Citation

Taqi, M. K. (2026). GPS-based Classification Algorithm for Employee Attendance System using Telegram API. International Journal of Research, 13(1), 406–415. https://doi.org/10.26643/ijr/2026/14

Mustafa Kadhim Taqi
Technical College of Management – Kufa, Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University, Kufa, 54003, Iraq

Email: ktmustafa@atu.edu.iq

Abstract

The attendance system for employees, which is mostly used across the globe, is based on a fingerprint device. The drawbacks of this system are the presence of tool dependency, lower availability of fingerprint scanners, and the equipment being far away from the work premises. Due to the mentioned shortcomings, we propose an application system for presence built on the Telegram Bot using GPS. It will aid the employee in showing up in their work area. By installing the proposed system, numerous benefits will result. It will ease the overall presence system, and the processing of data on presence will be much more automated and easier. Due to the Telegram Bot method, the system can easily navigate the employee data, highlight daily attendance output, and efficiently store the presence results. It has a prediction accuracy of 87.5%, an acquired system sensitivity of 80%, and a shown specificity of about 91%.

Keywords: Attendance system, Telegram BOT, Classification, GPS.

1.  Introduction

The dire duty of the employee is to be present in their workspace [1]. Employee discipline can be measured from the presence system by evaluating the presence data. The presence data approach is from marking attendance. Numerous ways are utilized in the procedure of obtaining presence data, i.e., fingerprint, signature, and scanned barcode [2]. Most organizations are using handprints or fingerprints as their standard presence method [3].

Fingerprints as a presence method is one of the most renowned ways of obtaining presence data [4]. This method reduces the fraud ratio as each individual has a unique fingerprint. The deployment of fingerprint sensors is mostly scarce and limited. The employee has to move to the specific space to mark their presence, where the equipment is installed [5]. Rather, the employee doesn’t need to be close to the area of the fingerprint attendance marking equipment. Though they are physically present in the organization when they are in their working area. It can be summed up that employees show presence at their workplace [6]. To aid the employees who work not so close to the presence marking equipment, an innovative presence system is required [7]. Through that unique presence system, presence data can be collected and obtained from any space of the actual work environment. The employee can record their presence from anywhere on the work premises. Such an employee attendance model can be developed through GPS-based using a Telegram Bot [8].

• Methods and Materials

An attendance methodology is a way that is employed for storing, scrutinizing, and obtaining a screenshot of the attendance profile of each organizational member. The purpose of the attendance system is to store the presence of each person along with their time of arrival and departure. For conducting this research study, different research methodologies were used. These include:

• Database design
• Telegram BOT design
• API design
• System analysis and testing

            Generally, the application is developed to mark the presence of employees. In this application, each member verifies their presence via a Telegram BOT, which is present in a designated area in the organization. The data is then sent to the installed server. API receives the data, and then it is stored in the database. A Telegram BOT has been developed that can be accessed by the department admin. Through the application, they can preview data on presence that has been stored in the database. The process is illustrated in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Telegram BOT architecture for employee attendance systems using GPS

• Entity-Relationship Diagrams (ERD)

The proposed database has been designed by employing ERD. ERD can classify the required needs for the database among constructing systems [9]. A detailed illustration can be viewed in the diagram below. The diagram depicts six tables termed userstb, rolestb, users_rolestb, attendances, locations, and shift tables. The primary-foreign relationship between the userstb and users_rolestb tables has been established based on the user identity number (user_id). On the other hand, the relationship between the userstb, attendance, and shift tables has been established based on the chat_id given by the Telegram BOT. locations and attendance tables were related to the location ID.

Figure 2. Database design using entity-relationship diagrams (ERD).

• The Design of the Telegram BOT

It is composed of a thorough design pertinent to the involved users, flow, and roles of the entire system. It also includes the user interface design. Only the admin can access the Telegram BOT’s menu for controlling the attendance system. In that menu, the admin can view allowed attendance locations, delete locations, edit locations’ data, and even add new locations in the use case diagram. Figure 3 illustrates how the admin adds a new attendance registration location.

