Day: July 12, 2020

Direct-to-Home (DTH)


Direct-to-Home(DTH) is none other than Direct Broadcast Satellite Television which is a type of communication satellite that usually broadcasts satellite television signals for home receptions using dish antennas and satellite ground station transmitting the signal. The DTH service provides satellite television programming directly to the subscriber\’s home anywhere in the country. Since it employs wireless technology, the subsequent programmes are transmitted to the subscriber\’s television set directly to the subscriber\’s television set directly from the satellite. This service do not involve the usage of cables or any other wiring infrastructure.
A DTH service provider has a base, a Ku-Band transponders from the satellite. The encoder converts the audio-video and data signal into a digital format and the multiplexer mixes these signals. At the user\’s end there has to be a small dish antenna and a set top box to decode and view numerous channels. On the user\’s end the receiving dish can be as small as 45 centimeters in diameter. DTH is an encrypted transmission that travels to a customer directly through a satellite. DTH transmission is decoded at the user\’s end using a set-top box. 

Direct-to-home services offer an unparallel pictures and sound quality that cannot be compared with any other television transmission technologies. It has been easier to get access to high quality full HD quality television programme with surround sound at the comfort of our homes due to DTH services. Not only this much it a very commendable feature that the services allows its viewers to only pay for the channels and services they want to access or use. Thus the viewer can select from the list of dynamic packages as per their preferences. Another important feature is that it provides Advanced Viewing Control Feature such as Electronic Programmes Guide allows the viewers to check current and future programmes of all channels. The presence of a parental lock, pre-booked pay-per-view feature makes it an extraordinary and comfortable services available at home. 
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCCzOJDJZHoBttdHAjJsnN9w?sub_confirmation=1

Legal status of abortion in India

“Abortion is part of being a mother and of caring for children because part of caring for children is knowing when it’s not a good idea to bring them into the world.” – Katha Pollitt

Abortion is the expulsion of a fetus from the uterus before it reaches the stage of viability. It can be either spontaneous (miscarriage) or can be brought intentionally which is often called an induced abortion.

In India, The Medical termination of pregnancy Act was passed almost five decades ago. But, Abortion is still considered a taboo and debatable topic for many. According to National study of the incidence of abortion and unattended pregnancies, Almost 15.6 million abortion was performed in 2015.

Life began from the womb of the mother and abortion is the destruction of life. Many people also raise questions on social, moral and legal aspects of abortion and according to them, women have a moral duty to give birth to a child and protect the fetus also. From this view, the obvious question arises whether the women have the right to abortion or not?
Human rights are those rights which are available to all the human beings irrespective of caste, colour, creed, religion and nationality etc. Right to life is the most important human right. Article 6(1) of the International Covenant on Political and Civil rights prohibits the arbitrary deprivation of human rights.

Abortion as a human right

Many controversies are related to this right and right to abortion is one of them. Every mother has a right to abortion but this right has to balance with the right of the unborn child. Earlier, abortion was opposed by society and considered as a murder of the embryo. In recent years, formal policies and laws are indicating the intent of government for promoting the reproductive rights and every woman has a complete right over her body.

When is abortion legal in India?

Well, the answer to the much-pondered question – “ls abortion legal in India” is – Yes!

Abortion in India is legal under some circumstances and illegal in others. The abortion laws in India say that if the person getting an abortion is an adult, then you need no parental or spousal approval for it.

There is no legal age for abortion in India, however, the prescribed legal abortion weeks in India are up to 12 weeks. In the first 12 weeks of pregnancy, abortion is legal in India, if signed by a single medical practitioner.

So till the first 12 weeks and not beyond 20 weeks of the pregnancy, you can proceed with the procedure, along with the signs of two registered medical practitioners.

In India, abortions are legal in certain situations, as abortion laws in India for unmarried girls, rape victims, and married women varies. With the rising crime rate in foeticides and infanticides, the abortion laws in India made it illegal to detect the sex of the foetus, thereby decreasing the rate of abortion. 

Under the Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) Act, 1971 in India, which is the law relating to abortion defines it as an untimely termination of the foetus. There is a specified legal time for abortion in India and when you don’t follow it, it’s a punishable offense.

When you terminate the pregnancy after the prescribed legal period for an abortion in India, it’s called foeticide. And when you terminate before that, it’s termed an abortion.

In late January 2020, the Union Cabinet amended the 1971 Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) Act allowing women to seek abortions as part of reproductive rights and gender justice. The amendment also places India in the top league of countries serving women who wish to make individual choices from their perspectives and predicaments.

The amendment has raised the upper limit of MTP from 20 to 24 weeks for women including rape survivors, victims of incest, differently abled women and minors. Failure of contraception is also acknowledged and MTP is now available to “any woman or her partner” replacing the old provision for “only married woman or her husband.” The new law is forward looking, empathetic and looks at a very sensitive issue with a human face.

India’s move comes at a time when the landmark Roe v. Wade in the Supreme Court of the United States (US) is under scrutiny. That 1973 judgment protects a pregnant woman’s liberty to decide whether or not to have an abortion without needless government restrictions. A historic piece of legislation, it served as a beacon of hope for women around the world. Roe v. Wade is now shaking at its roots as a conservative US Supreme Court wants doctors performing abortions to get admitting privileges from a nearby hospital.

In the Leading Case: Roe v. Wade: Jane Roe challenged the constitutionality of Texas Criminal Abortion laws in the Supreme Court of The United States. The petitioner pleaded that these laws were vague, unconstitutional and encroaching her right to privacy. On the other hand, The The state of Texas argued that fetus is a Person within the meaning of the Due process clause of the fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution.

The Court held that the State cannot restrict the women’s right to abortion during the first trimester which try to balance the State’s interest with the individual’s interest. The State can regulate the procedure during the second trimester in a reasonable way related to maternal health and in third trimester, the State can restrict abortion in a way as it thinks fit.

When is abortion illegal in India?

As IPC also governs Indian abortion laws, so Sections 312 to 316 of the Indian Penal Code 1860 lays down situations. These state as to when abortion is illegal and punishable under the law. The law states that causing a miscarriage of a pregnant woman is a crime under the Code.

Also, any person who voluntarily causes a woman with miscarriage will face punishment imprisoning up to 3 years and fine. Especially, if such miscarriage is not caused in good faith for the purpose of saving the life of the woman.

Under the law, abortion in India is illegal in two conditions:

  • When a woman is with child, it means the situation when the gestation has begun
  • When a woman is quick with child, it means that the child’s motion is felt by the mother

If child abortion in India happens with the woman who is quick with the child, then such a person will be punished with imprisonment of up to 7 years along with fine.

Even if a woman herself causes her miscarriage, then she would able to be liable under the law. A woman who causes herself to miscarry also comes under this provision.

