What is BIS and what are its functions

Hello friends, today’s article is going to be very useful for you because in this we will tell you about BIS Full Form and what is BIS, what are its functions and what are its benefits, we will tell you complete information related to them and along with it other useful related Information is about to tell.

Often we all hear different types of words many times, which often contain short form words, BIS is also one of those about which you will often get to hear but many people know BIS Full Form and what is BIS. If you do not know about it, then you should read our complete article for its information.

BIS FULL FORM – BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS

It is the National Standards Ministry of India, which deals with the work of consumer affairs, standards, product and system certification schemes etc. of the country.

What is BIS

What is BIS


As we have told you that this is the Bureau of Indian Standards and its work is the certification of consumer affairs, products and standard system of the Government of India and if we tell it in simple language, then it certifies the purity of any precious commodity or metal etc. As we must have seen that the gold that we buy is in different carats, it is the work of BIS to certify them.

It examines and certifies many different valuable items like gold, silver and many metals like diamond and platinum and its functions are as follows.

  • quality check
  • creating standards
  • quality certification and control
  • Developing a National Strategy for Recognition of Standards
  • Related to Foreign Manufacturer Certification Scheme
  • related to hallmark
  • Creating a laboratory accreditation plan
  • tracking user activities

As you all know that the valuable Vastu of any country is very useful for that country and it plays an important role in maintaining the economy to this there is always a danger of adulteration in it, sotIS to protect it. It was formed to do the work of checking and certification valuables.

WHAT IS BIS HALLMARK


As you know that BIS works to certify any valuable item and it shows the certified item in the following way, we are telling you about the hallmark of gold which is something like this.

  • If the hallmark number is 354 then it means 35.4% pure gold.
  • If the hallmark number is 465 then it means 46.5% pure gold.
  • If the hallmark number is 580 then it means 58.0% pure gold.
  • If the hallmark number is 648 then it means 64.8% pure gold.
  • If the hallmark number is 705 then it means 70.5% pure gold.
  • If the hallmark number is 836 then it means 83.6% pure gold.
  • If the hallmark number is 965 then it means 96.5% pure gold.
  • If the hallmark number is 164 then it means 16.4% pure gold.
  • If the hallmark number is 264 then it means 26.4% pure gold.
  • If the hallmark number is 1000 then it means 100% pure gold.

In this way, a metal like gold is shown as a hallmark and it shows the purity of any metal and how much adulteration is there in it.

It was established on 23 December 1986 and its headquarter is located in Manek Bhawan Old Delhi, but keeping in mind its large area in India, its 5 other offices have been established which are located in Chandigarh, Chennai, Mumbai, Delhi and Kolkata. Is.

What is a BIS certificate and why is it necessary


By the BIS certificate, original and adulterated metals etc. are checked as inexpensive items, as if any expensive metal from abroad is imported into India, then first it has to go through the BIS check, they check it in their way. After that, when it gets approval from BIS, then that metal can come to India and it can be sold in the market.

After checking them, its certificate is also made and it takes up to 6 months to make a BIS license after checking it, the hallmark of BIS can be put on the Vastu so that the public can know that it is the original product. And people should have faith in it and people can shop without any fear or hassle.

Conclusion – In this article, we have given you information about BIS Full Form and what is BIS and what are its functions, we hope that You must have found the information given by us useful, if you like the information, then definitely share it with your friends and if you want to ask any question related to it, then you can tell us by commenting.

What is Ayushman Bharat Scheme and how to see Ayushman Bharat List

Today we are going to tell you about what is Ayushman bharat yojana and how to do ayushman Bharat registration and how to see its list, through this article we are going to tell you very special information related to Pradhan Mantri ayushman Bharat yojana.

As you know that every day some useful scheme keeps coming in our country, out of which Ayushman bharat scheme is also one, this scheme is very useful for all the people but many people do not know about it, then this article In this we are going to tell you complete information about ayushman Bharat yojana.

What is Ayushman Bharat Yojana Scheme

Ayushman Bharat Scheme


Pradhan Mantri Ayushman Yojana has been started for the people who come below the poverty line, under this it has been started for the people who come below the poverty line for their good hospital treatment, in these poor people also without spending any money. You can get yourself treated in a good hospital.

Those people who come below the poverty line can take advantage of this scheme. Any member of the family of any person doing this is treated free of cost.

Benefits of the Ayushman bharat Scheme


The way the government has started this scheme shows how many benefits it has, first of all, we are going to tell you about the benefits of this scheme so that you can be aware of its benefits.