(a) System settings menu	(b) Add a new attendance location
(c) Read GPS location command	(d) Adding confimation message

Figure 3. Admin menu for the GPS-based employee attendance system

The employee menu comprises two items for attendance registration. The first menu item is for presence registration at the beginning of the shift. The second item is dedicated to dismissing registration. Figure 4 illustrates the employee menu items and the process of presence registration.

(a) Employee menu	(b) Presence and dismiss menu
(c) Command for location registration	(d) Share employee location (GPS)
(e) Accepting presence	(f) Rejecting presence

Figure 4. Employee menu for GPS-based employee attendance system

The attendance system of employees has its basis in the GPS of the Telegram Bot, upon which the API (Application Programming Interface) is developed. API acts as an intermediary among systems of data communication that are present on the server. It has an application on Telegram Bot. The involvement of API speeds up the procedure of designing applications on the Telegram Bot as the API gives the needed features. Due to this feature of API, the developers do not have to add parallel features. Figure 5 shows the test location point.

Figure 5. Test points

• Obtaining Data. The API design initiates when it obtains data in the format of the longitude and latitude of the device. The sequence is checked in as location and data completeness.
  • Developing API register. The development of REST API initiates after the API starts obtaining data in the pattern of birthplace and parent number. Then, checking in sequence, termed employment status data completeness, and employee data for more clarity.
  • Use Case Diagrams Design. Telegram Bot applications can be used by authorized users and employees. These features are available, i.e., attendance and register.
  • Designing the activity diagram. The Telegram BOT is developed with 2 core features, i.e., presence and registration. In the registration menu, the app instantly requests data from the IMEI device on the Telegram BOT. This data is sent to the server, which is tallied with the database.

The application attendance menu prompts for GPS data [7], and IMEI device data. If the GPS location is valid and a success then the collected data will be transferred to the server database. As result the server will transfer a failed or successful response to mark the presence and then it will preview it on the Telegram BOT application.

•  Outcomes

While conducting the test prior, the user can state the place/location for system testing. The testing location points and figures are outlined below. Different testing points at various locations present outside and inside are employed. Figure 8 depicts the testing and the outcomes are recorded in Table 1. There are multiple provisions in the test outcomes termed as:

• True positives: presence is classified as inside an area
• True negatives: presence is classified as inside in the outside area.
• False positives: area presence is termed outside.
• False negatives: presence is termed as outside.

Table 1. Results of presence at several attendance registration points

Point	Latitude	Longitude	Presence (Inside/Outside)	Provisions
1	32.02019	44.24388	Outside	TN
2	32.033908	44.410864	Outside	TN
3	32.033947	44.410949	Outside	TN
4	32.033567	44.411552	Inside	FP
5	32.033618	44.411373	Outside	FN
6	32.033997	44.411006	Outside	TN
7	32.033901	44.411042	Outside	TN
8	32.033536	44.411483	Inside	TP
9	32.033576	44.411512	Inside	TP
10	32.033952	44.411119	Outside	TN
11	32.033797	44.411142	Outside	TN
12	32.033772	44.411258	Outside	TN
13	32.033612	44.411482	Inside	TP
14	32.033605	44.411427	Inside	TP
15	32.033732	44.411262	Outside	TN
16	32.033746	44.411178	Outside	TN

From the table above it is found that the values of TP = 4, TN = 10, FP = 1, and FN = 1, the values of sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the system are as follows:

• Conclusions

The outlined method developed for the employee presence system is composed of 11 functions that are operating smoothly. Registration REST API and REST API attendance developed for employee attendance systems can interact with systems on the Telegram BOT. The proposed system has a sensitivity of 80%, a specificity of 91%, and an accuracy rate of 87.5%, demonstrating that the system is successfully running.

