Day: July 20, 2020

City vs Village

City Life :-

City derives from a French word meaning citizenry. A city is a large or important town. In the United States, cities are incorporated municipalities with local governments. In Great Britain, a borough with a bishop’s seat is called a city. As with the words village and town, city can also refer to the its inhabitants. It’s like watching Paris from an express caboose heading in the opposite direction—every second the city gets smaller and smaller, only you feel it’s really you getting smaller and smaller and lonelier and lonelier, rushing away from all those lights and excitement at about a million miles an hour.

City Expressions

Many interesting uses of the word city exist in English. For example, imagine you see a place with a lot of stray dogs. You might call it “dog city” to indicate that it is full of or indicative of dogs. A city slicker is someone who doesn’t know much about country life. If you say that you can’t fight city hall, you are saying there’s no way you will win in a battle against bureaucracy.

Advantages of City Life:-

  • City life has an advanced and well-equipped environment. People migrate to cities because of better job opportunities, stability and a decent income which is a lack in villages.
  • Cities have a huge number of schools, colleges or universities established. Hence, the city folks get proper quality education which is a primary factor for standard living.
  • Recreation and entertainment are plenty in the cities. People also get adequate opportunities to establish and showcase their talents here.
  • City life provides commercialization, banking systems, and entrepreneurial businesses. This attracts more people from townships to settle in cities.
  • Better transportation, sanitation, availability of water and drainage systems are seen in cities. The drainage of polluted water goes through treatment before getting dumped in lakes or rivers. This keeps a small check on pollution too.
  • Medical help is at fingertips when required. There are a number of hospitals and clinics and well-equipped doctors and nurses for people in need.
  • Anonymity in cities helps in escaping from the judgements of people.

Disadvantages of city life:-

  • Urbanization is increasing at a rapid pace, and currently, about 30-33% of Indians lives in cities. This rate tends to be around 40% by 2030. With the high population density, the quality of life in cities is expected to degrade and become unfit for living.
  • City life is a very busy one, developing every second to a better version of itself. This results in a loss of cultural qualities and flavours.
  • High demand for city life has resulted in congestion. Human population has increased a lot in city areas.
  • The city’s population increases day by day. This leads to an environment with polluted air, smog, unclean water supplies, noise pollution
  • It follows from the previous point that an increase in pollution rates in the cities brings in more health issues. People tend to fall sick more in cities due to the polluted environment which is unfit for living.
  • Unfair competition among businesses, an increase in crime rates and immorality of the people is more in the cities.
  • Increase in costs and expenditure is a vital problem for city dwellers. This creates a reason for more competition for gaining wealth and hence increases stress and crimes too.

Village Life

The word village comes from a French term referring to a group of buildings. That’s exactly what a village is—a small community in a rural area. Sometimes, larger towns incorporate the houses of a village as a municipality. Village can also refer to inhabitants of a village and is even applied to groups of animal dwellings.

Advantages of village life:-

  • A pollution-free environment is available in the rural/village areas only.
  • Scenic beauty and greenery of rural areas are prominent. This also attracts tourists from around the globe.
  • Rural areas have a scope for socio-economic benefits like reduction in prices of agricultural and consumer products, access to markets, public transport, employment opportunities, and better education and healthcare facilities.
  • The essence of folk and culture is prominent in these areas. This defines the rural areas uniquely.

Disadvantages of village life:-

  • Lack of higher education is a backlog for rural lives. This creates the main hurdle for better standards of living.
  • Rural areas have poor road connectivity. Over 40 per cent of India’s rural population remains outside the rural road network. According to the Planning Commission’s Working Group on Rural Roads, there are over 3.3 lakh rural habitations with no road connection.
  • Limited medical help persists in these areas. A counted number of hospitals and even lesser doctors are available. Hence at times, people are bound to move to city areas for sustaining life.
  • Rural life is difficult for women more because of lack of proper sanitation and toilets. The primary reason for this has to be the lack of educational opportunities.

Conclusion:-

  • Though the city life has many disadvantages, people flock there more for its advantages.
  • Improper road connectivity is one of the main reasons for stopping growth in rural areas. But the government is making situations better for rural India. The Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) is a step towards improving road connectivity in rural parts of the country.
  • Hence, the reduction of pollution in cities and the development of roads and infrastructure in rural areas will bring a balance between the two.

Book Review: Free lancing guide, Pyjama Profit

Vaishali Singh (Cheenu Singh Rathore)

If you want to build an indepebdent free lance career right away then here is the solution, the book Pyjama profit is a free lancing guide, it has the answers of all the questions wandering in your mind whenever you think of this one word ‘freelancing’ grab your copy and start doing what you love to do and get paid for it.

So here is a short and concise review of the book.

The millennial’s guide to a sustainable freelance career, it is the tagline of one of the best selling books on Amazon, ‘PYJAMA PROFIT’ the authors of the book are Varun Mayya and Abhinav Chhikara. The books is all about their journeys from the freelancing to a successful and stable business, the co author of the book Varun Mayya says “Tommorow, if you put me in a strange country without any resources, all I need is a laptop and an internet connection and I know I’ll build myself an awesome life fairly quick.”

Pyjama profit is a modern guide to free lancing. The book talks about the in demand online skills, the different paths one can take to become an expert in specific fields and the freedom that freelancing allows to hone further skills, taking on bigger assignments. A stable income from freelancing was the bedrock that allowed the authors – Varun and Abhinav to pursue their dreams and passions. Now, they have shared their stories of what worked for them and how anyone, anywhere can thrive without being tied to a 9 to 5 job. The book is a perfect fit in today’s time as the freelance economy grows and so do the aspiration among millennials to find a work they love, and not just something that pays their bills.

WORLD CHESS DAY: Move in silence, only speak when its time to checkmate

Move in Silence only speak when it's time to say checkmate

Every year on July 20, International Chess Day is celebrated to honour the founding of the Federation Internationale des Echecs, also known as FIDES, in the year 1924. Since ancient times Chess has been a popular game and has been played around the world. ‘With the time Chess game and its rules are evolving. As per reports, Chess became a game of class and only upper class were able to afford this game in a long way. However, the merchandise class later went on to introduce this game to the rest of the people while travelling around the world.

World Chess Day history:

In the fifth century, chess was invented in India. It was called “Chaturanga” at the time. Chess is one of the most ancient games of the period. This game was then spread to Persia. When the Arabs invaded Persia, Chess became an important part of the Muslim population’s life and from there it spread to Southern Europe. Chess evolved in its current form in Europe during the 15th century. And by the late 15th century, it took the shape of a modern game. And beginning on July 20, 1966, the International Chess Day began to celebrate FIDE’s establishment.