  • You do not have to do any separate application or registration to apply for this.
  • You can take advantage of this plan for free
  • Under this scheme, treatment of 5 lakhs is done for free.
  • A poor person can get treatment in a big hospital under this scheme
  • Under this scheme, 24 government hospitals and medical colleges will be built.
  • Under this scheme, hospital expenses up to 5 lakh will be given to each essential family.
  • Ayushman Bharat Health Insurance. is cashless
  • Patients suffering from serious diseases like heart, kidney, sugar etc. can take advantage of this scheme.


How to see the Ayushman Bharat Yojana List


To take advantage of this scheme, it is necessary to have your name on the list, but many people do not know how they can see their name on the list, so for this, you should follow the steps given by us.

  1. First, you click on PMJAY
  2. Now you will get the option of mobile number and captcha code, in that you solve the captcha by entering your mobile number
  3. Now click on OTP Generate and a number will come on your phone, enter it
  4. Now you have to select your state
  5. Now you will get the option to select the category, in that you select the category as per your wish.
  6. Now fill in the requested information related to the category you will select.
  7. Now click on search
  8. Now the complete list of this scheme will come in front of you, in that you have to find your name and if you want, you can also download it, if you have a name in this list then you can take advantage of this scheme.

How to see Ayushman Bharat Eligibility


If you have not applied in it and now you want to apply in it, then for this you should first check the ayushman Bharat eligibility once whether you can apply in it or not, then follow this process to see the eligibility in it.

  • First of all, you have to go to the official website of Ayushman Bharat
  • Now you will see the option of “AM I Eligible”, you have to click on it
  • Now a new page will open in front of you, in which you will be asked to log in, and enter your mobile number and OTP and log in.
  • Now you will get two options to get family eligibility information, out of which you have to choose your state and choose a mobile number or ration card.
  • Now you have to fill in the requested information
  • Now you have to click on the search or search option
  • In this way, you can very easily see the eligibility in Ayushman Bharat and if you are found applying for it then you can also apply for it later.

Documents to apply for Ayushman Bharat


If you want to apply for this, then you must have some important documents for this, only then you will be able to apply for it.

  • Aadhar card
  • of all family members
  • Ration card
  • mobile number
  • address proof

After having all these documents, you can apply online very easily in this, to apply this, you follow the process given by us.

How to do Ayushman Bharat Registration


Now we will talk about how you can apply for this scheme or how to register for it, for this, you should follow our given method so that you can easily apply for it.

  • first of all you go to the service centre, after that you have to submit a copy of all the documents
  • Now they verify your documents and after that, you register yourself in it.
  • After applying for this, you will get the golden card of Ayushman Bharat in 10 to 15 days.
  • In this way, you can also apply online for Pradhan Mantri ayushman Bharat yojana very easily and when you apply in it, then after that you are in any hospital by this you are working under this scheme there You can get free treatment up to Rs 5 lakh
Conclusion – In this article, we have given you information about the ayushman Bharat Yojana and what is this scheme and how to apply it, we hope that you must have liked the information given by us, if you like the information then Do share this with your friends through social media and if you want to ask any question related to it, then you can also tell us by commenting.

What is Social Media Marketing?

Social Media Marketing, know all the information related to it.

Hello friends, maybe I do not need to tell you at all how big is social media, fast it is spreading, and also the number of people using it are also increasing rapidly. The speed of social media has become faster than the Internet.

Today everyone is using the Internet, and more than 3 billion people are using social media all over the world, and it is increasing.

While you are reading this post, you may have missed the figure. And with all this, many social media platforms have also come, and if we talk about the trending social media platforms now, then they are Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, YouTube, Whatsapp, Linkedin, and many more social media platforms. There are media platforms but all of them are the most famous in today’s date.


To know about social media marketing, you must read about digital marketing and want to know more about it, so let us now know what is social media marketing? And we are going to tell you many more things about it.

What is Social Media Marketing?

What is Social Media Marketing


Social media marketing is a work in which any social media platform such as Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter is used to promote any business and products.

So that any products or services can reach to as many people as possible, and a brand image of any products or services can be created in the mind of the people, s that they can use the products or services.

With the help of social media marketing, it helps any brand or company to reach and talk to its target customers, and they get to know more about the brand or company.

In today’s time, social media marketing has become a big thing for any business, if you want to make your business bigger, or take your old business further, then you must take the help of social media marketing for that. have to take,

Only then you can reach your products or services to all your customers, and for this, you should also have the idea of ​​social media marketing.

What is Social Media Marketing?

We want to tell you how powerful and beneficial a social media account can be for your business.

By being active in social media, you can make your business very big, because in today’s time everyone is going digital, and everyone is coming online if you have not brought your business online yet. So bring it as soon as possible or else it will be too late.