However, it is worth mentioning that the system may not grasp the precise location inside the concrete buildings, which may explain the fourth test point where the system incorrectly predicts it. On the other hand, the presence points close to the desired registration points by the admin may also be incorrectly predicted. This case has been shown with the fifth test point.

Based on the obtained results, the author recommends using the proposed system in registering the presence of employees.

References

[1]        Setiowati, R., et al., Development of Employees Attendance Features of Human Resource Information System in A National Logistics Company. 2023: p. 136-140.

[2]        Nasution, T.H., et al., Design of Portable Fingerprint System Prototype for Student Presence Integrated with Academic Information System at the Universitas Sumatera Utara. 2019. 1(1): p. 47-54.

[3]        Ekowati, V.M., et al., An Empirical Approach to Evaluate Employee Performance Using Finger Print Attendance. 2024. 25(199): p. 57-64.

[4]        Rahkoyo, E., et al. IoT-Based Fingerprint Attendance System: Enhancing Efficiency and Security in Educational and Organizational Settings. in 2024 International Conference on Advances in Modern Age Technologies for Health and Engineering Science (AMATHE). 2024. IEEE.

[5]        Abbas, Z., et al., A Fingerprint based Students attendance System with SMS alert to Parents. 2023. 6(3).

[6]        El-Mawla, A., et al., Smart Attendance System Using QR-Code, Finger Print and Face Recognition. 2022. 2(1): p. 1-16.

[7]        Singh, R., et al. Fingerprint-based Portable Attendance Monitoring System using Raspberry Pi Pico. in 2024 11th International Conference on Computing for Sustainable Global Development (INDIACom). 2024. IEEE.

[8]        Dali, S.W., H. Hadiwiyatno, and D.W.J.J.o. T.N. Illahi, Design and development of a web-based compensation information and registration system using biometric fingerprint approval delivery using telegram bot digital: registration and submission of compensation using the fingerprint and telegram websites. 2023. 13(4): p. 385-394.

[9]        Pulungan, S.M., et al., Analisis Teknik Entity-Relationship Diagram Dalam Perancangan Database. 2023. 1(2): p. 143-147.

Aimayo, J. V., Dibosa, P., & Olorunwaju, A. (2026). Design and Development of A 1.5 KVA Mobile Solar Power System as an Alternative Power Supply for Teaching and Learning. International Journal of Research, 13(1), 269–277. https://doi.org/10.26643/ijr/2026/5

Engr. J.V.  Aimayo (Phd)

Engr. P. Dibosa

Department of Electrical/ Electronic Technology Education

Mr. A. Olorunwaju

Department of Automobile Technology Education

Federal College of Education, Technical, Asaba

Abstract

This project involved designing and developing a 1.5 KVA solar power system as an alternative power source for teaching and learning. It was initiated to address the major challenge of inadequate and unreliable power supply at the Federal College of Education Technical Asaba. The study employed a design and development approach following standard engineering stages, including problem identification, system specification, design analysis, component selection, construction, and performance testing. Materials used included four 250W solar panels, 60 Amps, MPPT charge controller, a 240 Ah deep-cycle battery, and a 1.5 KVA inverter. These components were assembled into the system. The inverter’s performance was evaluated through various tests: a no-load test to verify output voltage and frequency, a load test using instructional equipment to assess stability, and a battery discharge test to determine backup duration. Additional tests on mobility and safety assessed ease of movement and compliance with electrical safety standards. Test results were compared with the design specifications to evaluate effectiveness for educational purposes. During the no-load test, the inverter produced approximately 230 V AC at 50 Hz, meeting standard utility requirements. At an estimated load of 484 W, about 80% of the inverter’s rated capacity, the output remained stable without shutdown or overheating, indicating suitability for continuous use in classrooms and labs. The battery discharge test showed an average backup of 3.5 to 4.1 hours under full instructional load, closely matching the estimated backup time during design.

