The names ‘United Nations’ was devised by US President Franklin D. Roosevelt and was first used in the Declaration by the United Nations of Jan 1, 1942 during second World War. It is an association of states which have pledged themselves to maintain international peace and security and cooperate in solving international political, economic, social, cultural and humanitarian problems. The United Nations officially came into existence on 24th October 1945. United Nations day is celebrated on 24th October each year. New member states are admitted by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council. Official languages of UN are : Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish. The UN has a post office originating its own stamps. The headquarters New York city, USA. Principal organs of the UN are : General Assembly, Secretariat, Security Council, Trusteeship Council, Economic and Social Council and International Court of Justice.
The General Assembly consist of the representatives of all the member states. Each state has one vote. The General Assembly meets atheist once in a year. It elects its own President and Vice president every year.
Trusteeship Council – The Charter provides for an international trusteeship system to safeguard the interest of the inhabitants of territories which are not yet fully self governing and which may be placed under by individual trusteeship agreements. These are called trust territories.
International Court – The International Court of Justice was created by an international treaty, the Statute of the Court which forms the integral part of the United Nations Charter. The headquarters located The Peace Palace, Netherlands. The Court has its seat at The Hague, but may sit elsewhere whenever it considers desirable. The expenses of the Court are borne by the UN. The languages are English and French.
The amendment to the treaty on United Nations Framework Convention on Climate change called Kyoto Protocol. It aims at cutting global emissions of Green House Gases(GHG). The main objectives of Kyoto protocol are : it is intended to assign mandatory targets for the reduction of global emissions of greenhouse gas to signatory nations. The objective is the “stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system.”
“Kyoto is underwritten by governments and is governed by global legislation enacted under UN aegis.” Governments are separated into two general categories: developed countries referred to as Annex 1 countries who have accepted strict GHG emission reduction obligations. Any Annex 1 entity failing to meet its Kyoto targets is subject to a fine and further penalized by having its reduction targets increased by 30%. Developing countries referred to as Non Annex 1 countries who have no GHG emission reduction obligations. “Kyoto includes linking mechanisms ”which allow Annex 1 economies to meet their GHG targets by purchasing GHG emission reductions from elsewhere. The treaty was negotiated in Kyoto, Japan in December 1997, opened signature on March 16, 1998 and closed on March 15, 1999. As of July 2006, a total of 164 countries have ratified the agreement. According to terms of the protocol, conditions for entry into force required 55 parties and at least 55% reduction of the total carbon dioxide emission.
Cybercrime is any criminal activity that involves a computer, networked device, or network. cybercrimes are carried out to generate profit for the cybercriminals, some cybercrimes are carried out against computers or devices directly to damage or disable them. Others use computers or networks to spread malware, illegal information, images, or other materials. Some cybercrimes do both — i.e., target computers to infect them with a computer virus, which is then spread to other machines and, sometimes, entire networks. A primary effect of cybercrime is financial. Cybercrime can include many types of profit-driven criminal activity, including ransomware attacks, email and internet fraud, identity fraud, and attempts to steal financial accounts, credit cards, or other payment card information. Cybercriminals may target an individual’s private information or corporate data for theft and resale. As many workers settle into remote work routines due to the pandemic, cybercrimes are expected to grow in frequency in 2021, making it especially important to back up the data.
The U.S. Department of Justice (DDJ) divides cybercrime into three categories :
1. Crimes in which the computing device is the target
2. Crimes in which the computer is used as a weapon
3. Crimes in which the computer is used as an accessory to a crime
Cybercriminal activity may be carried out by individuals or groups with relatively little technical skill, or by highly organized global criminal groups that may include skilled developers and others with relevant expertise. Cybercriminals often choose to operate in countries with weak or non-existent cybercrime laws to further reduce the chances of detection and prosecution.
Types of Cybercrime -:
1. Cyberextortion: A crime involving an attack or threat of an attack coupled with a demand for money to stop the attack.
