Month: July 2020

HAPPINESS IS THE SECRET OF HEALTHY LIFE!!!!

“Happiness is the which means and the motive of life, the whole aim and end of human existence.”

Happiness is a broad term that describes the celebration of advantageous emotions, which include joy, peace, and satisfaction.

Emerging studies indicate that being happier doesn’t just make you feel higher — it certainly brings a bunch of capability fitness benefits.

This article explores how being glad may additionally make you healthier.

Health and Happiness

Studies display that a person’s health is one of the most powerful predictors of happiness. But the link between health and happiness is complex. Research suggests little correlation among a person’s objective health — as described by way of medical assessment — and happiness. It’s our subjective health — how we view our fitness — that affects our well-being. So is happiness all on your head?

Not necessarily. For example, adverse modifications in health do hurt happiness stages, at the least temporarily. Poor health can significantly affect almost every aspect of your lifestyles: your independence, your self-image, your non-public relationships, your ability to work and perform basic each day activities. So it is no surprise that once your fitness takes a hit, your happiness does as nicely.

But people are resilient. We turn out to be acquainted with new lifestyle circumstances, proper or bad. We adapt. Within a month or of an adverse health event, most people have gravitated again in the direction of the level of happiness they enjoyed before their fitness took a flip for the worse.

What You Can Do

Do all that you may to keep a healthy lifestyle and you’ll be properly on your manner to a long existence rich in happiness.

Be your healthiest and happiest by consuming a balanced weight loss plan with masses of fruit and veggies, maintaining strain stages to a minimum, getting regular checkups, wearing sunscreen, guffawing often, moderating alcohol intake, getting plenty of exercise, and now not smoking. Your RealAge Plan will offer extra personalized detail on this.

And if you think you will be living with a temper disorder, get it treated. An appropriate remedy can assist lessen your symptoms, grow your experience of nicely-being, and get you back on the right track to a happy lifestyle.

Social Side Up

Developing your social side is essential for properly-being. Studies show that socially active folks, who are compassionate, and who’re emotionally beneficiant have better levels of happiness and live longer than people who lead an extra solitary existence.

Research also suggests that human beings who have robust interpersonal abilities rank in the highest degrees of happiness, and people who are socially remoted have extensively decrease levels of properly-being.

Social skills are just one part of this happiness factor, even though. People who hold exact personal relationships additionally fare higher than folks who are socially inactive. Open, trusting, intimate relationships are important building blocks for a satisfied life.

And it isn’t the most effective receiving guide that makes us glad; it is being capable of giving a guide to others as nicely.

Happiness and the Meaningful Life

According to the founding father of effective psychology, Martin Seligman, a glad existence is one this is pleasurable, enticing, and significant. And the greater engaging and meaningful, the better. Seligman indicates that individuals who cognizance their energies on main an engaged and meaningful existence are extra a success at achieving lifelong happiness than individuals who awareness at the transitory sense-goods of pleasure.

What You Can Do

Spend greater time doing what you love. Engaging in activities which can be consistent with your values and pastimes can improve your experience of nicely-being. If you experience as though you’ve got lost contact with what the ones sports might be, think about what captivates you so entirely which you lose yourself within the moment and forget approximately your stress.

It’s possible to be something you’re desirable at that also presents you with a piece of an undertaking or a few sort of emotional reward. Some examples are probably gardening, writing, painting, surfing, cycling, volunteering, or playing a musical instrument.

As you focus on bringing meaning to your lifestyles, be sure to set realistic, attainable goals. People who do so file being happier than people who recognition on grandiose long-time period dreams. Being capable of realizing desires that reflect your values and interests can assist improve your sense of autonomy, cause, and achievement. This has been proven to contribute drastically to overall nicely-being.

criminal justice system

CHALLENGES OF INDIAN CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM
The country has been facing various loggerheads when it comes to the Indian justice system
in India. Sometimes, we can even see that peoples right of life and personal liberty which is
guaranteed by constitution is being deprived off. In enormous number of cases among which
recent one is Unnao rape case where we can see that how politicians has superseded existing
criminal law. The brief facts of this case are a teenage girl accused MLA of Unnao of raping
her year in 2017 she also tried to fire out herself outside la residence . the allegations also say
he had planned a accident which led which led death of her family members . so the judiciary
at various stages had come to the front and tried to solve the case and punish the accused by
having day to day hearing so we can see that how the executive is not able to implement the
criminal justice system properly. Various challenges of the current justice system which is
prevailing in India are as follows :
 Scarcity of judges: if we talk about data there are 19 judge per 10 lakh people in our
country which is less as compared to the other countries as in USA 127 judge per 1
million people are there. it’s a big challenge to our judiciary as 37% of the sanctioned
judge’s seat are vacant in the high courts of the country.
 Pendency of cases: the vidhi center for legal policy in its legal report has found that
nearly 70% of cases in Delhi high court has been decided by giving more than 3
adjournments which is against the provision of CRPC which says that a case it to be
decided in not more than three adjournments there are 43.55 lakhs case pending in
high court in which 8.5 lakhs are case which are 10-year-old. there are 1.59 lakhs case
pending in supreme court
 Lack of transparency: judiciary does not come under ambit of RTI act also there is no
transparency in appointment of judges
 Lack of synergy between police prosecution and judiciary: there is lack of
cooperation between the three elements without which one can’t attain an established
and fair judicial pattern of justice
 Hardships of under trail in India where are there is roughly 4.25 lakhs prisoners are
undertrials which is world largest number of undertrial prisoners that not because they
have been found guilty but they had been prosecuted in charges that are non- bailable
and also bail is tough task for them
 Lack of use of technology: a good technology helps to reduce the huge amount of
paper work involved there is need for better technology for recording the statement
and also CCTVs can be installed which can be used for recoveries and other related
process
 Lack of fund : the central government is not taking up seriously about the current
situation of the courts throughout the countries the courts are facing shortage of basic
things such as clean water electrification, sitting arrangements, waiting area etc.
NEED OF INQUISTORIAL SYSTEM
The years old adversarial system should must be replaced by the inquisitorial system. The old
British time system of delivering justice is still being followed the accused feels safer than
that of victim who has to prove himself the guilt of accused as the accused is to be presumed
an innocent person. in adversarial system truth is supposed to be emerge from respective
versions of facts presented by the prosecution and the defense before a neutral judge. parties

