How India’s Oldest Civilisations Taught The New India

India is the earth’s most advanced, biggest and oldest civilisation and if we do not consider the 19th and 20th centuries, the wealthiest civilisation too. The influence of ancient Indian history on the modern world is due to the many manifestations of Indian genius and the fact that the language people used was so logical that it nourished critical thinking on the fundamental unity underlying mankind’s diversity.

Up to the 17th century, the wealth in India was more than twice that of the rest of the world combined. So many of the foundations of modern society be it science, medicine, mathematics, metaphysics, religion and astronomy — originated in India. We can call India the cradle of human civilization, the birthplace of speech, the mother of history and numerous languages, the grandmother of legends and traditions.

The Harappa Civilizations

One of the most fascinating yet mysterious cultures of the ancient world is the Harappan civilization. This culture existed along the Indus River in present day Pakistan. It was named after the city of Harappa which it was centred around. Harappa and the city of Mohenjo-Daro were the greatest achievements of the Indus valley civilization. These cities are well known for their impressive, organized and regular layout. They have well laid our plumbing and drainage system, including indoor toilets. Over one hundred other towns and villages also existed in this region. The Harappan people were literate and used the Dravidian language. Only part of this language has been deciphered today, leaving numerous questions about this civilization unanswered.

Artefacts and clues discovered at Mohenjo-Daro have allowed archaeologists to reconstruct this civilization. The similarities in plan and construction between Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa indicate that they were part of a unified government with extreme organization. Both cities were constructed of the same type and shape of bricks. The two cities may have existed simultaneously and their sizes suggest that they served as capitals of their provinces. In contrast to other civilizations, burials found from these cities are not magnificent; they are more simplistic and contain few material goods. This evidence suggests that this civilization did not have social classes. Remains of palaces or temples in the cities have not been found. No hard evidence exists indicating military activity; it is likely that the Harappans were a peaceful civilization. The cities did contain fortifications and the people used copper and bronze knives, spears, and arrowheads.

The Harappan civilization was mainly urban and mercantile. Inhabitants of the Indus valley traded with Mesopotamia, southern India, Afghanistan, and Persia for gold, silver, copper, and turquoise. The Mesopotamian model of irrigated agriculture was used to take advantage of the fertile grounds along the Indus River. EarthLink’s were built to control the river’s annual flooding. Crops that were grown included wheat, barley, peas, melons, and sesame. This civilization was the first to cultivate cotton for the production of cloth. Several animals were domesticated including the elephant which was used for its ivory.

Mathematics

Indians invented zero and the number system, one of the greatest innovations in history. The decimal system, the value of pi, algebra, trigonometry, calculus and many mathematical concepts were all born in India. The largest number Greeks and Romans used was 10 to the power of 6; well before 5000 B.C., Indians used numbers as big as 10 to the power of 53.

Albert Einstein was once quoted: “We owe a lot to the Indians, who taught us how to count, without which no worthwhile scientific discoveries could have been made.”

Medicine

Sushruta was the father of medicine — the first to invent the art of performing surgery with anaesthesia. The first school of medicine, Ayurveda, was based on a systematic knowledge of plant-derived medicines and is practiced effectively even today. Detailed knowledge of anatomy, embryology, digestion, metabolism, physiology, genetics, immunity, psychology and ethology can be found in many ancient Indian texts.

Astronomy

Some of Europe’s greatest discoveries were first made in India thousands of years earlier, before Europe even existed. Gravity for example, It was not Isaac Newton, but an Indian named Brahmagupta, who explained gravity, 1,000 years before the British Empire emerged. Ancient Indians had a profound knowledge of the origin and age of the universe and Earth, the circumference of the Earth and other planets. Mathematician Bhaskaracharya accurately calculated the time it takes our planet to orbit the sun to be 365.258756484 days, well before Western astronomers.

The Indian system of astronomy is by far the oldest. It was the source from which the Egyptians, Greeks, Romans and Jews derived their knowledge. The motion of the stars on the tables of Giovanni Cassini and Tobias Mayer, used in the 19th century, do not vary by even a minute from Indian calculations made 4,500 years before. Indian tables give the same annual variation of the moon as discovered by Tyco Brahe — a variation unknown to the schools of Alexandria and the Arabs.

Religion

Four of the world’s major religions — Hinduism, Sikhism, Buddhism and Jainism — originated in India. India’s literary, artistic and philosophical contributions to the world are far greater than those of any other civilization in history.

Almost all religious, philosophical and mathematical theories taught by the Pythagoreans were known in India in the sixth century B.C. Indian sages of philosophy were the prototypes of Greece — to whose works Plato, Thales and Pythagoras were disciples. The priests of Egypt and the sages of Greece drew directly from India. Nearly 2,500 years ago, Pythagoras went from Samos to the Indian Ganges to learn geometry.