However, abortion in India is permissible under Section 312 on ‘therapeutic grounds’. This means in order to protect the life of the mother, if abortion is necessary, then it’s not an offence.

Conclusion


An evil practice can be curbed not by cutting the stems growing on the trunk above the ground, but by eliminating the roots standing beneath. Social awakening, equality, vigorous campaigning against female foeticide, honest and full enforcement of dowry prohibition, sexual harassment laws are the steps towards uprooting the practice of female foeticide

The objective behind legislating the termination of pregnancy is to provide quality abortion care to all women by increasing accessibility and affordability to safe abortion. There is also a need to bring awareness regarding abortion and contraceptive methods among the youth especially. This requires political will, adequate facilities, infrastructure and training.

The law has to take care of the liberty of the mother as well as the unborn. As a hospitable community, we should seek ways of providing support for lonely and frightened mothers, and for lonely and abandoned babies. We need to offer women with unplanned pregnancies as much love and support as they require and to assist them in finding compassionate alternatives to abortion.

PUBG CAUSING HEALTH ISSUES

DETAILS

 Pubg ( playerunkown’s battlegrounds) a online multiplayer battle game published by PUBG corporation, a subsidiary of  south korean video game company korean Bluehole. In the game upto 100 players parachute on a  island and scavenge for weapons and equipment to kill others and avoid getting killed themselves. The available safe area of game map decreases over time leading to face tight areas to face encounters. The last player or team standing win the round.

Being one of the  most played  games in Asia, the most popular app  bringing $ 5 million dollars a day.

  • PUBG addiction is a very real thing ,especially in Asia.we hear many people are losing their lives due to this and even many countries are choosing to ban this game.

INDIA POSITION
  There are 120 million PUBG users in India. One of the top three download in india.Thing came up that a 10 standard student of Telengana comit suicide when parents told to study instead of playing PUBG.
Again 16 years old student after playing PUBG for constantly 6 hours in Madhya pradesh succumbed to a major cardiac arrest and lost life.
TIK TOK apps got ban as it may contain pronographic content. This made PUBG lovers to worry about nation-wise PUBG ban. Nepal and Iraq banned PUBG.
HOW IT BECAME FAMOUS?
  
PUBG mobile is free of cost  and can be accessible to most without any relevant skill. Even it allows you to play with your friends and have video chat in real . Thus human connection made it more addictive. It is addictive to both children and adult. You an find in public transport or school or college anywhere the users are stuck in completing a level .

POSITIVE SIDE 
 It improves alertness and cooperation. The player have to coordinate and interpret of brain  with movement of fingertips  and hands for searching foe and save ownself. 
In order to suceed in the game and reach another level, the  player require better visual-spatial capacity and eye hand coordination. It increase your thinking ability to high level.
NEGATIVE  SIDE
 .As per we know it is a shooting game ,so it is violent in nature. Excessive violence can led to aggressive thoughts, behaviour and emotions affecting mental health of player.
. It makes you addicted to you. You want to complete one by one level thus waiting for it. 
. It can make you less socially active.
. It may bring laziness. It will harm physical health as sitting and playing for long hours lead to headaches.
. Lack of interaction may led to stress and anxiety issues.
. Affects your sleeping schedule .
.Engaged too much on this led to lack of time for other work.
. It is found mostly school and college students during this lockdown timing getting more addicted, it may  harm their studies. 
  So, Government and parents should take strict measures regarding video games not only PUBG. I am not saying to stop play pubg but to  know its good and bad sides.
 

Global warming

Global warming  is a term almost everyone is familiar with. But, its meaning is still not clear to most of us. So, Global warming refers to the gradual rise in the overall temperature of the atmosphere of the Earth. There are various activities taking place which have been increasing the temperature gradually. Global warming is melting our ice glaciers rapidly. This is extremely harmful to the earth as well as humans. It is quite challenging to control global warming; however, it is not unmanageable. The first step in solving any problem is identifying the cause of the problem. Therefore, we need to first understand the causes of global warming that will help us proceed further in solving it. In this essay on Global Warming, we will see the causes and solutions of Global Warming.

Causes of Global Warming

Global warming has become a grave problem which needs undivided attention. It is not happening because of a single cause but several causes. These causes are both natural as well as manmade. The natural causes include the release of greenhouses gases which are not able to escape from earth, causing the temperature to increase. Further, volcanic eruptions are also responsible for global warming. That is to say, these eruptions release tons of carbon dioxide which contributes to global warming. Similarly, methane is also one big issue responsible for global warming.

After that, the excessive use of automobiles and fossil fuels results in increased levels of carbon dioxide. In addition, activities like mining and cattle rearing are very harmful to the environment. One of the most common issues that are taking place rapidly is deforestation.

So, when one of the biggest sources of absorption of carbon dioxide will only disappear, there will be nothing left to regulate the gas. Thus, it will result in global warming. Steps must be taken immediately to stop global warming and make the earth better again

Global Warming Solutions

As stated earlier, it might be challenging but it is not entirely impossible. Global warming can be stopped when combined efforts are put in. For that, individuals and governments, both have to take steps towards achieving it. We must begin with the reduction of greenhouse gas. Furthermore, they need to monitor the consumption of gasoline. Switch to a hybrid car and reduce the release of carbon dioxide. Moreover, citizens can choose public transport or carpool together. Subsequently, recycling must also be encouraged For instance, when you go shopping, carry your own cloth bag. Another step you can take is to limit the use of electricity which will prevent the release of carbon dioxide. On the government’s part, they must regulate industrial waste and ban them from emitting harmful gases in the air. Deforestation must be stopped immediately and planting of trees must be encouraged.

In short, all of us must realize the fact that our earth is not well. It needs to treatment and we can help it heal. The present generation must take up the responsibility of stopping global warming in order to prevent the suffering of future generations. Therefore, every little step, no matter how small carries a lot of weight and is quite significant in stopping global warming.

Ragging – A punishable offence

Ragging is a disturbing reality in the higher education system of our country. Despite the fact that over the years ragging has claimed hundreds of innocent lives and has ruined careers of thousands of bright students, the practice is still perceived by many as a way of ‘familiarization’ and an ‘initiation into the real world’ for young college-going students.