in the adversarial system enjoys freedom of proof widely. However, the system needs to be
changed according to the need of masses as it has many drawbacks:
It focuses on strict ignorance of procedural law which has created very less space for state to
be biased against the accused. It focuses and favors mainly to the accused and victim role is
limited of being a witness.
An inquisitorial system is an organised process where part of the court, if not the entire court,
is actively work in an inquiry of the findings of a case. It is different from an adversarial
system where the role of the court is to be an impartial third person who only observes , or
make decisions while listening to parties .
The trial judges become inquisitors who passionately take part in public inquiries by
questioning prosecutors, and defendants. These judges can even order specific items of
evidence be examined if they feel that the presentation by any party in the case is not up to
the mark . however there are advantages of adopting an inquisitorial system :

 4 It lowers the advantages of wealth inside the justice system.
in Indian societies there exist huge no of cases which are pending. This can be
ascertained to many factors. One such factor can be that there exist a huge gap
between the rich and poor. We’ve seen number of cases where rich gets bail easier as
they are able to afford good and expensive lawyers. This inquisitorial system will
eliminate such gap .
 It reduces decisions against people which are driven be emotions.
According to Pacific Standard Magazine report published in year 2013 , jurors who
faces moral outrage any level during a case are more likely to convict a defendant if
we tally to those who do not witness this emotional reaction. Under an adversarial
system of justice, the aim of the prosecutor is to elicit this response when they present
a case because it increases the likelihood of a successful results. With an this system
of justice, there is another line of defence against this emotional decision-making
process. The judge can help to determine the facts of a case so that decisions are
based on logical understandings instead of emotions.
 It lowers bias within the system of justice.
when many people are engaged in a legal proceedings various perspectives that are
bring down to review the situation that took place. Here chances of unintentional bias
is not present like adversarial system but in the inquisitorial system each of the parties
share and contribute their opinions and the facts decide what actually occurs instead
of biased opinion.
 It is a system which does not leave anyone.
in the inquisitorial system it aims that each person should be treated equally. This
system allows no exemptions same questions is asked to everyone when there is any
case presented. And the reality of each answer is then after verified through rigorous
work that what actually happened .
 It is a system which indicates independent review.
each wing will work upon each issues independently which is unique features itself .
there can be co-operation between the various individuals working a case, they are
separate teams working toward an outcome by themselves instead of together as a
4 Pros and cons of inquisitorial system available at: https://connectusfund.org/19-big-pros-and-cons-of-
inquisitorial-system

group. Some systems may needs full agreement in the results from all of the teams
working on a case before a case proceeds thereafter.
 It must resolve all factual uncertainties before coming to a resolution.
This is a mechanism of continuous investigation that is conducted firstly by police
then after magistrate or the judge who serves as the lead investigator in many
systems. Because the judge(s) are placed in this role, they are tasked by the
government to exhaust every effort to settle any factual uncertainties which may exist
in a case. There must be sufficient evidence of guilt to proceed. Although in some
cases this need may lead to pressure on the defendant to confess, this system seeks to
minimize manipulation to create specific outcomes.
 It allows the judicial system to play a substantial role in the proceedings.
One of the most important benefits s of the inquisitorial system is that the court
moves from being an impartial observer to an active participant. Instead of trying to
weigh the validity of both arguments or place the issue in the hands of a jury alone,
the focus is on achieving a justifiable outcome that fits the facts of the case. Even if
there are minor procedural errors which occur during the case, they can be ignored if
the purpose of achieving justice is the final outcome.
 It grants freedom to defendants to tell their story.
defendants in inquisitorial gets full right to represent their case and story as system
does not degrade character of the defendants as compared to the adversarial system

Fiscal federalism

Fiscal Federalism refers to the division of responsibilities with regards to public expenditure and taxation between the different levels of the government. The Government of India Act 1919 and 1935 formalized the tenets of fiscal federalism and revenue sharing between the Centre and the states. It allows the government to optimize their costs on economies. The Constitution has provided provisions which enable the Union and the States to work in coordination and to levy and collect these taxes through systematic arrangements, provisions like-

  1. Taxes levied and collected by the Centre but assigned to the States.
  2. Taxes levied by the Centre but collected and kept by the States.

Like in other countries, the fiscal dimensions of federalism are a reflection of the political federal structure in India. The traditional subjects of concern of fiscal federalism, such as the assignment of taxes and responsibilities as well as the correction of vertical and horizontal imbalances, continue to remain important in India. Devolution of taxes and duties still constitutes the most significant dimension of fiscal federalism in India (Krishna, 2004). Fiscal federalism in India unlike in many rich countries has to satisfy the competing demands to deliver a number of essential and basic socio-economic services. As a paramount objective, fiscal federalism is expected to enable the national and sub-national governments to operate in such a way that leads to efficiency in the use of resources – not only in terms of the quality of services provided by the various levels of government but also in terms of creating the environment in which all economic agents use resources efficiently. Political environment is important in determining contours of fiscal federalism. After Independence, there was a single and same party rule at the Centre and in almost all states for many decades. There are now telltale signs that India is moving away from an era of cooperative federalism towards competitive federalism, due to multi-party polity, and predominance of regional parties at the state level, and coalition governments at the centre. The existence of competition brings-in the importance of transaction cost of coordinating policies and their implementation
(a) vertically between different levels of government and (b) horizontally between different units within each of the levels.