CELEBRATION:

World Chess Day, celebrated around the world, is now also recognised by the United Nations. According to reports, UNESCO proposed the idea to celebrate this day as the International Chess Day, and it has been marked as such since 1966 after it was established by FIDE. However, plenty of professional chess players around the world already celebrate the day. A survey published on FIDE reveals that a surprisingly stable 70% of the adult population has played chess at some point during their lives. In countries as diverse as the US, UK, Germany, Russia and India, this number holds approximately the same amount.

CHESS RULES:

The ultimate aim in the chess game is to deliver a checkmate – trapping your opponent´s king. The term checkmate is an alteration of the Persian phrase “Shah Mat”, meaning literally, “the King is ambushed”, and not “the King is dead”, that is a common misconception.

The chessboard is made up of eight rows and eight columns for a total of 64 squares of alternating colors. Each square of the chessboard is identified with a unique pair of a letter and a number. The vertical files are labeled a through h, from White´s left (i.e. the queen side) to White´s right. Similarly, the horizontal ranks are numbered from 1 to 8, starting from the one nearest White´s side of the board. Each square of the board, then, is uniquely identified by its file letter and rank number. In the initial position setup, the light queen is positioned on a light square and the dark queen is situated on a dark square. The diagram below shows how the pieces should be initially situated.

chess rules clip
Chess moves:
  • King can move exactly one square horizontally, vertically, or diagonally. At most once in every game, each king is allowed to make a special move, known as castling.
  • Queen can move any number of vacant squares diagonally, horizontally, or vertically.
  • Rook can move any number of vacant squares vertically or horizontally. It also is moved while castling.
  • Bishop can move any number of vacant squares in any diagonal direction.
  • Knight can move one square along any rank or file and then at an angle. The knight´s movement can also be viewed as an “L” or “7″ laid out at any horizontal or vertical angle.
  • Pawns can move forward one square, if that square is unoccupied. If it has not yet moved, the pawn has the option of moving two squares forward provided both squares in front of the pawn are unoccupied. A pawn cannot move backward. Pawns are the only pieces that capture differently from how they move. They can capture an enemy piece on either of the two spaces adjacent to the space in front of them (i.e., the two squares diagonally in front of them) but cannot move to these spaces if they are vacant. The pawn is also involved in the two special moves en passant and promotion.
Castling:

Castling is the only time in the chess game when more than one piece moves during a turn. This chess move has been invented in the 1500´s to help speeding up the game and improving balance of the offense and defense. During the castling, the king moves two squares towards the rook he intends to castle with, and the rook moves to the square through which the king passed.

Castling is only permissible if all of the following conditions hold:

  • Neither king nor rook involved in castling may have moved from the original position
  • There must be no pieces between the king and the rook

The king may not currently be in check, nor may the king pass through or end up in a square that is under attack by an enemy piece (though the rook is permitted to be under attack and to pass over an attacked square)

En Passant:

En Passant may only occur when a pawn is moved two squares on its initial movement. When this happens, the opposing player has the option to take the moved pawn “en passant” as if it had only moved one square. This option, though, only stays open for one move. The En Passant move was developed after pawns were allowed to move more than one square on their initial move. The idea behind this rule was to retain restrictions imposed by slow movement, while at the same time speeding up the game.

Pawn promotion:

If a pawn reaches the opponent´s edge of the table, it will be promoted – the pawn may be converted to a queen, rook, bishop or knight, as the player desires. The choice is not limited to previously captured pieces. Thus its´ theoretically possible having up to nine queens or up to ten rooks, bishops, or knights if all pawns are promoted.

First of all, One of the oldest games that is still in existence and is very popular so it tells how humans used to think back then and what’s the difference now.Earlier it was used to make war strategies . Now it enhances your problem solving capabilities. Nowadays whatever we do, whatever place we work in, the most important thing required to grow is the problem solving skills.

Chess improves the logical part of the brain. Every time you learn a new move, a new neuron is developed in your brain, which increases the size and capability of your brain’s neural network thus making your brain fast. So, in simple terms a person playing chess from his childhood will be grown up into a smarted person who will be good with logic, remembering stuffs and numbers.

The Implications of COVID-19 effect on the Compliances under The Companies Act, 2013:- The Indian Context

COMPANY COMPLIANCES DURING THE COVID-19 ERA: AN INTRODUCTION

The global outbreak of the novel coronavirus has taken the world by storm. While the issue pertaining to the public health is the talk of the town, the impact of COVID-19 on businesses and corporates seems to be least talked about.

Day to day business of the corporates is being affected due to decreased inflow of the human resource and a decrease in the workflow. While technologies have provided a relief to the human resource for physical attendances and conferences, there seemed to be unsettled trouble regarding legal compliances that required various filings and physical meetings.

Pursuant to the ongoing global COVID-19 pandemic and the Finance Minister, Ms. Nirmala Sitharaman’s announcements on March 24, 2020, the Ministry of Corporate Affairs (“MCA”) has issued various circulars to provide relief to companies from certain compliances under the Companies Act, 2013 (“Act”) and associated rules. This has been done as a measure to reduce the compliance burden on entities during the unprecedented health and economic situation caused by COVID-19. Following are the measures:-

1. Company Affirmation of Readiness towards COVID-19

Social distancing has gained its importance as a way to contain the spread, morbidity, and mortality of COVID-19. Government of India (“GOI”), responsible for the public welfare at large, has realised that social distancing can be achieved in its true sense only if the employers of the Indian public make the same application in their respective premises.

Considering that major employers of the nation belong to the companies or limited liability partnership (“LLP”) type entity, GOI as part of disaster management have advised all companies/LLPs to put in place an immediate plan to implement the “work from home” policy as a temporary measure up till March 31, 2020.

Further, in case of a requirement of physical visits of the essential staff to such offices by the employers, staggered timings may be followed in order to minimize physical interactions of all kinds.

A simple webform for companies/LLP shall be deployed by MCA on March 23, 2020, in order to confirm the readiness of the employers to deal with COVID-19 threat. The webform shall be called CAR (Company Affirmation of Readiness towards COVID-19) and would be required to be signed and submitted by the authorised signatory of the company/LLP.

Therefore, it shall be expected by each company/LLP to ensure reporting of the compliance through CAR instantly from the date of its deployment.