2. Crypto-jacking: An attack that uses scripts to mine cryptocurrencies within browsers without the user’s consent.
3. Identity Theft: An attack that occurs when an individual accesses a computer to glean a user’s personal information, which they then use to steal that person’s identity or access their valuable accounts, such as banking and credit cards.
4. Credit card Fraud: An attack occurs when hackers infiltrate retailers’ systems to get their customers’ credit card and/or banking information.
5. Cyber espionage: A crime involving a cyber-criminal who hacks into systems or networks to gain access to confidential information held by a government or other organization.
6. Software-Piracy: An attack that involves the unlawful copying, distribution, and use of software programs with the intention of commercial or personal use.
7. Ransomware attacks are similar, but the malware acts by encrypting or shutting down victim systems until a ransom is paid.
8. Phishing: The most common type of cybercrime as reported to the U.S. Internet Crime Complaint Centre was phishing and similar fraud.
9. Website Spoofing & IOT Hacking.
Cybercrime & Its Impact on Society – : On an individual level, a cyber-attack can lead to a variety of consequences, ranging from theft of personal information to extortion of money or loss of valuable data, such as family photos. Society and systems depend on critical infrastructures, such as power plants, hospitals, and financial services companies. The protection of these and other organizations is essential for the maintenance of our society and support of the relations between countries and international organizations.
How to prevent Cyber Crime –:
Backup all data, system, and considerations: This enables data stored earlier to assist businesses in recovering from an unplanned event.
• Enforce concrete security and keep it up to date: Choose a firewall with features that protect against malicious hackers, malware, and viruses. This enables businesses to identify and respond to threats more quickly.
• Never give out personal information to a stranger: They can use the information to commit fraud.
• Check security settings to prevent cybercrime: A cyber firewall checks your network settings to see if anyone has logged into your computer.
• Using antivirus software: Using antivirus software helps to recognize any threat or malware before it infects the computer system. Never use cracked software as it may impose the serious risk of data loss or malware attack.
• When visiting unauthorized websites, keep your information secure: Using phishing websites, information can easily bypass the data.
• Use virtual private networks (VPNs): VPNs enable us to hide our IP addresses.
• Restriction on access to your most valuable data: Make a folder, if possible, so that no one can see confidential documents.
Solar energy is any type of energy generated by the sun. Solar energy is created by nuclear fusion that takes place in the sun. Fusion occurs when protons of hydrogen atoms violently collide in the sun’s core and fuse to create a helium atom. Solar technologies convert sunlight into electrical energy either through photovoltaic (PV) panels or through mirrors that concentrate solar radiation. This energy can be used to generate electricity or be stored in batteries or thermal storage.
The Process of Solar Energy –
This process, known as a PP (proton-proton) chain reaction, emits an enormous amount of energy. At its core, the sun fuses about 620 million metric tons of hydrogen every second. The PP chain reaction occurs in other stars that are about the size of our sun and provides them with continuous energy and heat. The temperature for these stars is around 4 million degrees on the Kelvin scale (about 4 million degrees Celsius, 7 million degrees Fahrenheit).
In stars that are about 1.3 times bigger than the sun, the CNO cycle drives the creation of energy. The CNO cycle also converts hydrogen to helium but relies on carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen (C, N, and O) to do so. Currently, less than 2% of the sun’s energy is created by the CNO cycle.
Nuclear fusion by the PP chain reaction or CNO cycle releases tremendous amounts of energy in the form of waves and particles. Solar energy is constantly flowing away from the sun and throughout the solar system. Solar energy warms the Earth, causes wind and weather, and sustains plant and animal life.
The energy, heat, and light from the sun flow away in the form of electromagnetic radiation (EMR).
The electromagnetic spectrum exists as waves of different frequencies and wavelengths. The frequency of a wave represents how many times the wave repeats itself in a certain unit of time. Waves with very short wavelengths repeat themselves several times in a given unit of time, so they are high-frequency. In contrast, low-frequency waves have much longer wavelengths.