Meaning and definition of ragging
The Supreme Court defined ragging in the Vishwa Jagriti matter (1999) as, “Any disorderly conduct whether by words spoken or written or by an act which has the effect of teasing, treating or handling with rudeness any other student, indulging in rowdy or undisciplined activities which causes or is likely to cause annoyance, hardship or psychological harm or to raise fear or apprehension thereof in a fresher or a junior student or asking the students to do any act or per form something which such student will not in the ordinary course and which has the effect of causing or generating a sense of shame or embarrassment so as to adversely affect the physique or psyche of a fresher or a junior student.” ( Raghavan Committee Report, 2007)
Other organisations/bodies working in this field have also attempted to define ragging, the variety of definitions being reflective of differences in perspective and interpretation. In 2007, the Committee of Consultants to Raghavan Committee considered ragging “neither a means of familiarization nor an introduction with freshers, but a form of psychopathic behaviour and a reflection of deviant personalities. Further, ragging reproduces the entrenched power configurations prevalent in civil society.”
According to the UGC Regulation on Curbing the Menace of Ragging in Higher Institutions, 2009, ragging constitutes one or more of any of the following acts:


• Any conduct by any student or students whether by words spoken or written or by an act which has the effect of teasing, treating or handling with rudeness a fresher or any other student.
• Indulging in rowdy or undisciplined activities by any student or students which causes or is likely to cause annoyance, hardship, physical or psychological harm or to raise fear or apprehension thereof in any fresher or any other student.
• Asking any student to do any act which such student will not in the ordinary course do and which has the effect of causing or generating a sense of shame, or torment or embarrassment so as to adversely affect the physique or psyche of such fresher or any other student.
• Any act by a senior student that prevents, disrupts or disturbs the regular academic activity of any other student or a fresher.
• Exploiting the services of a fresher or any other student for completing the academic tasks assigned to an individual or a group of students.
• Any act of financial extortion or forceful expenditure burden put on a fresher or any other student by students
• Any act of physical abuse including all variants of it: sexual abuse, homosexual assaults, stripping, forcing obscene and lewd acts, gestures, causing bodily harm or any other danger to health or person;
• Any act or abuse by spoken words, emails, post, public insults which would also include deriving perverted pleasure, vicarious or sadistic thrill from actively or passively participating in the discomfiture to fresher or any other student.
• Any act of physical or mental abuse (including bullying and exclusion) targeted at another student (fresher or otherwise) on the ground of colour, race, religion, caste, ethnicity, gender (including transgender), sexual orientation, appearance, nationality, regional origins, linguistic identity, place of birth, place of residence or economic background.
Government steps against ragging

The anti-ragging campaign got an impetus in 1999 when the Hon’ble Supreme Court, in response to a PIL filed by the Vishwa Jagriti Mission, asked the University Grants Commission (UGC) to issue guidelines to universities to curb ragging. The UGC formed a four member committee under Prof K.P.S. Unny, Registrar of Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, to examine and submit a report on ragging. In their recommendations, the Unny Committee put forward a Prohibition, Prevention and Punishment proposal i.e. prohibition by law, prevention by guidelines and punishment if the prohibition and punishment do not work. They recommended that central and state governments should enact laws against ragging. They suggested punishments ranging from cancellation of admission to a monetary fine of up to Rs. 25,000 and rigorous imprisonment of up to three years. The Committee also recommended various measures to be undertaken for sensitisation against ragging and highlighted the need for incentivizing wardens and students for their good conduct and anti-ragging activities. It was also suggested that institutions failing to curb ragging should be disaffiliated.


In 2006, the issue of ragging was once again brought to the forefront when the Supreme Court expressed its disappointment in the implementation of its previous guidelines and constituted another committee under Dr. R K Raghavan, Director CBI, to suggest means and methods to prevent ragging; to suggest possible action that can be taken against persons indulging in ragging; and to suggest possible action against institutions that fail to curb ragging. The committee made several important observations. It noted that ragging has many aspects, including psychological, social, political, economic and cultural, and that it adversely impacts the standards of higher education. It considered ragging as our failure to inculcate human values from the schooling stage. The Committee made some strong recommendations to curb ragging.

UGC Regulation on Curbing the Menace of Ragging in Higher Educational Institutions, 2009
In order to address the issue of increase in ragging cases in campuses, the University Grants Commission (UGC) has brought out the UGC Regulations on Curbing the Menace of Ragging in Higher Educational Institutions, 2009. These regulations are to be followed mandatorily by all Higher Educational Institutions. UGC has established an Anti-Ragging toll free “helpline” 1800-180-5522 in 12 languages for helping victims of ragging. The UGC has developed an Anti-Ragging Website – http://www.antiragging.in. The Portal contains the record of registered complaints received and the status of the action taken thereon.

Punishments accorded


According to the UGC Regulation on Curbing the Menace of Ragging in Higher Educational Institutions, 2009, depending on the nature and gravity of the guilt established by the Anti-Ragging Squad, those found guilty may be awarded one or more of the following punishments, namely;
• Suspension from attending classes and academic privileges.
• Withholding/ withdrawing scholarship/ fellowship and other benefits.
• Debarring from appearing in any test/ examination or other evaluation process.
• Withholding results.
• Debarring from representing the institution in any regional, national or international meet, tournament, youth festival, etc.
• Suspension/ expulsion from the hostel.
• Cancellation of admission.
• Rustication from the institution for period ranging from one to four semesters.
• Expulsion from the institution and consequent debarring from admission to any other institution for a specified period

D. Punishments under Indian Penal Code against acts of Ragging
• Every single incident of ragging or abetting in ragging puts an obligation on the institution to get the FIR registered. There are provisions in the IPC, which can be used by a student to register an FIR in the nearest Police Station. These provisions are:
• 294 – Obscene acts and songs
323 – punishment for voluntarily causing hurt
324 – voluntarily causing hurt by dangerous weapon or means
325 – punishment for voluntarily causing grievous hurt
326 – voluntarily causing grievous hurt by dangerous weapon
339 – Wrongful Restraint
340 – Wrongful Confinement
341 – Punishment for Wrongful Restraint
342 – Punishment for Wrongful Confinement
506 – Punishment for culpable homicide not amounting to murder

Publishing ragging is banned : The institutions are required to publish that the ragging is totally banned in the institution and anyone found doing/abetting ragging would be suitably punished.
Brochures/Application Form/Enrollment Form :The college brochures are required to mention these guidelines in full. The prospectus would include all directions of Supreme Court/Central and State Government as applicable. The application/enrollment form for admission will have an undertaking in English and Hindi and preferably one in regional language to be signed by parent/guardian. The school-leaving certificate should reflect the behavioral pattern of the student.
Affidavit of Student : A student during the admission process has to file an affidavit along with his parents/guardian’s signature, stating that he will not be ragging other students directly or indirectly.
Anti-Ragging Committee : Every institution shall constitute a committee to be known as the Anti-Ragging Committee. To be nominated and headed by the Head of the institution, and consisting of representatives of civil and police administration, local media, Non-Government Organizations involved in youth activities, representatives of faculty members, representatives of parents, representatives of students belonging to the freshers category as well as senior students, non-teaching staff; and shall have a diverse mix of membership in terms of levels as well as gender.


