PERFECT COMPETITION MARKET

A perfectly competitive market is one in which the number of buyers and sellers is very large, all engaged in buying and selling a homogeneous product without any artificial restrictions and possessing perfect knowledge of market at a time. In the words of A. Koutsoyiannis, “Perfect competition is a market structure characterised by a complete absence of rivalry among the individual firms.” According to R.G. Lipsey, “Perfect competition is a market structure in which all firms in an industry are price- takers and in which there is freedom of entry into, and exit from, industry.”

CHARACTERISTICS OF PERFECT COMPETITION

The following are the conditions for the existence of perfect competition:

  • Large Number of Buyers and Sellers

The first condition is that the number of buyers and sellers must be so large that none of them individually is in a position to influence the price and output of the industry as a whole. The demand of individual buyer relative to the total demand is so small that he cannot influence the price of the product by his individual action.Similarly, the supply of an individual seller is so small a fraction of the total output that he cannot influence the price of the product by his action alone. In other words, the individual seller is unable to influence the price of the product by increasing or decreasing its supply.Rather, he adjusts his supply to the price of the product. He is “output adjuster”. Thus no buyer or seller can alter the price by his individual action. He has to accept the price for the product as fixed for the whole industry. He is a “price taker”.

  • Freedom of Entry or Exit of Firms

The next condition is that the firms should be free to enter or leave the industry. It implies that whenever the industry is earning excess profits, attracted by these profits some new firms enter the industry. In case of loss being sustained by the industry, some firms leave it.

  • Homogeneous Product

Each firm produces and sells a homogeneous product so that no buyer has any preference for the product of any individual seller over others. This is only possible if units of the same product produced by different sellers are perfect substitutes. In other words, the cross elasticity of the products of sellers is infinite.

No seller has an independent price policy. Commodi­ties like salt, wheat, cotton and coal are homogeneous in nature. He cannot raise the price of his product. If he does so, his customers would leave him and buy the product from other sellers at the ruling lower price.The above two conditions between themselves make the average revenue curve of the individual seller or firm perfectly elastic, horizontal to the X-axis. It means that a firm can sell more or less at the ruling market price but cannot influence the price as the product is homogeneous and the number of sellers very large.

  • Absence of Artificial Restrictions

The next condition is that there is complete openness in buying and selling of goods. Sellers are free to sell their goods to any buyers and the buyers are free to buy from any sellers. In other words, there is no discrimination on the part of buyers or sellers.Moreo­ver, prices are liable to change freely in response to demand-supply conditions. There are no efforts on the part of the producers, the government and other agencies to control the supply, demand or price of the products. The movement of prices is unfettered.

  • Profit Maximisation Goal

Every firm has only one goal of maximising its profits.

  • Perfect Mobility of Goods and Factors

Another requirement of perfect competition is the perfect mobility of goods and factors between industries. Goods are free to move to those places where they can fetch the highest price. Factors can also move from a low-paid to a high-paid industry.

  • Perfect Knowledge of Market Conditions

This condition implies a close contact between buyers and sellers. Buyers and sellers possess complete knowledge about the prices at which goods are being bought and sold, and of the prices at which others are prepared to buy and sell. They have also perfect knowledge of the place where the transactions are being carried on. Such perfect knowledge of market conditions forces the sellers to sell their product at the prevailing market price and the buyers to buy at that price.

  • Absence of Transport Costs

Another condition is that there are no transport costs in carry­ing of product from one place to another. This condition is essential for the existence of perfect compe­tition which requires that a commodity must have the same price everywhere at any time. If transport costs are added to the price of the product, even a homogeneous commodity will have different prices depending upon transport costs from the place of supply.

  • Absence of Selling Costs

Under perfect competition, the costs of advertising, sales-promotion, etc. do not arise because all firms produce a homogeneous product.

PERFECT COMPETITION MARKET

A perfectly competitive market is one in which the number of buyers and sellers is very large, all engaged in buying and selling a homogeneous product without any artificial restrictions and possessing perfect knowledge of market at a time. In the words of A. Koutsoyiannis, “Perfect competition is a market structure characterised by a complete absence of rivalry among the individual firms.” According to R.G. Lipsey, “Perfect competition is a market structure in which all firms in an industry are price- takers and in which there is freedom of entry into, and exit from, industry.”

CHARACTERISTICS OF PERFECT COMPETITION

The following are the conditions for the existence of perfect competition:

  • Large Number of Buyers and Sellers

The first condition is that the number of buyers and sellers must be so large that none of them individually is in a position to influence the price and output of the industry as a whole. The demand of individual buyer relative to the total demand is so small that he cannot influence the price of the product by his individual action.Similarly, the supply of an individual seller is so small a fraction of the total output that he cannot influence the price of the product by his action alone. In other words, the individual seller is unable to influence the price of the product by increasing or decreasing its supply.Rather, he adjusts his supply to the price of the product. He is “output adjuster”. Thus no buyer or seller can alter the price by his individual action. He has to accept the price for the product as fixed for the whole industry. He is a “price taker”.

  • Freedom of Entry or Exit of Firms

The next condition is that the firms should be free to enter or leave the industry. It implies that whenever the industry is earning excess profits, attracted by these profits some new firms enter the industry. In case of loss being sustained by the industry, some firms leave it.

  • Homogeneous Product

Each firm produces and sells a homogeneous product so that no buyer has any preference for the product of any individual seller over others. This is only possible if units of the same product produced by different sellers are perfect substitutes. In other words, the cross elasticity of the products of sellers is infinite.