Indians also invented yoga, the art of unifying the mind and body. Today, it is practiced for its health benefits all over the world. The Chinese learned yoga, martial arts and Buddhism from India. Chess, snakes and ladders, buttons, high-grade steel manufacturing, the art of navigation, playing cards, the gymnasium, the university, rocket artillery, almost every geometrical instrument, the cultivation of cotton and jute, mining, the concept of gross domestic product — all have roots in India.

If there is one place where all of humanity’s dreams have found a home from the very earliest days of existence, it is India. Modern Indians should understand the original scientific culture their ancestors developed, make use of modern technology to demonstrate their in-born abilities, and strive for breakthroughs that will help all of society. And modern writers may need to rewrite the scientific history books after consulting Indian experts.

Skeptical Confluences

The very minute insignificant changes can be missed easily in a fine line of ends. Skepticism mostly portrays its confluences in the terms of markets and consumers. Changes in confluences can bring many other factors into consideration when talking about serious observations of markets and their seasonal behaviors. The line where confluences occur is the space where markets and consumers face third superlatives resulting in unlikely consequences out of every situation colliding with each other. The whole point of culminations according to the conclusions given by the statistical reports following changes of confluences aren’t always accurate. Precisely put in words , statistics can differ in the very drama of market’s phases and consumer’s choices / tastes / amendments in branding / survival factors.

Speaking of which , lining up all the observations marked a conclusion that confluences can be effected without our very knowledge. When two productive ends of the nation meet which are markets and consumers the changed make their own scope to show up in the national income which passively shows its drastic changes on the over all graphs. Hence , the skepticism ranges in the areas where the economy takes it’s confluences seriously.

COVID-19 UPDATE

Oxford University vaccine trial finds vaccines to be safe, tolerated, and effective. Further trials are being conducted for effectiveness in children.

Russia coronavirus tails ends today, targets next month launch

A day earlier, Russian health minister had also said they will make the coronavirus vaccine candidate available to general public before it clears the third and last phase of clinical trials

COVAXIN, developed by Hyderabad-based Bharat Biotech International Limited (BBIL), in collaboration with ICMR and NIV, Pune was the first vaccine to get regulatory approvals for clinical trials.

Online and offline training in organisation

Training is very essential for any organisation which make their employees to perform their work effectively and they become more productive. Training are designed on the basis of their job or work so that they learn how to work done in the organisation and they understand culture and structure of organisation. Employees work effectively and satisfaction to the employees.

New people, new proceedings, new clients. The reasons why organizations undertake training processes are many and very diverse.

Training is an essential activity in every organization. Training helps in imparting skills to employees that help them do their work in a more effective way. Training is one of the best ways to bridge the gap between the requirements of the job and the profile of the employee. Training can enhance the competence of the employee that can positively affect work performance. Traditionally, training has been conducted through classroom sessions where employees assemble in a hall and are trained by a trainer. The problem with this model is it restricts training to a few hours and necessitates employees to be made free during this time.

Online training:

While there are various types of training, the following six types of training are most essential for employees and would be valuable for every organization.

Orientation training:

The orientation training is the initial training conducted for all new employees. It involves inducing the new employee into the organization. Key topics covered would include:

Organization vision, mission, and objectives
Organization structure and history
Organization culture
Introduction to organization activities
Important policies and procedures

All these topics can be effectively covered through online training modules.

2. Onboarding: Most people confuse orientation with onboarding. Orientation is a one-time activity done when the employee joins. Onboarding takes place over a longer duration. Apart from the initial introduction, it ensures the employee get adjusted into the department or function, where he/she is placed. It ensures that employees understand their job profile and fit into their work smoothly and effectively. This may require training that is conducted over multiple sessions. Online training would be suitable to ensure regular training until the onboarding is complete.

3. Product training: An organization sells its products or services to customers and every employee must be aware of this. Depending on the nature of their work, they need to know all about the products. The product type, the need for the product, its history, product features, unique proposition value the product offers are some of the things every employee should be aware of. Those who interact with customers need in-depth product knowledge so they would be able to handle any queries posed by customers.

4. Soft skills training :

Apart from the core technical skills, employees need soft skills to be able to do their job in the best possible way. Some of these skills are:

Communication skills
Leadership skills
Time management
Stress management
Problem-solving abilities
Decision-making skills
Work ethics
Conflict management

These soft skills help to build the overall personality of the employee. It gives them the confidence needed to do their job well.

5. Mandatory training: This includes training on mandatory topics that may be required by law or regulations. It can be training on prevention of sexual harassment, training on work safety basic first-aid training, fire safety training, training on office rules, etc.