The vast majority of electromagnetic waves are invisible to us. The most high-frequency waves emitted by the sun are gamma rays, X-rays, and ultraviolet radiation (UV rays). The most harmful UV rays are almost completely absorbed by Earth’s atmosphere. Less potent UV rays travel through the atmosphere and can cause sunburn.
The sun also emits infrared radiation, whose waves are much lower frequency. Most heat from the sun arrives as infrared energy.
Sandwiched between infrared and UV is the visible spectrum, which contains all the colors we see on Earth. The color red has the longest wavelengths (closest to infrared), and violet (closest to UV) the shortest.
Natural Solar Energy
1. Greenhouse Effect
2. Photosynthesis
3. Fossil Fuels
• Harnessing solar Energy (The methods use either active solar energy or passive solar energy)
• Photovoltaics
• Concentrated solar energy
• Solar Architecture
Advantages & Disadvantages of Solar Energy
1. Advantages • Solar energy is clean. After the solar technology equipment is constructed and put in place, solar energy does not need fuel to work. It also does not emit greenhouse gases or toxic materials. • There are locations where solar energy is practical. Homes and buildings in areas with high amounts of sunlight and low cloud cover have the opportunity to harness the sun’s abundant energy. • Solar energy complements other renewable sources of energy, such as wind or hydroelectric energy.
Homes or businesses that install successful solar panels can produce excess electricity. These homeowners or business owners can sell energy back to the electric provider, reducing or even eliminating power bills.
2. Disadvantages
• Solar energy equipment is also heavy. To retrofit or install solar panels on the roof of a building, the roof must be strong, large, and oriented toward the sun’s path.
• Both active and passive solar technology depends on factors that are out of our control, such as climate and cloud cover. Local areas must be studied to determine whether or not solar power would be effective in that area.
• Sunlight must be abundant and consistent for solar energy to be an efficient choice. In most places on Earth, sunlight’s variability makes it difficult to implement as the only source of energy.
Business ethics comprises various traits, such as trustworthiness and transparency in customer services. Ethical business practices strengthen customer relationship that is of prime importance for long-term organizational success. It deals with retaining and creating a long-lasting impression in the minds of customers. Such impressions help the enterprise to win the trust of customers and get more business.
Business ethics plays a very crucial role in various management functions, which are given as follows:
i. Ethics in Finance:
It deals with various ethical dilemmas and violations in day-to-day financial transactions. An example of ethical violations is data fudging in which enterprises present a fabricated statement of accounts and other records, which are open to investigation. Ethics in financial transactions gained importance when due to their insufficiency nations suffered massive economic meltdowns.
The following are the ethics in finance:
a. Following truthfulness and authenticity in business transactions
b. Seeking the fulfilment of mutual interests
c. Getting the economies and financial units freed from greed-based methodologies.
ii. Ethics in Human Resource Management:
It deals with the enforcement of the rights of employees in an enterprise.
Such rights are as follows:
a. Having a right to work and be compensated for the same
b. Possessing a right for free association and participation
c. Enjoying a right for fair treatment in an enterprise
d. Holding a right to work in a hazard-free environment
e. Blowing whistle (an activity where an employee can raise voice against any wrong practice of anyone in an enterprise)
iii. Ethics in Marketing:
Deals with a number of issues, which are as follows:
a. Misinforming the customers about the products or services
b. Deciding high prices for the products and services
c. Creating false impression on the customers/consumers about the features of products
d. Promoting sexual attitudes through advertising; thus, affecting the young generation and children.
iv. Ethics in Production:
It deals with the responsibility of an organization to make sure that products and processes of production is not causing harm to the environment.
It throws light on the following issues:
a. Avoiding rendering services or producing products that are hazardous to health. For example, tobacco and alcohol
b. Maintaining ethical relations with the environment and avoiding environmental pollution.