2. Companies Fresh Start Scheme 2020

The MCA issued a circular on March 30, 2020, introducing the Companies Fresh Start Scheme, 2020 which, inter alia, grants a one-time opportunity to defaulting companies to complete all belated filings, including, without limitation, annual filings and filings required under IEPFA (Accounting, Audit, Transfer and Refund) Rules, 2016 in relation to transfer of money remaining unpaid or unclaimed for a period of seven years under Section 124(5) of the Act and transfer of relevant shares in the name of the ‘Investor Education and Protection Fund’ under Section 124(6) of the Act, with the MCA21 registry, without incurring additional fees on account of any delay.

This scheme came into force on April 1, 2020, and is valid till September 30, 2020. The application for seeking immunity for belated filings under this scheme should be made within a period of six months from September 30, 2020, through Form CFSS-2020. Thereafter, an immunity certificate will be provided by the designated authority on the basis of the declarations made in such form.

However, no immunity shall be provided under the scheme in a matter where (i) an appeal or management dispute is pending before any court or tribunal, or (ii) a court has ordered a conviction, or the adjudicating authority under the Act has imposed a penalty, and in respect of such orders, no appeal has been filed prior to the scheme coming into force.

Further, the scheme shall not apply: (i) where an application has been filed or an action for final notice for striking off the name of the company has already been initiated; (ii) where the company has been amalgamated; (iii) when application of obtaining dormant status has been filed; (iv) to vanishing companies; and/or (v) where charge related documents or an increase in authorised capital is involved.

3. CSR Spending

The MCA has by way of circular dated March 23, 2020 and the office memorandum dated March 28, 2020, clarified that the spending of CSR funds by companies in relation to COVID-19, including by way of contribution to the PM CARES Fund, is an eligible CSR expenditure under the Act.

The MCA has further clarified by way of FAQs dated April 10, 2020 that contributions made to the State Disaster Management Authority will also be eligible CSR activity, but contributions towards (a) ‘Chief Minister’s Relief Fund’ or ‘State Relief Fund for COVID-19’; and (b) payment of salary/ wages to employees and workers (including contract labour/ temporary/ casual/ daily wage workers) during the lockdown period will not be considered as eligible CSR expenditure.

However, ex-gratia payment over and above the disbursement of wages to temporary/ casual workers/ daily wage workers, specifically for the purpose of fighting COVID-19, will be admissible towards CSR expenditure, provided there is an explicit declaration to that effect by the board of the company, which is duly certified by the statutory auditor.

4. Meetings of Board and the Shareholders

  • The Companies (Meetings of Board and its Powers) Rules, 2014 were amended by a notification dated March 19, 2020, to enable companies to hold board meetings on the following matters (which earlier had to be necessarily held at a physical meeting) through video-conferencing or other audio-visual means (collectively “VCC”) till June 30, 2020: (i) approval of annual financial statements and board’s report; (ii) approval of prospectus; (iii) audit committee meetings for consideration of financial statements; and (iv) approval of amalgamation, merger, demerger, acquisition and takeover.
  • MCA has, by way of a general circular dated April 8, 2020, requested companies to pass all decisions of an urgent nature requiring shareholder approval, other than those of ordinary business or business where any person has right to be heard, through postal ballot/ e-voting in accordance with the relevant statutory provisions without holding a physical general meeting. However, in cases where holding an extraordinary general meeting (“EEGM”) is unavoidable, these have now been permitted to be held through VC until June 30, 2020. The circular further lays down certain conditions to be met for conducting an EGM through VC and the key conditions, inter alia, include: (i) attendance of at least one independent director (where a company is required to appoint one) and auditor (or his authorised representative who is qualified to be the auditor); (ii) maintenance of recorded transcripts of the EGM and, in case of a public company, such transcripts to be uploaded on the company website (if any); and (iii) e-voting facility being available. All other provisions relating to general meetings under the Act (and relevant rules) will continue to apply.
  • Due to difficulties faced by various stakeholders in serving and receiving notices/responses by post on account of COVID-19, the MCA, on April 13, 2020, provided that notice of EGMs to be held through VC (and for passing shareholder resolutions through postal ballot/ e-voting) may now be given to shareholders only through email addresses of the shareholders registered with the company or with the depository participant/ depository. This circular also specifies various conditions which companies must comply with while sending email notices to shareholders.

CONCLUSION

Business entities in India are requested and expected to keep an eye on the major government websites to ensure timely compliance with all such immediate requirements and mandates issued by GOI as need of the hour from time to time.

WEBSITES REFERRED:-

1)  MCA General Circular No. 10/20 dated March 23, 2020 on Clarification on spending of CSR for COVID-19.

2) MCA General Circular No. 12/20 dated March 30, 2020 on Companies Fresh Start Scheme, 2020

3) MCA Notification dated March 19, 2020 on Companies (Meetings of Board and its Powers) Amendment Rules, 2020

4) MCA General Circular No. 14/2020 dated April 8, 2020 on Clarification on passing of ordinary or special resolutions by companies under the Companies Act, 2013 and rules made thereunder on account of threat posed by Covid-19.

5) MCA General Circular No. 17/20 dated April 13, 2020 on clarification on passing ordinary and special resolutions by companies under the Companies Act, 2013 and rules made thereunder on account of threat posed by COVID-19.

6)http://www.conventuslaw.com/report/india-implications-of-covid-19-on-compliances/

7)https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=7862d71f-35ae-443c-964b-a381d11102bc

8)https://www.google.com/search?q=COMPANY+COMPLIANCE+India+Images+Copyright+Free+and+Royalty+Free&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwjK6fe59tvqAhVZOCsKHTZKCh0Q2-cCegQIABAC&oq=COMPANY+COMPLIANCE+India+Images+Copyright+Free+and+Royalty+Free&gs_lcp=ChJtb2JpbGUtZ3dzLXdpei1pbWcQAzoECB4QCjoECCEQClCMPljJiQFgoIwBaARwAHgAgAHIAYgB4x2SAQYwLjI3LjGYAQCgAQHAAQE&sclient=mobile-gws-wiz-img&ei=qpoVX8rsBdnwrAG2lKnoAQ&bih=682&biw=393&client=ms-android-xiaomi-rev1&prmd=insv#imgrc=UEkUjY7KpsptxM

9)https://studycafe.in/2020/04/companies-fresh-start-scheme-2020-or-cfss-2020.html

10)https://www.a2ztaxcorp.com/mca-introduces-companies-fresh-start-scheme-2020-for-non-compliant-companies/