Many challenges, therefore, lie ahead for fiscal federalism in the country. Bulk of literature on federalism in India had focused on economic aspects of fiscal federalism. There is a little work done in the area of environmental policy and its influence on intergovernmental financial relations in India. Within the context of Indian Federalism, what remains important is to take into account the social diversity in a general sense and the diverse ways in which each member state is able to relate to the federal system as a whole and to other member states (Thornton, 1995). The existing cultural, economic, social, environmental and political factors combining to produce asymmetrical variations in the country, if not handled properly, have the potential to affect harmony within the federal structure of the country.


EVOLUTION OF FISCAL FEDERALISM

The history of fiscal federalism in modern India goes back to the government of India Acts of 1919 and 1935. While the Act of 1919 provided for a separation of revenue heads between the Center and the provinces, the 1935 Act allowed for the sharing of Center’s revenues and for the provision of grants-in-aid to provinces. The salient features of Government of India Acts of 1919 and 1935.
After independence, the Indian Constitution that came into existence in 1950 is widely known as basically ‘federal’ in nature, but with striking ‘unitary’ features, owing to the circumstances of the times when ‘unity and integrity’ of the country was of prime concern (Basu, 1980). Fiscal relations in India had evolved over time through political, institutional and functional changes within the ambit of the provisions of Indian Constitution. The Finance Commission had played an important role in this evolving structure because resource sharing, based on constitutional division of functions and finances between the Centre and states, is a critical element in the Indian federal system (Rangarajan, 2004). The Indian Constitution has not only provided a frame work for social and political development but also established the national ideals and, laid down the manner in which they were to be pursued. The members of the Constituent Assembly “skillfully selected and modified the provisions they borrowed” and “applied to their task two concepts – ‘accommodation’ and ‘consensus’. Accommodation was applied to the principles to be embodied in the Constitution. Consensus was the aim of the decision making process, the single most important source of the constituent Assembly effectiveness” (Granville, 1966). While the spirit of accommodation has been evident not only in the finalization of the provisions of Constitution but also in the manner in which Indian union and the constituent states have discharged their responsibilities of serving an ever increasing population within the democratic framework of governance. The profile of Federal India has undergone significant changes over the last six decades, with the population increasing from 36.10 million 1951 to 1027 million in 2001, and with the number of states emerging in 1956 in a major way and at subsequent points of time in a minor way. What has been significant is the remarkable continuity even while political and institutional changes had taken place in India.
Division of functions and resource asymmetry The Indian Constitution has, under Article 246 and Seventh Schedule, distributed powers and allotted subjects to the Union and the states with a threefold classification of subjects: (i) List I invests the Union with all functions of national importance such as defence, external affairs, communications, constitution, organization of the supreme court and the High courts, elections etc


(ii) List II invests the states with a number of important functions touching on the life and welfare of the people such as public order, police, local government, public health, agriculture, water land etc.

(iii) List III is the Concurrent list, which includes administration of justice (excluding Supreme Court and High Courts), economic and social planning, trade and commerce, etc. It is of interest to note that higher education; forests and population control were all added to this list in 1977 during the emergency when it was felt that the states were not doing justice to these subjects of national importance. Accordingly, the Parliament has exclusive powers to make laws regarding matters enumerated in List I. On the other hand, the Legislature of any state has exclusive power to make laws for that state regarding any of the matters enumerated in List II, subject to other clauses of Article 246. With regard to List III, both the Parliament and State Legislature can make laws but in case of any conflict, the law made by Parliament will prevail (Article 254). The residuary functions, that is, those not included in either lists I or II, vest with the Union. The Union and State lists include the powers of taxation as well. The enumeration of taxation powers placed in the Union List includes: tax on income other than agricultural income, excise duties, customs and corporate tax. Recently service tax had been included in view of diminishing importance of customs. The State List contains land revenue, excise on alcoholic liquor, tax on agricultural income, estate duty, tax on sale or purchase of goods, tax on vehicles, tax on professions, luxuries, entertainment, stamp duties etc. However, due to political reasons, none of the states had imposed tax on agriculture income. The Concurrent List does not include any tax power. The distribution of revenues between the Union and the States and approaches for determining grants as per various Articles of the Indian Constitution is given at Box – 3.3. Distribution of resources between the Centre and the states together with the perceived mismatch between the functional responsibilities and revenue raising powers assigned by the Constitution to the two layers of Governments i.e., Centre and states, has been the subject of considerable discussion and debate in the relevant literature. Two points have been made in this regard: (i) that there is mismatch between the functions allocated to the centre and to the states, their powers of taxation and (ii) that the more buoyant tax areas have been assigned to the centre. But, it has also been pointed out that “the Constitution recognizes that the division of resources and functions between the Union and the states was such that there would be imbalance between them” and that “the Finance Commission periodically corrects the imbalance bringing about an alignment between them” A moot point is whether relative responsibilities of the Centre and states could be defined and worked out in financial terms. The Indian Constitution had given a workable solution that has been able to sustain the federal spirit and provide the framework for many years to come. Many scholars are of the view that in the context of the changes in a growing economy, it is good that they did not freeze the financial relations in a tight frame; they rather chose to provide an institutional mechanism like the Finance Commission to be appointed every five years with powers to make recommendations for statutory devolution and grants.


Vertical and horizontal imbalances


Adequacy and elasticity are the essential elements of federal finance. Adequacy implies sufficient resources for discharging constitutional responsibilities and elasticity implies an expansion of resources in response to the growing needs of Government. The practical effect of the division of tax powers has been to deny both these characteristics in the case of states in India . A vertical imbalance between the Centre and states is built into the Constitution by the provisions relating to powers of taxation. This arises, not out of any consideration of making the centre stronger, but out of the desire to build a common economic space in the country and out of an apprehension that with more powers the states may put up ‘barriers’ within this space. The vertical imbalance is further accentuated by the assignment of several responsibilities involving the public expenditure to the states on the grounds that tiers of government nearer to the people would be more sensitive to their needs and thus be better able to discharge such responsibilities. Since states differ in their resource endowments, levels of development and standards of delivery of public services, there are sharp horizontal imbalances among the states in India.