What is Social Media Marketing Video

Benefits of Social Media Marketing- Benefits of Social Media Marketing-

There are many benefits of social media marketing, with the help of which you can get a lot of profit for your business or your website.

In social media marketing, you only need to know about some things online, if you know the website, then you will also know very well about the power of social media, let us know what are the benefits that will help you. Social media will be beneficial.

Increase brand awareness for your brand or website.

If your product is good and can be of great use to the people, and if you are not able to sell it well, then it means that you have not taken any good steps regarding its marketing,

Or even if you have done marketing, then you have made some mistake, in such a situation, social media is a very good platform for how useful those people can be about your website about your product.

Social media can be a very effective thing to tell better about your brand or product and to give more information to people about it. You can easily do many things with the help of social media marketing, and you can give good information about your brand and product to people so that they can use your products.

Generate Leads and Boost Conversions

Generate Leads and Boost Conversation By this means, when you promote your products on social media, with the help of this you can connect with a lot of people, and give them some of their information about whom the leads speak, such as can generate leads by taking their name, mobile number and email ID.

Whenever you launch a new product of yours, then these leads will work for you.

Come, you can tell them all about your new products, and you can give information about them, so that they may get attracted and like your product and also buy it.

What is Social Media Marketing?

a good relationship with customers With the help of social media, you can build a good relationship with your customers, by providing them with good things, and if they have any problems using any of your products, or they want to get information about any products. , then you can take the help of social media, and by helping them you can build a good relationship with them.

Learn from your competitors.

If someone like you is making products, like if you have a shoemaking company, and you make shoes, then it is not that you are just making shoes, many such people in the market make shoes.

So with the help of social media, you will get to know about your competitors, how they are doing, how they are making products, why their products are being sold, and why not us?

So in a way, you will get a lot of information about the competitors with the help of social media, which will be of great use to you, and will also help in taking your business forward.

How to do Social Media Marketing?

Doing social media marketing does not require many skills, but even then you must have some basic knowledge about it, only then you will be able to do social media marketing well.

First of all, you have to create an account on all the famous social media platforms in the name of your brand, let’s know how to do good social media marketing.

First, find out about your target audience. For social media marketing, you have to first select the right audience for your product and brand, if your product is related to children, then you have to find marketing ideas like them,

If your products are for females or males, you will need to find anyone who is over 18 years of age. In this way, first of all, find a target audience for your product.

Create a good social media profile.

You have to keep your social media profile good, keep your brand logo good, prepare a good post daily for social media, and keep in mind, what your product or brand sells, or your website is about Post only related content on social media.

Show your good and best things first.

Share your good stuff first and foremost on social media, post the most and focus on the things that your audience or your customers like the most, and at the same time keep your new ones. Keep informing people about the products or services as well.

What are the best platform forms for social media marketing?

So friends, after understanding what is social media marketing, let us now tell you which social media platform will be good for you, and on which social media platform you should focus the most, and do marketing.

Although nowadays everyone can get good returns due to the internet being available almost everywhere the ones which are trending the most right now are Instagram, Facebook. Let us first know about Instagram marketing.

Instagram marketing:

Friends, if Instagram is most famous for something, then it is, to market your products on Instagram for photos, you have to make good photos and designs of your products or services,

And at the same time, you have to use good hashtags, so that your post can reach more people, and you have to post on Instagram every day and work on it regularly.

Facebook marketing:

If you talk about the most users, then you will find them on Facebook. On Facebook, you have to create a page with the name of your brand, in which you will also have to post well like Instagram,

Also, if you want to run paid ads, then you can run them on Facebook as well as you will get the option to run Facebook’s ads on Instagram.

conclusion-

So friends, in this way now you must understand what is social media marketing and how it is done. Today in this post we have told you Many things have been told about social media marketing.

If you also know anything else about social media marketing, or you have any questions, then you can ask us through the comment box given below.

What is Dedicated Hosting? Its features!

 

Dedicated Hosting

So finally, I am going to talk about Dedicated Hosting in this article. Lets discuss the definition of Dedicated Hosting.

In a Dedicated Hosting, web hosting provider provides a dedicated server, along with dedicated resources to a single user. Dedicated Hosting is ideal for the large number of visitors on a website.

Why Dedicated Hosting is best?

Why Dedicated Hosting is best?

Dedicated hosting is best in all form from all the Hosting plans i.e. Shared Hosting, Cloud Hosting, etc.
In Shared Hosting, the users are sharing the server with many other users. While in VPS Hosting, the users are sharing the server but not the resources such as disc space. But, in a Dedicated Hosting plan, the user gets the whole server with all the resources.