6. Technical training: To do his/her work, an employee needs technical skills. These are skills in the subject area related to the employee’s jobs. These skills help the employee to do their work as per requirements. If the job is a marketing job, then the employee needs to have marketing skills and skills in handling customers. If the job is related to software development, the employee requires in-depth knowledge of the development tool. Most technical skills are gained during education. In reality, there is a large gap between what a person learns at college and what is required for a job.

Traditional approach training: Traditional approaches to training still offer a number of benefits and are commonly found in many companies today. Here is a list of training methods from the traditional category that should be considered when choosing the best training techniques for employees in your company.

Classroom-based -training programs :

Usually led by a qualified facilitator, classroom learning takes place over one or more days in a physical venue on- or off-site. Groups of employees go through a series of presentation slides and activities, like case study assessments or information on company policy issues.

The advantage of classroom-based training is that a group of employees can attain large amounts of knowledge at the same time. Unfortunately, the disadvantages are many: hired venues, travel, and catering make this training method costly. Employees also find this approach to training boring.

Interactive training:

One of the most effective training methods in the workplace, interactive training actively involves learners in their own learning experience. This training can take the form of simulations, scenarios, role plays, quizzes or games.

By practicing their new skills and applying them in realistic work scenarios, learners are not only more engaged but more likely to retain what they’ve learned, too. However, it can be time-consuming when done in person, especially when learners require regular feedback from a content expert.

why is the training important in the organisation

▪︎Employee retention and enhanced performance

▪︎Increased revenue and organisational competitiveness

why do organisation invest in training :

Change in workplace
improvement in quality
Introduction of new technologies and Upgradations

Hinduism

Hinduism is the world’s oldest religion, dating back more than 4000 years.Hinduism is the thirs largest religion behind Christainity and Islam. Hinduism is unique and it’s not a single religion, it is the compilation of many traditions and philosophies.

Origin of Hinduism

Most scholars believe that Hinduism started between 2300BC to 1500BC in the Indus Valley near modern day pakistan. Many hindu argue that their faith is timeless and always existed unlike other religions. Hinduism has no founder but it is a combination of various beliefs.There are many beliefs in Hinduism i.e. dharma,karma,moksha. Some basic hindu concepts includes-

a. Hinduism fuses many religious ideas,that’s why, it sometimes reffered as ‘way of life’ or a ‘family of religions’.
b. Most form of Hinduism are henotheistic which mean they worship a single deity known as ‘Brahman’

c. Hindu believe in the doctrines of sansara (the continous cycle of life,death and reincarnation) and Karma [the universal law of cause and effect]

d. Most impt ward of Hinduism is ‘Atman’ or the belief in the soul.

e. Goal is to achieve Moksha which ends the cycle of rebirth to becvome part of the absoulte soul.

Hinduism Symbols

There are two symbols associated with Hinduism, one is OM and other is SWASTIKA. The word SWASTIKA mean ‘good fortune’ or ‘being happy’.OM is composed of three sanskrit letters and represent three sounds [a,u and m].

Hinduism Holy Book

The primary sacred texts, known as vedas were composed around 1500 BC. Vedas were the collection of verses and hymns which were written in sanskrit.The vedas composed of ;
Rig veda, Sama veda, Ayurveda, A thar veda, The Upnishads, the Bhagawad Gita, Ramayans and Mahabharta are also considered important texts in Hinduism.
Hinduism has no founder but compilation of of various beliefs. Hinduism contains various doctrines like Dharma, Karma, Moksha. One fundamental principle of Hinduism is ‘as you sow, as you reap’ i.e. people’s action and thoughts directly determine their current life and future life. Major goal of Hinduism is to achieve ‘Moksha’, which ends the cycle of rebirths to became part of absolute soul. Make your soul pure, do your Karma in good faith and follow path of dharma, then you will definitely achieve moksha.

Institutionalization of 360-Degree Feedback

One of the most dreaded times of a financial year in an organization is the Performance Appraisal time. Traditional way of conducting performance appraisal is to hold it once, usually at the end of financial year with feedback coming in from the higher levels of management that is the team lead and the reporting manager. This method works well if one is at the lower levels of the hierarchy. But this traditional method of performance appraisal is now replaced by a more flexible method by integrating feedback throughout the year or in frequent intervals, without reserving it for the special occasion.

As an associate goes up the levels of hierarchy, his or her pay component also changes. That is, the base or the fixed component decreases and the variable pay which is linked to the performance of his or her team increases. And that is where the concept of 360-Degree Feedback kicks in. 360-Degree Feedback is the process by which surveys are used to gather and analyse feedback about the performance of a particular employee (usually at a higher-grade) from about 10 or 20 people which includes colleagues, managers, vendor, customers, suppliers, supervisor, peers and other stakeholders, who have an experience working with that employee either directly or indirectly. So to sum up, a higher grade associate is usually rated on the performance as depicted by the people he or she is interacting with.