No seller has an independent price policy. Commodi­ties like salt, wheat, cotton and coal are homogeneous in nature. He cannot raise the price of his product. If he does so, his customers would leave him and buy the product from other sellers at the ruling lower price.The above two conditions between themselves make the average revenue curve of the individual seller or firm perfectly elastic, horizontal to the X-axis. It means that a firm can sell more or less at the ruling market price but cannot influence the price as the product is homogeneous and the number of sellers very large.

  • Absence of Artificial Restrictions

The next condition is that there is complete openness in buying and selling of goods. Sellers are free to sell their goods to any buyers and the buyers are free to buy from any sellers. In other words, there is no discrimination on the part of buyers or sellers.Moreo­ver, prices are liable to change freely in response to demand-supply conditions. There are no efforts on the part of the producers, the government and other agencies to control the supply, demand or price of the products. The movement of prices is unfettered.

  • Profit Maximisation Goal

Every firm has only one goal of maximising its profits.

  • Perfect Mobility of Goods and Factors

Another requirement of perfect competition is the perfect mobility of goods and factors between industries. Goods are free to move to those places where they can fetch the highest price. Factors can also move from a low-paid to a high-paid industry.

  • Perfect Knowledge of Market Conditions

This condition implies a close contact between buyers and sellers. Buyers and sellers possess complete knowledge about the prices at which goods are being bought and sold, and of the prices at which others are prepared to buy and sell. They have also perfect knowledge of the place where the transactions are being carried on. Such perfect knowledge of market conditions forces the sellers to sell their product at the prevailing market price and the buyers to buy at that price.

  • Absence of Transport Costs

Another condition is that there are no transport costs in carry­ing of product from one place to another. This condition is essential for the existence of perfect compe­tition which requires that a commodity must have the same price everywhere at any time. If transport costs are added to the price of the product, even a homogeneous commodity will have different prices depending upon transport costs from the place of supply.

  • Absence of Selling Costs

Under perfect competition, the costs of advertising, sales-promotion, etc. do not arise because all firms produce a homogeneous product.

MISSION MARS BY INDIA

The Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM), also called Mangalyaan is a space probe orbiting Mars since 24 September 2014. It was launched on 5 November 2013 by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).It is India’s first interplanetary mission and it made it the fourth space agency to achieve Mars orbit, after Roscosmos, NASA, and the European Space Agency. It made India the first Asian nation to reach Martian orbit and the first nation in the world to do so on its maiden attempt.

Names
Mangalyaan
Mission type
Mars orbiter
Operator
ISRO
COSPAR ID
2013-060A
SATCAT no.
39370
Website
http://www.isro.gov.in/pslv-c25-mars-orbiter-mission
Mission duration
Planned: 6 months
Elapsed: 6 years, 9 months, 19 days

Start of mission

Start of mission
Launch date
5 November 2013, 09:08 UTC
Rocket
PSLV-XL C25
Launch site
Satish Dhawan FLP
Contractor
ISRO

Orbital Parameter

Apoareon altitude
76,993.6 km (47,841.6 mi)
Inclination
150.0°. pariareon altitude : 421.7km(262miles)

Mars

Timeline of Operations
Phase Date Event Detail Result References
Geocentric phase 5 November 2013 09:08 UTC Launch Burn time: 15:35 min in 5 stages Apogee: 23,550 km (14,630 mi)
6 November 2013 19:47 UTC Orbit raising manoeuvre Burn time: 416 sec Apogee: 28,825 km (17,911 mi)
7 November 2013 20:48 UTC Orbit raising manoeuvre Burn time: 570.6 sec Apogee: 40,186 km (24,970 mi)
8 November 2013 20:40 UTC Orbit raising manoeuvre Burn time: 707 sec Apogee: 71,636 km (44,513 mi)
10 November 2013 20:36 UTC Orbit raising manoeuvre Incomplete burn Apogee: 78,276 km (48,638 mi)
11 November 2013 23:33 UTC Orbit raising manoeuvre (supplementary) Burn time: 303.8 sec Apogee: 118,642 km (73,721 mi)
15 November 2013 19:57 UTC Orbit raising manoeuvre Burn time: 243.5 sec Apogee: 192,874 km (119,846 mi)
30 November 2013 19:19 UTC Trans-Mars injection Burn time: 1328.89 sec Heliocentric insertion
Heliocentric phase December 2013 – September 2014 En route to Mars – The probe travelled a distance of 780,000,000 kilometres (480,000,000 mi) in a Hohmann transfer orbit around the Sun to reach Mars. This phase plan included up to four trajectory corrections if needed.
11 December 2013 01:00 UTC 1st Trajectory correction Burn time: 40.5 sec Success
9 April 2014 2nd Trajectory correction (planned) Not required Rescheduled for 11 June 2014
11 June 2014 11:00 UTC 2nd Trajectory correction Burn time: 16 sec Success
August 2014 3rd Trajectory correction (planned) Not required
22 September 2014 3rd Trajectory correction Burn time: 4 sec Success
Areocentric phase 24 September 2014 Mars orbit insertion

Recognition

In 2014, China referred to India’s successful Mars Orbiter Mission as the “Pride of Asia”. The Mars Orbiter Mission team won US-based National Space Society’s 2015 Space Pioneer Award in the science and engineering category. NSS said the award was given as the Indian agency successfully executed a Mars mission in its first attempt; and the spacecraft is in an elliptical orbit with a high apoapsis where, with its high resolution camera, it is taking full-disk colour imagery of Mars. Very few full disk images have ever been taken in the past, mostly on approach to the planet, as most imaging is done looking straight down in mapping mode.

MISSION MARS BY INDIA

The Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM), also called Mangalyaan is a space probe orbiting Mars since 24 September 2014. It was launched on 5 November 2013 by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).It is India’s first interplanetary mission and it made it the fourth space agency to achieve Mars orbit, after Roscosmos, NASA, and the European Space Agency. It made India the first Asian nation to reach Martian orbit and the first nation in the world to do so on its maiden attempt.