Cost of Dedicated Hosting

A scalable server

Our Windows VPS solutions are designed to meet a wide range of business needs, and will scale up to suit your projects. There is no need to provision resources in advance — you can add them at any time via the OVHcloud Control Panel. This also helps you control your budget.

A dedicated environment

Since you are the administrator of your server, you are free to configure your dedicated environment however you like. With this flexibility, you can easily set up a Windows virtual server to host a website or email service, for example. With our VPS solutions, you get a server environment that is specially adapted to your web projects.


Simplicity and independence

One of the advantages of our virtual private servers is the autonomy they offer. You are free to install and configure the operating system you need, and pick one from a wide range. To further simplify how you set up your web projects, you can also install a web hosting control panel like Plesk, or cPanel.


Unlimited traffic

Your Windows VPS has unlimited ingress and egress traffic*. Depending on the model you choose, it can also reach up to 2 Gbit/s allocated bandwidth. These specifications are perfect for hosting websites and applications with high volumes of traffic, guaranteeing a smooth browsing experience for your users.

*Excludes datacentres in the Asia-Pacific region.


Backup options

We offer automated backup options for your server. Via the OVHcloud Control Panel, you can secure your data by storing backups in an external storage space, or creating a snapshot of your VPS at a specific time.


Availability

Service availability is an important factor, especially for websites and applications that are used every day by your users. Your VPS is set up on an infrastructure with minimal latency, and hardware availability guaranteed by an SLA. This way, you can rest assured that your solutions are based on a stable, robust environment.


That’s all about dedicated web hosting.

What is Digital Currency? Information about e-currencies

Friends, you must have heard the name of Bitcoin at some point or just a few years ago, and if you have not heard it, then it does not matter, what is our article Digital Currency today? In this, you will also get information about bitcoin.

Bitcoin is also a kind of digital currency, the most used cryptocurrency worldwide is bitcoin. It currently has 16.8 million tokens in circulation. And the person who has a bitcoin right now is a lot of money because friends, the price of 1 bitcoin is equal to 30-50 lakh rupees.

So by this, you must have understood and you must have got an idea of ​​how much digital currency is worth. So let us know with this that what is this digital currency? And why is this so much discussed?

What is Digital Currency?

What is Digital Currency


Digital currency is also called e-currency or cryptocurrency, in which the payment method is done completely in electronic form. These currencies, called cyber cash, are discussed all over the world. Digital currency can also be called virtual currency.

Digital currency is a kind of currency, which exists only in digital form, and it is also bought and sold online. Digital currency can be used to buy and sell things online only, you cannot use it for offline things.

Digital Currency i.e. Cryptocurrency

There is no limit to the number of times you can transact in digital currency. Digital currency is more secure than making an online payment by debit or credit card because it uses cryptography, which makes it even more secure.

That is why it is also called Cryptocurrency. The world’s first cryptocurrency is Bitcoin. Depositing it is called mining. Cryptocurrency can be easily transferred to any corner of the world and can be converted to any type of currency like Dollar, Euro, Rupee etc.

Transactions can be done through this currency without any medium through computer networks. At the same time, this digital currency is kept in a digital wallet, Digital Currencies have been banned in many countries, and because of this many illegal works are being done.

List of digital currency

Just as there are many currencies around the world, all countries have their money names, and they also have different values, in the same way, there are many types of digital currency, and they are also of many types, so let us know about AC currency only.

Bitcoin

The most widely used cryptocurrency digital currency around the world is bitcoin. It currently has 16.8 million tokens in circulation. Bitcoin is being called the poster child of the cryptocurrency industry. However, critics of Bitcoin are a bit sceptical about its growth due to its slow speed and high transaction fees.

Litecoin

Litecoin, launched in 2011, was one of the early cryptocurrencies after bitcoin and is often referred to as the “silver to bitcoin gold”.

Zcash

Zcash, a decentralized and open-source cryptocurrency launched in late 2016, promises to be. “If bitcoin is like HTTP for money, then the cash is HTTPS,” analogous cash uses to define itself.

Bitcoin Cash

Launched in the year 2017, Bitcoin Cash is one of the most traded cryptocurrencies in the world. It has a block size of 8MB while the original bitcoin has a block size of 1MB.

Ethereum

Ethereum is built as a decentralized app provider. It has a specific purpose to overcome the need for third-party companies like Apple to build apps. Apps developed on Ethereum will be on a distributed public platform where miners will be able to earn ‘ether’.

Libra

Libra coin is a digital currency created by Facebook. Facebook is developing a wallet for Libra that will allow it to be stored. People will be able to buy and sell Libra as a cryptocurrency.