10 Benefits Of 360 Degree Feedback - Edge Training Systems — ***360-Degree Feedback***

The mail goal of 360-Degree Feedback is to convert the intangible qualities into the strengths and deficits, which can be used as a report, thus carving out a path with highlighted points which require definite action for improvement. 360-Degree Feedback has a lot of other advantages too, some of which are:

Provides deeper insight into the mode of doing a particular job, in terms of collaboration, communication and promotion of innovation.
Provides an interesting contrast in how the participants view themselves and how the others see them.
Gives rich data for statistical analysis and provide ratings, based on actual data, thus eliminating subjectivity.

360-Degree feedback is highly valuable and is receiving a lot of positive responses due to its objective nature, is very much candid owing to the fact that the feedback from the peers will be anonymous and is highly compelling in nature. If one analyses the very purpose of such a feedback, benefits can be reaped from the administrative perspective as well as from the personal perspective too. From the administrative perspective, the results of the feedback is used for performance appraisal and thus for performance rating which ultimately affects the compensation. For executives at higher grade, a small increase in compensation without much analysis usually has a tumultuous effect on the bottom line of the company. And from the personal perspective, the feedback, which was provided anonymously can provide the strengths and the pain points, which can be used as reference by the associate for improvement.

360-Degree Feedback works very well for the executives at higher grades because in that way, their performance is very much linked to the performance of his or her peers and direct interacts. So in one way, it can be a great tool to improve or to remove someone if that associate is unable to perform the expected. But it has to be used with great care. Not only there is a distrust regarding the results of the 360-Degree Feedback, but also sometimes the outcomes generates more questions than answers. So this mode of feedback should be handled with utmost care and with proper control.

But in one way, 360-Degree Feedback means – “Once I knew the problem, I could fix it and I had a game plan.”

Source: https://qulture.rocks/en/blog/360-degree-feedback-what-is-it-and-how-does-it-work/

105th National Park of India – Dehing Patkai National Park, Assam

By Udbhav Bhargava

Assam government has decided to upgrade Dehing Patkai wildlife sanctuary to national park

The park will be the 105^th entrant in the list of the 104 existing national parks in the country covering an area of approximately 40000 square kilometers, accounting for 1.23% of the total Indian geographical area. This last entry was made in 2018 when the Kuno wildlife sanctuary in Madhya Pradesh was converted into a National Park.

The erstwhile wildlife sanctuary is situated in Dibrugarh & Tinsukia districts of Assam and covers an area of 111 square kilometers. It was declared a sanctuary on 13 June 2004. The “would-be national park” is a dense evergreen rainforest, which when observed by a satellite looks like a “big dark green patch” cut into two parts by the Dehing river. The name of the park is formed by the amalgamation of names of Dehing river and the Patkai Bum hills located in the east end of the park.

Referred to as the “Amazon of the East”, this forestland stretches for 575 square kilometers in Assam. The previous sanctuary was also an elephant reserve under the Project Elephant because of concentration of Asian elephant in the evergreen forest habitat. It is a rich and unique biodiversity hotspot that is home to several rare and endangered animal species; Hoolock gibbon, sluggish loris, pig-tailed macaque, capped langur, Bengal tiger.

It, also, is home to close to 300 different bird species including Slender-billed vulture, white-winged duck, Larger spotted eagle, larger and smaller adjutant, etc. Rock python, King cobra, Asian leaf turtle, monitor lizard are the most common reptiles found in this area. Thirty different butterfly species thrive in this gorgeous tropical vegetation.

Any area other than that comprised of any reserve forest or territorial waters may be notified to constitute a sanctuary if such area is of sufficient biological, faunal, floral, geomorphological, geological or zoological importance for the purpose of preserving, spreading or cultivating wildlife or their habitat. Within the sanctuary area are permitted certain restricted human activities details of which are provided in the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972. The country has a total of 551 Wildlife Sanctuaries.

What is a National Park? An area, whether within a sanctuary or not, can be notified by the state government to be constituted as a National Park, by the same reasons as mentioned above for a wildlife sanctuary. But the distinction is made between the two by the fact that no human activity is permitted inside the national park except for the ones permitted by the Chief Wildlife Warden of the state under the conditions given in the Chapter 4 of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.

A political perspective can be attributed to the move as the proclamation came just months after the conditional clearance by the National Board of Wildlife (NBWL) to a Coal India Limited (CIL) coal mining project in the vicinity of the sanctuary area that triggered protests movements in the state.

It’s not your weakness, it’s their strength

Are you motivated to do something? It’s what we call it but people will call it as influencing. They didn’t betray you, you trusted them. You are easy target for them. It’s you whom you should change. People are easy target for them. It’s us who should make us strong. Beleiving is good, but trusting is not better. They create a impression on your brain that you get attracted to them. It’s not your weakness, it’s their strength. Try to make yourself from such incidents.

