From Kungyam village in eastern Ladakh, Defence Minister Rajnath Singh will virtually inaugurate 63 bridges today. From Kunjan bridge on Leh-Loma road, Minister will inaugurate 63 bridges built by Boarder Roads Organization (BRO) in Eight States across the country.
On the second day of his 3-day visit in Ladakh, defence minister Rajnath Singh virtually inaugurate a record number of 63 bridges at a click. Amongst the bridges, 11 in Ladakh, Four in Jammu and Kashmir, Three in Himachal Pradesh, Six in Uttarakhand, Eight in Sikkim, 29 in Arunachal Pradesh and one each in Nagaland and Manipur.
BRO used the latest technologies in building of these bridges. These are Class-70 bridges and can bear the load of movement of Tanks and other heavy vehicles. These bridges facilitate strategic and quicker access not just to Armed forces but to people living in the border villages as well.
Month: June 2021
PM Modi says India’s vaccination programme can be a case study for world; urges people to get themselves vaccinated against Covid-19 soon.
Prime Minister Narendra Modi has said, India accomplished an unprecedented feat when a record number of vaccine doses were administered to over 86 lakh people in a single day. Addressing the nation through his Mann Ki Baat programme on All India Radio, Mr Modi said, the country achieved this feat on 21st June, when the next phase of vaccination campaign commenced.
Mr Modi stressed that efforts must continue to ensure that every citizen is able to avail the safety that the vaccine provides. He encouraged people to end vaccine hesitancy. He pointed out that myriad organizations and members of civil society have come forward in many places in order to end vaccine hesitancy.
The Prime Minister said someday, people of villages and forest dwellers displaying their capabilities and understanding in the pandemic will become a subject of case study for the world.
NPTEL-Learning platform from IIT’S and IISc
National Programme for Technology Enhanced Learning is a joint initiative from IITs and IISc to offer online courses and certification in various topics. Learn for free, Pay a small fee to write an exam and get a certificate. NPTEL was initiated by seven Indian Institutes of Technology (Bombay, Delhi, Kanpur, Kharagpur, Madras, Guwahati and Roorkee) along with the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore in 2003.NPTEL is a good opportunity for who is willing to do course based on their qualification. It is fully online course. Here Five core disciplines were identified, namely, civil engineering, computer science and engineering, electrical engineering, electronics and communication engineering and mechanical engineering and 235 courses in web/video format were developed in this phase.
COURSERA-Online Learning Platform
Coursera is one of the leading learning online platform with International standards.The professors are from world’s top educational institutions.It helps poor people with free video lectures in audit mode. It also provides financial aid to finanacially weak sectors.Coursera partners with more than 200 leading universities and companies to bring flexible, affordable, job-relevant online learning to individuals and organizations worldwide.They offer a range of learning opportunities—from hands-on projects and courses to job-ready certificates and degree programs.
CHILDREN’S DAY
The children’s day in India is celebrated on November 14 since the year 1964. Before 1964, India celebrated children’s day along with the world on November 20 – the Universal Children’s Day. In1964, after Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru’s death, it was decided unanimously to commemorate his birth anniversary as Children’s Day in the country.
It is celebrated to increase awareness of the rightsof childre.Nehru considered children as real strength of a nation and foundation of society.On this day, many educational and motivational programs are held across India for children.It is mainly celebrated in schools with a face of Joy by children.
TYPES OF ENTERPRENUERSHIP AND CHALLENGES OF WOMEN ENTERPRENUER TO SUCEED IN BUSINESS
Actually there are 4 types of enterprenuerships. now let us discuss breifly about these 4 types of enterprenuerships.
SMALL BUSINESS: It represents the overwhelming majority of U.S enterpreneurial ventures. a small business could be any company.founder withou any inyention of growing the business into the chain. for example opening a single grocery store falls under the small business model creating a nationwide chain of grocery stores dosent small business enterprenuers usually invest their own money to get their companies off the ground, and they only make money if the business suceeds.
SCALABLE STARTUP: These startups are less common than small businesses, though they tend to attract a lot of media attention. these business begin on a very a very small scale, often as just the seeds of an idea. this germ is then nurtured and scaled typically through the involvement of the outside investors, until it becomes something much larger many silicon valley tech companies fall under this model they begin in an attic, garage, or home office before eventually scaling into large corporate headquarters.