11)https://www.istockphoto.com/illustrations/corporate-social-responsibility?mediatype=illustration&phrase=corporate%20social%20responsibility&sort=mostpopular

12)https://www.istockphoto.com/illustrations/shareholders-meeting?mediatype=illustration&phrase=shareholder%27s%20meeting&sort=mostpopular

ELECTRICITY (AMENDMENT) BILL, 2020: An Overview

The Electricity Act, 2003 (the “Electricity Act“) was enacted to consolidate the electricity laws in India. The Electricity Act, 2003 (hereinafter “Act”) has been the statutory paradigm which has governed the laws regarding the generation, distribution, transmission, trading and use of electricity, keeping in mind the interests of the state and central departments, producers and consumers of electricity, setting rules and regulations and regulatory authorities to govern a major component of the power sector.

n order to address some recurring issues, and to promote further commercial incentive for private players to enter the market in the generation, distribution and transmission of electricity, with some policy modifications, the Electricity (Amendment) Bill, 2020 has been introduced by the Ministry of Power on April 17, 2020 (“Amendment”). Following are major changes that this Amendment proposes to introduce in the Electricity Act, 2003:

Need for new amendment:

  • Some of the provisions of the Act have become dated and archaic and needs an update.
  • Policy modifications are needed to address some recurring issues and to promote further commercial incentive for private players to enter the market in the generation, distribution and transmission of electricity.
  • Measures need to be augmented to ease the financial crunch of the Discoms.
  • It is necessary to promote a legal and administrative ecosystem which harbours special attention to renewable energy.
  • Though the ministry had brought the first draft in 2014 which had an option to consumers to change their service providers like they do for their mobile phone service, the bill lapsed after dissolution of the Lok Sabha.
  • The 2nd and 3rd draft bills were brought in 2018 and 2019.

Important features of the draft:

  • The Union power ministry has come out with the draft of Electricity (Amendment) Bill, 2020.
  • It seeks to set up an Electricity Contract Enforcement Authority (ECEA) having power of a civil court to settle disputes related to power purchase agreements between discoms and power generation companies (gencos).
  • The ECEA will have sole authority to adjudicate matters related to specific performance of contracts related to purchase or sale of power, between gencos and discoms.
  • The decision of the ECEA can be challenged at the Appellate Tribunal For Electricity (APTEL) and subsequently, at the Supreme Court.
  • The draft provides that the cross (power) border trade shall cover import or export of electricity from India and any other country. The transaction related to passage of electricity through India would be treated as transit between two other countries.
  • The draft law provides for introduction of power distribution sub-licensee or franchisee, which would not require a separate licence from state commission.
  • It calls for creating a National Renewable Energy Policy by the central government in consultation with state governments.
  • The bill says that there would be no schedule or dispatch of electricity unless there is adequate security of payment as per the contract.
  • The bill enables state as well as central power regulators to specify transmission charges under open access (earlier both functions were with the central commission).
  • The Electricity Act would be applicable to the entire country, including the Union Territories of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh.

Right of Private Defence

Private Defence is a enjoyed by every citizen of this country. It is enumerated in chapter IV, Sections 96 to 106 of Indian Penal Code 1860. This right exempts the person for taking law in his hands for the safety of himself or his property or to the protection of other person or that person’s property.


The right is based upon the two general maxim

1) ‘‘necessity knows no law’’ and

(2)‘‘it is the primary duty of a man to first help himself.’’


In the words of famous jurist Jeremy Bentham, ‘‘The Right of Private Defense is absolutely necessary for the protection of one’s life, liberty and property.

Interpretation by the Supreme Court

In a verdict delivered on March 7, 2019,Supreme Court of India expanded the scope of self defence. The bench of Justices A.M. Sapre and R. Subhash Reddy turned down the sentence given by the trial court to the Tamil Nadu forest ranger who shot dead a sandalwood “smuggler” in the the dharmapuri forest area in 1988, and acquitted him.
The trial court had sentenced ranger Sukumaran to life in prison for murder. The Madras High Court reduced the term to five years. In appeal, the SC concluded that Sukumaran had shot the “smuggler” under threat to his own life and that of his driver. The bench of the apex court said that, ‘‘A mere reasonable apprehension is enough to put the right of self defence into operation.’’
The Court also observed that ‘‘the right to private defence of one’s own body against any offense affecting the human body but also to defend the boy of any other person. The Right also embraces the protection of property, whether one’s own or another person’s against certain specified offences, namely, theft, robbery, mischief, and criminal trespass.’’

Detailed understanding

Now let’s understand the sections of private defence given in the Indian Penal Code in detail.
Section 96: Things done in private defence: Right of private defence is not revenge. This section explains that the right in no case extends to the inflicting of more harm than it is necessary for the purpose of defence.
Section 97: Right of Private defence of the body and of property: This Section of IPC divides the right of private defence into two parts.
a) The right of private defence of person,
b) The right of private defence of property.
According to this section, this right extends not only to the defence of one’s own body or property but also to defend the body and property of any other person. Even a stranger can defend the person or property of another person and vice versa.
Section 98: Right of Private defence against the act of a person of unsound mind, etc. : This section mentions that the right to private defence from its very nature admits no exception since it is the right of preservation of one’s life and property as also another’s life and property against the world at large. The right of defence of the body exists against all attackers, with or without mens rea.
Section 99 : Acts against there is no right of Private defence : there are four acts is mention where no right of private defence can be used as an excuse. These are as following:
i) against the acts of a public servant acting in good faith.
ii) against the acts of the those acting under the authority or direction of a public servant.
iii) where there is sufficient time for recourse to public authorities.
iv) the quantum of harm of that may be caused shall in no case be in excesses.
Section 100: When the right of private defence of the body extends to causing death:
Section 100 is very important to understand as it states that one can even kill the other person in his defence. But to invoke this section following four conditions must exist.
i) The person exercising the right of private defence must be free from fault in bringing about encounter.
ii) There must be present, an impending peril to life or of great bodily harm, rape, unnatural lust, kidnapping or abduction, wrongful confinement etc.
iii) There must be no safe or reasonable mode of escape by retreat, and
iv) There must have been a necessity for taking the life.