Names
Mangalyaan
Mission type
Mars orbiter
Operator
ISRO
COSPAR ID
2013-060A
SATCAT no.
39370
Website
http://www.isro.gov.in/pslv-c25-mars-orbiter-mission
Mission duration
Planned: 6 months
Elapsed: 6 years, 9 months, 19 days

Start of mission

Start of mission
Launch date
5 November 2013, 09:08 UTC
Rocket
PSLV-XL C25
Launch site
Satish Dhawan FLP
Contractor
ISRO

Orbital Parameter

Apoareon altitude
76,993.6 km (47,841.6 mi)
Inclination
150.0°. pariareon altitude : 421.7km(262miles)

Mars

Timeline of Operations
Phase Date Event Detail Result References
Geocentric phase 5 November 2013 09:08 UTC Launch Burn time: 15:35 min in 5 stages Apogee: 23,550 km (14,630 mi)
6 November 2013 19:47 UTC Orbit raising manoeuvre Burn time: 416 sec Apogee: 28,825 km (17,911 mi)
7 November 2013 20:48 UTC Orbit raising manoeuvre Burn time: 570.6 sec Apogee: 40,186 km (24,970 mi)
8 November 2013 20:40 UTC Orbit raising manoeuvre Burn time: 707 sec Apogee: 71,636 km (44,513 mi)
10 November 2013 20:36 UTC Orbit raising manoeuvre Incomplete burn Apogee: 78,276 km (48,638 mi)
11 November 2013 23:33 UTC Orbit raising manoeuvre (supplementary) Burn time: 303.8 sec Apogee: 118,642 km (73,721 mi)
15 November 2013 19:57 UTC Orbit raising manoeuvre Burn time: 243.5 sec Apogee: 192,874 km (119,846 mi)
30 November 2013 19:19 UTC Trans-Mars injection Burn time: 1328.89 sec Heliocentric insertion
Heliocentric phase December 2013 – September 2014 En route to Mars – The probe travelled a distance of 780,000,000 kilometres (480,000,000 mi) in a Hohmann transfer orbit around the Sun to reach Mars. This phase plan included up to four trajectory corrections if needed.
11 December 2013 01:00 UTC 1st Trajectory correction Burn time: 40.5 sec Success
9 April 2014 2nd Trajectory correction (planned) Not required Rescheduled for 11 June 2014
11 June 2014 11:00 UTC 2nd Trajectory correction Burn time: 16 sec Success
August 2014 3rd Trajectory correction (planned) Not required
22 September 2014 3rd Trajectory correction Burn time: 4 sec Success
Areocentric phase 24 September 2014 Mars orbit insertion

Recognition

In 2014, China referred to India’s successful Mars Orbiter Mission as the “Pride of Asia”. The Mars Orbiter Mission team won US-based National Space Society’s 2015 Space Pioneer Award in the science and engineering category. NSS said the award was given as the Indian agency successfully executed a Mars mission in its first attempt; and the spacecraft is in an elliptical orbit with a high apoapsis where, with its high resolution camera, it is taking full-disk colour imagery of Mars. Very few full disk images have ever been taken in the past, mostly on approach to the planet, as most imaging is done looking straight down in mapping mode.

PATTACHITRA: AN INDEGENOUS FOLK AND TRIBAL ART OF ODISHA

Pattachitra or Patachitra is the ancient traditional and indigenous cloth based painting technique of Odisha and is highly known for its intricate details. The word Pattachitra is derived from Sanskrit words, “Patta” meaning canvas and “Chitra” meaning painting or picture. Thus, Pattachitra is painting which is done on canvas and makes use of rich colors, creative motifs and designs for mythological narratives and folktales.

Pattachitra is a traditional and popular art forms of Odisha, India and is inspired by Jagannath and Vaishava. The specialty of the painting is that, it uses colors that are natural and are fully made by Chitraakaras or Odiya Painter. The tradition of Pattachitra painting is more than thousand years old and is still practiced in the state.

HISTORY OF THE ART FORM

The arts inscribed in “Pattachitra” resemble the ancient murals of Odisha and Lord Jagannath is taken as the source of the art form. The artform mainly shows the religious centers of Puri, Konark and Bhubaneswar region and the best works of the artform are found in and around Puri and especially in village of Raghurajpur. Other such regions were the artform is still being practiced in Paralakhemundi, Chikiti and Sonepur. The color schemes used in the artform are similar to the color schemes of deities of Puri. The wooden statues of the three deities of Puri are covered with cloth and are painted with the four limited colors of red, yellow, white and black. These deities also have their traditional art and painting which shows their life events and different tales and these are as old as the deities themselves.

Some of the popular tales or themes that are depicted in this art form are “Thia Badhia: A Depiction fo temple of Jagannath”, “Krishna Lila: Enactment of Jagannath as Lord Krishna and his powers displayed during his childhood”, “Panchamukhi: Depiction of Lord Ganesh as a five headed deity” etc. These themes are the soul of the art form and are the true reason behind the existence of this artform. The artform requires unbending concentration and careful craftmanship and it takes nearly five days of work for completing the art and it may take long or shorter period onnthe basis of the complexity of work and labour required.

Pattachitra showing Krishna Lila
Pattachitra showing Thia Badhia
Pattachitra showing Panchamukhi

THE MAKING OF PATTACHITRA

Making of Pattachitra

While making Pattachitra following steps are followed:

  1. Making the Patta : Done with the help of tamarind paste and my soaking tamarind seeds in water for three days and then are crushed to make paste which is called Niryas Kalpa.
  2. Holding the two pieces of cloth together with the tamarind paste and coating a powder of soft clay to make it firm.
  3. After the cloth becomes dry, it is polished with rough stone followed by wood or smooth stone until the surface becomes smooth and leathery.
  4. The canvas is ready for being painted.
  5. Preparing the paste using naturally available raw materials to being about indigenous paints. This is the most important step in preparation of Pattachitra.
  6. The root of Keya plant is the most common ingredient used for making the brush and then the cloth is painted.