LARGE COMPANY: Sometimes, enterprenuers work within the context of a larger, established company. imagine that you work at a large auto manufacturing company. through careful market research you realise there is a high demand for motorcycles and that your company has many of the technologies and process in place to branch into motorcycle production. you go to your boss and ask for the funding to launch a brand new motorcycle division and you are approved this is an example of what the large company enterprenuership model might look like in the practice.
SOCIAL ENTERPRENUERSHIP: The final model to consider is social enterprenuership which seeks innovative solutions to community based problems. social enterprenuers are willing to take on the risk and effort to create positive charges in society through their intiatives. in other words a social enterprenuer launches an organisation thats fundamentally about enacting positive social change not merely generating profits.
CHALLENGES FOR WOMEN TO SUCEED IN BUSINESS
Such progress is encouraging but there are still many challenges for women in business. some of the most common roadblocks that women enterprenuers face include:
DEFYING SOCIAL EXPECTATIONS: Too often enterprenuership is still considered a predominently male under taking.
ACCESSING NEEDED FUNDS: There remain significant funding gaps for women enterprenuers as compared to male enterprenuers women of color are at the greatest disadvantage of all.
BUILDING SUPPORT NETWORKS: In feilds that are still dominated by men can be difficult for women
BALANCING BUSINESS AND FAMILY: Remains a challenge for women particularly for working moms.
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU
Jawaharlal Nehru was born on 14th November,1889.He was born in Allahabad in British India.He was first prime minister of independent India , who established parliamentary government and became noted for his neutralist (nonaligned) policies in foreign affairs. He was also one of the principal leaders of India’s independence movement in the 1930s.
Nehru was born to a family of Kashmiri Brahmins, noted for their administrative aptitude and scholarship, who had migrated to Delhi early in the 18th century. He was a son of Motilal Nehru, a renowned lawyer and leader of the Indian independence movement, who became one of Gandhi’s prominent associates. Jawaharlal was the eldest of four children, two of whom were girls. Vijaya Lakshmi 1pandit,sister of Jawaharlal Nehru later became the first woman president of the UN general Assembly.
All about Cyber Crime
Overview
Cyber Crime is an illegal activity or crime which involves computer and a computer network. It can a also be a crime wherein a computer is targeted either to retrieve an information or for other harmful purposes. Cyber Crime can harm someone’s security and Financial Health. There are many privacy concerns surrounding Cybercrime when confidential information is intercepted or disclosed, lawfully or otherwise. Internationally, both governmental and non-state actors engage in cybercrimes, including espionage, financial theft, and other cross-border crimes. Cybercrimes crossing international borders and involving the actions of at least one nation-state are sometimes referred to as cyberwarfare. Warren Buffet describes Cybercrime as the “number one problem with mankind” and “poses real risks to humanity. Most, but not all, cybercrime is committed by cybercriminals or hackers who want to make money. Cybercrime is carried out by individuals or organizations. Some cybercriminals are organized, use advanced techniques and are highly technically skilled. Others are novice hackers. Rarely, cybercrime aims to damage computers for reasons other than profit. These could be political or personal.
Types of Cybercrime
1. Phishing: using fake email messages to get personal information from internet users;
2. Misusing personal information (identity theft);
3. Hacking: shutting down or misusing websites or computer networks;
4. spreading hate and inciting terrorism;
5. distributing child pornography;
6. grooming: making sexual advances to minors.
Nowadays, all digital devices (including computers, tablets, and smartphones) are connected to the internet. And, hence the devices are more prone to cyber crime.
Categories of Cyber Crime
Cyber crime falls under two main categories-
- Criminal activity that targets
- Criminal activity that uses computers to commit other crimes.
Cybercrime that targets computers often involves viruses and other types of malwares.
Cybercriminals may infect computers with viruses and malware to damage devices or stop them working. They may also use malware to delete or steal data.
Cybercrime that stops users using a machine or network, or prevents a business providing a software service to its customers, is called a Denial-of-Service (DoS) attack.