Section 101,when the right extends to causing harm other than death: This Section provides that, if the offence be not of any of the description enumerated in Section 100; the right of private defence of the body does not extend to the voluntary causing of death to the assailant, but does extend to the voluntary causing to the assailant of any harm other than death.
Section 102,Commencement and continuance of the right of private defence of the body: Section 102 deals with two very important aspects of the right of private defence of body –
a) the right commences at that point of time when a reasonable apprehension of danger to the body arises either from an attempt to commit an offence on the body or from a threat to commit such offence even though in either of these cases the offence itself may not have been committed.
b) the right continues till such apprehension of danger to the body continues.
Section 103, when the right of private defence of property extends to causing Death : The right of private defence of property extends under the restrictions mentioned in section 99, to the voluntary causing of death or of any other harm to the wrong-doer, if the offence, the committing of which, or the attempting to commit which, occasions the exercise of the right, be an offence of any of the descriptions hereinafter enumerated, namely, Robbery ; House-breaking by night; Mischief by fire committed on any building, tent or vessel, which is being used as a human dwelling, or as a place for the custody of property; Theft, mischief, or house-trespass, under such circumstances as may reasonably cause apprehension that death or grievous hurt will be the consequence, if such right of private defence is not exercised.
Section 104, when such rights extends to causing any harm other than death”:
This section is correlated to the section 103. It says that where the offence of theft, mischief or criminal trespass has been committed or attempted but the description are different from those enumerated in section 103 of the Code; the right of private defence of property extends only up to the extent to voluntary causing of any other harm than death.
Section 105, commencement and continuance of the right of private defence of property: This section is comparable to Section 102, and indicates when the right of defence of property commences and till that period it continues.
In case of theft the right of private defence of property is put to an end by the successful retreat of the thief, if the thief is running away with the property, he cannot be said to have retreated. It is only when he reaches his final destination that he can be said to have retreated. The question whether or not there was enough time for the injured party to have recourse to the protection of the public authorities is always a question of fact depending on the circumstances of each case.
Section 106: right of private defence against deadly assault when there is risk of harm to innocent person: The section says that in case of an assault, reasonably causing an apprehension of death, if the defender is faced with such a situation where there exists risk of harm to an innocent person, there is no restriction on him to exercise his right of defence and he is entitled to run that risk.

Burden of Proof

The burden of proof in cases of where the plea of private defence is taken rests on the Accused. It is for him to prove the innocence and define that he acted out of necessity, he actually left with no other way but to use his right of defence.

Conclusion
This right is based on the natural law that,the self protection is the primary duty of every living being. The one who cannot help himself, no law will be able to protect him. The right to defence is a very powerful weapon so it should be used only in the necessity.

Impact of Covid 19

COVID 19 enters the world with the starting of the year 2020.In its beginning it strikes to leading powers of the world like America,CHINA,Italy, Britain. It grabs the people in the mouth of death and creates a situation of great economic depression all over the world. Slowly overtime, it is affecting developing and underdeveloped countries.COVID-19 impacts are both positive and negative. It shows its impact in every aspect. These aspects are-
1. Sociological 2. Economic 3. Political 4. Administration of country

Positive impacts of COVID 19 are– A. It reduces pollution level. B. Improve air index C. Give good time to spend with family D.Make people to understand that life and family are more important than money.

Whole world is fighting together against this pandemic. At this time everyone’s focus is on COVID-19 leaving aside other matters of economy, development and administration.COVID-19 came with many positive impacts but we can’t neglect its negative impacts also.

Negative impact of COVID-19 are–

  1. Sociological impact – As modernisation and urbanisation are increasing, emotional attachment is decreasing among people.And COVID 19 also introduces another weapon i.e. social distancing.It puts impact on festivals,rituals,ceremonies etc. It breaks the social bonding among people.
  2. Economical impact- Major impact of COVID 19 is on the world economy. Economy is on a downfall day by day. During lockdown the government is in loss of 35 thousand crore daily.Every source of the economy is on break.Each and every day of lockdown is like a burden on the government.It creates a situation when input is very less and output is on peak.
  3. Political impact- COVID 19 touched each and every field. Politics is also affected by it.Sessions of parliament are adjourned sine die.
  4. Education- Education is also affected by the COVID 19 . Colleges remain closed since march, all competitive exams are postponed. This impact of COVID 19 affects the development of our nation also.
  5. Administration of country- All above impacts affects the administration of the country.We cannot even imagine the future consequences and situation of our nation.COVID19 pulls us 30 years back.
    Conclusion – We all have to unite to fight against COVID 19, otherwise we have to face worse consequenses.COVID 19 strikes poor starta the most. It’s our moral duty to keep poor, so that the country’s administration can be improved.COVID 19 negative impacts can’t be underestimated but on other hand we also can’t underestimate the positive impacts.Problems for whose solution international conferences were now solved automatically.

Role of science in making india

In the last few years, science has helped a lot in the development of India. Science has contributed to all the sectors. Science has improved the global economy, increased employment opportunities, saved millions of lives and has played a major role in a lot of industries. Science is very important for the growth and development of India. It even plays a key role in our daily lives. Every country should invest as much as possible in research and development for scientific technologies. In this essay on the role of science in making India we will see how science has helped India to grow in different sectors.

How Indian Scientists have Helped India Grow?

When it comes to Indian Scientists, the first name comes to my mind is CV Raman. CV Raman was the first Asian who won the Nobel Prize. His work was related to light and sound. He investigated that when light passes through a transparent material, some of the deflected light waves see the change in its amplitude and wavelength.

APJ Abdul Kalam is the second name that comes in my mind in Indian Scientists. APJ Abdul Kalam worked as an Aerospace engineer with ISRO and DRDO. He was also president of India from 2002 to 2007. Abdul Kalam contributed a lot to Aerospace. One of the contributions is deploying Rohini Satellite near Earth’s orbit. A few more names are Homi Bhabha, Visvesvaraya, V Radhakrishnan, Satyendra Nath Bose and many more… 

How has Science Increased Employment Opportunities?

Whenever any new technology is discovered it leads to new industries. For example, if any new scientific device is invented it will require eligible professionals to control the device. Such inventions help in increasing employment opportunities. This also helps in growth in many businesses which in turn develops the Indian economy.

Curing Diseases and Saving Lives

In the last few years, medical science has evolved so much and saved billions of lives. New technologies like wireless brain sensors, artificial organs, smart inhalers, robotic surgery, virtual reality are making work easier for thousands of doctors around the world. And also these technologies are saving millions of lives and curing diseases. 