Inter-governmental transfers

In order to correct built-in vertical and horizontal imbalances for an even and equitable development of the entire country, the main instrument for achieving this is fiscal transfers from the Centre to states through different channels and the mechanisms as provided in the Constitution). Fiscal transfers to the third tier of government through subsequent Constitutional Amendments (73rd and 74th) had also been envisaged in India. Accordingly, there are both mandatory and enabling provisions facilitating a wide ranging transfer of resources from Union to states, arranged in a systematic manner as given in.


CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS FOR DISTRIBUTION OF REVENUES BETWEEN THE UNION AND THE STATES IN INDIA


Article 268: Duties levied by the Union but collected and appropriated by the States.
Article 268 (A): Taxes on services shall be levied by the GoI and such tax can be
collected and appropriated by GoI and the States. (88th Amendment) Article 269: Taxes levied and collected by the Union but assigned to the States. Article 270: Taxes levied and collected by the Union and distributed between the Union and the States.


Article 271: Surcharge on certain duties and taxes for purposes of the Union.


Article 272: Taxes which are levied and collected by the Union and may be distributed between the Union and the States.

Article 275: Grants from the Union to certain States. Article 276: Taxes on professions, trades, callings and employments.


APPROACHES FOR DETERMINING GRANTS


Article 280 (3) (b): Finance Commission to make recommendations as to the “principles” which should govern such grants in aid.

Article 275 (1): Specific “sums” to be paid to the states which are assessed to be in “need of assistance”.


The Indian Constitution, having provided for a certain division of the powers of taxation between the Union and states, also gives the states a share in the resources available to the Centre as contained in Articles in part XII of the Constitution. Any amendment to the List from which the Union and the states erive their power of taxation is covered by the proviso to Article 368. This requires ratification by the Legislatures of not less than one-half of the states. On the other hand, if any of provisions of part XII are to be amended, this can be done under Article 268(2) which requires the approval of only half of the members of each house of Parliament. This means that the share of the Union resources that the states are entitled to, can be altered by Parliament by its powers of amendment.


Mechanism of Transfers


Over the last six decades, an overarching institutional framework had emerged to deal with Centre-state financial relations in India. The main pillars of this frame work are:


(a) Finance Commission appointed periodically as per Article 280 of the Constitution of India, intended to address the vertical imbalance in financial resources between the centre and states and to address the horizontal distribution of resources among the states.
(b) Planning Commission set up by a Resolution of the Government of India dated 15th March 1950 to make an assessment of the material, capital and human resources of the country, and to formulate a plan for effective and balanced utilization of the country’s resources.

(c) National Development Council set up in August 1952 to strengthen and mobilize the effort and resources of the nation in support of the Five year plans. The financial provisions of the Constitution are in accordance with what experts would consider acceptable principles for a federal constitution and a desirable attribute of inter-governmental tax power assignment (Bagchi, 2001). However, it is the actual working of the scheme that has revealed deficiencies that seriously detract from much of its supposed merits. Bagchi (2001) cites the under utilization of Article 269 by the Union Government, the abridgement of the scope of Article 275, and, consequently, the extensive use of Article 282 by the Union to make extensive grants to the states as examples of the original constitutional scheme being distorted in actual practice over the years. It is the combination of all three agencies, namely, the Finance Commission, Planning Commission and the various Ministries of Government of India, that has taken, over several years, qualitatively significant and quantitatively demanding decisions resulting in an increasing level of transfer of resources from the Centre to states. Federal transfers to the states in India, are made in three streams, as (1) Devolution of states share in Central Taxes (2) Grants from Central to the states (classified as statutory or non statutory; and plan as well as non-plan) covering (i) Non-Plan grants, comprising – i. Statutory grants recommended by the Finance Commission to cover gap in revenue; ii. Assistance for relief measures after natural calamities (ii) Non Statutory grants, comprising – i. Plan grants- (a) State plan schemes
(b) Central plan schemes (c) Centrally sponsored schemes (d) Special schemes for North Eastern council etc (3) Loans from Centre a. Plan loans b. Non Plan loans including Ways and Means Advance.

So that was it about fiscal federalism.

Girls outshine boys once again in Class 10th CBSE examination results

Girls once again outshone the boys in the Class 10th Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) examinations results that were announced throughout the country today.

The overall pass percentage in this examination stands at 91.46 per cent. The pass percentage of girls stands at 93.31 per cent as compared to 90.14 percent of boys and 78.95 of transgenders. Among the regions, Trivandrum recorded the highest pass percentage of 99.28 while Guwahati registered the lowest at 79.12 percent.

CBSE said there has been a marginal increase in the pass percentage since last year. Students can check their results at cbse.nic.in or cbseresults.nic.in. The results can also be checked via DigiLocker and Umang apps. 

In a tweet, Human Resource Development Minister Ramesh Pokhriyal Nishank congratulated everyone for making this possible and reiterated that student’s health and quality education are the government’s priority.

WHO, UNICEF warn against decline in number of children receiving life saving vaccines around world due to pandemic

The World Health Organization and UNICEF have warned of an alarming decline in the number of children receiving life-saving vaccines around the world. This is due to disruptions in the delivery and uptake of immunization services caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.

According to new data by WHO and UNICEF, these disruptions threaten to reverse hard-won progress to reach more children and adolescents with a wider range of vaccines, which has already been hampered by a decade of stalling coverage.