So friends, now you must have understood what is digital currency? If you have any thing which you do not understand, then you can ask us in the comment box given below, we will try our best to help you.

What is a podcast? Learn About Podcasting

Hello friends, all of you must have seen many videos on YouTube, Facebook and Instagram and you must have made videos. But have you ever created or recorded audio? And have you upload it somewhere?

When you come to social media, you want to share ideas and you use different things for this and share your ideas with people, then friends podcast is also a part of social media, in which you can share your information. Can share with logo.
Starting a podcast is a big thing in itself because in this we have to share information with our Subscribers or Followers, which people should like.

What is a podcast?

What is a podcast


A podcast is blogging in a way, as we write articles and then share them with people, in the same way, there is a podcast, the podcast is like a device or mobile app, in which we store any information in the form of audio. and then share that information with the people.

In podcasts, we put our voice in the form of audio. Just like we make a video from our mobile or camera, our voice is also recorded in it along with us, in the same way only our voice is saved in podcasting, which we can share with people.

Nowadays we all think that how can we learn or read more things in less time, and so earlier we used to read books, then we started using youtube to understand something, and now slowly Everyone has started liking to listen to all things.

Example of the podcast:-

We have also started podcasting, in which we will share things related to Digital Marketing, Blogging, Vlog, SEO, and Web Development. Play and listen to the podcast given below.

What are the benefits of podcasting?

Friends, you know what is a podcast and who is called podcasting is, but why should you podcast or what are the benefits of podcasting, so let’s talk a little about it.

If you are a good writer, or you know Poem and you also do poetry, or you like to motivate people, then you must use podcast.

As now more than 55% of people in Google do Voice Search and search for things, when we search anything in Google, Google shows us the same things that we want to see. Voice search is growing very fast in India, and one day it is going to go a long way.

Can you earn money from podcasting?

Yes, you can also earn money by doing podcasting, for this, you just have to make a podcast in a good field, after which you can earn money, it is not that you have created a podcast today and from tomorrow you will start earning money from it. , No…

Friends, there are no shortcut ways to earn money, and some people feel like this, then they will come to know about the matter themselves for some time.

So friends, as you will provide good value to your podcast, and as you get the support of people, they will like your podcast, then your subscribers or people who listen to the podcast will increase, and then you will earn money from the podcast. There will be many ways to find out.

So first of all, if you are good in any field, or you do any work very well, and you also like to do all that work, and you want to share all those things with people, then Start making podcasts today. Start little by little, you will be able to do it.. 🙂

Even if you search by typing something in Google, you will still get the same result that you will get through a voice search. With voice search, we can easily search things on Google.

Suppose you do not know English or anything and you do not know how to write it in Hindi, then you can easily search for anything on Google with your voice, after which you get your answer.

How to do podcasting?

Friends, to do podcasting, first of all, you will need a computer or mobile and a good internet connection for this work. After that, you have to select a good podcast platform.

If you want to start podcasting from your computer or laptop, then for this you have to sign up on online podcasting sites, after which you can start your podcast. These are some of the best podcast hosting sites.

  • Anchor
  • Podbean.com
  • Spreaker.com

If you want to start podcasting from your mobile or tablet, then for this you have to download podcasting apps, after which you can start podcasting. This Anchor Fm mobile app for Android and iOS can be of great use to you.

for android- anchor

For iOS (Apple) – anchor

If you make a podcast using the mobile app, then it will be easy, you will get a lot of options in Anchor Fm, whatever popular podcast platform you are by making a podcast, it is published here for free.

If you have a WordPress website and you want to start a podcast on it, then you can start a podcast on your website using the Seriously Simple Podcasting WordPress plugin.

So this is how podcasting works, with podcasting you can connect with people, build your good followers, and improve your skills even more.

So maybe now you must have understood what is a podcast, and how to do podcasting, so if you have any thing that you have not understood or you want to ask something from us, then you can ask us in the comment box given below. We will do our best to help you.

If you liked this article, and you got to know something good from it, then you must share it on your social media platforms.

Anthropology

Anthropology is the systematic study of humanity, with the goal of understanding our evolutionary origins, our distinctiveness as a species, and the great diversity in our forms of social existence across the world and through time. The focus of Anthropology is on understanding both our shared humanity and diversity, and engaging with diverse ways of being in the world.