Role in Agriculture Sector

Science has played a very major role in the Agriculture sector. Food is one of the basic needs of our lives. And science has now invented so many new agriculture techniques which have increased production drastically. The old mundane techniques farmers used to follow was very slow, expensive, and required too much effort. Science has made everything a lot easier for farmers. Improved facilities in irrigation, modern fertilizers, advanced equipment, and pesticides are all helping farmers to work faster, and save more money. 

Science has helped us a lot in many ways and it will keep helping. Everyone should not only invest as much as possible in science and technology but also should stay aware of all new technologies developed around the world. 

Why Birds like to sit on Power Lines?

Birds sitting on power lines are one of the everyday scenes often taken for granted, ye one that brings endless fascination. When we see rows of birds on power lines, we often stare in wonderment. Why do birds like to perch on power lines? Why do they sit spaced evenly in a row? Did they get shocked? Why do they face the same direction?

Power lines are convenient and common rest stops for birds in cities and towns where there are very few trees. High-voltage wires make great lookout perches for passionate birds or the common perching birds like, sparrows, starlings, crows, grackles, to name a few. The feet of perching birds or songbirds are adapted to grabbing onto branches and power lines. Not all birds have this special adaptation.

Birds are social animals that like to interact with each other as they rest on power lines. Being high up gives the birds a good vantage point to see the surroundings and be on the look out with predators and food sources.

Birds can be seen at dusk or sunrise perched on overhead power lines. Every time a bird lands on the wire, the entire row of birds on the same wire would move over for the newcomer. Birds are instinctively such considerate and accommodating little creatures.

This high-voltage meeting appears to be an enormous flock of birds in the midst of migration, taking a short rest on power lines before heading on to their destination.

These bird formation on intersecting power lines almost seen staged and choreographed. Who would ever think that these little creatures would roost at every angle. Being bird brained is not necessarily a bad thing birds are smarter than most people think.

One theory is that birds space themselves evenly along power lines so that there is enough room to land and take off from the wire. This mandated a certain distance from the wings to spread during take off. But again, the bird can jump and then spread its wings. The other theory is that keeping a certain distance from each other avoid aggression and conflict.

Thousands of raptors are killed every year due to power lines, particularly in the western U.S. In wide open plains and deserts, power poles are often the only high perches available for hunters like bald and golden eagles and great horned owls, who survey the landscape for prey and take off into rising wing currents. Electric shock occurs when their wings brush against a two live wires when settling on top of a grounded pole.

Malabar Rebellion: Looking 100 years back

2020 has been driving at the highest paces as every person in the country is finding themselves locked more often than not. Amidst all the negativity, India has specifically positive things to look forward as it celebrates the 100th-year anniversary of the Malabar uprising next year i.e in the year 2021.

The Rebellion is not much talked about except locally. The Malabar rebellion, is also commonly known as the Moplah rebellion. This rebellion by the Mappila Muslims of Kerala was one of a kind as it was an armed revolt staged against their Hindu landlords and the British authorities in 1921. The duration of the revolt says a lot of their efforts and neglect as India pauses to salute the six-month long movement. Despite being one of the first cases of nationalist uprisings in Southern India, it was actually occurred within the broader spectrum of the Non-cooperation movement led by Mahatma Gandhi, which is also popularly called as the Khilafat movement.

Moplahs or the so called Mappilas were of two known cultures. One being the Muslim tenants also called as Kanamdars and the other were the cultivators, locally called as Verumpattamdars. These two cultures resided in the Malabar region, a place where most of the landlords were upper caste Hindus. The majority having a say is particularly evident today as well as which gives us the idea on how the dominance could have been unprecedented then and totally shrilling. The Moplahs however, had gained some prominence when Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan invaded Mysore. But the domination of the Hindu landlords was re-established soon following the 3rd Anglo-Mysore war, also around time after British occupation of Malabar in 1792. And in no time, the Mappilas found themselves at the mercy and under the shackles of their Hindu landlords who ultimately served as British agents and were sustained by them.

The history of feudal conflicts in the Malabar region was nothing but the years of pressured ostracizing as it particularly stands as one of the causes of the revolt. The tenant-landlord relations were historically strained. A total 32 uprisings between 1836 and 1919 were evidently organized by the Moplahs against their high caste Hindu landlords, the relatives of the landlords and also against the assistants of British officials.

The economic condition of Mappila tenants had deteriorated overtime which brought in Agrarian discontent among them. It was caused by the oppressions on them by the draconian British policies which had increased taxation, unsecured their tenancy, racked the renting, forced numerous evictions etc. This had also given rise to anti-feudal and anti-British sentiments among the Moplahs.

The Congress, specifically Gandhi, had tried to reached out to the Mappila cultivators to mobilize support and encourage them for independence through the non-cooperation movement. This led to the formation of Khilafat in Malabar in June 1920, which with time became increasingly active. Consequently, in August 1920, Gandhi along with Shaukat Ali, the leader of the Khilafat movement in India, visited Calicut with an aim to spread the idea of Khilafat and message of non-cooperation among the residents of Malabar. By January of 1921, the Mappilas under the shed of Mahadum Tanga, their religious head, had pledged to support the proposed movement.

But it was only under the leadership of Variyamkunnath Kunjahammed Haji that the Mappilas took up arms in August 1921 after the arrest of their Khilafat leader Ali Musaliyar. The immediate cause was led by a widespread rumour that the prominent mosque in Thirurangadi was raided.

The course of the rebellion largely took the shape of guerrilla-type attacks on the police, troops and janmis.  The symbols of the colonial state including the stations, telegraph lines, courts, offices etc. alongwith the houses of the landlords were attacked.

The rebellion spread across the Malabar district so much that the British officers and the local police officers had to escape leaving the huge territory under the control of the rebels.

The territory was then declared an ‘independent state’ under the ruling of Haji in August 1921. The territory headquartered in Nilambur and also had its own separate currency, system of taxation and passport for nearly six months. The Khilafat regime was run parallelly along with the state affairs. The local tenants were granted the power over their lands in which they cultivated and grew along with tax incentives.

Although the movement started off explicitly as a protest against British authorities, it had acquired the sights of communal implications that later culminated into communal violence. The independency did not last long as the British suppressions of the revolt led to the British government responding largely to the movement with much more aggression. They returned to bring in Gurkha regiment with the aim to suppress it. They succeeded and had imposed martial law.

Approximately 60 Mappila residents were sent on their way to a prison and suffocated to death in a closed railway goods wagon from which the movement is also referred to have given birth to the ‘Wagon Tragedy’. By January 1922, the British had taken back all the areas which were held by the rebels by capturing all the key Mappilan leaders. In this process, Haji was also arrested to be sentenced to death.