Cybercrime that uses computers to commit other crimes may involve using computers or networks to spread malware, illegal information or illegal images.
Sometimes cybercriminals conduct both categories of cybercrime at once. They may target computers with viruses first. Then, use them to spread malware to other machines or throughout a network.
Cybercriminals may also carry out what is known as a Distributed-Denial-of-Service (DDos) attack. This is similar to a DoS attack but cybercriminals use numerous compromised computers to carry it out.
How to protect yourself from cyber crime
Now you have learned about cyber crimes, so let’s also know how to stay protected from it. Here are some points to consider-
- Keep software and operating system updated– ensures that you benefit from the latest security patches to protect your computer.
- Use antivirus and keep it updated– Using anti-virus or a comprehensive internet security solution like Kaspersky Total Security, Mc Afee, Quick heal, and other antivirus softwares are a smart way to protect your system from attacks. Anti-virus software allows you to scan, detect and remove threats before they become a problem. Having this protection in place helps to protect your computer and your data from cybercrime, giving you piece of mind. If you use anti-virus software, make sure you keep it updated to get the best level of protection.
- Use strong passwords– Be sure to use strong passwords that people will not guess and do not record them anywhere. Or use a reputable password manager to generate strong passwords randomly to make this easier.
- Never open attachments in spam emails– A classic way that computers get infected by malware attacks and other forms of cybercrime is via email attachments in spam emails. Never open an attachment from a sender you do not know.
- Do not click on links in spam emails or untrusted websites- Another way people become victims of cybercrime is by clicking on links in spam emails or other messages, or unfamiliar websites. Avoid doing this to stay safe online.
- Do not give out personal information unless secure- Never give out personal data over the phone or via email unless you are completely sure the line or email is secure. Make certain that you are speaking to the person you think you are.
- Contact companies directly about suspicious requests- If you get asked for data from a company who has called you, hang up. Call them back using the number on their official website to ensure you are speaking to them and not a cybercriminal.
- Be mindful of which website URLs you visit- Keep an eye on the URLs you are clicking on. Do they look legitimate? Avoid clicking on links with unfamiliar or spammy looking URLs. If your internet security product includes functionality to secure online transactions, ensure it is enabled before carrying out financial transactions online.
- Keep an eye on your bank statements- Our tips should help you avoid falling foul of cybercrime. However, if all else fails, spotting that you have become a victim of cybercrime quickly is important. Keep an eye on your bank statements and query any unfamiliar transactions with the bank. The bank can investigate whether they are fraudulent.
Governments Role
Government is also working to minimize such crimes taking place everyday, as the no. of such cases are increasing day-by-day. Government has also created a separate branch for this named Cyber Cell.
How can you file a complaint in cyber cell?
Few simple steps are as follows-
- The very first step to file a cyber-crime complaint is to register a written complaint with the cyber-crime cell of the city are currently in.
- When filing the cyber crime complaint, you need to provide your name, contact details, and address for mailing. You need to address the written complaint to the Head of the Cyber Crime Cell of the city where you are filing the cyber crime complaint.
- In case you are a victim of online harassment, a legal counsel can be approached to assist you with reporting it to the police station. Additionally, you may be asked to provide certain documents with the complaint. This would, however, depend on the nature of the crime.
- Register a Cyber Crime FIR: If you do not have access to any of the cyber cells in India, you can file a First Information Report (FIR) at the local police station. In case your complaint is not accepted there, you can approach the Commissioner or the city’s Judicial Magistrate.
- Certain cyber crime offenses come under the Indian Penal Code. You can register a cyber crime FIR at the nearest local police station to report them.
- Most of the cyber crimes that are covered under the Indian Penal Code are classified as cognizable offenses. A cognizable offense is the one in which a warrant is not required for an arrest or investigation.
- Zero FIR offers some solace to victims of cases that require immediate attention/investigation as it avoids wasting time in enlisting the offense on police records.
Going to hit a century : Diesel price!
Diesel fuel, in general is any liquid fuel specifically designed for use in diesel engines, whose fuel ignition takes place, without any spark, as a result of compression of the inlet air mixture and then injection of fuel. Therefore, diesel fuel needs good compression ignition characteristics.