Throughout its existence as an academic discipline, anthropology has been located at the intersection of natural science and humanities. The biological evolution of Homo sapiens and the evolution of the capacity for culture that distinguishes humans from all other species are indistinguishable from one another. While the evolution of the human species is a biological development like the processes that gave rise to the other species, the historical appearance of the capacity for culture initiates a qualitative departure from other forms of adaptation, based on an extraordinarily variable creativity not directly linked to survival and ecological adaptation. The historical patterns and processes associated with culture as a medium for growth and change, and the diversification and convergence of cultures through history, are thus major foci of anthropological research

In the middle of the 20th century, the distinct fields of research that separated anthropologists into specialties were physical anthropology, emphasizing the biological process and endowment that distinguishes Homo sapiens from other species, archaeology, based on the physical remnants of past cultures and former conditions of contemporary cultures, usually found buried in the earth, linguistic anthropology, emphasizing the unique human capacity to communicate through articulate speech and the diverse languages of humankind, and social and/or cultural anthropology, emphasizing the cultural systems that distinguish human societies from one another and the patterns of social organization associated with these systems.

” If there were a science

Of human beings it

Would be anthropology

that aims at

understanding the

totality of experience

through structural

context”

-William Dilthey

By Ajeetha.R

Environmental Pollution – Types, Causes, Controls and Abatement Strategies

 Environment Pollution: Types, Causes, Effects:

Environmental Pollution is not a new phenomenon, yet it remains one of the greatest threats to the health and well-being of humanity and one of the major environmental causes of death and morbidity. For example, substances such as plastic materials, heavy metals, etc., once released into the atmosphere. By natural processes, it cannot be degraded and are harmful to living organisms. In environmental pollution, pollutants originate from a source, are transported by air or water, and are dumped into the soil by human beings.


The long-term impacts of pollution are still being felt despite global attention to the issue. Day by day, our atmosphere is becoming more and more polluted due to anthropogenic activities. It is usually due to the pollutants released into the air, water, soil, etc., through many human activities. Let us examine the different types of environmental pollution.

Environment Pollution: Introduction, Causes & Types

What is Environmental Pollution?

  • Environment Pollution is the addition of contaminants into the natural environment that causes detrimental effects to nature, natural resources and mankind.
  • Any unnatural and negative changes in all the dimensions like chemical, physical and biological characteristics of any component of the ecosystem i.e. air, water or soil which can cause harmful effects on various forms of life and property is called environmental pollution.

What is a Pollutant?

  • Any substance which causes harmful effects or uneasiness in the organisms, then that particular substance may be called as the pollutant.

The materials that cause pollution are of two types:

  1. Persistent pollutants: Those pollutants which remain consistent in the environment for a long period of time without any change in its original form are called persistent pollutants. For example pesticides, nuclear wastes, and plastics etc.
  2. Non-persistent pollutants: These pollutants are the opposite of persistent pollutant and break down in the simple form. If this process of breaking down is done by living organisms, then such pollutants are referred to as biodegradable pollutants.

From another perspective, pollutants can be classified as follows:

  1. Primary Pollutants: Primary pollutants are those which remain in the form in which they were added to the environment for ex. DDT, Plastic
  2. Secondary Pollutants: Secondary pollutants are formed due to interaction of primary pollutants amongst themselves viz. PAN by the interaction of NOx & Hydrocarbons.

According to their existence in nature:

Signup for Free Mock Test
  1. Quantitative Pollutants: These substances are already present in the atmosphere but they become pollutant when their concentration level reaches to a particular level which is above a threshold limit.
  2. Qualitative Pollutants: These are man-made pollutants eg. Fungicides, herbicides etc.

According to origin:

  1. Man-made Pollutants
  2. Natural Pollutants

According to the nature of disposal:

  1. Biodegradable Pollutants
  2. Non-biodegradable Pollutants

Types of Environment Pollution:

AIR POLLUTION:

  • Air pollution is the presence of one or more disadvantageous content in such quantity and for such duration, as it is catastrophic, or tend to be catastrophic, to human health and welfare, animal or plant life.
  • It is the contaminants of air by the discharge of detrimental substances.

Some of the air pollutants, their sources, and effects:

Name of the pollutants

Sources

Health effects

Nitrogen oxides

Industries, vehicles and power plants

Problems in the lungs, respiratory systems and causes asthma and bronchitis.

Carbon monoxide

Emission and burning of fossil fuels

Severe headache, irritation to mucous membrane, unconsciousness and death.

Carbon dioxide

Burning of fossil fuels

Vision problem, severe headache and heart strain.

Suspended particulate matter

Vehicular emission and burning of fossil fuels.

Lung irritation reduces development of RBC and pulmonary malfunctioning.

Sulphur oxide

Industries and power plant

Irritation in eyes and throat, allergies, cough etc.

Smog

Industries and vehicular pollution

Respiratory and eye problems

Hydrocarbons

Burning of fossil fuels

Kidney problems, irritation in eyes, nose and throat, asthma, hypertension and carcinogenic effects on lungs.