Trusting blindly will not happen all of sudden. It’s a slower process where they crate a impact of them on you. People with clarity will definitely fake the people who actually wanted to fake us. So be careful while choosing friends. It’s easy to get influenced because it’s difficult to influence. Believing and betraying is a cycle. People who got betrayed will become the people will betray. it’s a never ending cycle. It ends when people start betraying. It only happens when people stop betraying. Have clarity over such things. There are too smart to catch. They influence you with their magical words which create a direct impact on your brain. Escape from such things.

Have a true life rather than making people suffer. Be kind and gentle atleast to yourself. Anyone no one gonna live permanent. People will betray someone untill people stop betraying. Have guts to earn something by working hard. Believe in your work and have confidence in you. Be happy with what you have rather than wasting your time on something that you never get. Go in a truthful manner and definitely right yhing will happen.

You definitely do what your friend had done because you too wanted to do what he did. It’s good it it’s good but if you do something wrong them that’s completely wrong. You will definitely get influenced by your friends unknowingly. You should have a control over your thoughts on this issue. It becomes serious if you do something that shouldn’t be done.

Unique identification number for every Indian

The Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) is a statutory authority established under the provisions of the Aadhaar (Targeted Delivery of Financial and Other Subsidies, Benefits and Services) Act, 2016 (“Aadhaar Act 2016”) on 12 July 2016 by the Government of India, under the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY). The Aadhaar Act 2016 has been amended by the Aadhaar and Other Laws (Amendment) Act, 2019 (14 of 2019) w.e.f. 25.07.2019.

Prior to its establishment as a statutory authority, UIDAI was functioning as an attached office of the then Planning Commission (now NITI Aayog) vide its Gazette Notification No.-A-43011/02/2009-Admn.I) dated 28th January, 2009. Later, on 12 September 2015, the Government revised the Allocation of Business Rules to attach the UIDAI to the Department of Electronics & Information Technology (DEIT) of the then Ministry of Communications and Information Technology.

UIDAI was created with the objective to issue Unique Identification numbers (UID), named as “Aadhaar”, to all residents of India. The UID had to be (a) robust enough to eliminate duplicate and fake identities, and (b) verifiable and authenticable in an easy, cost-effective way. The first UID number was issued on 29 September 2010 to a resident of Nandurbar, Maharashtra. The Authority has so far issued more than 124 crore Aadhaar numbers to the residents of India.

Under the Aadhaar Act 2016, UIDAI is responsible for Aadhaar enrolment and authentication, including operation and management of all stages of Aadhaar life cycle, developing the policy, procedure and system for issuing Aadhaar numbers to individuals and perform authentication and the security of identity information and authentication records of individuals.

The idea behind the unique identification number was to assign each individual a unique 12 digit number which will help to identify the individual uniquely.
The objective was to attach all the biometric and demographic data of an individual with a 12-digit unique identity number called Aadhaar. The biometric and demographic data of individual will be stored in a centralized database.
The act related to Aadhaar was initially introduced as a money bill in the parliament of India on 3^rd March 2016.
The bill was passed in the Lok Sabha on 11th March 2016 and on 26th March 2016, this bill became an Act.
The process of issuing the unique number and collection, maintenance and updating of biometric and demographic data related to each individual is done by the ‘Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI)‘, which is a central government agency of India.
With the issuance of Aadhaar card, India has entered the group of countries which has national identity cards for its native residents.
Even though Aadhaar was initially started to eliminate leakages, with time it became a basic identity document.

Reasons for this move:-

This process of attaching all the legal data of an individual with a unique number is an attempt of India to develop a secure system of identification and will have a long term impact.
The first recommendation of any such identity number was after the 1999 Kargil war by the Kargil Review Committee to then Prime Minister of India, for the security and authenticity reasons.
With the centralized database of each individual, it became possible for security agencies to access information of each citizen under a certain emergency situation in the interest of the national cause.
By considering the population of India, it was necessary to have such a secure identification system for controlling illegal migration and anti-national activities.
By connecting the Aadhaar number with the banking system, the Indian government has created a proper and secure channel through which beneficiaries receive all the subsidies directly to their bank account.
It has eliminated the role of middleman and agents thus helping the poor and the Indian Economy. Thereby Aadhaar empowers marginalised sections and ensures dignity.
With the help of UID, it became possible to identify the native Indians and illegal migrants and thus helps to ensure that only the Indian citizens and the legal migrants get benefits of government schemes and also employment.
As all the biometric and demographic data of an individual is linked to Aadhaar, it helps to identify the families that really belongs to BPL (Below Poverty Level) and hence providing them employment under NREGA (National Rural Employment Guarantee Act) and also easy and prompt payment to the actual workers.
Another big issue which can be addressed through UID is the real number of voters. Rural to urban migration is highly prevalent in India. Thus they enrol their names in the voter list of both places and politicians take an ill advantage of such a situation. But by the implementation of UID, it will not be possible for any individual to possess more than one voter identity card.
Government of India could save 15000 crores till 2016 by linking bank accounts with aadhaar for the LPG cylinder subsidies. Aadhaar will eliminate fake accounts.
Aadhaar based biometric attendance will make a good impact in government offices where most people try to escape from their work.
UID will also help indirectly in controlling corruption.