The latest data on vaccine coverage estimates from WHO and UNICEF for 2019 shows that improvements such as the expansion of the Human PapillomaVirus vaccine to 106 countries and greater protection for children against more diseases are in danger of lapsing

UNICEF and WHO said, they conducted a survey in collaboration with the US Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, the Sabin Vaccine Institute and Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, which revealed three-quarters of the 82 countries that responded reported COVID-19-related disruptions in their immunization programmes as of May 2020.

UNICEF Executive Director Henrietta Fore has said that COVID-19 has made previously routine vaccination a daunting challenge. 

Recovery rate from COVID-19 infection improves to 63.24 pct

Union Health Ministry has said that the recovery rate from COVID-19 infection has now climbed up to 63.24 per cent and recovered cases reached close to six lakh. The Ministry said, 20,572 people infected from the virus were cured during the last 24 hours taking the total number of recovered cases to 5,92,031. 

The Ministry said that the surge in recovered cases is driven by aggressive testing, timely diagnosis and effective management of the patients either through supervised home isolation or under active medical attention in the hospitals. 

It said, the actual case load of COVID-19 is only 3,19,840 active cases. It said, the gap between recovered and active cases has been consistently growing and it stands at 2,72,191 today. The Ministry added that Medical infrastructure in India to treat COVID-19 patients includes 1,378 dedicated COVID Hospitals, 3,077 dedicated COVID Health Centres and 10,351 COVID Care Centres. 

They have a total of 21,738 ventilators, 46,487 ICU beds and over 1.65 lakh Oxygen beds to treat COVID-19 patients.

The Central government has distributed around 231 lakh N95 masks, 123 lakh PPEs and 11,660 ventilators to States, UTs and Central institutions to ensure effective clinical management of COVID-19.

Fortnight-long lockdown imposed in Bihar from today to control spread of Coronavirus

In Bihar, a complete lockdown has been imposed from today for 16 days in the entire state to contain the spread of COVID-19. It will be effective till 31st of July. The decision has been taken due to an alarming spike in the number of COVID-19 cases in the state during the last three weeks.

All government offices, public corporations and educational institutions will remain closed. Private and commercial establishments will remain closed.  

However, ration shops, dairy, vegetable and meat shops will remain open. All places of worship will also remain closed and religious gatherings will not be permitted. All kinds of e-commerce and home delivery will be allowed. Public transport service will also be allowed in the lockdown period.

However, private vehicles will be limited to essential works only. Train and flight services and all construction related activities will be allowed along with the functioning of construction related shops. Similarly, agriculture related activities will also be allowed.

Meanwhile, 1,320  new COVID-19 cases were reported during the last 24 hours. The total number of affected people in the state has reached 20,173 while 13,533 people have recovered so far. The recovery rate in Bihar stands at over 67 per cent. In all, 174 people including two doctors have died due to Coronavirus in the state so far. Apart from this, 69 security officials of Raj Bhawan and Patna High Court also tested positive.

AIR correspondent reports, except essential services all government offices, public corporations and educational institutions will remain closed. Private and commercial establishments will remain closed.  However, ration shops, dairy, vegetable and meat shops will remain open. All places of worship will also remain closed and religious gatherings will not be permitted. All kinds of e-commerce and home delivery will be allowed. Public transport service will also be allowed in the lockdown period.

However, private vehicles will be limited to essential works only. Train and flight services and all construction related activities will be allowed along with the functioning of construction related shops. Similarly, agriculture related activities will also be allowed. 

PM presents new Mantra of ‘skill, reskill and upskill’ for youth to remain relevant in changing business environment

Prime Minister Narendra Modi today also addressed a virtual conclave on World Youth Skills Day organised by the Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship. Speaking on the occasion, the Prime Minister Narendra Modi stressed on the vital role of skilled migrant workers in changing the local economy. 

Referring to the portal launched recently for mapping the skilled employees and employers, Mr Modi stated that it will help the skilled workers, including the migrant workers who have returned to their homes due to the COVID-19 pandemic, to access jobs easily and the employers to contact skilled employees at the click of a mouse.

The Prime Minister presented a new mantra for the youth to skill, reskill and upskill in order to remain relevant in the rapidly changing business environment and market conditions. He stated that the Skill India Mission launched five years back on the same day has led to creation of a vast infrastructure for skilling, reskilling and upskilling and enhancing opportunities to access employment both locally and globally.

It has led to hundreds of Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Kendras being set up across the country and increase in the capacity of the ITI ecosystem. Due to these concerted efforts, more than five crore youth have been skilled in the last five years. 

The Prime Minister said, the Corona crisis has changed the nature of jobs and the work culture.

India-EU partnership can play important role in economic reconstruction and humanity-centric globalization: PM Modi

Prime Minister Narendra Modi today said, India and the European Union are natural partners and their partnership is significant for peace and stability in the world. The Prime Minister was addressing the 15th meeting of the India-European Union Summit being held in virtual mode this afternoon.

Mr Modi said, an action-oriented agenda should be made which can be implemented within the stipulated time frame.

The Prime Minister said, his government is committed to strengthen and deepen the relations between India and the European Union and highlighted the need to adopt a long-term strategic perspective for this.

The Prime Minister pointed out that both the health and prosperity of citizens are facing challenges today and there are different types of pressures on rules-based international order. He said that in such a situation, India-EU partnership can play an important role in economic reconstruction, and in building a human-centric and humanity-centric globalisation.

The Prime Minister said that apart from the current challenges, long-term challenges like climate change are also a priority for both India and the EU. He invited investments and technology from Europe in India’s efforts to increase the use of renewable energy in the country. He hoped that India – EU relations will gain momentum through this virtual summit.

The 15th meeting of the India-European Union Summit was co-chaired by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, President of European Council Charles Michel and President of European Commission Ursula von der Leyen. 