The ending in this particular rebellion is not celebratory but the struggles of the ancestors have certainly been. The courage, the revolts and the first uprisings which eventually led to India’s Independency is undoubtedly the kind of happy forward motivation the residents need as we are fighting the small little struggles of our own against as deadly a pandemic as Covid-19.  So, with open arms, the 100th year of Malabar Rebellion is all welcome!

Everything about Talent Management

What is Talent Management?

Talent management is defined as the methodically organized, strategic process of getting the right talent onboard and helping them grow to their optimal capabilities keeping organizational objectives in mind. 

The process thus involves identifying talent gaps and vacant positions, sourcing for and onboarding the suitable candidates, growing them within the system and developing needed skills, training for expertise with a future-focus and effectively engaging, retaining and motivating them to achieve long-term business goals. The definition brings to light the overarching nature of talent management – how it permeates all aspects pertaining to the human resources at work while ensuring that the organization attains its objectives. It is thus the process of getting the right people onboard and enabling them to enable the business at large.

Under the umbrella of talent management, there are a string of elements and sub-processes that need to work in unison to ensure the success of the organization. For example, analyzing the right talent gaps for the present and the future, identifying the right talent pools and best-fit candidates, getting them to join and then optimizing their existing skills and strengths while helping them grow are touch-points that are all equally important. They support each other and the whole structure would crumble even if one sub-process fell out of sync.

Talent Management Process

While often cyclical rather than a generic linear progression of events, the process of talent management could be considered, to begin with acknowledging the need for talent and leads to filling that gap and ultimately growing and optimizing the skills, traits, and expertise of employees, new and old.

The following image depicts the key points of the talent management process:

Let’s get into these key steps in the process of managing talent effectively:

1. Planning: Like in any process with a set outcome, planning is the first step in the process of talent management. It involves the following identifying where the gaps lie – the human capital requirement, formulating job descriptions for the necessary key roles to help guide sourcing and selection and developing a workforce plan for recruitment initiatives

2. Attracting: Based on the plan, the natural next step is to decide whether the talent requirements should be filled in from within the organization or from external sources. Either way, the process would involve attracting a healthy flow of applicants. The usual external sources include job portals, social network, and referrals. The talent pools that need to be tapped into must be identified in advance to keep the process as smooth and efficient as possible. This is where the kind of employer brand that the organization has built for itself, comes into play because that decides the quality of applications that com

3. Selecting: This involves using a string of tests and checks to find the right match for the job – the ideal person-organization fit. Written tests, interviews, group discussions and psychometric testing along with an in-depth analysis of all available information on the candidate on public access platforms help in gauging an all-rounded picture of the person. Today there are software and AI-enabled solutions that recruiters can use to skim through a vast population of CVs to focus on the most suitable options and to find the ideal mat

4. Developing: Quite a few organizations today operate on the idea of hiring for attitude and training for skills. This makes sense because while you would want a predisposition to certain skill-sets, it is the person that you are hiring and not the CV. Developing employees to help them grow with the organization and training them for the expertise needed to contribute to business success also builds loyalty and improves employee engagement. This begins with an effective onboarding program to help the employee settle into the new role, followed by providing ample opportunities for enhancing the skills, aptitude and proficiency while also enabling growth through counseling, coaching, mentoring and job-rotation schem

5. Retaining: For any organization to be truly successful, sustainably, talent needs to be retained effectively. Most organizations try to retain their best talent through promotions and increments, offering opportunities for growth, encouraging involvement in special projects and decision-making, training for more evolved roles and rewards and recognition program

6. Transitioning: Effective talent management focuses on a collective transformation and evolution of the organization through the growth of individual employees. This involves making each employee feel that they are a part of a bigger whole. Providing retirement benefits, conducting exit interviews and effective succession planning might seem like unrelated career points but they are all transition tools that enable the shared journey.

Talent Management Model

Over the years, there have been multiple models made for talent management that have been created b organization who have felt that they have finally cracked the code on the perfect model. The thing with talent management, however, is that it needs to morph to suit the latest talent trends, digital disruptions, and employee expectations.

The following diagram is that of the integrated talent management model which appears to be the most relevant one today.

The primary components of the model are:

  • Acquire – Employer branding, recruitment, onboarding
  • Assess – Talent analytics, succession planning and assessments
  • Develop – Workforce planning, culture at work, engagement and retention practices
  • Deploy – Goal alignment, career-path planning, learning and development, and performance management


This structure of components is cyclical and goes on in a sustained loop while taking onto consideration the internal climate within the organization and the external environment in which it operates.

How can an organization ensure that this model is put to the best use? The following graphic enumerates the facets that need to be kept in mind.

primary components of the model

The point to be kept in mind here is that no model of something as dynamic as talent management is writ in stone. It needs to be able to adapt to the changing needs of the organization the evolving talent expectations and the pace set by changes within the industry.

Talent Management Strategy

Talent management is not a mere checklist of requirements that need to be sufficed – it is a strategy that needs careful implementation, regular checks, and continual improvement. The following are the six primary talent management strategies that serve as the pillars of people functions.

1. Detailed job descriptions


A well-informed, detailed job description helps the sourcer, the sourcing software, and the candidate understand the job-role better. Generic job descriptions only serve to confuse all parties involved in the talent acquisition process and lead to a wave of irrelevant applications. Information that must be a part of the job description includes the following:

  • Job title and location
  • Overall duties
  • Skills required
  • Reporting lines
  • Tools and equipment used
  • Salary and benefits


With these, candidates can make an informed decision on whether to apply or not and sourcers get CVs that fit the bill better.

2. Person-organization fit


An employee that does not fit into the organizational culture can neither be the happiest employee nor the most sustainably productive one. While the culture can be difficult to define in words, it is prevalent in actions and quite easy to understand whether a candidate would be a good fit or not. Personal and organizational values need to have a certain degree of overlap for any employee to feel at home within the organization. Without a comfortable person-organization fit, the most amount of time, effort and energy would go into attempts at adjustment. Hiring candidate with the right P-O fit (or PE fit) thus greatly improves the chances of better employee engagement, higher employee satisfaction, and usually better performance.

3. Collaborate-coach-evolve


An important strategy to make talent management more effective involves creating a culture of coaching, mentoring (even reverse mentoring) and collaboration. Constructive feedback goes a long way when it comes to helping employees evolve and develop their skills and expertise. Managing talent is thus also about preparing them for the future of the organization – to be ready for changes down the path and to be able to rely on each other. 