Challenges:-

For a nation like India with such a large population, it becomes a matter of security risk to handle such a large data of individual associated with their UID.
As almost all the details are associated with Aadhaar, it poses a threat to ‘right to privacy’. The data is susceptible to commercial exploitation by private parties and also to surveillance by the government.
No effective implementation of law and punishments in case of any misuse such as the leakage of personal information of citizens.
Assigning UID to such a huge population with authenticity is also a big challenge as no prior documents asked for it.

Conclusion:-

UID for every Indian is a very good system for eliminating agents and commission culture from India. It will help the poor to get their benefits directly to their accounts. It will also help in eliminating the illegal migrants from India and thus controlling the anti-national activities. But the implementation and execution must be done in a proper and prompt manner. And there must some guidelines related to risks associated with the system.

Film is notable among youngsters

Film influences adolescents in various sort of ways. One reason for the prevalence of the film is that it engages various types or individuals, youthful and old, educated and ignorant. The greater part of the young people watching films are for relaxations. Some of the time, they feel pressure, with the goal that adolescents investing their energy in watching motion pictures in film. To start with, film impact youth adversely and decidedly. This is on the grounds that; young people will mirror their preferred on-screen character and entertainer to follow precisely their styles, for example, dressing styles, hairdo, character of the on-screen character or on-screen character act in the film, language, etc. Motion pictures influence young people in their disposition. Young people observe an excess of motion pictures and its impact their disposition change. They may appreciate the character, their contemplations, or idea’s. They choose to do likewise as them.

Additionally, film impact in adolescents culture? The greater part of the individuals concur for this inquiry. This is on the grounds that, young people watch film and tail others, for example, remote culture. They disregard their own way of life and the significant of the way of life. Young people will follow precisely remote culture, for example, wear ring at eyebrow, tongue, mouth, etc. They thought it’s lovely and classy however it’s extremely perilous for wellbeing.

Plus, viciousness in the film influences young people’s brains? In light of my study, some “concur” and some of them answer is “impartial”. Viciousness in the film influences youngsters to do likewise. This is on the grounds that, normally in film, they will do criminal operations, for example, pirating, burglary, drinking, smoking, consuming medications, etc. In a film, they act yet it looks precisely genuine. So youngsters get intrigue and include in negative exercises.

‘WILL’ under Indian Law

Meaning:

A Will is a solemn document by which a dead man entrusts to the living to the carrying out of his wishes. Section 2(h) of Indian Succession Act, 1925 provides that Will means the legal declaration of the intention of a person with respect to his property, which he desires to take effect after his death Will has been defined in Corpus Juris Secundum as A ‘Will’ is the legal declaration of a man’s intention, which he wills to be performed after his death, or an instrument by which a person makes a disposition of his property to take effect after his death.

Essential Features of a Will

A Will can be made at any time in the life of a person. A Will can be changed a number of times and there are no legal restrictions as to the number of times it can be changed. It can be withdrawn at anytime during the lifetime of the person making the Will. A Will has to be attested by two or more witnesses, each of who should have seen the testator signing the Will.
The essential features are:

1. Legal declaration: The documents purporting to be a Will or a testament must be legal, i.e. in conformity with the law and must be executed by a person legally competent to make it. Further the declaration of intention must be with respect to the testator’s property It is a legal document, which has a binding force upon the family.

2. Disposition of property: In a Will, the testator bequeaths or leaves his property to the person or people he chooses to leave his assets/belongings. A Hindu person by way of his Will can bequeath all his property. However, a member of an undivided family cannot bequeath his coparcenery interest in the family property

3. Takes effect after death: The Will is enforceable only after the death of the testator

Under section 18 of the Registration Act the registration of a Will is not compulsory. Also, the SC in Narain Singh v. Kamla Devi has held that mere non-registration of the Will an inference cannot be drawn against the genuines of the Will. However it is advisable to register it as it provides strong legal evidence about the validity of the Will. Once a Will is registered, it is placed in the safe custody of the Registrar and therefore cannot be tampered with, destroyed, mutilated or stolen. It is to be released only to the testator himself or, after his death, to an authorized person who produces the Death Certificate

Since a testamentary disposition always speaks from the grave of the testator, the required standard of proof is very high. The initial burden of proof is always on the person who propounds the Will.

