitutional monarch through major political changes such as the Troubles in Northern Ireland, devolution in the United Kingdom, the decolonization of Africa, and the United Kingdom’s accession to the European Communities and withdrawal from the European Union. The number of her realms varied over time as territories gained independence and some realms became republics. Her many historic visits and meetings include state visits to China in 1986, Russia in 1994, and the Republic of Ireland in 2011, and meetings with five popes.
Significant events include Elizabeth’s coronation in 1953 and the celebrations of her Silver, Golden, Diamond, and Platinum jubilees in 1977, 2002, 2012, and 2022, respectively. Elizabeth was the longest-lived British monarch and the second-longest reigning sovereign in world history, behind only Louis XIV of France. She faced occasional republican sentiment and media criticism of her family, particularly after the breakdowns of her children’s marriages, her annus horribilis in 1992, and the death of her former daughter-in-law Diana, Princess of Wales, in 1997. However, support for the monarchy in the United Kingdom remained consistently high, as did her popularity. Elizabeth died aged 96 at Balmoral Castle, Aberdeenshire in 2022, months after the Platinum Jubilee, and was succeeded by her eldest son, Charles III.
Elizabeth was the elder daughter of Prince Albert, duke of York, and his wife, Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon. As the child of a younger son of King George V, the young Elizabeth had little prospect of acceding to the throne until her uncle, Edward VIII (afterward duke of Windsor), abdicated in her father’s favor on December 11, 1936, at which time her father became King George VI and she became heir presumptive. The princess’s education was supervised by her mother, who entrusted her daughters to a governess, Marion Crawford; the princess was also grounded in history by C.H.K. Marten, afterward provost of Eton College, and had instruction from visiting teachers in music and languages. During World War II she and her sister, Princess Margaret Rose, perforce spent much of their time safely away from the London blitz and separated from their parents, living mostly at Balmoral Castle in Scotland and the Royal Lodge, Windsor, and Windsor Castle.
Early in 1947, Princess Elizabeth went with the king and queen to South Africa. After her return, there was an announcement of her betrothal to her distant cousin Lieutenant Philip Mountbatten of the Royal Navy, formerly Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark. The marriage took place in Westminster Abbey on November 20, 1947. On the eve of the wedding her father, the king, conferred upon the bridegroom the titles of duke of Edinburgh, earl of Merioneth, and Baron Greenwich. They took residence at Clarence House in London. Their first child, Prince Charles (Charles Philip Arthur George), was born on November 14, 1948,
In the summer of 1951, the health of King George VI entered into a serious decline, and Princess Elizabeth represented him at the Trooping the Colour and on various other state occasions. On October 7 she and her husband set out on a highly successful tour of Canada and Washington, D.C. After Christmas in England she and the duke set out in January 1952 for a tour of Australia and New Zealand, but en route, at Sagana, Kenya, news reached them of the king’s death on February 6, 1952. Elizabeth, now queen, at once flew back to England. The first three months of her reign, the period of full mourning for her father, were passed in comparative seclusion. But in the summer, after she had moved from Clarence House to Buckingham Palace, she undertook the routine duties of the sovereign and carried out her first state opening of Parliament on November 4, 1952. Her coronation was held at Westminster Abbey on June 2, 1953.
The modern monarch:
The queen seemed increasingly aware of the modern role of the monarchy, allowing, for example, the televising of the royal family’s domestic life in 1970 and condoning the formal dissolution of her sister’s marriage in 1978. In the 1990s, however, the royal family faced several challenges. The separation and later divorce (1996) of Charles and the immensely popular Diana further eroded support for the royal family, which was viewed by some as antiquated and unfeeling. The criticism intensified following Diana’s death in 1997, especially after Elizabeth initially refused to allow the national flag to fly at half-staff over Buckingham Palace. In line with her earlier attempts at modernizing the monarchy, the queen subsequently sought to present a less-stuffy and less-traditional image of the monarchy. These attempts In 2002 Elizabeth celebrated her 50th year on the throne. As part of her “Golden Jubilee,” events were held throughout the Commonwealth, including several days of festivities in London. Having dealt with several physical setbacks in recent years, Philip, who had been Elizabeth’s husband for more than seven decades, died in April 2021. On their 50th wedding anniversary, in 1997, Elizabeth had said of Philip, “He has, quite simply, been my strength and stay all these years.” Because of social-distancing protocols brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic, the queen sat alone in a choir stall in St. George’s Chapel (in Windsor Castle) at Philip’s funeral. The widely disseminated images of her tragic isolation were heartbreaking but emblematic of the dignity and courage that she brought to her reign. In June 2022 Britain celebrated Elizabeth’s 70 years on the throne with the “Platinum Jubilee,” a four-day national holiday that included the Trooping the Colour ceremony, a thanksgiving service at St. Paul’s Cathedral, a pop music concert at Buckingham Palace, and a pageant that employed street arts, theatre, music, circus, carnival, and costume to honor the queen’s reign. Health issues limited Elizabeth’s involvementElizabeth was known to favor simplicity in court life and was also known to take a serious and informed interest in government business, aside from the traditional and ceremonial duties. Privately, she became a keen horsewoman; she kept racehorses, frequently attended races, and periodically visited the Kentucky stud farms in the United States. Her financial and property holdings made her one of the world’s richest women.
