Juvenile Delinquency is one of the most important problems. It exhibits a specific pattern of behaviour and involves any wrong doing by a child or a young person who is under the age limit as specified by law.

As per the section 2(k) of the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act 2000, a juvenile is a person who has not completed 18 years of age. ‘Juvenile in conflict with law’ means a juvenile who is alleged to have committed an offence. He/she is also called a juvenile delinquent. A delinquent is an under aged person who is guilty of anti social act and whose misconduct is an attraction of law.

A juvenile delinquent is a person who breaks the law, is a vagrant, and persists in disobeying orders and whose behaviour endangers the moral well being of his own as well as of the others. Delinquency is a type of abnormality which may not be regarded as a criminal behaviour; however juvenile delinquency is injurious for children and is thus prohibited.

There are various opinions expressed regarding this behaviour such as bad company, adolescent instability, mental and emotional conflicts, social suggestibility, motion pictures, poor recreation, vocational dissatisfaction, and physical conditions. However, explanation of delinquency in terms of living in slums, broken homes, films, or moral deprivation etc. have failed to provide a comprehensive regarding this issue.

For the purpose of eradicating juvenile delinquency, the government has established and maintained institutions of observation homes and special homes with all facilities for the temporary reception of any child in case of a conflict with the law. The government has recognised reputed and capable voluntary organizations and provided them assistance to set up and administer as many shelter homes for children or juveniles as may be required.

Communal means pertaining to a community engaged in or involving two or more communities. A community consists of people organised into a social unit. In India, a community is often organised on the basis of caste or religion. It is something that constitutes a common interest, common language, common government which is formed by any number of individuals.

India is a multi linguistic, multi religious, and multi racial country. We can find conflicts between different groups of people based on the caste, religion and race. After India gained its independence, which was on the basis of Hindu and Muslim communities i.e. India and Pakistan, it flamed the communal riots among the Hindus and the Muslims where millions were rendered homeless while many lost their homes but the worst part was that it gave rise to communal tension which has not been put to an end till now.

Communal tensions rise when there is contradiction between two groups on the question of language, community, culture, etc. During the Mughal rule, Aurangzeb inflicted much injustice and misery on the Hindus and in return, many Hindu rulers retaliated in a violent way. Many parties were also started based on the communal interests which led to conflicts. When the communities live as a separate section, there is a chance to develop tensions between them because of their varied modes of life. Hatred and disgust is also another cause for the communal tension which can arise on false thoughts which are based on ignorance.

Some of the social causes also promote communal tensions. Muslims slaughter cow and this injures the feelings of the Hindus whereas many Hindus find it objectionable to form a close relationship with Muslims as they follow another religion. The different customs followed by these communities is also a reason for them to look at each other in a slightly different manner.

For communal harmony, it is necessary to make a concerted effort and both the government and the people have to co-operate if any success is to be achieved in this regard. The mass media should be used in a form of creating a healthy national opinion. Historical events where both the hindus and the muslims worked together for the national interest should be promoted. The political parties which are formed on the basis of communalism should be banned and there should be formation of youth organization which should include people from both the communities.

Casteism in India is one of the social problems that are prevalent in India. It refers to the hatred for one caste by the other or the attempts of the members of one caste to gain advantage for them to the detriment of the interest of the fellowmen of the other castes. It is a result of the growing clash between various castes for higher share in the socio economic privileges and power but the feelings of deprivation are fanned mainly by a few individuals for their own benefits in the name of the caste as a whole.

Kaka Kelelkar says that casteism is an overriding blind and supreme group loyalty that ignores the healthy social standards of justice, fair play, equality and universal brotherhood. Prasad D.N. says that casteism is loyalty to the caste translated into politics. The causes of casteism are the sense of caste prestige, marriage restrictions, illiteracy, communication propaganda, etc. The effects of casteism are the hindrance to the nationality, danger to democracy, moral degradation etc.

The old use of the term caste has changed in the present times. Now the members of the scheduled casts are proud of saying that they belong to a particular case and are even adding their caste names to their personal names. Caste sanctions have also become weak and do not operate with the same force in all sections of Indian society. The political use of caste is increasing day by day in every region of India. The structure and function of caste system have weakened and the association between caste and occupation is now a thing of the past. Many new occupations are being created where people of all castes meet freely and work together.