WHAT MAKES PATTACHITRA SPECIAL ?

Pattachitra Wood Necklace

Pattachitra painting is a disciplined art form and the makers always stick to the use of natural products only for making Pattachitras. They have certain rules the follow and abide by while making an artform and end up creating remarkable paintings that depict emotions, tales, history, culture etc. and the Chitrakars try their best to being the most accurate expression through the use of the rich colorful motifs.

Pattachitra has came a long way and has gone through large number of transitions and the chitrakaras have painted on tussar silk and even on palm leaves. Wall hangings and showpieces are also being created. And all this is done by strictly following the rules and these have remained intact throughout generations.

Pattachitra Wall Hanging

PATTACHITRA: AN INDEGENOUS FOLK AND TRIBAL ART OF ODISHA

Pattachitra or Patachitra is the ancient traditional and indigenous cloth based painting technique of Odisha and is highly known for its intricate details. The word Pattachitra is derived from Sanskrit words, “Patta” meaning canvas and “Chitra” meaning painting or picture. Thus, Pattachitra is painting which is done on canvas and makes use of rich colors, creative motifs and designs for mythological narratives and folktales.

Pattachitra is a traditional and popular art forms of Odisha, India and is inspired by Jagannath and Vaishava. The specialty of the painting is that, it uses colors that are natural and are fully made by Chitraakaras or Odiya Painter. The tradition of Pattachitra painting is more than thousand years old and is still practiced in the state.

HISTORY OF THE ART FORM

The arts inscribed in “Pattachitra” resemble the ancient murals of Odisha and Lord Jagannath is taken as the source of the art form. The artform mainly shows the religious centers of Puri, Konark and Bhubaneswar region and the best works of the artform are found in and around Puri and especially in village of Raghurajpur. Other such regions were the artform is still being practiced in Paralakhemundi, Chikiti and Sonepur. The color schemes used in the artform are similar to the color schemes of deities of Puri. The wooden statues of the three deities of Puri are covered with cloth and are painted with the four limited colors of red, yellow, white and black. These deities also have their traditional art and painting which shows their life events and different tales and these are as old as the deities themselves.

Some of the popular tales or themes that are depicted in this art form are “Thia Badhia: A Depiction fo temple of Jagannath”, “Krishna Lila: Enactment of Jagannath as Lord Krishna and his powers displayed during his childhood”, “Panchamukhi: Depiction of Lord Ganesh as a five headed deity” etc. These themes are the soul of the art form and are the true reason behind the existence of this artform. The artform requires unbending concentration and careful craftmanship and it takes nearly five days of work for completing the art and it may take long or shorter period onnthe basis of the complexity of work and labour required.

Pattachitra showing Krishna Lila
Pattachitra showing Thia Badhia
Pattachitra showing Panchamukhi

THE MAKING OF PATTACHITRA

Making of Pattachitra

While making Pattachitra following steps are followed:

  1. Making the Patta : Done with the help of tamarind paste and my soaking tamarind seeds in water for three days and then are crushed to make paste which is called Niryas Kalpa.
  2. Holding the two pieces of cloth together with the tamarind paste and coating a powder of soft clay to make it firm.
  3. After the cloth becomes dry, it is polished with rough stone followed by wood or smooth stone until the surface becomes smooth and leathery.
  4. The canvas is ready for being painted.
  5. Preparing the paste using naturally available raw materials to being about indigenous paints. This is the most important step in preparation of Pattachitra.
  6. The root of Keya plant is the most common ingredient used for making the brush and then the cloth is painted.

WHAT MAKES PATTACHITRA SPECIAL ?

Pattachitra Wood Necklace

Pattachitra painting is a disciplined art form and the makers always stick to the use of natural products only for making Pattachitras. They have certain rules the follow and abide by while making an artform and end up creating remarkable paintings that depict emotions, tales, history, culture etc. and the Chitrakars try their best to being the most accurate expression through the use of the rich colorful motifs.

Pattachitra has came a long way and has gone through large number of transitions and the chitrakaras have painted on tussar silk and even on palm leaves. Wall hangings and showpieces are also being created. And all this is done by strictly following the rules and these have remained intact throughout generations.

Pattachitra Wall Hanging

Status of women in household and education.

Women in region of India

India- the place of love, worship, harmony, diversity and unity. Indian religious book said we have to respect everyone as gender, colour and race. In this article we are going to know the women in different regions of India. Women are considered as the supreme in our dharma. They are provider, preserver,  destroyer and creator. 

In India we have four major regions- 

South

North 

East

West 

And the other we divided our four regions into urban and rural areas. The condition of women crossing over in the nation is different from one to another. Somewhere patrichay is following (north of India)  and another part of India is following matrichay (south of India).  

We are going to talk here about the status of women in different region on the behalf of
Household

Education

a). Household

Household chores considered the woman’s responsibility to do. We all hear many times that she is a girl and must know how to do household chores.

 In the north region of India, the urban area household is considered the primary job of the woman. The woman should be well educated but pursuing her career or not would be decided by her in-laws. Care taking of their children and family must be their prime concern whereas in Rural areas women have to work in the field too (uttar pradesh, haryana, punjab, himachal pradesh, uttrakhand). They need to work at home and also must be provided financial support to their families. The point should be noted that the household chores responsibility is reliant on women in urban as well as rural areas of the north region of India. But in rural areas women have to give financial support to their family.