The most common type of diesel fuel is a specific fractional distillate of petroleum fuel oil, but alternatives that are not derived from petroleum, such as biodiesel, biomass to liquid (BTL) or gas to liquid (GTL) diesel are increasingly being developed and adopted. To distinguish these types, petroleum-derived diesel is increasingly called petrodiesel in some academic circles.
In many countries, diesel fuel is standardised. For example, in the European Union, the standard for diesel fuel is EN 590. Diesel fuel has many colloquial names, most commonly, it is simply referred to as Diesel. In the UK, diesel fuel for on-road use is commonly abbreviated DERV, standing for diesel-engined road vehicle, which carries a tax premium over equivalent fuel for non-road use. In Australia, diesel fuel is also known as distillate, and in Indonesia, it is known as Solar, a trademarked name by the local oil company Pertamina.
Diesel price in Madhya Pradesh today is fixed by state-run oil marketing companies based the daily ‘Dynamic Fuel Pricing’ mechanism. Here, you can check the current diesel price in Madhya Pradesh, find todays diesel price as well as the quarterly price trend in Madhya Pradesh. New diesel prices in Madhya Pradesh are updated by oil firms daily at 6:00 am IST.
You can also find out how diesel prices in Madhya Pradesh are calculated and how prices are compared to other states. Additionally, find the current Madhya Pradesh diesel price and primary factors impacting diesel prices in India as well as the highest and lowest price recorded during a month.
Importance of physical fitness
Fitness is defined as the ability of the body to carry out various types of daily activities without feeling tired.
Physical fitness is measured on the basis of some devices, and many scientific tests, and then compared to the ideal level of fitness, and determined the ability of the individual, and fitness efficiency. Fitness is divided into two parts: general fitness, which refers to health and well-being, and special fitness, which relates to a particular type of exercise. Good fitness can be obtained by getting proper nutrition and taking enough breaks.
Elements of fitness are all the components or characteristics that play an important and significant role in learning the exercise techniques and achieving sound health (such as strength, speed, elongation, agility, flexibility ….. etc) and all the qualities that result from the merger of two or more of them. Determining the elements of physical fitness varied from school to school and from one scientist to another according to their views, but most of them agreed on some basic fitness elements, and we have addressed some of them here.
Muscle Strength
Muscle strength can be defined as the ability of a muscle to exert as much energy as possible. There are a number of factors that affect muscle strength; such as muscle size, number, and type of fibers, and elasticity, in addition to psychological factors.
Body Composition
Body composition is the ratio of fat mass to fat-free mass in the body, and muscles, bones, cartilage, and other vital parts of the body are part of the fat-free mass.
Speed Fitness
Speed is the element that indicates the time a muscle needs to exert the required physical effort and is affected by many factors; such as muscle fibers, strength, and elasticity, as well as a strong will, and nervous compatibility.
Balance and Coordination
Balance indicates the body’s ability to resist falling as long as possible. It is influenced by the integrity of the body’s organs, its equilibrium base, its high center of gravity, as well as the Earth’s gravity line, and psychological factors.
Flexibility
Flexibility expresses an individual’s ability to perform activities to the greatest extent that a muscle allows. It is affected by the mobility of the joints well, the elasticity of the muscle. Continuous and regular training has an effect on muscle flexibility.
Agility
Agility is the ability of an individual to change the direction of his body, whether on the ground or in the air, in the shortest possible time. The body’s agility is influenced by many factors; the most important are: the integrity of the nervous system, muscle capacity, as well as the type of activity, and the speed of the body’s response to it.
Cardiovascular Endurance
Endurance is the expression of the ability of the body and its muscles to the possibility of fatigue and stress while exercising a certain physical activity. This is an important element of fitness and must be available to those who work in conditions that require long and arduous hours of work.
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How to Improve Physical Fitness Level
There are many ways to improve physical fitness, including:Exercise Frequency: The number of times a person should exercise for more than a week.
Exercise intensity control: The target heart rate should be reached when performing the exercise. The maximum rate depends on the age, as subtracted from 220, the maximum number of heartbeats is 220 minus 50, or 170 beats per minute for a 50-year-old. The goal is to reach 50% – 85% of this rate. This can be determined by monitoring the ease and difficulty of each exercise. If the exercise is easy, the intensity should be increased to suit the person.