Contact detail of Anti Ragging Helpline/Anti Ragging Committee/Anti Ragging Squad : Every fresh student admitted to the institution shall be given a printed leaflet detailing to whom he/she has to turn to for help and guidance for various purposes including addresses and telephone numbers, so as to enable the student to contact the concerned person at any time. Identity of informants of ragging incidents is fully protected.
Anti ragging squad : Anti ragging committee would also monitor and oversee the performance of the Anti-Ragging Squad. It shall be the duty of the Anti-Ragging Squad to make surprise raids on hostels, and other places vulnerable to incidents of, and having the potential of, ragging.

Ragging is a problem of the students and by the students; and therefore, the solution to it also lies with the students. With ragging becoming rampant in colleges, it is about time that the the student community awakens its conscience to this inhuman practice before more and more innocent students become victims of it and before more and more educational institutes are degraded by it.

Career in Photography?

What kind of photography should I master? That is probably the most difficult decision you will ever have to make when you start pursuing a career in photography. When you think about all the different lessons to be taken, and all the different ways to create an image, the photography field is really dynamic and diverse. There is something for everyone in the pictures, and the types of photo activities are just as exciting


Here are 4 types of photography you can follow as a professional photographer:

1 – Wedding Photography

The first type of photography work involves weddings and events. Most people make their whole life and only pay for professional photos once, but almost everyone hires someone who takes pictures of their wedding.
As a career, being a wedding photographer involves an exciting combination of portraiture and event photography at various event settings and parties. Wedding photography is really great, with the feature of getting the best shot of the first try and not getting the second chance in some cases. Wedding photographers should quickly stand up, roam during the reception and event, and there are large retail outlets and customer services in their works. They should also be adaptable, ready to shoot outside on a sunny day and indoors in invisible dances and dances. Couples will expect guidance from the photographer by posing shots and settings, so the photographer should be confident and communicate well with the bride and groom.


The great wedding photographers are the ones who love their work. Many photographers start shooting weddings because, as they say, “that’s where the money is.” But what happens in the end will lead to a disappointing business model if the photographer’s heart isn’t in their work.

2 – Event Photography

In the same way, taking pictures of an event is a powerful and fast way to make a buck with your camera. Whether your beat are corporate events or rock and crazy concerts, photo editors work in a variety of settings. Some organizations use their event photos for publicity purposes, while others use group photos as souvenirs or retention.

3 – Portrait Photography

Portraiture is one of the most common types of photographer we consider when considering career options. The kinds of photography that can be included in the portraits amazing. Retail Customers seek out portrait photography for every phase of life: moternity and newborns, school photos, top photos, and regular family photos. Corporate portraits are also much needed as staff update their website titles and information materials. In addition, aspiring and operational models often require updated portfolios that have a current shoot catalog for sales to agencies and services.
Portrait Photography is a great place to start as a photographer. Building a good portfolio of quality shorts can lead to more business. It can often lead to more work in families and marriages as word of mouth marketing does its magic. It can also lead to product and brand photography gigs.

4 – Product Photography

Clear than working in advertising, photographing the product is a great thing. Think of all the products you have purchased: everything needs to be photographed. Online and printed catalog images used, as well as labels and inserts. Many product images are supported by the studio, with careful control of backgrounds, shadows, and lighting. Renting a Studio can be very expensive so consider building a photo studio at home on a budget.
Product photography covers a lot of ground. Food photography is a specialized niche, and restaurant need to advertise their meals and create their menus.

Conclusion

It’s almost impossible to compile a list of all of the different types of photography that you can earn money from. For your photography career, it can be difficult choosing which path to take. Many photographers try out many paths in their career until they find the one that suits them best. The most successful photographers work in a niche, something that they specialize in that few others do. The possibilities are endless, and finding your niche is half the fun. So, which kinds of photography would you like to master?

Factors of Work Stress and its Management : A Practical Case Study

Abstract
This research studies work stress, and how it is related to performance and productivity in an organization. At first,
definitions and types of stress are defined, along with its sources and effect on individual. Then, a demonstration of the
subsequent consequences of individual stress on an organization is discussed, hence showing the importance of stress
management in an organization.
Stress management policies and procedures are then explained and specified for each significant type of a stressor. This
is done using a practical case study of an organization, where it shows how this firm deals with each kind of different
stressors.
Keywords: stress, productivity, time management, conflict management, workplace diversity.

  1. Introduction
    Stress is a dynamic condition in which an individual is confronted with an opportunity, constraint, or demand related to
    what he or she desires and for which the outcome is perceived to be both uncertain and important.
    Organizations are mainly concerned with work stress. Nevertheless, organizations provide training to their employees
    how to manage other personal stresses, since it affects work performance. In addition, organizations always follow up
    with economical, environmental and political stresses, since they all directly affect organizational work and increase
    their internal stress.
  2. Types of Stress
    a) Challenge Stressors (Beneficial stressors): Stress associated with workload, pressure to complete tasks, and
    time urgency. They enhance motivation, energy, alertness, and positive attitude.
    b) Hindrance Stressors (Negative stressors): Stress that keeps you from reaching your goals, and leave a
    feeling of depression, anxiety, or pressure, such as red tape, role ambiguity, role conflict, role overload, job
    insecurity, etc, and they cause greater harm than challenge stressors
  3. Sources of Stress
    a) Environmental factors
    b) Organizational factors
    c) Personal factors

3.1 Environmental Factors
a) Economic uncertainties of the business cycle: many organizations are downsizing, so workers are
afraid of losing their job
b) Political uncertainties of political systems
c) Technological uncertainties of technical innovations, where many technologies are replacing
human forces, and others require high technical education in order to use, which forces
employees to always keep learning and following up with these technologies.

3.2 Organizational Factors
1) Long working Hours
2) Work-Life Balance
3) Manager’s inability to find solutions for stress
4) Security Hassles
5) Retirement Plans
6) Safety Fears
7) Job stability and fear of downsizing.
8) Stress to produce
9) Stress to abide by rules
10) Stress to live up to expectations
11) Task demands related to the job
12) Role demands of functioning in an organization
13) Interpersonal demands created by other employees, stress to interact with co-workers, supervisors, and to do
this without causing hardship to ourselves or others
14) Workplace Diversity
3.3 Personal Factors
1) Family and personal relationships
2) Economic problems from exceeding earning capacity
3) Personality problems arising from basic disposition

  1. Consequences of Stress
    Stressors are additive. High levels of stress can lead to the following symptoms:
    a) Physiological: Blood pressure, headaches, stroke
    b) Psychological: Dissatisfaction, tension, anxiety, irritability, boredom, and procrastination. These effects are
    greater when roles are unclear in the presence of conflicting demands
    c) Behavioral: Changes in job behaviors, increased smoking or drinking, different eating habits, rapid speech,
    fidgeting, sleep disorders
  2. Cost of Stress on Organization
    a) Lowered productivity
    b) Excessive absenteeism
    c) Increased insurance costs
    d) Increased turn over
  3. Case Study: An Organization Implementation of Stress Management
    The following is a demonstration of several kinds of stressors and the solutions that the organization’s management
    implements for them:
    6.1 Long working hours:
    1) Management teaches and trains its employees on the following:
    a) Good time-management techniques, never to delay work for the last minute, etc.
    b) Change employees’ attitudes and encourage positive self-talk: how to think of stressful situations
    as a challenge to your creative thinking, Always say: “I am capable of doing it, it’s good for me to
    enhance my capabilities and learn new tough skills, etc.”