Kinds of Wills

Ø Conditional Wills: A Will maybe made to take effect on happening of a condition. In Rajeshwar v. Sukhdeo the operation of the Will was postponed till after the death of the testator’s wife. However if it is ambiguous whether the testator intended to make a Will conditional, the language of the documents as well as the circumstances are to be taken into consideration.

Ø Joint Wills: Two or more persons can make a joint Will. If the joint Will is joint and is intended to take effect after the death of both, it will not be admitted to probate during the life time of either and are revocable at any time by either during the joint lives or after the death of the survivor.

Ø Mutual Wills: Two or more persons may agree to make mutual Wills i.e. to confer on each other reciprocal benefits. In mutual Wills the testators confer benefit on each other but if the legatees and testators are distinct, it is not a mutual Will. Mutual Wills are also known as reciprocal Wills and its revocation is possible during the lifetime of either testator. But if a testator has obtained benefit then the claim against his property will lie. Where joint Will is a single document containing the Wills of two persons, mutual Wills are separate Wills of two persons.

Ø Privileged Wills: Privileged Wills are a special category of Wills and other general Wills are known as unprivileged Wills. S.65 of ISA provides that a Will made by a soldier or a airman or a mariner, when he is in actual service and is engaged in actual warfare, would be a privileged Will. S.66 provides for the mode of making and rules for executing privileged Wills. Ss. 65 and 66 are special provisions applicable to privileged Wills whereas other sections relating to Wills are general provisions which will be supplementary to Sections 65 and 66 in case of privileged Wills.

Who Can Make A Will
S.59 of Indian Succession Act provides that every person who is of sound mind and is not a minor can make a Will.

Execution of a Will

On the death of the testator, an executor of the Will (executor is the legal representative for all purposes of a deceased person and all the property of a testator vests in him. Whereas a trustee becomes a legal owner of the trust and his office and the property are blended together) or an heir of the deceased testator can apply for probate. The court will ask the other heirs of the deceased if they have any objections to the Will. If there are no objections, the court grants probate. A probate is a copy of a Will, certified by the court. A probate is to be treated as conclusive evidence of the genuineness of a Will. It is only after this that the Will comes into effect.

Signature of The Testator

S.63(a) of ISA provides that the testator shall sign or affix his mark. If the testator is unable to write his signature then he may execute the Will by a mark and by doing so his hand maybe guided by another person. In another words a thumb impression has been held as valid.

Attestation of Will:Attesting means signing a document for the purpose of testifying the signature of the executants. Therefore an attesting witness signing before the executants has put his mark on the Will, cannot be said to be a valid attestation. It is necessary that both the witnesses must sign in the presence of the testator but it is not necessary that the testator have to sign in their presence. Further it is not necessary that both the witnesses have to sign at the same time. It is also not necessary that the attesting witnesses should know the contents of the Will.

Movies and there impact on shaping mind

Movies impact on shaping mind as well as on society. That is primarily on the grounds that individuals become lethargic and need to make associations by watching them.

In any case, individuals are so sluggish when they are watching movies. Study has demonstrated individuals who watch movies or TV at any rate four hours in seven days tend not to practice so frequently. To keep solid, individuals need to practice well. Obviously individuals sit for quite a while and don’t move at all during watching movies. Also, individuals are uninvolved while they watch films. Individuals don’t need to communicate anything, so they don’t will in general consider anything.

Besides, individuals manufacture connections to impart their insight about laborers. After individuals delighted in films and TV, they are anxious to impart their insight. On account of present day innovation, individuals can impart their insight past the distinction of nation and ages. They can have numerous chances to contact with individuals.

How can water availability be fostered?

Better access to clean and pure water, best sanitation services creates tremendous impact in the growth of economic development. Water is linked to many economic activities and there are many complex channels through which water affects the overall economic growth. Some African countries like Kenya, Zambia installed water kiosk (booths for the sale of tap water) in order to improve the water supply and sanitation for poor rural areas, which provided some sort of income to water kiosk vendors and to public toilet caretakers. There are myriads of multinational companies like food companies, irrigation related corporations, for which water has been the main and unavoidable component. The presence of water ranges from small family farms to big companies. Thus it can be said that water plays an important role the socio economic development of a country. If the importance of water is neglected by the people and government, it can eventually collapse the world. Business ranging from small family farms to major corporations encounter multiple problems without water. So it is important to preserve water for the future generation. Here are some of the ways that can be done to conserve water and improve sanitation;

Recycle water

This is one of the effective and basic ways to control the usage of water. There are many plenty of technologies that are available to recycle rainwater and other water. The recycled water can be reused for many other purpose such as irrigation, gardening or in agricultural fields. This method allows us to use less amount of water for many purposes.