4. Reward and recognize right


The process of rewards and recognition forms an important part of the strategy to motivate, engage and manage employees better. This goes beyond financial rewards and bonus packages. Studies point towards the fact that employees often want R&R schemes that motivate them with “prizes” that are most relevant to them as individuals. This is a great opportunity for organizations to show their employees how much they care for them as persons and as integral aspects of the organizational machinery.

5. Opportunities for continuous improvement


Managing talent needs to be put in the context of the future that the organization has envisioned for itself. Thus, employees need to be equipped with the right tools to be able to maximize their own potential. For the continuous improvement of the organization, there needs to be the scope and opportunities for the continuous development of its employees. Moreover, this ensures that the cumulative skills within the organization is updated, upgraded and upscaled.

Talent management involves strategically planning career paths that make sense for every employee. We all tend to work better we know where we are headed and what the next stop is for our careers. This does not entail making empty promises of promotions but rather creating a career map in discussion with the employee, making sure that they relate to it and feel that it is realistic while also providing them with all the necessary tools to make the map a reality. Having a map to follow also improves retention scores since employees then know what they have to look forward to and work towards and can then collaborate effectively to achieve it.

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COVID 19 and domestic issue

In this crucial time of fighting together against COVID-19 the people all over the country are bound by law to stay at home and follow the lockdown as directed by Honourable Prime Minister Narendra Modi.During Period it has been observed that cases of domestic violence are increasing rapidly.Domestic violence includes any kind of harm physically,emotionally and sexually by one member of family to another.In this time all the members of family are at home together there are more chances of differences to be caused due to distinct views, beliefs. Lots of cases of domestic violence are being reported nowadays. The main cause of this domestic violence is lack of education,lack of values and respect for each other.Surviving in this society doesn’t mean that a person could do anything just to please or calm down its own anger. In case of domestic violence one hurts another in order to calm down its anger which is not justified neither by values nor by law.To fix this issue of domestic violence one always needs to be calm. There must be proper polite discussions on knowledgable or interesting topics to make proper use of quarantine period.One must keep the feeling of respect towards another. This COVID-19 give us plenty of time which should be used in a good manner.The problem of domestic violence mainly arises from anger,aggression so people must take care of these feelings. They must do things which please themselves but do not offend others.Whether it is upper society or lower caste the cases of domestic violence  are everywhere so this must be stopped and the only solution is to stay calm,be positive, do not over react and give time to older as well as younger ones.

The Narwhal: The Fascinating Unicorn Whale of the Arctic Ocean

The Narwhal is a fascinating whale that live in the Arctic Ocean. it reminds many people of the mythical unicorn because one of the male’s teeth and occasionally one of the female’s teeth is hugely elongated.

A Narwhal has two teeth. The roots of the teeth are buried in the upper jaw. The left tooth actually grows through the upper lip, extending out of the whale’s mouth to form a straight, spiraled tusk. This may be as long as ten feet in the male. Unlike our teeth, a Narwhal’s tusk is somewhat flexible.

The “nar” in the narwhal’s name comes from an old Norse word that means “corpse”. The mottled black, grey, and white appearance of the adults reminded earlier people of a floating corpse in the sea. The scientific name of the narwhal is monodon monoceros, which in Greek means “one tooth, one horn”.

Narwhals are adapted for life in the Arctic and are rarely found below 65 degrees north in latitude. They are most abundant in the Arctic Ocean near Canada and Greenland. They also inhibit the water by Russia and Svalbard, which is the part of Norway. Occasionally, they are seen near Alaska.

The whales usually swim offshore at various depths in the water, often in he midst of ice. Researchers have recently discovered that narwhals off the coast of Greenland come as close as a kilometer to glacier fonts that are releasing chunks of ice. The animals don’t seem to be bothered by the noise that is created.

Reform not only a regulation, but a resolution for betterment of country and human beings: Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi

Minority Affairs Minister Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi has said that reform is not only a regulation, but it is a resolution for betterment of the country and human beings. He was addressing a seminar on ‘Role of Journalism, Media and Cinema in Nation and Generation Building’ during the inaugural session of Centre for Professional Development in Higher Education, Delhi University today.

Mr Naqvi said that the government, politics, cinema and media are connected with each other with a sensitive thread of the society and courage, commitment and caution are tested, evaluated and essential Mantra to strengthen these relations. He said, in the time of crisis, the government, society, cinema and media act as one soul and four bodies.

The Minister said, the history is a witness to the fact that whenever there is a crisis in the country, before or after Independence, all these four sections have together performed their responsibilities with complete honesty in national interest and human welfare.

Mr Naqvi said that the entire world is facing such a crisis in the form Corona pandemic. He said, many generations have not seen such a challenge, still, we have left no stone unturned to play the role of a mature society, government, cinema and media and especially in India, all these four sections became a part of solution to the problem.

Mr Naqvi said that there have been revolutionary changes in work culture, character and commitment of the establishment, society, cinema and media during the last six months. He said, reforms don’t take place due to only regulations, they take place due to resolution.

The Minister said, media has a more important role to play in nation building in comparison to any Constitutional institution. He said, today, the print, electronic and digital media have a reach to about 80 per cent of the country’s population.

Newspapers, television, radio, digital platforms have played a laudable role in spreading the information to the remotest parts of the country from towns to villages. Digital media has also made a space for itself in our life. Mr Naqvi said that the media not only creates awareness among the people through news and various information, it also makes the government system cautious through constructive criticism. 

AIIMS begins e-ICU video-consultation programme to reduce COVID-19 mortality

In order to strengthen the Government of India’s efforts to reduce COVID-19 mortality, AIIMS, New Delhi has started a video-consultation programme with ICU doctors across the country called e-ICU.  The programme aims at holding case-management discussions among doctors who are at the frontline in treating COVID-19 patients in hospitals and COVID facilities around the country.

Physicians who manage COVID-19 patients including those in the ICUs can raise queries, present their experience and share knowledge with other physicians and experts from AIIMS, New Delhi on this video platform. Forty three big hospitals in 11 states so far have been covered.

The primary objective of these discussions is to reduce mortality from COVID-19 by learning from shared experience and strengthening best practices among hospitals. AIR correspondent reports that 1,000 beds including isolation beds, oxygen supported and ICU beds in hospitals are covered under this programme.

Each of these sessions conducted through video conference span nearly two hours. The discussions have covered the entire range of issues related to management of COVID-19 patients.