In the south region of India, the condition of women is a little better than other regions. They have to work at home of their choice. The major importance is given to their education and career. 

In the west region of India (rajasthan, gujrat, maharashtra) women not only have to work at home they have to maintain the ritual prosperity of their house. In urban Women work at home and join the other functions of society whereas in rural areas women responsibilities increase. They have to carry the drinking water for their family.

In the east region of India most of the communities are tribal. The women have to do all the household chores. They work in the field. 

In every region of India or I must say world the household responsibility always relies on the woman’s shoulder. 

b). Education

Education is the one of the most important aspects which can help women to stop their oppression in society. Education brings the knowledge that enlightens the inner strength of an individual person. 

In the north region of India women get a chance to get qualified graduation in rural areas. The main purpose of educating the girls in urban areas is to get them married to a high profile family Whereas in rural areas women only passed with higher secondary education. Most of them young girls drop out from the school after the 8th class. The reason behind could be unavailability of resources and lack of reach education to them. 

In the south of India women are highly educated. They get a chance to pursue their career. In rural areas as well as urban areas, women get equal chances to study. Even the region has the highest literacy rate in India.

In the east region of India the literacy rate of females is 70.3%. Women in urban areas are qualified with degrees and work out of the region whereas in rural areas women are literate; they can write, read and do arithmetic . 

In the west region of India women are educated in urban areas and mostly work in high ranking offices. But they have to study in their states. In rural areas women get a chance to study. Most of the time the young girls have to drop out from the school for their early marriage.

In this article we discussed the status of household and education of women in different regions of India.

Status of women in household and education.

Women in region of India

India- the place of love, worship, harmony, diversity and unity. Indian religious book said we have to respect everyone as gender, colour and race. In this article we are going to know the women in different regions of India. Women are considered as the supreme in our dharma. They are provider, preserver,  destroyer and creator. 

In India we have four major regions- 

South

North 

East

West 

And the other we divided our four regions into urban and rural areas. The condition of women crossing over in the nation is different from one to another. Somewhere patrichay is following (north of India)  and another part of India is following matrichay (south of India).  

We are going to talk here about the status of women in different region on the behalf of
Household

Education

a). Household

Household chores considered the woman’s responsibility to do. We all hear many times that she is a girl and must know how to do household chores.

 In the north region of India, the urban area household is considered the primary job of the woman. The woman should be well educated but pursuing her career or not would be decided by her in-laws. Care taking of their children and family must be their prime concern whereas in Rural areas women have to work in the field too (uttar pradesh, haryana, punjab, himachal pradesh, uttrakhand). They need to work at home and also must be provided financial support to their families. The point should be noted that the household chores responsibility is reliant on women in urban as well as rural areas of the north region of India. But in rural areas women have to give financial support to their family.

In the south region of India, the condition of women is a little better than other regions. They have to work at home of their choice. The major importance is given to their education and career. 

In the west region of India (rajasthan, gujrat, maharashtra) women not only have to work at home they have to maintain the ritual prosperity of their house. In urban Women work at home and join the other functions of society whereas in rural areas women responsibilities increase. They have to carry the drinking water for their family.

In the east region of India most of the communities are tribal. The women have to do all the household chores. They work in the field. 

In every region of India or I must say world the household responsibility always relies on the woman’s shoulder. 

b). Education

Education is the one of the most important aspects which can help women to stop their oppression in society. Education brings the knowledge that enlightens the inner strength of an individual person. 

In the north region of India women get a chance to get qualified graduation in rural areas. The main purpose of educating the girls in urban areas is to get them married to a high profile family Whereas in rural areas women only passed with higher secondary education. Most of them young girls drop out from the school after the 8th class. The reason behind could be unavailability of resources and lack of reach education to them. 

In the south of India women are highly educated. They get a chance to pursue their career. In rural areas as well as urban areas, women get equal chances to study. Even the region has the highest literacy rate in India.

In the east region of India the literacy rate of females is 70.3%. Women in urban areas are qualified with degrees and work out of the region whereas in rural areas women are literate; they can write, read and do arithmetic . 

In the west region of India women are educated in urban areas and mostly work in high ranking offices. But they have to study in their states. In rural areas women get a chance to study. Most of the time the young girls have to drop out from the school for their early marriage.

In this article we discussed the status of household and education of women in different regions of India.

TOP 6 BEST ALTERNATIVES OF JUSTDUBS

OVERVIEW :-

JustDubs is one of the pioneer online anime streaming website. The website is enriched with a huge variety of anime content. JustDubs mainly focuses on providing English dubbed anime content so that majority of the world’s population can enjoy their favorite anime content without any difficulty. The anime content available on the website is free of cost and the user interface is also excellent.
But the thing is that even after gaining so much popularity it is not available for many users to get access to it. The reason for this is quite simple that it is a pirated site and provides all its content without copyright and in illegal manner. Hence in many countries authorities have taken actions against it and is banned in many countries.
But there is nothing to worry about. There are many other alternatives available so that anime lovers do not have to suffer.