Optimal Exercise Time: Exercise time should be more than usual. If you want to lose weight or meet specific fitness goals, you may need to do more exercise.
Change Exercise Type: Exercises should be changed from time to time. If a person is constantly walking, he can move on to jogging, then jogging, or move to another exercise altogether, such as swimming.
Additional fitness tips:
Lift some heavyweights to increase the strength of your body muscles.Running and jumping as much as possible, they help to get rid of the accumulated fat in the body, especially those that accumulate in the abdominal area.Use the stairs instead of relying on the elevator.Make healthier food choices.Breathe deeply to keep your body clean and toxin-free, thus enjoying a healthy body.
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1 comment:
DianaFebruary 16, 2021 at 10:49 PMThanks. It was super helpful read.Reply
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I am Football: Zlatan Ibrahimović
Zlatan Ibrahimovic is one of the most iconic names in football history. He is one of the most decorated active players in football. Zlatan has played for one of the biggest clubs in football history ( Ajax, Juventus, Inter Milan, Ac Milan, Barcelona, Paris Saint Germain, Manchester United). In this candid autobiography, one of the most enigmatic footballers of his generation shares his opinions on his great career and personal life. It has received numerous accolades for its candour and no-holds-barred attitude. It’s arrogant and aggressive, and it perfectly describes the guy, but it’s also evident that he’s self-aware, and has harnessed his inner qualities to become one of football’s most revered figures during the previous two decades.
I Am Football is extensively illustrated with photographs from Zlatan’s football career and concludes with over 50 pages of statistics from his career between 1999 and 2018, addressing queries such as how many minutes he played for Inter and how many goals he scored with his right foot. A compilation of all the facts for every club he has ever played for, as well as the Swedish national team.
It covers his football career from Malmö FF to Manchester United and the move to LA Galaxy, giving us a first-hand account of how he climbed from underdog to superstar, his move from Milan to Paris SG, and how he dealt with his devastating knee injury at Manchester United. On top of that, he tells us about his objectives, victories, and the constant sensation of needing to be better in order to be accepted. The book also includes interviews with players, managers, and friends who have been a part of his journey, such as José Mourinho, Paul Pogba, Patrick Vieria, Roland Andersson, Henrik Larsson, Thierry Henry, and Mino Raiola, to provide a more complete portrait of the man himself.
Much of the book has been serialised, with Arsenal requesting a trial and a slew of obscenities aimed at Pep Guardiola and Barcelona in general, but the story is far more interesting than any of the juicy sections picked ripe for press publication. There’s a lot to Zlatan; his family, particularly his father, were profoundly wounded by the Yugoslavia conflict, which had an impact on the footballer’s upbringing as a child. Zlatan goes out of his way to praise his father whenever there is a hint of criticism, but there is no escaping the stories about a young Zlatan frequently arriving home to find no food in the house while his father drank beer and listened to ‘Yugo’ music. His environment appears to have pushed Zlatan to seek out the guardian position that he had missed out on for much of his boyhood. The battles, disputes, and rebellion are all nicely chronicled and humourous as well as informative, but Zlatan looked to be looking for others to parent him for most of his early career without publicly asking for it.
The way he talks about Helena(his wife) makes it plain that he considers himself fortunate to have her; the two couldn’t be more dissimilar, and Helena was the stereotypical older lady in that she was classy, educated, and smart. Mino Raiola, who Zlatan worked with as an agent at Ajax, was the polar opposite. He was fat, sweary, pushy, and as impolite as he could get away with. None of that mattered since Mino got things done and really aided Zlatan.
While most will be left with the story of a man growing up and eventually fulfilling all of his aspirations, there is no getting away from the battles. Zalatan’s struggle with a petulant Rafael van der Vaart at Ajax is intriguing, and his AC Milan training ground brawl that left a teammate with a black eye reveals a lot about what manager Fabio Capello was willing to accept, and even promote. Capello is one of those men who commands Zlatan’s respect without question and has taught the player to accept it rather than earn it.