After India gained independence, the caste system has seen some drastic changes. Untouchability, the most undesirable feature of the caste system, has received a severe setback and is disappearing from the society. The caste panchayats used to wield all the authority and the Brahmins enjoyed a superior position, however in the modern times, village panchayats, trade unions, and the state are the exclusive features and the supremacy of the Brahmins has vanished from the society.  

The Indian constitution gives reservation to the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes in the Legislative Assembly and the House of the People in articles 332 and 330 respectively. They have also been given reservations in education, jobs and at other places so that they are given an equal opportunity as compared to others and also to take care of their financial interests.

Law is the body of principles recognised and applied by the State in the administration of justice. It is a body of rules which guides human conduct in the society and is a means of social control. Every society has its own legal system and is imposed by the authorities. Those who deviate from the law are usually given the punishment of various kinds such as fines, imprisonment, exile, or death. Law means justice, morality, reason, order, and righteousness from the view point of the society. It is term used to define legal order which represents the regime of adjusting relation, and ordering conduct by the systematic application of the force of organized political society.

It is a whole body of legal precepts which exists in a politically organized society. The function of law is to achieve justice, stability, and peaceful change. It is helpful to control natural tendencies and certain human instincts. It ensures co-operation. It acts as social rule and as an instrument of state. It is used as a means to reduce disharmony in the society.

Law is a social function, an expression of human society concerning the external relations of its individual members. The purpose of society and social relations determine the nature, purpose and function of law. In a static society, law can be used as a powerful means of social change. Law introduces a new pattern of social behavior which is more conducive to the prosperity of the society. When there are odious customs, they can be put down by the law which abolishes those customs, and make it an offence to practice them, as seen in the case of Triple Talaq. Thus, law can be used as an instrument to achieve peaceful social change.

Social legislations in India before and after the independence clearly shows the efforts of the state and the society to bring the legal norms in line with the existing social norms as well as to improve the social norms on the basis of new legal norms. 

Encounter killings is a term used to describe alleged extrajudicial killings by the police or the armed forces, supposedly in self defense, when they encounter suspected gangsters or terrorists. In India, the term became popular in the late 20^thcentury because of a very high frequency of encounter killings by police in cities such as Mumbai, Chennai, and Kolkata. The Mumbai police used encounters to attack the city’s underworld, and the practice spread to other large cities. However, there is always a speculation behind the police motivation of these reported incidents, and further complain that the wide acceptance of the practice has led to incidents of police staging fake encounters to cover up the killings of suspects when they are either in custody or are unarmed.

After the encounter of Vikas Dubey and the 4 people accused by the Telengana police in the Hyderabad rape and murder case, questions have been raised over the legality and appropriateness of the police action leading to the debate that ‘whether a democratic country should follow the constitutional norms and adhere to the due process of law or shall it adopt the measure of retributive justice to bring instant and speedy justice to the victims.

On such extra judicial killings, the National Human Rights Commission and the Supreme Court have laid down proper guidelines and procedures that must be followed in order to prevent any abuse of the power by the law enforcement agencies. In its landmark judgment, the Supreme Court had warned the policemen that they would not be excused for committing murder in the name of encounter on the pretext that they were carrying out the orders of their superior officers.

Article 21 of the Indian constitution states that no person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except in accordance with the procedure established by law. This means that before depriving a person of their right to life, the person must be informed about the charges against them and must be given the opportunity to defend themselves. However, fake encounters step aside these legal procedures as it essentially means killing a person without a trial.

The police force has the right to injure or kill the criminal for the sole purpose of self defense but nothing must be done to settle personal feuds or with mala fide motives. NHRC guidelines in 2010 highlight that if the use of force cannot be justified and the death falls outside the jurisdiction of the above mentioned reasons, it is a crime and police officer would be guilty of culpable homicide.