Business ethics comprises various traits, such as trustworthiness and transparency in customer services. Ethical business practices strengthen customer relationship that is of prime importance for long-term organizational success. It deals with retaining and creating a long-lasting impression in the minds of customers. Such impressions help the enterprise to win the trust of customers and get more business.
Business ethics plays a very crucial role in various management functions, which are given as follows:
i. Ethics in Finance:
It deals with various ethical dilemmas and violations in day-to-day financial transactions. An example of ethical violations is data fudging in which enterprises present a fabricated statement of accounts and other records, which are open to investigation. Ethics in financial transactions gained importance when due to their insufficiency nations suffered massive economic meltdowns.
The following are the ethics in finance:
a. Following truthfulness and authenticity in business transactions
b. Seeking the fulfilment of mutual interests
c. Getting the economies and financial units freed from greed-based methodologies.
ii. Ethics in Human Resource Management:
It deals with the enforcement of the rights of employees in an enterprise.
Such rights are as follows:
a. Having a right to work and be compensated for the same
b. Possessing a right for free association and participation
c. Enjoying a right for fair treatment in an enterprise
d. Holding a right to work in a hazard-free environment
e. Blowing whistle (an activity where an employee can raise voice against any wrong practice of anyone in an enterprise)
iii. Ethics in Marketing:
Deals with a number of issues, which are as follows:
a. Misinforming the customers about the products or services
b. Deciding high prices for the products and services
c. Creating false impression on the customers/consumers about the features of products
d. Promoting sexual attitudes through advertising; thus, affecting the young generation and children.
iv. Ethics in Production:
It deals with the responsibility of an organization to make sure that products and processes of production is not causing harm to the environment.
It throws light on the following issues:
a. Avoiding rendering services or producing products that are hazardous to health. For example, tobacco and alcohol
b. Maintaining ethical relations with the environment and avoiding environmental pollution.
As we all know in today’s world without mobile phones we can not live a single moment. These smart mobile phones have made us lazy and we have been very dependent on our phones but it has also had some good results. Everything, everything has both good and bad sides so it depends on us what path we choose. Mobile phones make our life easy and less time-consuming. Like earlier if we have to recharge our phone or television we have to go to the shop and then we can recharge but now we don’t need to step out of our house. We can use our phones and within a second we can make online payments easily. We can book our online tickets for any trip, we can book our online movie tickets, we can pay our electricity bills and many more are there. So basically without phones, we are nothing. Now we are using our 4G mobile phones but now 5G mobile phones have arrived and it is so amazing. Here we will discuss some new 5g phones under 20000
Latest 5G mobile phones under 20000
1. Redmi Note 11T 5G mobile phone
This Redmi phone has all the features one needs in his phone. It has a 5000 mAh massive battery along with a 50 MP AI camera and 8MP ultra-wide camera. It has a 16.7 cm ( 6.6 inches) FHD + Display. 1-year guarantee offer. Its price is 20,999.
2. Realme 8s 5G mobile phone
It has a 64 MP+ 2 MP+2MP primary camera and it has a 16.5 cm( 6.5 inches) FHD + 90 Hz ultra-smooth display. Its price is 17,999.00.
3. Infinix Note 12 5G mobile phone
This phone has a 16 MP front camera with a 5000 mAh Li-Ion Polymer battery. It has a 17.02 cm (6.7) inch Full HD + AMOLED Display. 1-year guarantee offer. Its price is 19,999.
4. Xiaomi Redmi Note 10T 5G mobile phone
It has a 1-year guarantee and it has an 8 MP In- Display front camera with 48 MP, 2MP, and 2MP Rear cameras. It has 6 GB of memory and 128 GB of storage. Its price is 18,999.
5. Realme 8s 5G mobile phone
It has a 6nm dimension 810 5G processor, 33 Dwart Charge with 16.5 cm (6.5) inch FHD + 90 Hz Ultra smooth display. It has realme UI 2.0 Based on the Android 11 Operating System. Its price is 19,999.