Consistency

Consistent involves reflecting on the present moment and at the same time having a long-term view of the future.And preserving consistency before we achieve our target is important unless and unless we really choose to see a major difference in our lives.

That simply ensures that you maintain a commitment to yourself and others that you are doing what you are continually seeking out for yourself before the time is accomplished. Consistency allows one a firm belief that a aim is not too distant. This requires appreciation and confidence for the role and insists that you be loyal to yourself for long-term sustainable practice.

Consistency keeps us consistent, responsible for your ambitions, aspirations, expectations and decisions. It’s all about creating small motivational routines and behaviors that hold us concentrated on your greatest goals and objectives every day. So through this daily routine, we’ll be able to identify our mistakes or failures and have ample energy to reflect through them and better ourselves.

Maybe the strongest aspect about the consistency is the disappointment when you keep positive the longer you realize how much you’ve come. Because if you’re not clear with the improvements that you’re making, then maybe you’ve been lacking anything or not positive for a long time. Yes, it’s very challenging to be concentrated or stable for a very long time, because the purpose you ‘re failing to be successful is: You are focused on outcome rather than process:

Most people strive just for success or outcomes. The more we fix our attention on the consequence, the more it acts against us..Most of us are so anxious about our outcomes that they shift their focus from their plans to directly to what their outcomes will be.And this won’t be achieved unless without handwork and sacrifice over long period of time.Without going through certain processes that help us to achieve our goal and those where most of us are unable to achieve the result.

If you want to achieve you must build consistency in your plan and for that you need to define your plan:

Plan can be defined in four parts:

  1. Identify your desired outcome
  2. Identify your big ‘WHY’ behind your desired outcome
  3. Start setting goals that will help you to get you towards your desired outcome
  4. And now start working on the processes to accomplish these goals.

 So to make sure that that you follow the right path and willing to follow consistency for long time here are some tips to work for on:

How to develop more consistency:

1. Use morning ritual:

This the most important advice that has actually taught me to maintain my consistencySet an early morning ritual to do as soon as you get up. Because if you continue the day with enthusiasm and something you enjoy, then that also provides a tone for the majority of the day to follow. And as people, we’ve been consistent about what we’ve done before. And that’s one major explanation why bad start always contributes to bad start and good start often leads to good day.

2. Do things even if you don’t feel like it:

Often we don’t like the path that we have to pursue to accomplish our target, or often we feel exhausted or demotivated, but even though events like that happen, we will try to do so to retain our commitment even though we don’t feel like doing it sometime.

3. Stay focused and take the responsibility for yourself not the potential results:

If you concentrate on the plan, you can feel more confident and focused when working on it, rather than desperately looking at potential outcomes that will never arrive as easily as you want.

4.Start loving your process:

If you start enjoying your everyday routine of achieving your target, you will never know the discomfort or commitment of your handwork, and your success will come to you very quickly.

5.Find an accountability partner:

It means that you dont need to broadcast your plans or intentions to the whole world to be accountable.Select one or two trusted friends to share your goal.Give them your timeline and ask them to be accountable.With their support na motivation too you will be helped to remain consistent.

What are Human Rights?

 

In order to live with dignity certain basic rights and freedoms are necessary, which all Human beings are entitled to, these basic rights are called Human Rights

Human rights demand recognition and respect for the inherent dignity to ensure that everyone is protected against abuses which undermine their dignity, and give the opportunities they need to realize their full potential, free from discrimination.

Human rights are the rights a person has simply because he or she is a human being. Human rights are held by all persons equally, universally, and forever. “All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.” Kant said that human beings have an intrinsic value absent in inanimate objects. To violate a human right would therefore be a failure to recognize the worth of human life.

Human right is a concept that has been constantly evolving throughout human history. They have been intricately tied to the laws, customs and religions throughout the ages. Most societies have had traditions similar to the “golden rule” of “Do unto others as you would have them do unto you.” The Hindu Vedas, the Babylonian Code of Hammurabi, the Bible, the Quran (Koran), and the Analects of Confucius are five of the oldest written sources which address questions of people’s duties, rights, and responsibilities.

Different counties ensure these rights in different way. In India they are contained in the Constitution as fundamental rights, i.e. they are guaranteed statutorily. In the UK they are available through precedence, various elements having been laid down by the courts through case law. In addition, international law and conventions also provide certain safeguards.

Human rights refer to the “basic rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled.” Examples of rights and freedoms which have come to be commonly thought of as human rights include civil and political rights, such as the right to life and liberty, freedom of expression, and equality before the law; and social, cultural and economic rights, including the right to participate in culture, the right to food, the right to work, and the right to education. “A human right is a universal moral right, something which all men, everywhere, at all times ought to have, something of which no one may be deprived without a grave affront to justice, something which is owing to every human simply because he is human.”

Human rights are inalienable: you cannot lose these rights any more than you can cease being a human being.

Human rights are indivisible: you cannot be denied a right because it is “less important” or “non-essential.”

Human rights are interdependent: all human rights are part of a complementary framework. For example, your ability to participate in your government is directly affected by your right to express yourself, to get an education, and even to obtain the necessities of life.

Another definition for human rights is those basic standards without which people cannot live in dignity. To violate someone’s human rights is to treat that person as though he or she was not a human being. To advocate human rights is to demand that the human dignity of all people be respected.

In claiming these human rights, everyone also accepts the responsibility not to infringe on the rights of others and to support those whose rights are abused or denied.

Basic Requirements for Human Rights – Any society that is to protect human rights must have the following characteristics –
1. A de-jure or free state in which the right to self-determination and rule of law exist.
2. A legal system for the protection of human rights.
3. Effective organized (existing within the framework of the state) or unorganized guarantees.

Classification – Human rights have been divided into three categories:
1. First generation rights which include civil and political rights.
2. Second generation rights such as economic, social and cultural rights.
3. Third generation rights such as the right of self-determination and the right to participate in the benefits from mankind’s common heritage.