Keywords:  MPPT, Load, Design, Test

Introduction

Electricity plays a vital role in modern society and has become an indispensable resource across virtually all aspects of human endeavor. Access to reliable electrical power enables educational, economic, industrial, and technological activities, thereby enhancing productivity and quality of life. Unfortunately, consistent access to electricity remains a major challenge in many developing countries, including Nigeria. Despite successive administrations investing substantial financial resources in electricity generation, transmission, and distribution projects, the supply of power in Nigeria continues to be inadequate in both quantity and quality.

As a result of frequent power outages and unreliable grid supply, many households and business owners have resorted to the use of diesel-powered generators as alternative sources of electricity. While generators provide temporary relief, their use is associated with several disadvantages, including high operating and maintenance costs, excessive noise pollution, and adverse environmental and health impacts due to exhaust emissions. These challenges underscore the urgent need for clean, sustainable, and cost-effective alternative energy sources.

Renewable energy, particularly solar photovoltaic (PV) technology, presents a viable solution to these challenges. Solar PV systems are renewable, environmentally friendly, silent in operation, and suitable for both grid-connected and off-grid applications. In recent years, the integration of solar PV systems into educational environments has gained increasing attention, especially in regions characterized by unstable or inadequate electricity supply. Solar PV systems are particularly attractive for educational institutions due to their scalability, declining installation costs, and long-term economic benefits.

Several studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of solar PV systems in meeting institutional energy needs. For instance, Okpeki et al. (2023) evaluated a 2.5 kVA solar power system and established its viability in supplying basic electrical loads through appropriate sizing of solar panels, charge controllers, batteries, and inverters. Extending these design principles to moderate-capacity systems, Mbaya et al. (2022) reported the design and implementation of a 5 kVA solar photovoltaic system for an electronics laboratory. Their study showed that the system was capable of delivering over 18 kWh of energy daily, ensuring uninterrupted laboratory activities and reliable power supply for critical teaching equipment during grid outages. Similarly, Yunisa et al. (2022) emphasized the importance of effective power electronics design in the construction of a 5 kVA solar power inverter system, highlighting the need for reliable DC–AC conversion and system protection to support sensitive educational equipment.

Beyond fixed installations, mobile solar power systems offer additional advantages, particularly in teaching and learning contexts that require flexibility and portability. Mobile systems introduce design considerations such as weight distribution, structural housing, ease of deployment, and maintenance, which are essential for practical educational use. Against this backdrop, the main purpose of this study is to design and develop a 1.5 kVA mobile solar power system as an alternative power supply for teaching and learning. The specific objectives include problem identification, system specification, design analysis, component selection, construction, and performance testing.

The scope of the study covers the design, construction, and testing of a 1.5 kVA mobile solar generator comprising solar panels, batteries, a charge controller, an inverter, a protective casing, and a mobile trolley. Upon completion, the system is expected to provide a clean, silent, and reliable source of electricity for academic activities, while also enhancing students’ acquisition of practical technical skills through hands-on engagement with renewable energy technologies.

MATERIALS AND METHOD

 Materials for the development of the mobile solar power system include solar panels, assorted cables   charge controller, a battery bank, an inverter unit, and   mobile mechanical enclosure. The quantities, ratings, dimensions, and capacities of these materials are determined by a simple engineering design procedure .Materials were acquired from local electrical/ electronic shops within the area of study. The block diagram of the system is shown in figure   1  .

   Figur1.0: Block Diagram of   Solar Power System

System Design Procedure

This study adopted a design-and-development research design. The methodology followed standard engineering design stages, including problem identification, system specification, design analysis, component selection, construction, and performance testing. Based on loads assessment, the system has the following specifications; 1.5KVA, 230V    output AC, 50Hz, with   minimum efficiency of 80%. In order   to determine ratings, capacity, dimensions and quantities of different sub-units, basic engineering design procedure were employed in designing different units as shown in the following section .