BEST ALTERNATIVES OF JUSTDUBS :-

  • KissAnime – KissAnime has always remained a tough competitor of JustDubs in terms of providing best quality content to the users at free of cost. It has a large number of users which regularly visit the site to enjoy all the latest anime series and movies. Thus it is a brilliant website with some excellent features and a great alternative to watch out for.
  • AnimeUltima – AnimeUltima is the next one to make it into this list of best alternatives. The content available on it is well organized. Anime series and movies from various genres like action, sci-fi, adventure, etc. is easily available in it. The website is ads-free and content is in high quality. The dubbed version of anime series in English is also available. It has a forum of its own where users can discuss their views on the favorite episodes.
  • AnimeHeros – As the name suggests, AnimeHeros is the real hero of this field for the anime lovers when it comes to providing quality, latest and free content to the users. Filters option on the basis of genre and popularity is also available. One more interesting feature is that it also gives short description of the characters that are present in the particular anime series. “Free Anime Games” section is also provided for the anime games lovers.
  • AnimeHeaven – AnimeHeaven is one of the best free to stream anime website for the anime lovers. The anime content is well organized to save the valuable time of the users. Dubbed and non-dubbed versions both are available for the users. The site works smoothly on laptops and PCs but mobile phones is not much compatible with it.
  • YouTube – YouTube is preferably the most popular website in this list. In this technology-driven world who does not know about YouTube. A simple user-friendly interface and free content availability attracts millions and millions of people everyday on YouTube. When it comes to providing latest quality anime content, YouTube lags behind other websites and the reason for it is legal copyright issues. Everybody knows that YouTube provides only legal information in it and therefore all the unauthorized and illegal content is removed from YouTube. However still a large collection of anime series, movies and cartoons are available on it for the users to enjoy. For data saving purpose YouTube is one of the best aa users can adjust video quality by themselves.
  • Netflix – Netflix is probably one of the most deserving contender in this list. Netflix is a name that has received so much fame and popularity among the users in a very less time. The credit for this popularity goes to one of the best quality user interface and the availability of latest anime content as soon as they are released.However one should keep it in mind that they have to buy a subscription for using Netflix. The subscription amount varies as per the number of months for which the subscription is bought. As everyone knows that Netflix does not provide pirated and illegal content and buys copyrights from the companies so providing free anime content is not possible. However once you buy the subscription and visit the website you will not find yourself guilty as there is enormous content available for your enjoyment.

THE FINAL WORDS –
These are some of the handpicked alternative websites of JustDubs for you to choose from whenever you find any trouble in finding your favorite anime content. Just remember to take necessary steps like connecting to a VPN to safeguard your privacy from being hampered by some of the notorious people and installing an Antivirus to safeguard your operating system from harmful bugs.

Links :-

https://www.bestsevenreviews.com/howto/similar/justdubsanime

TOP 6 BEST ALTERNATIVES OF JUSTDUBS

OVERVIEW :-

JustDubs is one of the pioneer online anime streaming website. The website is enriched with a huge variety of anime content. JustDubs mainly focuses on providing English dubbed anime content so that majority of the world’s population can enjoy their favorite anime content without any difficulty. The anime content available on the website is free of cost and the user interface is also excellent.
But the thing is that even after gaining so much popularity it is not available for many users to get access to it. The reason for this is quite simple that it is a pirated site and provides all its content without copyright and in illegal manner. Hence in many countries authorities have taken actions against it and is banned in many countries.
But there is nothing to worry about. There are many other alternatives available so that anime lovers do not have to suffer.

BEST ALTERNATIVES OF JUSTDUBS :-

  • KissAnime – KissAnime has always remained a tough competitor of JustDubs in terms of providing best quality content to the users at free of cost. It has a large number of users which regularly visit the site to enjoy all the latest anime series and movies. Thus it is a brilliant website with some excellent features and a great alternative to watch out for.
  • AnimeUltima – AnimeUltima is the next one to make it into this list of best alternatives. The content available on it is well organized. Anime series and movies from various genres like action, sci-fi, adventure, etc. is easily available in it. The website is ads-free and content is in high quality. The dubbed version of anime series in English is also available. It has a forum of its own where users can discuss their views on the favorite episodes.
  • AnimeHeros – As the name suggests, AnimeHeros is the real hero of this field for the anime lovers when it comes to providing quality, latest and free content to the users. Filters option on the basis of genre and popularity is also available. One more interesting feature is that it also gives short description of the characters that are present in the particular anime series. “Free Anime Games” section is also provided for the anime games lovers.
  • AnimeHeaven – AnimeHeaven is one of the best free to stream anime website for the anime lovers. The anime content is well organized to save the valuable time of the users. Dubbed and non-dubbed versions both are available for the users. The site works smoothly on laptops and PCs but mobile phones is not much compatible with it.
  • YouTube – YouTube is preferably the most popular website in this list. In this technology-driven world who does not know about YouTube. A simple user-friendly interface and free content availability attracts millions and millions of people everyday on YouTube. When it comes to providing latest quality anime content, YouTube lags behind other websites and the reason for it is legal copyright issues. Everybody knows that YouTube provides only legal information in it and therefore all the unauthorized and illegal content is removed from YouTube. However still a large collection of anime series, movies and cartoons are available on it for the users to enjoy. For data saving purpose YouTube is one of the best aa users can adjust video quality by themselves.
  • Netflix – Netflix is probably one of the most deserving contender in this list. Netflix is a name that has received so much fame and popularity among the users in a very less time. The credit for this popularity goes to one of the best quality user interface and the availability of latest anime content as soon as they are released.However one should keep it in mind that they have to buy a subscription for using Netflix. The subscription amount varies as per the number of months for which the subscription is bought. As everyone knows that Netflix does not provide pirated and illegal content and buys copyrights from the companies so providing free anime content is not possible. However once you buy the subscription and visit the website you will not find yourself guilty as there is enormous content available for your enjoyment.

THE FINAL WORDS –
These are some of the handpicked alternative websites of JustDubs for you to choose from whenever you find any trouble in finding your favorite anime content. Just remember to take necessary steps like connecting to a VPN to safeguard your privacy from being hampered by some of the notorious people and installing an Antivirus to safeguard your operating system from harmful bugs.

Links :-

https://www.bestsevenreviews.com/howto/similar/justdubsanime

Technology.