Cold war is a state of tension between two big powers. It is used to describe the period which emerged after the Second World War. When the Second World War ended, both the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republic were clearly the masters of the world. The main cause of this tension was the difference in the opinion of these superpowers as the US was in the favor of Capitalism and the USSR was in the favor of Socialism. The hostility continued for the next 45 years. It is not an actual or direct war but is a diplomatic war fought with potent weapons like formation military alliances, spying, propaganda, and economic and military alliances.

The US was of the ideology that all industries, business and agriculture should be owned by private people or firms. Competition between rival factories or shops or firms will cause the prices to fall and will make them more efficient. The USSR on the other hand believed that everything belongs to the state and should be run by the government on behalf of the people. A classless society can be achieved by overthrowing capitalism by revolution.

Another cause for the cold war was that both the nations wanted domination over the world as both the nations were considered to be super powers. They also wanted control over the entire Germany as it was divided into two parts on the basis of ideology they followed. This war between the superpowers influenced the foreign policies, political institutions, and economic systems in almost every corner of the world.

Each side thought that the other one was trying to rule the world and neither of them would give up and it was feared that another war would erupt. This time it could have been a nuclear war. as both the nations were well equipped in ammunition, and it would destroy the whole planet. The countries began to form alliances to protect themselves. This led to the formation of NATO and Warsaw Pact.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was established by a treaty in 1949 which established a system of collective defense whereby it member states agree to mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party. Its original members were – United States, United Kingdom, Canada, France, Denmark, Italy, Norway, Portugal, Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxembourg. Later Greece and West Germany also joined.

The Warsaw Pact was the socialist response to NATO and was signed on May 1, 1955 in Warsaw Poland. Military treaty, which bound its signatories to come to the aid of the others, should any one of them be the victim of foreign aggression. Its original members were – Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, East Germany, Poland, Romania, the USSR, and the Czechoslovak Republic.

 The cold war ended in 1990 when the soviet was defeated from Afghanistan and the Soviet Union was divided into different countries. 

Social media is a helpful tool to raise awareness about various social issues that happen all around the world. One such awareness campaign that is going all over the instagram is the Black and White photo challenge, where the person who is challenged has to put a black and white photo of them on the social media platform with the hash tags #blackandwhitephotochallenge and #challenge accepted. More than 53,00,000 people have participated in this challenge and posted their photos. Women, including the celebrities, are posting their pictures as a sign of women empowerment.

The challenge is said have began in Turkey where there was a sudden spike in gender based violence, along with nearly 474 murders of women in a society that has already normalized honor killings and domestic violence; not just at the hands of partners or husbands but also from the male members of the family.

In an article is was said that, ‘what is now a light hearted expression of female solidarity was originally, in Turkey, a campaign inspired by both the soaring rates of violence against women and the brutal murder of a 27 year old student named Pinar Gultekin. Turkish women wake up every day and see a black and white photo of women who has been murdered, either on their instagram feed or their newspapers or television. This challenge was thus started as a way for women to raise their voices and to stand in solidarity with the women we have lost.

The Turkish government has failed its women, so they need to take this matter in their own hands to create awareness. In 2011, the Istanbul convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence was signed by a number of European countries however, the Turkish government is now backing out of this. Thus we need to back the power and use our voices or whatever small or big privilege we have and effectively use the challenge to raise our voices to create awareness about gender based violence.

The vaccine race for covid-19 is going hotter in this days,as per latest reports Russia is planning to launch its vaccine on 12 th August 2020,it’s going to available in the market from October

Oxford university vaccine has already began its phase 2 and 3 in India with serum institute,this vaccine is planning to launch in October

According to sources,the vaccine will be available from October,and will reach to every citizen by 2021,around 150 countries are in the vaccine race

There are definite links between how motivated you are at your workplace and your level of job satisfaction. Owners of small businesses should endeavor to increase job satisfaction so employee motivation will also improve, resulting in better job performance and increased efficiency. Concentrate on creating enthusiasm, optimism, contentment and feelings of teamwork to help your company flourish.