This festive season brings happiness to your home with these amazing 5G mobile phones. You can get a discount on reliance digital. in. Check their official website for more information.
The Right to Information Act 2005 is enacted by the Parliament of India giving citizens of India access to Central Government records. Under provision of this Act, any citizen may request information from a public authority which is required to reply within thirty days. Every public authority need to computerize their records for wide dissemination and publish certain categories of information. It is applicable to all constitutional authorities including executive, legislature and judiciary, any institution established or constituted by an Act of Parliament or a State legislature. The Act specifies that citizens have right to : request any information, take copies and inspect documents, works and records, take certified samples of materials of work, obtain information in form of printouts, tapes or in any other electronic mode.
Under the Act, all complying department must appoint Public Information Officer(IPO). Any citizen of India may submit request to the PIO for information in any format paper or electronic. Public information officers responsibility is to ensure that the information is obtained from the appropriate department or section. If the request pertains to other public authority, it is the PIO’s responsibility to transfer or forward the concerned portions of the request to a PIO of the other. Every public authority is required to designate Assistant public information officer( APIOs) to receive RTI requests and appeals for forwarding to the PIOs of their public authority. The citizen making the request is not obliged to explain why the information is needed. The Act specifies time frames for replying to the request.
The year 1857 is very significant in the history of India’s freedom struggle. It witnessed a revolt which the British historians have dubbed the Sepoy Mutiny and the Indian historians the First war of Independence. The troubles first broke out in Berhampore of Bengal on February 26 in 19th Bengal infantry. The first shot was fired by Mangal Pandey of the 34th Bengal infantry at Barrackpore of Bengal. He was hanged at Barrackpore on April 8th.
Mutiny started on May 10th at Meerut, followed in Delhi on May 11th. The revolt began as a mutiny of Indian soldiers against British commanders. The military and political coalesced in the revolt of 1857. The Indian soldiers having massacred British personnel in Meerut, marched to Delhi and proclaimed Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah II as the Emperor of India. Bahadur Shah issued proclamation urging people of India “ to end the tyranny and the oppression of the infidel and treacherous English.” The British recaptured Delhi from the mutineers on September 20. Bahadur Shah surrendered to Lt. W.S.R. Hodson on September 21 at Humayun’s Tomb in Delhi. Queen Victoria was proclaimed the Empress of India.
Global warming is the long-term warming of the planet’s overall temperature. Though this warming trend has been going on for a long time, its pace has significantly increased in the last hundred years due to the burning of fossil fuels. As the human population has increased, so has the volume of fossil fuels burned. Fossil fuels include coal, oil, and natural gas, and burning them causes what is known as the “greenhouse effect” in Earth’s atmosphere.
The greenhouse effect is when the Sun’s rays penetrate the atmosphere, but when that heat is reflected off the surface cannot escape back into space. Gases produced by the burning of fossil fuels prevent the heat from leaving the atmosphere. These greenhouse gasses are carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, water vapor, methane, and nitrous oxide. The excess heat in the atmosphere has caused the average global temperature to rise overtime, otherwise known as global warming.
Global warming has presented another issue called climate change. Sometimes these phrases are used interchangeably, however, they are different. Climate change refers to changes in weather patterns and growing seasons around the world. It also refers to sea level rise caused by the expansion of warmer seas and melting ice sheets and glaciers. Global warming causes climate change, which poses a serious threat to life on earth in the forms of widespread flooding and extreme weather. Scientists continue to study global warming and its impact on Earth.
A belief that races are the fundamental determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race. Ladino elites used racism to justify the displacement and enslavement of the indigenous population, and these beliefs, along with resentment created by the continued exploitation of indigenous land and labour, culminated in the Guatemalan Civil war (1960-1996). Racism is also called racialism.