Educate the masses

There are still a lot of people who are unaware about the importance of water and the impact it has on our existence. These masses need to be educated about how to use water consciously. Awareness classes and social campaigns can be arranged in order to make people aware about the significance of water.

Improve sewage system

Fresh drinking water comes with a clean sewage system. Water in an area can get easily polluted without proper sanitation. This may lead to many water-borne diseases. Thus improving the sewage system can lead to a hygienic environment and also lead to get fresh drinking water.

Rainwater harvesting

Rainwater harvesting also called harvesting is a method of collecting rainwater from the surface on which the rain falls, filtering it and finally storing it for multiple purposes. One of the main advantages of this method is that, its costs are relatively modest.

Importance of reading

Giving Satisfaction
Reading gives great satisfaction to the readers. A popular phrase “curling up with books” creates an image of a warm and close relationship with the book. Even parents feel satisfied when they see their kids are reading books.
Enhancing Concentration
For reading one needs to be focused for a longer duration and it requires mental exercise. For understanding the text or the whole story, the reader must concentrate his mind on a particular matter.
In this way, reading improves our concentration power and focus
Imparting Knowledge
Reading enhances the knowledge of the readers.
By developing the reading skills, the readers can diversify their field of knowledge which provides them with the chance to participate in fruitful discussion and decision-making processes.
Exercise of Brain
Reading is regarded as an exercise of the brain.
When we involved in reading our brain cells start to work for understanding the meaning of the text and try to relate various aspects of the matter read.
Reducing Stress
Reading is a great habit that can change human lives dramatically. It can entertain us; amuse us and enrich us with knowledge.
It helps us reducing stress, relieving tensions and thus boosts our energy. It carries us to the realm of dream and amusement – far away from the real complex world.
Enhancing Analytical Thinking
Reading not only enriches your knowledge but also makes it sharpen to analyze and evaluate things in a better way.
Improving Vocabulary
Skillful reading increases the vocabulary of the readers by introducing them with the new and unfamiliar words and phrases regularly.
It not only enriches our vocabulary but also teaches us a better way of expressing ourselves.
Improving Writing Skills
Reading helps gradual improvements in vocabulary that in turn enhances the reader’s writing skills.
As it boosts the ability to think, it also improves the written expression.

WHY ONLINE MEDIA CREATES HUGE IMPACT ON TRADITIONAL MEDIA

It is the common tendency of human beings to get attracted to something new. Man never gets tired of inventing new things, instead always would love to update himself. He is never satisfied with the present possessions he has, but always crave for more. This is what caused the origin of new media. But unlike other inventions, this one hooked man in such a manner that he is now completely immersed into it. The advantages provided by the new media makes people forget about the traditional media. Some of the advantages that social media provides are;

TWO WAY COMMUNICATION

The communication process is said to be completed only when the listener’s feedback is received by the speaker. New media makes this possible. It helps to create, maintain and sustain two way conversation with the public. Unlike, traditional media like television and radio, social media are able to know the viewpoints of the public. Even though, mediums like newspaper and television reach a mass audience, the feedback from the audience is limited.

IMMEDIACY

New media has the unique ability to publish information as soon as they happens. Traditional media, especially newspaper cannot inform every information instantly. Television and radio can have immediacy compared to newspaper. But it cannot be matched with online media. Today, any event happened in any part of the globe can be viewed live by everyone.

MULTI MEDIUM

The incorporation of multimedia elements is another advantage of online media. Unlike radio, magazines and newspapers, this new media comprises of text, images, video, audio, pictographs, charts and symbols. This wide variety of tools help in effective and essential communication.

WIDE REACH

Almost all the traditional media including television, newspaper, radio and magazines share information and messages only under a specific geographical area. The coverage of these media are limited within a particular area. But new media has coverage over worldwide. Once any information or message is uploaded in the online media, it is accessible to everyone in the globe irrespective of their place.

COST EFFECTIVE

The production cost is very expensive in the case of traditional media, especially television. Too many crew members are involved in the making of advertisements and other videos in television. It is very costly to run a newspaper either. Collection of paper, production of newspaper and distribution takes lot of effort and money. Social media/new media is very cost effective compared to these. It doesn’t require any raw materials and manual efforts. Everything is done virtually. Hence, this medium can be considered as cost effective.

SEARCH BASED INFORMATION

People are not interested any every information that surrounds them. Television and newspapers provide every information. It is very hard for the audience to find what he wants to read. He will be bombarded with too many information. But new media gives the option to get a specific area of interest. People can simply search about the information that he/she would like to read. The new media also provides links and hyperlinks which help the audience to know more about that particular content.

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