A mutual fund is a company that pools money from many investors and invests the money in securities such as stocks, bonds, and short-term debt. The combined holdings of the mutual fund are known as its portfolio. Investors buy shares in mutual funds.
Why do people buy mutual funds?
Mutual funds are a popular choice among investors because they generally offer the following features:
1. Professional Management -:The fund managers research for you. They select the securities and monitor the performance. 2. Diversification-: “Don’t put all your eggs in one basket.” Mutual funds typically invest in a range of companies and industries. This helps to lower your risk if one company fails. 3. Affordability -: Most mutual funds set a relatively low dollar amount for initial investment and subsequent purchases. 4. Liquidity -: Mutual fund investors can easily redeem their shares at any time, for the current net asset value (NAV) plus any redemption fees.
What types of mutual funds are there?
1. Money market funds-: Have relatively low risks. By law, they can invest only in certain high-quality, short-term investments issued by U.S. corporations, and federal, state, and local governments. 2. Bond funds-: Have higher risks than money market funds because they typically aim to produce higher returns. Because there are many different types of bonds, the risks and rewards of bond funds can vary dramatically. 3. Stock funds-: Invest in corporate stocks. Not all stock funds are the same. Some examples are: • Growth funds-: focus on stocks that may not pay a regular dividend but have the potential for above-average financial gains. • Income funds-: invest in stocks that pay regular dividends. • Index funds-: track a particular market index such as the Standard & Poor’s 500 Index. • Sector funds-: specialize in a particular industry segment. 4. Target date funds -: Hold a mix of stocks, bonds, and other investments. Over time, the mix gradually shifts according to the fund’s strategy. Target date funds, sometimes known as lifecycle funds, are designed for individuals with particular retirement dates in mind.
What are the benefits and risks of mutual funds?
Mutual funds offer professional investment management and potential diversification. They also offer three ways to earn money:
1. Dividend Payments -: A fund may earn income from dividends on stock or interest on bonds. The fund then pays the shareholders nearly all the income, and fewer expenses. 2. Capital Gains Distributions -: The price of the securities in a fund may increase. When a fund sells a security that has increased in price, the fund has a capital gain. At the end of the year, the fund distributes these capital gains, minus any capital losses, to investors. 3. Increased NAV -: If the market value of a fund’s portfolio increases, after deducting expenses, then the value of the fund and its shares increases. The higher NAV reflects the higher value of your investment.
A fund’s past performance is not as important as you might think because past performance does not predict future returns. But past performance can tell you how volatile or stable a fund has been over a while. The more volatile the fund, the higher the investment risk.
How to buy and sell mutual funds:
Investors buy mutual fund shares from the fund itself or through a broker for the fund, rather than from other investors. The price that investors pay for the mutual fund is the fund’s per share net asset value plus any fees charged at the time of purchase, such as sales loads.
Mutual fund shares are “redeemable,” meaning investors can sell the shares back to the fund at any time. The fund usually must send you the payment within seven days.
Before buying shares in a mutual fund, read the prospectus carefully. The prospectus contains information about the mutual fund’s investment objectives, risks, performance, and expenses.
Avoiding fraud:
By law, each mutual fund is required to file a prospectus and regular shareholder reports with the SEC. Before you invest, be sure to read the prospectus and the required shareholder reports. Additionally, the investment portfolios of mutual funds are managed by separate entities known as “investment advisers” that are registered with the SEC. Always check that the investment adviser is registered before investing.
Are mutual funds safe?
Mutual funds are a safe investment if you understand them. Investors should not be worried about the short-term fluctuation in returns while investing in equity funds. You should choose the right mutual fund, which is in sync with your investment goals and invest with a long-term horizon.
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