(Racism)
After, Germany’s defeat in World War I, that country’s deeply ingrained anti-Semitism was successfully exploited by the Nazi Party, which seized power in 1933 and implemented policies of systematic discrimination, persecution, and eventual mass murder of Jews in Germany and the territories occupied by the country during World War II. In North America and apartheid-era South Africa, racism dictated that different races (chiefly blacks and whites) should be segregated from one another; that they should have their distinct communities and develop their institutions such as churches, schools, and hospitals; and that it was unnatural for members of different races to marry. Historically, those who openly professed or practiced racism held that members of low-status races should be limited to low-status jobs and members of the dominant race should have exclusive access to political power, economic resources, high-status jobs, and unrestricted civil rights. The lived experience of racism for members of low-status races includes acts of physical violence, daily insults, and frequent acts and verbal expressions of contempt and disrespect, all of which have profound effects on self-esteem and social relationships. Racism was at the heart of North American slavery and the colonization and empire-building activities of western Europeans, especially in the 18th century. In the 19th century, racism matured and spread around the world. In many countries, leaders began to think of the ethnic components of their societies, usually religious or language groups, in racial terms and to designate ‘higher and ‘lower races. The expressions and feelings of racial superiority that accompanied colonialism generated resentment and hostility from those who were colonized and exploited, feelings that continued even after independence. In the mid-20th century, many conflicts around the world have been interpreted in racial terms even though their origins were in the ethnic hostilities that have long characterized many human societies. By this time, many societies had begun to combat racism by raising awareness of racist beliefs, and practices by promoting human understanding in public policies, as does the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, set forth by the United Nations in 1948. Despite constitutional and legal measures aimed at protecting the rights of racial minorities in the United States, the private beliefs and practices of many Americans remained racist, and some groups assumed lower status was often made a scapegoat. That tendency has persisted well into the 21st century.
(Racism)
Racism reflects an acceptance of the deepest forms and degrees of divisiveness and implies that differences between groups are so high that they cannot be transcended. Racism evokes hatred and distrust and preludes any attempt to understand its victims. Many societies have concluded racism is wrong, and social trends have moved away from racism. For many people, “race” is linked to physical differences among people, and such features as dark skin colour have been seen as markers of low status, some experts believe that racism may be difficult to eradicate. Indeed, minds cannot be changed by laws, but beliefs about human differences can and do change, as do all cultural elements.
The WWI involved many countries and caused great destructions. It spread from western Europe to Middle East and the war lasted for 4 years( 1914 – 1918). The war took the lives of nearly ten million soldiers. The war was fought between two European powers the Central power( Germany, Australia and Hungary) later Turkey joined, and the Allies (Britain, France and Russia) Italy also joined. On June 28th 1914, the Prince of Austria – Hungary , Franz Ferdinand was gunned down at Sarajevo by Serbian nationalist. Austria- Hungary declared war on Serbia. Germany declared war on Russia and France, and invaded Belgium. Britain entered war in support of Serbia, Belgium and France. The Central Powers surrendered in November 1918. The treaty of Versailles imposed on Germany. The Treaty created a condition which led to the outbreak of World War II.
The Russian Revolution
The Russian revolution of 1917 ended the long regime of or autocratic Tsars in Russia and culminated in the creation of the first communist state the Soviet Union. In February, revolution in which the Tsar Nicholas II was abdicated his throne and the Provisional government took power. In October revolution the provisional government was overthrown by Bolsheviks led by V.I. Lenin.
Food shortages provoked riots to which Tsar reacted very harshly. Hundreds of unarmed demonstrators were shot dead by troops in St. Petersburg in 1905. The provisional government failed to improve the situation. The Tsar and family we’re massacred in 1918.
World War II
The World War II lasted for six years (1939 – 1945) and the war killed more than 17 million soldiers and great numbers of civilians. It was fought between the Axis (Germany, Italy and Japan) and the Allies (Britain, the USSR, China and thr U.S). The war began on September 1, 1939 when Germany under Adolf Hitler invaded Poland. It annexed Australia, Denmark, Norway, Netherlands,France, Belgium. Germany defeated by USSR, Germany surrendered and the war continued in Eastern front the Japanese cities Hiroshima and Nagasaki were bombed by the U.S on August 6th and 9th, Japan also surrendered.