2) Managers give positive reinforcement: they tell their employees when they do a good job, and
complement them on it.

3) The Organization applies recognition and rewards programs

6.2 Work-Life balance
1) Applying Flex-time, especially for females who have children and house responsibilities, where they do not
have to be restricted to come and leave at a specific time, as long as the total sum of working hours still the
same.
2) Establishing nurseries in the organization for day care for employees’ children
3) Applying Labor Law that states to offer paid vacations of minimum 21 days for employees ( this varies
according to each country)

6.3 Technology
1) The Organization employs a specialized IT professional who is only responsible for assisting all employees
on their IT related issues
2) The organization provides specialized training courses on any topic required for work advancement
6.4 Manager’s inability to find solutions for stress
1) The organization encourages communication and always asks for feedback, where the HR manager is always
directly accessible to any employee to listen to.
2) The organization always try to follow up with all corporate and business news, in addition to new studies
published regarding work stress, how to spot it and solve it

6.5 Security Fears
The Organization has done great efforts in making employees and people feel safe by applying laws for security
checks, checking identities of visitors to the firm and not allowing unauthorized people to enter


6.6 Retirement Plans
Applying Social Security system and pension funds, which is a great insurance and relief for employees in order not
to worry about their retirement any more.

6.7 Job stability and fear of downsizing
The Economic Crisis is very complex. Unfortunately, layoffs and downsizing are forced on many organizations, and
there is nothing that management can do internally to stop this issue.

6.8 Task demands related to the job and Role demands of functioning in an organization
1) The organization applies the technique of “Improved personnel selection and job placement” which states
that it is not only enough to assign a task to a person only according to his technical skills, but also his
personality, tolerance of a specific type of stress, should be taken into consideration.
2) The organization also tries its best to set realistic goals and priorities. This is related to goal-setting
motivation theory that states that goals must be difficult, but specific and attainable, and not impossible.
3) The organization implies the “Redesigning of jobs” concept as follows:
a) Taking responsibility: it encourages employees to take responsibility for their own job and for their
contribution to the success of the company as a whole. This encourages a feeling of control over their
life and let them know how important their efforts are to the overall plan.

6.9 Interpersonal demands created by other employees, stress to interact with co-workers and supervisors
The organization tries to apply the most recent and proper Conflict management techniques as follows:
1) Setting ground rules of what is acceptable and what is not, and documenting them formally in the firm’s
policies.
2) Encouraging civilized communication.
3) Applying conflict management that focuses on issues not on personalities
4) Applying conflict management that also focuses on present not on past conflicts.
5) Applying compromising techniques that are a win-win scenario for both parties involved.
6) Applying forcing techniques when necessary after using all previous techniques.
7) Applying penalty rules for breaking any of the ground rules.

6.10 Workplace Diversity
The firm hires all kinds of experiences from all ages, genders, and from all levels of educations.
The following are some major points in managing workplace diversity:
1) Female participation:
a) The organization encourages a lot female participation, not just in entry and mid levels, but also in
executive levels.
b) It hires a large number of females.
c) It forces male co-workers to cooperate, and respect them, and even to abide to their instructions when
they are in higher positions.
2) Experience, age and education diversity:
a) Older employees, executives and managers do not treat younger employees with superiority, instead,
they treat them as their sons, teaching them and advising them.
b) Younger employees should respect older and higher executives and managers and abide to their
instructions and learn from them.

Conclusion
People are the core base of any organization, so, caring and concerning about their individual issues is a pillar for
success, and that is what stress management fulfils, where it is a declaration that an individual’s health is the overall
health of the organization.
This is also an indication that separation among employees’ different life aspects is no longer an option, hence
organizations are becoming responsible and involved in these other life aspects, all in an attempt to reduce levels of
stress as possible, which means improving work productivity as much as possible.

Reference:
Stephen Robbins, Timothy Judge, 2011. “Organizational Behavior”, 14th edition, Pearson

Stop! Farmer Suicides in India

  • By Tushar Soni

Farmers are an important part of our country. After all, India is an agricultural country. We rely heavily on our farmers. Unfortunately, however, the case is that farmer suicide is a common problem in our country. Every year we see more cases of suicide for a number of reasons. The Indian government needs to take steps to protect this issue. We need to save our farmers from this misery because they are the ones who feed us. Even citizens should be aware of this and not pay too little to lose it.


Reasons for Farmer Suicides in India
There are many reasons why farmer suicide is happening in our country. All of these reasons come together to make this troubling issue common. The first reason is drought. When crops do not get enough rain they do not yield much produce. This, in turn, results in huge losses for farmers as their money simply passes and they go into debt. Areas with severe drought have a high incidence of suicide among farmers.
Similarly, floods are as dangerous as drought. Farmers’ crops are emerging and do not get the product from those crops. In addition, the high debt that farmers have to pay off is another major factor.
As they take out heavy loans to grow crops and fail to do so, they commit suicide as they have no money to repay their debt. In addition, family pressure is very high on farmers. They fail to make a reunion and as a result commit suicide because of this failure.
In addition, large sums of money are a major cause of suicide among farmers. These days, people love to make money and make money. These large firms make a lot of money from plants and sell them using marketing strategies.


How Can You Prevent Farmer Suicides in India?
The government must take steps to address this issue first. It should set up special agricultural areas that specifically allow agricultural activities. In addition there must be specific programs that educate farmers on modern farming techniques. It will help increase crop production.
In addition, irrigation facilities need to be improved. In addition, there must be real crop insurance policies that cover the loss of these farmers so that they do not get into debt.
In addition, the government must also ensure that they learn new skills that will help them earn more money in the family. In this way, they will not only rely on their plants but also have a backup with them.
Most importantly, a climate risk management plan must be introduced. In this way farmers can be told in advance the bad weather to come. This will help them become more aware of themselves and reduce their losses significantly.

People do not choose to go to the farmers market but instead shop at supermarkets or grocery stores with their food. This causes losses to these farmers and moreover these capitalist structures buy the farmer’s produce at low prices and then lose out.