Chlorofluorocarbons

Refrigerators, emission from jets

Depletion of ozone layer, global warming
  •  Other pollutants are cadmium, lead, mercury, silica, coal dust and particles and radioactive pollutants.

Control measures:

  • Policy measures
  • Modification of industrial process and selection of suitable fuels and its utilization.
  • Collection of pollutants and convert it into less toxic forms by different methods.

Government initiatives:

  • National air quality monitoring programme (NAMP)
  • National ambient air quality standards (NAAQS)

WATER POLLUTION

  • Addition of certain substances such as organic, inorganic, biological and radiological to the water, which degrades the water quality and makes it unhealthy for use.
  • Water pollution is not only confined to surface water but also spread to groundwater, sea, and ocean.

Sources

Point sources: These are directly pointed towards the water bodies from the source of origin of pollution and are thus easy to regulate.

Non-point sources: These sources are related to many diffuse sources and are thus difficult to regulate.

Some of the sources are:

  • Industrial and community wastewater: Industries like mining, iron and steel, pharmaceuticals, food processing, soap and detergent and paper and pulp.
  • Agricultural sources, thermal pollution (discharge of hot water by thermal power plants cause deficiency of dissolved oxygen in water) and underground water pollution.
  • Marine pollution: river discharge, manmade pollution and oil spills etc.

Effects

  • An excessive amount of mercury in water can cause Minamata disease in humans and dropsy in fishes; Lead in large amount can cause dyslexia, Cadmium poisoning causes Itai – Itai disease, etc.
  • Polluted water has less amount of Dissolved oxygen (DO) content which is important for sensitive organisms, thereby eliminates sensitive organisms.
  • Excess of nitrate in drinking water is dangerous for infants and human health, excess fluoride cause neuromuscular disorder and teeth deformity, hardening of bones and painful joints.
  • Biological magnification and eutrophication.

Note: ‘Eu’ means healthy and ‘trophy’ means nutrition. The improvement of nutrients in water bodies causes eutrophication. Domestic waste discharge, agricultural waste, land drainage and industrial waste in a water body leads to a rapid increase in nutrients in a water body which initiates early ageing of water bodies.

Control measures

  • Usage of water should be minimized by changing the techniques involved.
  • Recycling and treatment of water should be used to the maximum extent possible.
  • The quantity of discharge of wastewater can be minimized.
  • Excessive use of pesticides and fertilizers should be avoided.
  • Organic farming and efficient use of animal residues as fertilizers.

SOIL POLLUTION

  • Addition of unwanted substances to the soil which negatively affects physical, chemical and biological properties of soil and reduces its productivity is called soil pollution.
  • The factors which disturb the biological balance of the soil and deteriorate the quality, texture, and mineral content are called soil pollutants.
  • Use of fertilizers, pesticides, insecticides, dumping of solid waste, deforestation, and pollution due to urbanization and other anthropogenic substances causes soil pollution.

Sources

  • Industrial waste: lead, cadmium, mercury, alkalies, organic substances, and chemicals.
  • Agricultural waste: fertilizers, pesticides, insecticides, and manures.
  • Discarded materials and radioactive elements and plastic bags.

Effects

  • Agriculture: It reduces soil fertility and thus crop yields; increase soil erosion and salinity.
  • Ecological imbalance and imbalance in flora and fauna further increases.
  • Problems in urban areas like clogging in drains, the release of gases, foul smells, and problems in wastewater management.
  • Release of radioactive rays, biomagnification and pollutant gases cause health problems.

Control measures

  • Afforestation, reforestation and use of organic farming.
  • Solid waste management and reduction of waste from the construction area.
  • Stop the use of plastic bags and use bags of degradable materials like paper and cloth.
  • Biomedical waste should be collected and incinerated in incinerators.