Korean War
Korea was under Japan occupation until 1945, Japan was defeated in WWII. The nation was divided into two and northern half under control of USSR and southern half under control of U.S. The war began on 1950 North Korea invaded South Korea. The UN forces send to assist Soth Korea against North assisted by China and the USSR. North was beaten and south was recaptured. The fighting stopped in 1953. Korea remained divided as before.
Iran – Iraq war
It was one of the longest , bloodiest and costliest Third world armed conflicts in the 20th century the rivalry between Arabs and Persians. The war began in September 1980 and ended in August 1988, it cost more than 1 million lives on both sides. On 1980, Saddam Hussein launched military attack on Iran. Iraq captured Iranian border towns and Iran’s largest oil refinery. In 1982, Iran drew the Iraqis out and carried the war back. Both bombed each other’s cities and attacked the oil tankers in the Gulf. The war ended in August 1988 when Iran reluctantly accepted UN call for truce which Iraq accepted.
Jaipur known as the Pink city has massive forts, magnificent palaces and exquisite temples, marvelous gardens. Hawa Mahal, the City palace and the museum, the Chandra mahal, the Central museum in the Ram Niwas Gardens, Jal Mahal palace, Sheeshmahal palace, Jaigarh and Nahargarh forts are other places interesting to visit. It is also home for handicrafts, beautiful textile prints, delicate jewelry, precious gems and stones. Amber was the capital of Jaipur for six centuries the fortress palace built here in 1592 combines Mughal and Hindu styles of architecture.
Alwar – Alwar is between a cluster of small hills of Aravalli range. It has natural heritage with beautiful lakes and thickly wooded picturesque valleys. The government museum in the city palace complex has series of paintings based on music ragas. It also reflect the elegance of former rulers lifestyles. Other attractions are Bala Quila, Purjan vihar, Kankwari hill fort, Siliserh, Sariska Tiger Reserve and National Park.
Ajmer and Pushkar – Ajmer is a popular pilgrimage center for both Hindus and Muslims. The Dargah Sharif, the tomb of Sufi Saint, Khwaja Moinuddin Chisti with a mosque inside. The Ana sagar lake created in the 12th century has two parks – Daulat bagh and Subash bagh on its banks. Shajahan’s mosque, Akbar’s palace housing the government museum, the Nasiyan temple etc. Pushkar separated from Ajmer by Naag Pahar( snake mountain).It is sacred place for Hindus. Famous are Brahma temple, Savitri temple, the Papmochani temple. It is also famous for the camel fair held every year.
Jaisalmer – Jaisalmer, the Golden city in the Thar desert was founded by Rawal Jaisal, a Bhati Rajput in 1156 AD. The Fort, Gadi Sagar lake, Manak Chowk, Lakshminath temple, Salim Singh ki Haveli, wood fossil park, Sam sand dunes and the Desert National Park are the attractions.
Jodhpur – Jodhpur at the edge of the Thar Desert was the capital of old Marwar State. The great attractions are Meherangarh fort and museum, Umaid gardens, Sadar museum, Balsamand lake and garden,Kailana lake, Rohet fort, Luni fort, Umaid Bhavan palace etc.
Mount Abu – Rajasthan” s only hill station, Mount Abu at 1220 m on the Aravalli hills is a place of scenic beauty. Toad rock, wildlife sanctuary, Dilwara group of Jain temples, Gaumukh, Achalgarh fort, the Guru Shikhar peak are important attractions.
Ranthambore – Rathambore National Park is home to tigers, sambhar, wild boar, leopard, jackal, hyena etc. Other attractions are Rathambore fort, Jogi mahal the Sunehri Kothi – a monument with rich interior.