“CANCELLING EXAMS”; PROBLEMATIC SOLUTION/REALITY

In the beginning of this pandemic, we didn’t have even the slightest idea of its severity. But as days turned to weeks and weeks to months we came to realise how life-threatening and brutal it has been since. Lockdown after lockdown, so much confusion, the world economy changing dramatically, countries blaming each other, war threats and many more, we saw it all.

But what is bothering the student community is how they can move forward from this situation and work towards their career and education without losing out on much. Schools and colleges took to online platforms to continue the syllabus. They tried their best to switch over from the traditional classroom method. Online classes and assignments were one thing. But online exams are completely unconventional, especially to the Indian education system.


Practically right from class 10th  board exams to the various competitive exam like (JEE /NEET /CLAT) everything came to a standstill.

 Soon the college sector started thinking of ways to conduct exams online. The main focus was on the final year students who had to be taken care of first and sent into the ‘real world’.

The Indian government along with the respective authority bodies like the CBSE Board, the UGC, BCI, etc. took decisions on the various sects of students, i.e., middle school, high school, college, etc.

For college students, except the final years, were considered to be promoted to the next semester based on their internal marks. Authority bodies like the UGC and BCI issued guidelines to the colleges on the same. For final year students online exams were conducted by outsourcing resources for optimum results.

The issue however lies in the fact that this scheme of promoting students based on their previous records is not favourable and fair to all students. Also there is confusion on whether the online exams will take place or not, because every day contradicting statements and ideas come out. This takes a toll on students as well as the parents who are anxious about the course of their future. Even if the previous records are considered and taken as a base to promote students to the next semester, will it have repercussions in the future is also a serious aspect that is bothering the students and parents likewise.

The pattern for online exams is mostly MCQ (multiple choice questions), which not exactly helps in assessing the in depth knowledge of the students.However, promoting students without a proper examination can prove to be dangerous especially for professional courses like medicine, law, engineering etc. Even majorly qualifying exams like NEET, CLAT, GATE, JEE etc. have been postponed.

In these trying times, essentials like education should not take a back seat as it is something that will shape the future of the country. The uncertainty linked with the current situation and delayed exams are terrifying as it hinders the progress of millions of students who are pursuing their higher education. This not only affects the student community, but also impacts on the growth of our economy. Recently the state governments of Karnataka and Delhi decided to cancel exams. Even the CBSE board decided on reducing 30% syllabus for classes 9 to 12 for the academic year 2020-2021 only. The Council for the Indian Certificate Examinations CISCE reduced 25% for classes 10 and 12 for the year 2021 because of the disruption caused by the Covid-19 pandemic. Are these good decisions or not, we can’t exactly say now. We can just hope for the best.

How can you improve your public speaking skills?

Many of us have this tendency to back off, when we are asked to speak in front of a crowd. We might be very confident with our topic and context, but something drags us back from going and delivering it. We think we are not capable of doing a public speech, but it’s the fear in us that puts us down. Can we overcome this fear? Are we really capable of doing a speech in front of a large audience? In fact, yes!

The main obstacle that comes in your way is none other than your fear. Now being scared is quite normal and fine as it can help you to prepare well in front of others. Being scared means, you have taken the speech as an important task and you don’t want to end it bad. That’s really a good sign. The problem appears when you start getting scared more than usual. This can adversely affect the way you speak and obviously it can lead your speech awful. So, lets overcome this fear with some of the tips which are mentioned below.

  1. Try speaking in front of your family/friends or even in front of a mirror. The main cause of the fear is that, you being aware that your performance is being watched by others. You have to make this fear as your confidence. The one way of doing it is, try to get used of having attention. Try speaking in front of people who you are really comfortable with. This can enhance your confidence and make you feel that you can do it. If you don’t feel comfortable in speaking in front of your beloved ones, use yourself as an audience in front of a mirror. This will help you get over the fear in you.
  2. Use eye contact. This is something all of us ignore if we are scared. We often look at walls or something else while we speak. But eye contact is very important in public speaking. It shows you are confident and genuine in your topic and yourself. Try looking all of the people as possible as you can, since it can create a feeling to the audience to really engage in your speech and remain attentive.
  3. Your physical appearance. When I say physical appearance I don’t mean you have to choose an expensive outfit and make up. But make sure you are dressed up in a neat and tidy way. Now this boosts your confidence in yourself. If people are not comfortable in the way they look, that never want other people to see them and this can prevent them from delivering an excellent speech. Because all they think and consider, will be their appearance.
  4. Stay positive. It is very important to remain positive and ignore the negative thoughts that pop up in your mind. People often overthink about the way they speak, the constant worry is that “what if i say something stupid?” or “what if I didn’t get the right word?” Never overthink like this. Make sure you know the topic well and present in the way as best as you can. Even if you make a mistake in the middle, don’t panic as it is completely okay to have mistakes because you are not a robot but a human. Kindly apologize your mistakes and go on with your speech.

Terrorism – A big threat to humanity.

Terrorism, the calculated use of violence to create a general climate of fear in a population and thereby to bring about a particular political objective. Terrorism has been practiced by political organizations with both rightist and leftist objectives, by nationalistic and religious groups, by revolutionaries, and even by state institutions such as armies, intelligence services, and police.for example like this

Madrid; terrorism
Rescue workers evacuating the bodies of victims of a terrorist train bombing near Atocha Station, Madrid, March 11, 2004.

In India With 350 Indians killed and 540 injured in 748 terrorist incidents in 2018, India is at seventh place in a global think tank’s list of countries most affected by terrorism.Time to time, they carry out terrorist acts to remind people of the fear they want them to live in. Consequently, there are roughly 100 terrorist cells that are operating in India. They have to an extent successfully created an atmosphere of tension amongst the citizens. Terrorism impacts the country gravely and has dangerous repercussions.

it damages the economy. As terrorist attacks cause loss of life and property, the replenishment takes up a lot of capital. It also results in people leaving the country to settle abroad for a safer environment. This makes India lose a lot of potential doctors, engineers, artists and more.

India also remains highly vulnerable to terrorism by foreign terrorists, due to porous borders with all its neighbours and a long coast line. Resultantly, the terrorists and the insurgents continue to receive material support and funds – the main drivers of terrorism – from a number of sources. India has experienced almost all forms of terrorist attacks: hijacking and blowing up of aircrafts, sabotaging railway tracks, kidnapping hostages for meeting political demands, suicide attacks, the assassination of two of its Prime Ministers, attacks on places of worship, transportation systems, security forces and financial hubs, communal riots followed by extreme violence and attacks both by religious and non-religious terrorist groups. The modus operandi of terrorism has remained dynamic to achieve its goals and objectives.