He’s arrogant, but it quickly becomes evident that much of this was developed as a protective strategy in childhood and increased when his anxieties about trusting people were validated. It would be difficult to read the book without warming to the player, and there is far more to learn from this than from any other football autobiography published in recent years.
With the revelations and insights, almost every page might launch a story on its own. As much as a look at Zlatan Ibrahimovic, this is a good view on how football truly works at the top level and will leave a football fan more informed on the dynamics of the game.
GLOBALIZATION
Globalization is a term used to describe the increasing connectedness and interdependence of world cultures and economies. globalization is an established part of the modern world, so most of us do not realise the benefits it brings to our everyday lives such as easy to acess to a variety of different cuisines or new technologies developed by developed countries half a world away. even though globalization makes our lives better, it does bring some challenges as companies start to grow and expand across borders. cultural differences around the world are undeniable. these differences create hurdles for business entering foreign markets and necessitate changes to their daily business operations, whether its employing workers in a new region or communicating the value of their product to a new audience.
It refers to an open flow of information, technology, and goods amoung countries and consumers. this openess occurs through various relationships, from business, geopolitics, and technology to travel, culture and media
EXAMPLES OF GLOBALIZATION:
because of trade developments and financial exchanges we often think of globalization as a economic and and financial phenonomenon. it inclues a much wider feild than just flowing of goods, services and capital.
CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION: refers to the interpenetration of cultures which, as a consequence means a nations adopt principles, beliefs, and customes of another nations, loosing their unique culture to a unique globalized supra culture.
SOCIOLOGICAL GLOBALIZATION: It is the new organisation and heirarchy of different regions of the world that is constantly changing, moreover with transportation and flying made so easy and affordable apart from a few countries with demanding visas, it is possible to travel the world without barely and restrictions.
ECOLOGICAL GLOBALIZATION: Accounts for the idea of considering planet earth as a single global entity a common good all societies should protect since the whether affects everyone and we are all protected by the same atmosphere. to regard this it is often said that the poorest countries that have been polluting the least will suffer the most from climate change.
SEIRRA BURGESS IS A LOSER
Media Madness :
Modern Teens are taken over by external appearances and run in a race of fame leaving their originality behind. They value the opinions of their fellow mates about their beauty and strive hard to get compliments from them. Social Media has added fuel to the fire. Guys have an idealogy that, if they can flaunt around with a beautiful girl around then they are above all other boys. Girls on the other hand try their level best to stay super cool among their boyfriends. And the circle continues.
Protagonist Preface:
Sierra Burgess is a talented, hard-working, kind teen in her high school. Even though she pretends to be strong when humiliated by her classmates who think they are the most adorable ones, she breaks down at times when she feels that no one could love her because of her body. Her parents are super supportive and try their level best to boost her self-esteem, but all in vain. She is also confused when her professor asked her “Sierra Burgess is a ________?”.
Self-esteem starts to sow the seed of selfishness:
While remaining in a perplexed state she receives a message from an unknown number and they instantly start being comfortable around one another. The boy on the other side is a charming teen who dreams of having a dashing girlfriend to flaunt in front of his gang. He messaged her thinking that she’s Veronica, a girl on who he had a crush since she has been a cheerleader for his football team. Once Seirra gets to know the truth she is perplexed whether to continue chatting with him or to let him know the truth. But her self-esteem leads her to the wrong choice. She pretends to be Veronica and they both chat on a regular basis. They start to fall for each other’s words. Trouble arises when the truth unfolds in an awkward manner.
“The aim of art is to represent not the outward appearance of things, but their inward significance” – Aristotle.
Although the movie might have been taken with intentions of normalizing our external appearances and let us know the importance of self-acceptance, at some points it fails to prove the same. The protagonist herself feels terrible when she is left behind after other girls in her school, she repeats the same with his boyfriend. She is attracted to his external appearances initially and that’s the sparkle that initiated their conversations. So it’s contrary to the baseline of the story.
The word wonders:
It’s the dialogues in a movie that make them a memorable one. There comes a dialogue in which the hero says” roses are bitchy supermodels of flowers, I love sunflowers”. This dialogue is self-explanatory at that scene. It means to convey that above all girls whom he wanted to make love with for his entire life, he chooses Sierra for her words and her inner self which exactly aligns with his.