Technology, techne, “art, skill, cunning of hand”; is the sum of techniques, skills, methods, and processes used in the production of goods or services or in the accomplishment of objectives, such as scientific investigation. Technology can be the knowledge of techniques, processes, and the like, or it can be embedded in machines to allow for operation without detailed knowledge of their workings. Systems (e.g. machines) applying technology by taking an input, changing it according to the system’s use, and then producing an outcome are referred to as technology systems or technological systems.

The simplest form of technology is the development and use of basic tools. The prehistoric invention of shaped stone tools followed by the discovery of how to control fire increased sources of food. The later Neolithic Revolution extended this, and quadrupled the sustenance available from a territory. The invention of the wheel helped humans to travel in and control their environment.

Developments in historic times, including the printing press, the telephone, and the Internet, have lessened physical barriers to communication and allowed humans to interact freely on a global scale.

Technology has many effects. It has helped develop more advanced economies (including today’s global economy) and has allowed the rise of a leisure class. Many technological processes produce unwanted by-products known as pollution and deplete natural resources to the detriment of Earth’s environment. Innovations have always influenced the values of a society and raised new questions in the ethics of technology. Examples include the rise of the notion of efficiency in terms of human productivity, and the challenges of bioethics.

Philosophical debates have arisen over the use of technology, with disagreements over whether technology improves the human condition or worsens it. Neo-Luddism, anarcho-primitivism, and similar reactionary movements criticize the pervasiveness of technology, arguing that it harms the environment and alienates people; proponents of ideologies such as transhumanism and techno-progressivism view continued technological progress as beneficial to society and the human condition.

Technology.

Technology, techne, “art, skill, cunning of hand”; is the sum of techniques, skills, methods, and processes used in the production of goods or services or in the accomplishment of objectives, such as scientific investigation. Technology can be the knowledge of techniques, processes, and the like, or it can be embedded in machines to allow for operation without detailed knowledge of their workings. Systems (e.g. machines) applying technology by taking an input, changing it according to the system’s use, and then producing an outcome are referred to as technology systems or technological systems.

The simplest form of technology is the development and use of basic tools. The prehistoric invention of shaped stone tools followed by the discovery of how to control fire increased sources of food. The later Neolithic Revolution extended this, and quadrupled the sustenance available from a territory. The invention of the wheel helped humans to travel in and control their environment.

Developments in historic times, including the printing press, the telephone, and the Internet, have lessened physical barriers to communication and allowed humans to interact freely on a global scale.

Technology has many effects. It has helped develop more advanced economies (including today’s global economy) and has allowed the rise of a leisure class. Many technological processes produce unwanted by-products known as pollution and deplete natural resources to the detriment of Earth’s environment. Innovations have always influenced the values of a society and raised new questions in the ethics of technology. Examples include the rise of the notion of efficiency in terms of human productivity, and the challenges of bioethics.

Philosophical debates have arisen over the use of technology, with disagreements over whether technology improves the human condition or worsens it. Neo-Luddism, anarcho-primitivism, and similar reactionary movements criticize the pervasiveness of technology, arguing that it harms the environment and alienates people; proponents of ideologies such as transhumanism and techno-progressivism view continued technological progress as beneficial to society and the human condition.

Places in India that turn beautifully green during Monsoons.

Monsoons not only give new life to nature, but also drape the surroundings in lively greens. While those used to city life might be unaware of such a thing, India boasts of places that turn lush green during the rainy season. If you are also interested to visit such places, here’s a list of places that turn beautifully green during the monsoons.

Top stunning places for your monsoon wishlist.


Cherrapunji, Meghalaya

Cherrapunji, being the second wettest place on Earth, boasts of pleasant weather throughout the year. When here, you might witness rains coming in with such velocity that you will be drenched in no time. And although it receives a huge amount of rainfall, the beauty of this place is that it does not get flooded. In fact, the place turns livelier during the rainy season, with sounds of chirping and humming of birds and insects, along with the thundering sound of rivers flowing at the bottom of the valley.


Chikmagalur, Karnataka

Chikmagalur is blessed with many attractions that turn magical during the monsoons. Sitting in the lap of Western Ghats, it is one of the places that you will make you crave for more. During this time, you can enjoy a drive to Charmadi Ghat near Chikmagalur; the drive will take you through the Western Ghats, home to many gorgeous waterfalls. Further, the spot is also dotted with tall mountains, vast tropical rain forests, and green valleys, all of which turn alive during the monsoons. You need to visit this spot during this time to believe it.

Bhandardara, Maharashtra

Monsoon is a very pleasant time in Bhandardara, as the Randha Falls and streams and lakes get drenched in monsoon rains. The landscape turns fresh, dewy, and green, making it a lovely spot to visit during this time. Further, Bhandardara being situated in the Sahyadri Mountains of the Western Ghats, it also turns into a haven for hikers and trekkers in and around Maharashtra. However, be sure to avoid the trails that turn slippery during the rains.

Mussoorie, Uttarakhand

During monsoons, Mussoorie turns greener than ever, and makes rains the best time to visit. The crowd too gets thinner at this time as compared to summers and winters. If you visit the Queen of Hills during the rainy season, you get the opportunity to witness the dreamlike setting of monsoon that brings out the best of Mussoorie. The beautiful landscapes, serene ambience, make this spot a must ‘green getaway’ during the rainy season.


Banswara, Rajasthan

Also known as the City of Hundred Islands, it’s a paradise of a place to visit during the monsoons. It got its name from the bans or bamboo trees that once grew in abundance here. Lush green hillocks, scenic surroundings, the presence of youthful lakes and rivers, make this spot so gorgeous that you will forget that you are in Rajasthan. When here, visit the lake banks and Mahi river dam that turn stunning during the rains, thereby making it a dreamy monsoon destination.

Places in India that turn beautifully green during Monsoons.