Feelings of worth

It is important to an employee’s mental outlook to believe she is valuable to your company. Encourage feelings of worth in your workers as a means of increasing motivation and job satisfaction. Praise your employees for exceptional performance, thank them for extra efforts, congratulate them on their talents and reward them with gift cards and other expressions of gratitude. Also, give them challenges such as leading a work team, designing a project or mastering the new office equipment and software, which can help increase feelings of worth when the challenges are successfully met.

Commitment

Employee commitment is enhanced when an employee feels motivated and satisfied at his job. The link between motivation and satisfaction is, therefore, illustrated by the commitment a worker shows toward his company. Therefore, motivation plus job satisfaction equals commitment.

“Happiness is affected by (employee’s) sense of control over their lives.”

Employers should also encourage employees to customize their workstations. This could include décor and/or equipment. This not only gives employees control over their work environments, but it can ease personal barriers such as back pain or eyestrain. In addition, studies show that certain colors or décor can improve happiness. Employees will be able to create a place they enjoy working in rather than being stuck in a bland office cubicle.

Another way to give employees a sense of control is to create employee-driven competitions such as sales competitions. These activities put employees in control of their success. Each employee can set personal goals, and they will feel a sense of accomplishment rather than obligation.

If you want to know how to motivate your employees and get positive employee engagement, you have to make them feel passionate to go to work every day and wanting to spend time with you and their colleagues.

There are some fantastic ways which can you use to motivate your employees :

Create a friendly work environment: Your employees spend a large amount of time of their lives working in the office. So try to make the office look as friendly and appealing as possible. When you create a pleasant atmosphere where it is welcoming and comfortable, your employees will be more than eager to go to work every day.

Acknowledge employees’ achievement: Everyone wants to be recognised for something they have done; regardless if it was for a work or personal achievement. The acknowledgement of a job well done coming from upper management will mean more to an employee than you think. Always remember to give credit when credit is due. takes more than just a pat on the back. Try giving simple incentives when rewarding engaged employees.

” For good ideas and true innovation, you need human interaction, conflict, argument , debate .”

It does not have to be monetary rewards all the time; simple things like a week of having a personal parking spot at the office would be sufficient. Rewarding employees could also be a part of the company benefits.

Positive communication is the key: Everyone communicates at work and it is probably the easiest thing you can do with your employee. Yet it can also be the most difficult. Spend a short period of time each day to have a word with your employees; discussing things from concerns to ideas. This will not only make your employee happy , it will also provide you with much-needed insight on your business from your employees.

Encourage friendly competition :

A little competition among the employees would not hurt. A competitive environment is a productive environment. Encourage employees to participate in competitions or challenges as it is healthy and may actually lead to increased camaraderie. Friendly competition amongst teams helps with employee engagement and employee participation.

Encourage creativity: Creativity does not have to be based on the work that the employees are doing. It could be simple task like giving ideas on the next company retreat or team building exercises.

“An employee’s motivation is direct result of the some of interactions with his or her manager.”

Encourage team work: Try to remove any bureaucracy and hierarchy within the company and create an ‘openness’ to new ideas at any level and working together as a team keeps employees motivated.

Welcome all ideas: Everyone is unique and unpredictable and each with individual desires and some with complicated ideas. Remember not to shunt away ideas or suggestions no matter how silly or meaningless they may sound.

Have a meaningful and worthwhile goal: Managers should ensure that the company has a vision and plan at a corporate and individual level. Employees who have a path set before them that may lead to promotion can work towards a goal. Achievable goals are very helpful as it gives employees the drive to work harder without being asked.

Be a leader worth following: As a leader, employees are going to look to you to set an example for the rest of the group. Leaders tend to be setting a tone and values for the company. By doing so, it could have a meaningful effect on the mentality of the employees. If leaders set an example of positive thinking, employees will follow and the entire work culture will become more motivating.

Thede are the ways which make an employee to be motivated and satisfied with their job at workplace. And gives a good result or outcome to the organisation. And it make effective employee and more productivity.

Every company is different; some of these ideas may work for your company, while other methods are not the right ones. Perfect your motivation strategy as you get to know the individuals in your company and they will reward you with greater dedication and a positive perspective for the company’s future. Do not forget that an employee who enjoys coming to work is a worthy investment. Try boosting your team happiness as well .