 Inverter Unit Design

The estimated total power demand was calculated, as shown in Table 1.

Table: Load and their ratings

Appliances	Unit Rating	Quantity	Total  Rating
Desktop Computer	25	4	100
Lighting Point	15	5	75
Ceiling Fans	70	2	140
Phones & Laptops	Assorted	–	10
Projector	40	1	50
Safety Margin	30%		90

Total load was determined using Equation (1)

Total load   (T_L)   =   (Total Rating)                                                                             (1)

T_L    =   605W

The inverter’s apparent power rating was determined using Equation (2), assuming a power factor of 0.8:

KVA    =                                                                                                                        (2)   

             =   0.756KVA

 This value requires selecting a 1.5 kVA inverter to accommodate load fluctuations and ensure safe operation.

Battery Bank   Design

The battery capacity required to support the inverter system was calculated using Equation (3):or (4)

                                                                                                                         (3)

Wh    =                                                                                                              (4)

Where Ah and  Wh are the battery capacity, P is the load power, V is the battery Voltage,  η is the inverter efficiency, and DOD is debt of discharge.  Assuming a load of 605W, a backup time of 4 hours, a battery voltage of 12V, efficiency of 85%  and   DOD  is  50% for lead acid batteries.

 Battery capacity of approximately 237Ah was obtained.

Consequently, a 12 V, 250 Ah deep-cycle battery was selected.

 Charging System   Design

The battery charging current was selected based on 10–20% of the battery capacity, as expressed in Equation (5):

I _charge   =    0.1 Ah

A charging current of approximately 25 A was obtained, leading to the selection of a  12 V, 30 A smart battery charger to ensure efficient and safe charging.

Solar Panel Array   Design

Solar panel power was determined based on total battery voltage, battery capacity, and peak sun -hour.

​ Solar Panel   Power    =                                                                               (6)                                                                                 

Where V is the total battery voltage, 12V, Ah is the battery capacity, 250, η is the controller efficiency, 0.85, and PSH is the daily sun-hours, 5hrs.  Substituting values into (6) above,           
required panel capacity                                                                                  ≈      352 W

Selected panels:   250 W × 2                                                                          =     500 W

Charge Controller Design   

2 panels, each with Isc                                                                                    =    8.5A

Total I (2 parallel strings x 8.5 A) = 17A

Apply 25%   safety margin                                                                          =   17.5 x 1.25   (21.9A)

I_controller                                                                                                          =      39.1A

Minimum   I controller                                                                                  =     45A Controller    

Cable Sizing   Design      

Different sizes of cables were used for the connections. Selection was based on current ratings of the system.  Cable carrying 40A current from solar panel array to charge controller according to IEEE   standard   is   6mm2.  25A Charging current from charge controller to battery bank is 2.5mm2. .

 MOBILE MECHANICAL   ENCLOSURE   CONSTRUCTION

The inverter system’s mechanical structure was designed for improved portability and safety. A steel enclosure was built to securely hold the inverter unit and battery. Ventilation slots and cooling fans were added to help manage heat during operation. Four durable caster wheels were attached to the base of the enclosure, allowing easy movement across classrooms, laboratories, workshops, and other settings.

 Dimension of Mechanical Enclosure

Parameter	Specification
Height	635 mm
Width	420 mm
Depth	620 mm
Material	Mild steel
Sheet thickness	0.3 mm
Cooling fan	80 mm DC fan
Vent holes	Ø4 mm
Mounting	Wall-mounted

COMPONENT SELECTION AND DEVELOPMENT

  Having determined the ratings, capacity and quantities   of   different components of the power system,   A 1.5KVA Inverter   Module, 12V, 250 Ah   Deep cycle battery, Protective devices, cooling Fans and a ventilated steel casing with caster wheel were selected. The system was assembled   following standard electrical safety practices

TESTING AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION

The performance of the developed inverter system was evaluated through a series of tests. These included a no-load test to verify output voltage and frequency, a load test using instructional equipment to assess system stability, and a battery discharge test to determine backup duration. Mobility and safety tests were also conducted to assess ease of movement and compliance with electrical safety requirements. See Table 2.