Monsoons not only give new life to nature, but also drape the surroundings in lively greens. While those used to city life might be unaware of such a thing, India boasts of places that turn lush green during the rainy season. If you are also interested to visit such places, here’s a list of places that turn beautifully green during the monsoons.

Top stunning places for your monsoon wishlist.

Cherrapunji, Meghalaya

Cherrapunji, being the second wettest place on Earth, boasts of pleasant weather throughout the year. When here, you might witness rains coming in with such velocity that you will be drenched in no time. And although it receives a huge amount of rainfall, the beauty of this place is that it does not get flooded. In fact, the place turns livelier during the rainy season, with sounds of chirping and humming of birds and insects, along with the thundering sound of rivers flowing at the bottom of the valley.

Chikmagalur, Karnataka

Chikmagalur is blessed with many attractions that turn magical during the monsoons. Sitting in the lap of Western Ghats, it is one of the places that you will make you crave for more. During this time, you can enjoy a drive to Charmadi Ghat near Chikmagalur; the drive will take you through the Western Ghats, home to many gorgeous waterfalls. Further, the spot is also dotted with tall mountains, vast tropical rain forests, and green valleys, all of which turn alive during the monsoons. You need to visit this spot during this time to believe it.

Bhandardara, Maharashtra

Monsoon is a very pleasant time in Bhandardara, as the Randha Falls and streams and lakes get drenched in monsoon rains. The landscape turns fresh, dewy, and green, making it a lovely spot to visit during this time. Further, Bhandardara being situated in the Sahyadri Mountains of the Western Ghats, it also turns into a haven for hikers and trekkers in and around Maharashtra. However, be sure to avoid the trails that turn slippery during the rains.

Mussoorie, Uttarakhand

During monsoons, Mussoorie turns greener than ever, and makes rains the best time to visit. The crowd too gets thinner at this time as compared to summers and winters. If you visit the Queen of Hills during the rainy season, you get the opportunity to witness the dreamlike setting of monsoon that brings out the best of Mussoorie. The beautiful landscapes, serene ambience, make this spot a must ‘green getaway’ during the rainy season.

Banswara, Rajasthan

Also known as the City of Hundred Islands, it’s a paradise of a place to visit during the monsoons. It got its name from the bans or bamboo trees that once grew in abundance here. Lush green hillocks, scenic surroundings, the presence of youthful lakes and rivers, make this spot so gorgeous that you will forget that you are in Rajasthan. When here, visit the lake banks and Mahi river dam that turn stunning during the rains, thereby making it a dreamy monsoon destination.

: 5 Nutritious Vegetable :

Nutritious vegetables

Vegetables are the part of plants which are edible and very nutritious to our body. As we all are aware  that vegetables happen to have very good effects on our body.  Almost every vegetable has fibres, vitamins, minerals and other important healthy ingredients in them , but some of them have some exceptional qualities which make them stand out from the rest of the others .Nutritional value of vegetables is undeniable . Here I have talked about some of them which have more  nutritional value than the others .They are written below .

Various types of carrots
  1. CARROT — It is a root vegetable. It’s common colour is orange but it happens to also be yellow,white and purple . While eating them you will be able to feel the crunchiness of it . It has high nutritional value . It has lots of beta-carotene ,fiber ,vitamin K ,vitamin A ,potassium & antioxidants ,biotin carotenoids and lutein . It also has 90-95% water & almost 7% carbohydrates .

Carotenoids reduce the chances of cancer & improve the blood by lowering bad cholesterol in the blood . Vitamin A helps to improve the eye sight & eye health .Carrot is also used as a weight-loss diet vegetable .It improves our immune system .

Carrots
Kale
  1. KALE — It is a green leafy vegetable . This vegetable belongs to the Cruciferous plant family .It has a lot of calories , protein  & carbohydrates .High amount of flavonoids ,45 types of carotenoids , Vitamin K ,Vitamin A ,Vitamin C are also found in kale .

Kale works as a very good antioxidant & anti-inflammatory in our body .It prevents the chances of cancer ,It fights against macular degeneration , Alzheimer ,arthritis with the help of containing antioxidants .

Kale Leaf
Garlic Bulbs

      3)GARLIC — It is one type of stem of a bulbous plant . Garlic is naturally of white colour but black garlic also exists .Garlic plant belongs from Allium ,a onion species .It is widely used as a seasoning or as a spice . It has a high amount of Vitamin B6 ,manganese ,selenium , Vitamin C and allician . It also has a good amount  of phosphorus , calcium ,potassium ,iron ,copper etc.

It is a very good vegetable for the heart & blood system . It also fights against high blood pressure or BP & lowers the bad blood cholesterol to cure the heart condition . It increases the blood oxidation power . It also works for skin infections & hypertension .

Garlic
Various edible mushrooms

     4) MUSHROOM — It belongs to a fungus group & is edible in nature . It has various sizes ,colours ,and strictures .It has a lot of protein , minerals ,antioxidants ,selenium ,Vitamin C ,choline ,and fibre . It is especially rich in vitamin B & protein .

It fights against lung & breast cancer & prevents them .It works very well on diabetes patients & helps to cure diabetes . It gives a lot of energy for containing lots of protein .It is one of the most healthy foods .

Mushrooms
Asparagus

5) ASPARAGUS — It belongs to the lily plant family . Its scientific name is Asparagus officinalis . It is usually a green colour vegetable but it also exists in purple colour & white colour .It has low calories , lots of vitamin C , Vitamin A , Vitamin K , antioxidants , phosphorus , fiber , protein . It has a high amount of Vitamin K .

Anthocyanin is responsible for the colour of the purple asparagus and it lowers the blood pressure in our body . Asparagus also helps to increase the power of our digestive system . It has a very good effect on pregnant ladies during their pregnancy period .It is a healthy & delicious vegetable .

Asparagus