Applying Pollution Control Technologies

Application of pollution control methods has demonstrated considerable effectiveness in controlling pollution problems – particularly those of a local character. Application of appropriate technologies is based on a systematic analysis of the source and nature of the emission or discharge in question, of its interaction with the ecosystem and the ambient pollution problem to be addressed, and the development of appropriate technologies to mitigate and monitor pollution impacts.
In their article on air pollution control, Dietrich Schwela and Berenice Goelzer explain the importance and implications of taking a comprehensive approach to assessment and control of point sources and non-point sources of air pollution. They also highlight the challenges – and opportunities – that are being addressed in countries that are undergoing rapid industrialization without having had a strong pollution control component accompanying earlier development.
Marion Wichman-Fiebig explains the methods that are applied to model air pollutant dispersion to determine and characterize the nature of pollution problems. This forms the basis for understanding the controls that are to be put into effect and for evaluating their effectiveness. As the understanding of potential impacts has deepened, appreciation of effects has expanded from the local to the regional to the global scale.
Hans-Ulrich Pfeffer and Peter Bruckmann provide an introduction to the equipment and methods that are used to monitor air quality so that potential pollution problems can be assessed and the effectiveness of control and prevention interventions can be evaluated.
John Elias provides an overview of the types of air pollution controls that can be applied and the issues that must be addressed in selecting appropriate pollution control management options.
The challenge of water pollution control is addressed by Herbert Preul in an article which explains the basis whereby the earth’s natural waters may become polluted from point, non-point and intermittent sources; the basis for regulating water pollution; and the different criteria that can be applied in determining control programmes. Preul explains the manner in which discharges are received in water bodies, and may be analysed and evaluated to assess and manage risks. Finally, an overview is provided of the techniques that are applied for large-scale wastewater treatment and water pollution control.
A case study provides a vivid example of how wastewater can be reused – a topic of considerable significance in the search for ways that environmental resources can be used effectively, especially in circumstances of scarcity. Alexander Donagi provides a summary of the approach that has been pursued for the treatment and groundwater recharge of municipal wastewater for a population of 1.5 million in Israel.
Comprehensive Waste Management
Under the pollution control perspective, waste is regarded as an undesirable by-product of the production process which is to be contained so as to ensure that soil, water and air resources are not contaminated beyond levels deemed to be acceptable. Lucien Maystre provides an overview of the issues that must be addressed in managing waste, providing a conceptual link to the increasingly important roles of recycling and pollution prevention.
In response to extensive evidence of the serious contamination associated with unrestricted management of waste, governments have established standards for acceptable practices for collection, handling and disposal to ensure environmental protection. Particular attention has been paid to the criteria for environmentally safe disposal through sanitary landfills, incineration and hazardous-waste treatment.
To avoid the potential environmental burden and costs associated with the disposal of waste and promote a more thorough stewardship of scarce resources, waste minimization and recycling have received growing attention. Niels Hahn and Poul Lauridsen provide a summary of the issues that are addressed in pursuing recycling as a preferred waste management strategy, and consider the potential worker exposure implications of this.
Shifting Emphasis to Pollution Prevention
End-of-pipe abatement risks transferring pollution from one medium to another, where it may either cause equally serious environmental problems, or even end up as an indirect source of pollution to the same medium. While not as expensive as remediation, end-of-pipe abatement can contribute significantly to the costs of production processes without contributing any value. It also typically is associated with regulatory regimes which add other sets of costs associated with enforcing compliance.
While the pollution control approach has achieved considerable success in producing short-term improvements for local pollution problems, it has been less effective in addressing cumulative problems that are increasingly recognized on regional (e.g., acid rain) or global (e.g., ozone depletion) levels.
The aim of a health-oriented environmental pollution control programme is to promote a better quality of life by reducing pollution to the lowest level possible. Environmental pollution control programmes and policies, whose implications and priorities vary from country to country, cover all aspects of pollution (air, water, land and so on) and involve coordination among areas such as industrial development, city planning, water resources development and transportation policies.
Thomas Tseng, Victor Shantora and Ian Smith provide a case study example of the multimedia impact that pollution has had on a vulnerable ecosystem subjected to many stresses – the North American Great Lakes. The limited effectiveness of the pollution control model in dealing with persistent toxins that dissipate through the environment is particularly examined. By focusing on the approach being pursued in one country and the implications that this has for international action, the implications for actions that address prevention as well as control are illustrated.
As environmental pollution control technologies have become more sophisticated and more expensive, there has been a growing interest in ways to incorporate prevention in the design of industrial processes – with the objective of eliminating harmful environmental effects while promoting the competitiveness of industries. Among the benefits of pollution prevention approaches, clean technologies and toxic use reduction is the potential for eliminating worker exposure to health risks.
David Bennett provides an overview of why pollution prevention is emerging as a preferred strategy and how it relates to other environmental management methods. This approach is central to implementing the shift to sustainable development which has been widely endorsed since the release of the United Nations Commission on Trade and Development in 1987 and reiterated at the Rio United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) Conference in 1992.
The pollution prevention approach focuses directly on the use of processes, practices, materials and energy that avoid or minimize the creation of pollutants and wastes at source, and not on “add-on” abatement measures. While corporate commitment plays a critical role in the decision to pursue pollution prevention (see Bringer and Zoesel in Environmental policy), Bennett draws attention to the societal benefits in reducing risks to ecosystem and human health—and the health of workers in particular. He identifies principles that can be usefully applied in assessing opportunities for pursuing this approach.