In 2004, India took a significant step forward for human rights by repealing the Prevention of Terrorism Act of 2002, which had established a permissive set of legal rules to prosecute acts of terrorism largely outside the ordinary rules of the regular criminal justice system. While POTA itself was enacted in the aftermath of the major terrorist attacks of 2001 in both the United States and India, the statute built upon a long tradition of antiterrorism and other security laws in India dating since well before independence. While India has faced serious threats from terrorism and other forms of politicized violence for decades, these special antiterrorism laws have not proven particularly effective in combating terrorism. Terrorism has persisted as a problem notwithstanding these laws, under which few of the individuals charged have been convicted.

Child Labour Prohibition and Regulation Act – A great step to eradicate child labour

Children are one of the vulnerable groups in the society. Child labour is socio-economic phenomenon. This phenomenon is trapped in vicious circle by poverty, illiteracy, unemployment, demographic expansion, deep social prejudices and above all the government interest are commonly consider as the most prominent causative factors for large scale employment children.

As per the Child and Adolescent Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986, amended in 2016 (“CLPR Act”), a “Child” is defined as any person below the age of 14, and the CLPR Act prohibits employment of a Child in any employment including as a domestic help. It is a cognizable criminal offence to employ a Child for any work. Children between age of 14 and 18 are defined as “Adolescent” and the law allows Adolescent to be employed except in the listed hazardous occupation and processes which include mining, inflammable substance and explosives related work and any other hazardous process as per the Factories Act, 1948.

Indian constitution provides many provisions to the child, prohibited child labour and it also mention the rights of the child. They are,

The Article 15 : The state shall not discriminate against any citizen on grounds only of race, religion, caste, sex and place of birth.


Article 23: prohibition of employment children from factories


Article 39: certain principles of policy to be followed by state that are referring to the secure of children that the health and strength of workers, men and women and the tender age of age children are not abused and that citizens are not forced by economic necessity to enter evacuation and unsuited their age and strength.


Article 45: provision for early childhood care and education to the children below the age of six years.


Article 21-A: right education the state shall provide free and compulsory education to all children age of six to 14 year.


Article 24 of Indian Constitution says Prohibition of employment of children in factories, etc. which means child below the age fourteen years should not be employed in work in any factory or mine or engaged in any other hazardous employment.

Child Labour Technical Advisory Committee


The Central Government may, if it thinks it to be necessary can constitute an advisory committee i.e. the Child Labour Technical Advisory Committee by giving notification about it in the Official Gazette. It is the duty of the Committee to advise the Central Government if there’s a need to add occupations or processes to the Schedule. The Central Government appoints the members of the Committee but the Committee should not exceed more than 10 members. The Committee shall also consist of a Chairman. There isn’t any limitation on the number of meetings Committee shall have. The Committee shall meet whenever they feel necessary and the meetings shall be regulated according to the procedure which shall be decided by them.
The Committee may itself constitute one or more sub-committees if they feel a need to do so.
The Chairman and other members of the Committee are entitled to an allowance.

THE CHILD LABOUR (PROHIBITION AND REGULATION)AMENDMENT ACT, 2016

Objectives of the Act

Prohibit the engagement of children in all occupations and to prohibit the engagement of adolescents in hazardous occupations and processes and thematters connected therewith or incidental thereto

Under the Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Amendment Act, 2016, children younger than 14 years can now work in family enterprises and farms after school hours and during holidays. Children working as artists in the audio-visual entertainment industry, including advertisement, films, television serials or any such other entertainment or sports activities, except the circus, have also been granted exemption, provided the work does not affect their school education.
Besides, the Act provides banning employment of children between 15-18 years in hazardous works, in sync with the Right to Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act 2009.

The Bill enhances the punishment for employing any child in an occupation. It also includes penalty for employing an adolescent in a hazardous occupation.

The penalty for employing a child was increased to imprisonment between 6 months and two years (from 3 months-one year) or a fine of Rs 20,000 to Rs 50,000 (from Rs 10,000-20,000) or both.


The penalty for employing an adolescent in hazardous occupation is imprisonment between 6 months and two years or a fine of Rs 20,000 to Rs 50,000 or both.
anyone repeats offences like employing child or employing adolescents in hazardous occupations mentions in this act under section 3A, they shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than one year but which may extend to three years.

[section 2] of The Child Labour (Prohibition & Regulation) Act, 1986 defines, ‘child’ means a person who has not completed his 14 years of age.

[section 2 (i)]
(i ) “adolescent” means a person who has completed his fourteenth year of age but has not completed his eighteenth year;

[section 3] No child shall be employed or permitted to work
in any occupation or process (The Child Labour (Prohibition and
Regulation) Amendment Bill, 2012 ) under this section, no child shall be employed are permitted to work in any establishment, occupation or process. Which means child should not be employed are permitted to work anywhere. but according to the [section 3 (2)] child is permitted to work at their own family business and audio & visual industry. provided that such work should not hamper or effect School education of a child.

[section 3 (2)]
According to the new amendment, child is allowed to work at certain places mentioned below.
(a) helps his family or family enterprise, which is other than any hazardous occupations or processes set forth in the Schedule, after his school hours or during vacations;

(b) works as an artist in an audio-visual entertainment industry, including advertisement, films, television serials or any such other entertainment or sports activities except the circus, subject to such conditions and safety measures, as may be prescribed: Provided that no such work under this clause shall effect the school education of the child.

Explanation.—
For the purposes of this section, the expression,

(a) ‘‘family’’ in relation to a child, means his mother, father, brother,sister and father’s sister and brother and mother’s sister and brother;
(b) ‘‘family enterprise’’ means any work, profession, manufacture or business which is performed by the members of the family with the engagement of other persons;

(c) ‘‘artist’’ means a child who performs or practices any work as a hobby or profession directly involving him as an actor, singer, sports person or in such other activity as may be prescribed relating to the entertainment or sports activities falling under clause (b) of sub-section
(2).section 3A] No adolescent shall be employed or permitted to work in any of the hazardous occupations or processes set forth in the Schedule:

THE SCHEDULE

(1) Mines.
(2) Inflammable substances or explosives.
(3) Hazardous process.

Explanation.—
For the purposes of this Schedule, “hazardous process” has the meaning assigned to it in clause (cb) of the Factories Act, 1948.’
(cb) “hazardous process” means any process or activity in relation to an industry specified in the First Schedule where, unless special care is taken, raw materials used therein or the intermediate or finished products, bye-products, wastes, or effluents thereof would-
(i) cause material impairment to the health of the persons engaged in or connected therewith, or
(ii) result in the pollution of the general environment:

[section 7] Hours and period of work (adolescent only)

(1) No adolescent shall be required or permitted to work in any establishment in excess of such number of hours, as may be prescribed for such establishment or class of establishments.

(2) The period of work on each day shall be so fixed that no period shall exceed three hours and that no adolescent shall work for more than three hours before he has had an interval for rest for at least one hour.