Table 2: Testing and Performance Evaluation

S/N	Type of test	Test Procedure	Result
1	Visual Test	Checked cable tightness and insulation	Cable joints are firm and intact
2	No load Test	All loads were disconnected from the inverter output. The output voltage and frequency were measured.	220 V AC and  50 Hz Respectively
3	Load Test	Approximately 80% of the loads were connected to the inverter output. Output voltage and frequency values were measured	230V , 50HZ
4	Battery discharge test	Approximately 80% of the loads were connected to the inverter output, and the DC voltage reading was taken  at intervals	It took about 4.3 – 4-8 hours  to discharge –
4	Insulation Resistance Test	Live–Earth, Neutral–Earth	≥1 MΩ
5	Mobility and safety tests	The inverter system with rollers was pushed around  within the teaching location	There was free movement across different floor structure

 ANALYSIS/ DISCUSSION.

The developed mobile 1.5 kVA inverter system was subjected to a series of performance tests, including no-load, load, battery-discharge, and mobility evaluations. The results were compared with the design specifications to assess the system’s effectiveness for teaching and learning applications.

During the no-load test, the inverter produced an output voltage of approximately 230 V AC at 50 Hz, which conforms to standard utility supply requirements. Voltage fluctuations were minimal and remained within the ±5 % tolerance range, indicating stable inverter operation under no-load conditions.

Under load conditions, the inverter system successfully powered instructional equipment, including desktop computers, a multimedia projector, LED lighting, and laboratory equipment. At an estimated load of 484   corresponding to 80% of the inverter’s rated capacity, the output voltage remained stable, with no observable system shutdown or overheating. This demonstrates the inverter’s suitability for continuous academic use in classrooms and laboratories.

The 12 V, 250 Ah deep-cycle battery’s discharge test demonstrated an average backup duration of approximately 3.5 -4.1 hours under full instructional load. This closely aligns with the theoretical backup time estimated during the design phase. Minor differences in backup time were caused by factors like internal battery resistance, ambient temperature, and load variations. The strong correlation between predicted and actual results validates the battery sizing method employed. The backup time achieved is sufficient for standard lecture periods, lab sessions, and practical demonstrations, thereby helping minimize instructional disruptions from power outages.

CONCLUSION

This study was designed to develop a 1.5 kVA mobile solar power system as an alternative power supply for teaching and learning, with application to the Federal College of Education (Technical), Asaba. System specification, design analysis, component selection, construction, and performance testing were carried out, and the measured results closely aligned with the design specifications. The strong agreement between predicted and actual performance confirms the system’s reliability and suitability for continuous academic use where load demand does not exceed 1.5 kVA.

 In addition to improving power availability for instructional activities, the project provides practical exposure for students to renewable energy system design and application, thereby supporting technical skill development in educational institutions.

References

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Mbaya, E., Omiloli, K. A., Anagor, K., Ekong, K. K., Esisio, E., Obiazi, O., … Samuel, I.            A.             (2022). Design and implementation of a 5 kVA solar photovoltaic system               for the Electronics Laboratory in Covenant University (Conference Paper).

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Okpeki, U. K., Oyubu, O., Efenedo, G. I., Adegoke, A. S., & Aloamaka, A. C. (2023).      Design             and implementation of a 2.5 kVA solar power system. International        Journal of Recent        Engineering Science, 10(4), 48–57.

Yunisa, Y., Zhimwang, J. T., Ibrahim, A., Shaka, O. S., & Frank, L. M. (2022). Design     and      construction of 5 kVA solar power inverter system. International Journal of         Advances in    Engineering and Management, 4(2), 1355–1358