Boston Consulting Group (BCG) Matrix is a four celled matrix (a 2 * 2 matrix) developed by BCG, USA. It is the most renowned corporate portfolio analysis tool. It provides a graphic representation for an organization to examine different businesses in it’s portfolio on the basis of their related market share and industry growth rates. It is a two dimensional analysis on management of SBU’s (Strategic Business Units). In other words, it is a comparative analysis of business potential and the evaluation of environment.
According to this matrix, business could be classified as high or low according to their industry growth rate and relative market share.
Relative Market Share = SBU Sales this year leading competitors sales this year.
Market Growth Rate = Industry sales this year – Industry Sales last year.
The analysis requires that both measures be calculated for each SBU. The dimension of business strength, relative market share, will measure comparative advantage indicated by market dominance. The key theory underlying this is existence of an experience curve and that market share is achieved due to overall cost leadership.
BCG matrix has four cells, with the horizontal axis representing relative market share and the vertical axis denoting market growth rate. The mid-point of relative market share is set at 1.0. if all the SBU’s are in same industry, the average growth rate of the industry is used. While, if all the SBU’s are located in different industries, then the mid-point is set at the growth rate for the economy.
Resources are allocated to the business units according to their situation on the grid. The four cells of this matrix have been called as stars, cash cows, question marks and dogs. Each of these cells represents a particular type of business.
Stars- Stars represent business units having large market share in a fast growing industry. They may generate cash but because of fast growing market, stars require huge investments to maintain their lead. Net cash flow is usually modest. SBU’s located in this cell are attractive as they are located in a robust industry and these business units are highly competitive in the industry. If successful, a star will become a cash cow when the industry matures.
Cash Cows- Cash Cows represents business units having a large market share in a mature, slow growing industry. Cash cows require little investment and generate cash that can be utilized for investment in other business units. These SBU’s are the corporation’s key source of cash, and are specifically the core business. They are the base of an organization. These businesses usually follow stability strategies. When cash cows loose their appeal and move towards deterioration, then a retrenchment policy may be pursued.
Question Marks- Question marks represent business units having low relative market share and located in a high growth industry. They require huge amount of cash to maintain or gain market share. They require attention to determine if the venture can be viable. Question marks are generally new goods and services which have a good commercial prospective. There is no specific strategy which can be adopted. If the firm thinks it has dominant market share, then it can adopt expansion strategy, else retrenchment strategy can be adopted. Most businesses start as question marks as the company tries to enter a high growth market in which there is already a market-share. If ignored, then question marks may become dogs, while if huge investment is made, then they have potential of becoming stars.
Dogs- Dogs represent businesses having weak market shares in low-growth markets. They neither generate cash nor require huge amount of cash. Due to low market share, these business units face cost disadvantages. Generally retrenchment strategies are adopted because these firms can gain market share only at the expense of competitor’s/rival firms. These business firms have weak market share because of high costs, poor quality, ineffective marketing, etc. Unless a dog has some other strategic aim, it should be liquidated if there is fewer prospects for it to gain market share. Number of dogs should be avoided and minimized in an organization.
Gardening is the cultivation of plants, flowers, trees and many more. If you plant, trees, and flowers in your garden it looks so beautiful that you will fall in love with them. We should plant trees as many as we can because if we plant trees then only we can live in green nature and survive our lives. In many towns and cities, we can see that there are no trees and for that reason, the humidity arises and the city gets very hot. The problem is that humans don’t plant trees as we expect from nature. But it is our fault, not nature. What we have done to nature, we are getting back from nature.
Many people have the hobby of gardening, and many people also do gardening when they get upset or bored. Doing gardening makes the mind relaxed and peaceful. Those small plants and colourful flowers are so beautiful that you can’t ignore them. While doing gardening many of the steps we should follow for healthy plants.
1. We should always give water to them
2. We should keep them in sun as well to get their nutrition
Eduindex 
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