(3) The period of work of a adolescent shall be so arranged that inclusive of his interval for rest, under sub-section (2), it shall not be spread over more than six hours, including the time spent in waiting for work on any day.

(4) No adolescent shall be permitted or required to work between 7 p.m. and 8 a.m.

(5) No adolescent shall be required or permitted to work overtime.

(6) No adolescent shall be required or permitted to work in, any establishment on any day on which he has already been working in another establishment.

[section 8] Weekly holidays (adolescent only)
Every adolescent employed in establishment should be allowed to have a holiday for a whole day once in a week.

[section 9] Notice to Inspector
Every employer who employed adolescent at his establishment should intimate to the inspector appointed by the government within 30 days from date of employment of child.

[Section 10]. DISPUTES AS TO AGE. (adolescent) –
If any question arises between an Inspector and an occupier as to the age of any adolescent who is employed or is permitted to work by him in an establishment, the question shall, in the absence of a certificate as to the age of such child granted by the prescribed medical authority, be referred by the Inspector for decision to the prescribed medical authority.

[section 11] Maintenance of register any establishment where adolescent is employed or permitted to work, a register should be maintained by the owner of establishment and should be made available all the times during working hours for inspection by Inspector appointed by the government for this purpose. The register should contain following details

  1. Name of the child
  2. date of birth of the child
  3. number of working hours and internal for rest to child
  4. nature of work dealing child
  5. any other particulars
  6. Section 13 ] Healthy and Safety (adolescent )

Appropriate government is having power make rules on the following matters for the health and safety of the children employed or permitted to work in any establishment or class of establishments.

(a) cleanliness in the place of work and its freedom from nuisance;
(b) disposal of wastes and effluents;
(c) ventilation and temperature;
(d) dust and fume;
(e) artificial humidification;
(f) lighting;

  1. (g) drinking water;
    (h) latrine and urinals;
    (i) spittoons;
    (j) fencing of machinery;
    (k) work at or near machinery in motion;
    (l) employment of children on dangerous machines;
    (m) instructions, training and supervision in relation to employment of children on dangerous machines;
    (n) device for cutting off power;
    (o) self-acting machines;
    (p) easing of new machinery;
    (q) floor, stairs and means of access;
    (r) pits, sumps, openings in floors, etc.;
    (s) excessive weights;
    (t) protection of eyes;
    (u) explosive or inflammable dust, gas, etc.;
    (v) precautions in case of fire;
    (w) maintenance of buildings; and
    (x) safety of buildings and machinery

Constitution of Child and Adolescent Labour Rehabilitation Fund

Section 14B. (1) The appropriate Government shall constitute a Fund in every district or for two or more districts to be called the Child and Adolescent Labour
Rehabilitation Fund to which the amount of the fine realized from the employer of the child and adolescent, within the jurisdiction of such district or districts, shall be credited.

(2) The appropriate Government shall credit an amount of Rs. 15000/- to the Fund for each child or adolescent for whom the fine amount has been credited under sub-section
(1).

(3) The amount credited to the Fund under sub-sections (1) and (2) shall be deposited in such banks or invested in such manner, as the appropriate Government may decide.

(4) The amount deposited or invested, as the case may be under sub-section (3), and the interest accrued on it, shall be paid to the child or adolescent in whose favour such amount is credited, in such manner as may be prescribed.

Explanation:—


For the purposes of appropriate Government, the Central Government shall include the Administrator or the Lieutenant Governor of a Union territory under article 239A of the Constitution.

Rehabilitation of child or adolescent
14C. The child or adolescent, who is employed in contravention of the provisions of this Act and rescued, shall be rehabilitated in accordance with the laws for the time being in force.

Fails to pay


Section 14D (2) If the accused fails to pay such amount for composition of the offence, then, the proceedings shall be continued against such person in accordance with the provisions of this Act.

Inspite of all the measures taken by the government, child labour still prevails in the society. Let us hope for a better future where child labour will be eradicated completely.

Govt advises cautious use of Remdesivir, Tocilizumab for Covid-19 treatment

Health and Family Welfare Ministry has advised the states that all the ‘investigational therapies’ are required to be carried out only in proper health care facilities where close monitoring of patients is possible.
 
Indian Council of Medical Research and AIIMS has strongly recommended that the focus of clinical management should continue to remain on oxygen therapy, steroids, high quality supportive care including mental health counselling for patients and families. For mild cases, which are nearly 80 per cent of the total cases, Hydroxychloroquine has been recommended.
 
Health Ministry said, the pursuit of an effective treatment for COVID-19 has also resulted in repurposing of several drugs which are not a part of the main Clinical Management Protocol but have been indicated as investigational therapies. Remdesivir, Convalescent Plasma, Tocilizumab have been put under the investigational therapies in the clinical management protocol for COVID-19.
 
Health Ministry said, these drugs are only permitted for restricted emergency use for COVID-19 and can be used in specific sub-groups of patients. ICMR and AIIMS have strictly suggested the hospitals that their indiscriminate use can cause more harm than good.
 
The states were also told that the available evidence for Remdesivir suggests that it may decrease the time for clinical improvement when used in moderate to severe cases. However, there have been no benefits in terms of reduced mortality. Similarly, studies on Tocilizumab have not shown any benefits in mortality reduction.

Govt invites suggestions, comments for safety evaluation of hydrogen propelled vehicles

Ministry of Road Transport and Highways has notified a draft notification proposing amendment to the Central Motor Vehicles Rules, 1989 for inclusion of the standards for the safety evaluation of the vehicles being propelled through hydrogen fuel cells. It is proposed to include motor vehicles of Categories M and N, running on compressed gaseous hydrogen fuel cell, to be in accordance with AIS 157:2020, as amended from time to time, till the corresponding BIS specification is notified under the Bureau of Indian Standard Act, 2016.

Further, the hydrogen fuel specifications for fuel cell vehicles shall be in accordance with ISO 14687 till the corresponding BIS specification is notified under the Bureau of Indian Standard Act, 2016.

The Ministry has invited suggestions and comments from all stakeholders including general public on the proposed amendment, which can be sent to the Joint Secretary (MVL), Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, Transport Bhavan, Parliament Street, New Delhi-110001 upto 9th of next month.

5,746 Indians return from various countries under Vande Bharat Mission

A total of 5,746 Indians returned from different countries under the Vande Bharat Mission yesterday. They returned from Sharjah, Bahrain, Muscat, Dubai, Kuala Lumpur, Kiev, Newark, Toronto, Chicago, San Francisco, New York, London, Singapore, Manilla and Doha.

In a tweet, Civil Aviation Minister Hardeep Singh Puri informed this. He said, the Vande Bharat continues to spread hope and happiness by facilitating the return of Indians from around the world and flying out many to their destinations abroad.