Human rights may be either positive or negative. An example of the former is the right to a fair trial and an example of the latter is the right not to be tortured.

Human rights are fundamental to the stability and development of countries all around the world. Great emphasis has been placed on international conventions and their implementation in order to ensure adherence to a universal standard of acceptability. With the advent of globalization and the introduction of new technology, these principles gain importance not only in protecting human beings from the ill-effects of change but also in ensuring that all are allowed a share of the benefits. The impact of several changes in the world today on human rights has been both negative and positive.

Android or iOS

If you buy a new smartphone today, chances are it will work for one of two operating systems Google’s Android or Apple’s Apple. The two platforms became the new Smartphones introduced a few years ago. The good news is that both smartphones are great. They are very similar, but there is an important difference you want to process. We will set up Android against iOS in several stages here and select each winner. In the end, it’s a very good platform for you, well, you. Choose the things that are most important to you, count the defeats in those categories, and have a recommendation made for you.

The Affordability
Apple has always been at the top of the market in terms of pricing, but the iPhone x took things to a whole new level with an initial price of 80,000 rupees and the iPhone 11 Pro Max starts at 1,10,000. If you need something less expensive, the iPhone 11 starts from r, 53,000 and the latest iPhone SE from 47,000. That is cheaper as it is available without having to touch the second hand market.
In terms of size and variety, nothing competes with Android. You can spend a lot of money if you want, – for example, the new Samsung Z system costs around $ 1,25,000 but there is also a huge selection of low, low handsets from a variety of manufacturers, and the platform has been deliberately designed to work on hard-end Hardware . The fact that Android also leads the field in free apps makes it a natural choice to be able to budget.
The obvious winner is Android.

Applications
IOS apps: 1.8 million
Android apps: 2.5 million
Of course, prices are not a very good metric because most of us use very few and very popular apps available in both forums. Traditionally, iOS has been a very lucrative platform for developers, so there has been a tendency for new apps to appear first, but that is changing as the Android market share continues to grow. In the U.S., iOS is still leading the way, but developers in some areas are increasingly looking at Android first.
Fortunately, both operating systems have been taking security measures when it comes to malicious applications and spyware, making the apps more secure to download than ever before.
Google Play Store still has a higher percentage of free apps than the App Store. But the best mobile games are still available on iOS first and are not always available on Android. Lastly, the size of the beats is quality so this is a small win for iOS.
Winner: iOS
Working Stores
It’s hard to organize millions of apps and games and either Google Play Store or Apple’s Store is doing just fine. All in all, we think Apple’s App Store offers a better browsing experience on your phone and does a better job with selected recommendations. The Google Play Store is easy to search and you can download and install apps from a web browser on your PC or laptop.
Winner: IOS

Weakening Labour Laws

The Covid-19 pandemic has influenced the economy harshly, bringing about development stoppage in significant segments. The horticulture, vehicle, lodging, travel and the travel industry, assembling and administrations segments are completely hit. The suspension of monetary exercises during the national lockdown time frame in India has cost the economy $235 billion, Barclays Company evaluated. As per the Chicago Booth’s Rustandy Centre for Social Sector Innovation, which broke down information from the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE), has seen that over 84% of family units in India lost salary during the lockdown time frame.

In this time, some state governments have passed statutes and new guidelines influencing the work laws and their application. Nearly 10 states have achieved changes in the labour laws, for the most part in The Factories Act, 1948, The Industrial Disputes Act, 1947, and The Labour Laws (Exemption from Furnishing Returns and Maintaining Registers by Certain Establishments) Act, 1988. The state governments have asserted that these measures are important (I) to launch financial exercises (ii) to draw in outside speculation and (iii) to support development possibilities.

Not long after proclamation of these statutes, worker’s guilds the nation over, rights activists, work specialists and even industrialists censured these measures as being in opposition to laborers’ privileges. These measures disregard the set up guidelines of International Labor Organization (ILO) and the Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy of the Indian Constitution. Numerous PILs (Public Interest Litigation) were documented in the separate state high courts and in the Supreme Court. The Allahabad High Court sent notification to the Uttar Pradesh government, following which the UP government pulled back one request, that on the 12-hour work move.

Labour is a subject in the Concurrent List and subsequently both Union and state governments are equipped to authorize enactments relating to work government assistance. Thing 24 on the Concurrent List explicitly makes reference to arrangements for the “government assistance of work, including states of work, fortunate assets, bosses’ obligation, laborers’ pay, shortcoming and mature age annuities and maternity benefits” of Article 246 of the Constitution. Any adjustments in the laws identified with the subjects recorded in the Concurrent List must be made in counsel with the Union government. Something else, the law passed by the Union government stands substantial according to Article 254(1). The state governments appear to have disregarded this while giving their laws. The debilitating of work laws have seriously obliged the government assistance and equity plan inserted in the Constitution.

The utilization of the law to suitable the privileges of average workers individuals is the plan of neoliberal administration systems. In the period of contractualisation of work, laborers’ privileges are seriously undermined as the administering power has moved from State to the private division. The withdrawal of the State from government assistance is in progress, as is obvious from these laws. These measures will remove the respect of work and its related rights. In “A Tale of Three States: Labour Reforms in the States of Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and West Bengal,” Kingshuk Sarkar says that consideration was given to “guaranteeing simplicity of working together instead of securing laborers’ privileges and qualifications.”

The genuine issue lies not with the labour laws yet with the idea of the State. With these mandates, the state governments have disintegrated the standards of ‘helpful federalism’. With regards to the Covid-19 emergency, it would be judicious for the for the Indian State to maintain laborers’ privileges and poise to upgrade its own social authenticity and open trust.

Child labour in India

Child labour


“Child” as defined by the child labour (prohibition and regulation) Act 1986 is a person who has not completed the age of 14 years .As a layman we can understand that Child labour is the practice of having children engage in economic activity, on a part or full time basis. Every child is considered as a gift of god, it must be nurtured with care and affection with in the family and society. But unfortunately due to the socio economic problems children were forced to work in industries, leather factories, hotels and eatery. The child labour is not an isolated phenomenon it is coupled with socio economic problem of the society so in order to eliminate child labour first we should focus on socio economic issues of the society. It is in the hands of administrative .It should bring effective measures to eliminate child labour.

According to the ILO (International Labour Organization), child labour is work carried out by children under the age of 18 that in any way exploits them, causes them mental, physical or social harm, or places them in moral danger. It is work that interferes that blocks their access to education and “deprives them of their childhood, their potential and their dignity”.

Rights of Children Under International Law:

Universal declaration of human rights 1948 –  stipulates under article 25 para 2 that childhood is entitled to special care and assistance. The above principles along with other principles of universal declaration concerning child were incorporated in the declaration of the rights of the child of 1959

International covenant on civil and political rights under Article 23 and 24 and International Covenant on economic, social and cultural rights –  under article 10 made provision for the care of the child .
International labour organisation (ILO) - provides universal standards and guideline, a specialized agency of  UN ,aims to provide guidance and standards for labour practices around the world .
Convention on the rights of  the child, 1989 It is another international instrument which protects the child.

Rights of Children Under National Laws:

India has also taken effective measure under national level. In order to eliminate child labour, India has brought constitutional, statutory development measures. The Indian constitution has consciously incorporated provisions to secure compulsory elementary education as well as the labour protection for the children. Labour commission in India have gone into the problems of child labour and have made extensive recommendations. The constitution of India, too provides certain rights to children and prohibits child labour such provisions are as follows:

  1. No child below the age of 14 years shall be employed in any factory or mine or engaged in any other hazardous work.
    2.state in particular shall direct its policy towards securing that the health and strength of workers, men and women and the tender age of the children are not abused and that citizen are not forced by economic necessity to enter vocations unsuited to their age or strength.
  2. Children are given opportunities and facilities to develop in a healthy manner and in conditions of freedom and the dignity and that childhood and youth are protected against exploitations and against moral and material abandon.
  3. The state shall endeavour to provide, within the period of 10 years from the commencement of constitution, free and compulsory education for all children until they complete the age of 14 years.
  4. The state shall provide free and compulsory education to all children between the ages of 6 to 14 years as such a manner as the state may by law determine.
  5. Who is parent or guardian to provide opportunities for education to his child or the case may be, ward between the age of six and fourteen years.
    There are wide range of laws ,which guarantee the substantial extent the rights and entitlement as provided in the constitution and in the UN convention.

What Are Some Solutions to the Problem of Child Labour?

Many children in hazardous and dangerous jobs are in danger of injury or even death. Between 2000 and the year 2020, the vast majority of new workers, citizens and new consumers — whose skills and needs will build the world’s economy and society — will come from developing countries. Over that 20-year period, some 730 million people have joined the world’s workforce — more than all the people employed in the most developed nations in 2000. More than 90 percent of these new workers will be from developing nations, according to research by Population Action International.

In order to fairly and adequately meet the needs of this growing workforce and not rely on child labour, a few things must be prioritised, namely:

increased family incomes

social services — that help children and families survive crises, such as disease, or loss of home and shelter

education — that helps children learn skills that will help them earn a living

Conclusion

There are many laws and regulatory departments for child labour, yet it is ineffective in controlling ongoing child labour. This is possible only when there is a cooperation of all the sections of the society and the law enforcement agencies and by removing or minimizing the causes of child labour. The main thrust should be on controlling the population of the country, education of the children and providing sufficient funds for its removal from the gross domestic product of India.

HOW POLITICAL FREEDOM LEADS TOWARDS ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL FREEDOM

Political freedom is one of the most essential features of democracy. Freedom in political context means to live in a social system where individuals rights are upheld and citizens are able to participate in political process of a country without any coercion. Political freedom ensures the rule of law. Everyone is equal in the eye of law and law is supreme. Universal adult suffrage gives freedom to people to run the government by electing their own representatives (Article 326). Political freedom ensures fair and just elections. Everyone has the freedom to contest it in election as well. By the virtue of Article 19, freedom of speech and expression, every individual has right to criticize government schemes and policies and suggest regarding the same. Certain rights are given to citizens under the constitution of India and independent Judiciary makes it certain to take action in case of the infringement of rights. Political freedom is associated with social and economic freedom and the three areas cannot be separated.

 Social freedom signifies characteristic of an individual in an open society  where individual or group can feel open about their opinions and live with dignity without any discrimination on the basis of race,caste,religion,gender and place. Economic freedom is the freedom of an individual to make choice regarding his/her profession,production, investment,expenditure and maintenance of property. political freedom to and social and economic freedom go hand by hand.  By choosing our representatives it is we people who decide  for our future. Society and economic growth is dependent up on such representatives so it is essential to decide wisely. Political freedom helps people to decide the formulation of policy which covers current requirement of people for example, the protection of Human Rights Amendment Bill,2019 and Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Yojana. In case of lawlessness and misuse of law, citizens can always act to ensure law and order in the society. Right to Information Act,2005 gives citizens power to information related to the working of government and this way individuals can know how much money is being spent on which sector for economic and social growth.

Despite having all the political freedom, there are certain instances which shows us political growth doesn’t always brings social and economic growth like it is suppose to bring.For example, there are still some practices prevalent like gender discrimination in the matter of employment,untouchability and lawful restrictions from the government’s side like limited freedom of right to speech and right to life except etc.Hence the conclusion is political freedom is a slow and gradual way to reach towards economic and social freedom but if used to its full extend can cause satisfactory results.