“To have someone understand the real version of you is a different kind of intimacy”
Man who never witnessed defeat
Have you ever lost in any sports, fight, or even a bet? Many of us have. Defeat is something that every man encounters at least once in their life yet not in the situation of Peshwa Bajirao. Incredible Peshwa Bajirao! At an exceptionally youthful age like 12, he went to the battlefield for the first time and since then he never witnessed defeat. He fought over 41 battles in his military career and defeated Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah of Hyderabad who is considered as his most prominent foe. There is no doubt in the fact that he is considered the best Indian cavalry general. He was truly a God-sent blessing to the Maratha Empire in the 18th century.
His personal life was as head as his career in the military. He married Mastani who is known to be his second spouse after Kashibai. He surely faced family resistance but it couldn’t stop him from marrying her. Therefore it is very clear that he didn’t lose his battles, not his love but unfortunately, he couldn’t survive a virulent fever and died at the age of 40. The history of the Maratha Empire would be a lot different if we could see him win more battles.
Criminal Conspiracy
According to criminal law, an act of criminal conspiracy is said to to be committed when two or more people come together to form an agreement between them to carry out a criminal activity in foreseeable future. In some countries across the world, the act of criminal conspiracy is completed only when an explicit action is carried out. Only the commission of an explicit or overt action constitutes a crime, according to law prevalent in those countries. However, law does not place a cap on number of participants. Some countries do not even require any commission of overt act. It is counted as an attempt. For the sake of unanimity, the act is a continuing process and complete involvement or partial involvement at any stage makes the participants jointly liable. It can be charged even in the cases of acquittal. Repentance does not affect their liability. It may help in reduction of the sentence. Repentance before the commission of the act may help the participants.
Criminal Conspiracy
The act of criminal conspiracy was seen as a civil offence in its nascent stages. The act of criminal conspiracy came under two sections of the law. These sections are – Abetment in any offence and conspiracy with criminal intent. Slowly, it came to be recognised as a criminal offence. The Criminal Law Amendment Act (8 of 1913) added Chapter V – A to the Indian Penal Code.
Conspiracy Definition: The section 120 – A of Chapter V – A (Indian Penal Code, 1860) defines criminal conspiracy. When two or more persons decide to execute or cause an act, which is illegal, or a legal act by illegal means, such act is called as criminal conspiracy. Perpetrators of this act can be convicted for criminal conspiracy. They are culpable of criminal conspiracy. This is given in Section 120 – A. In other words, concurrence of minds for committing an illegal act, or legal act by illegal means is called as criminal conspiracy. Mere agreement is not sufficient to accuse one guilty of criminal conspiracy. Agreement of minds for commission of an illegal act, or legal act by illegal means is called criminal conspiracy. Meeting of minds is an essential and important aspect of conspiracy. All the concerned persons part of the act should be aware of the nature and consequence of the act. They should understand the objective and motive behind the act and are ready to achieve the act. This constitutes as an important part of criminal conspiracy. The act is deemed as an offence of criminal conspiracy only when any act is committed to execute the agreement. As discussed above, actus reus and mens rea are two essential of a crime. According to the Indian Penal Code, ill motive and conduct are necessary constituents of a crime. There is an exception to this rule. Criminal conspiracy is punishable at the phase of mens rea. The act of criminal conspiracy in planned in secret and executed surreptitiously. This makes proving the act with evidence difficult.The explanation given under section 120 – A says clearly that the nature of the act committed in furtherance of the agreement is immaterial. Even if such act is accidental it is regarded as an offence of criminal conspiracy. In Rajiv Kumar v. State of U.P, the judiciary interpreted Section 120-A as follows
“The essential ingredients of the offence of criminal conspiracy are: (i) an agreement between two or more persons; (ii) the agreement must relate to doing or causing to be done either (a) an illegal act; or (b) an act which is not illegal in itself but is done by illegal means. It is, therefore, plain that meeting of minds of two or more persons for doing or causing to be done an illegal act or an act by illegal means is sine qua non of criminal conspiracy.”
A bare discussion or awareness or possessing wrong intentions alone is not sufficient enough to constitute the crime or offence of conspiracy. Any act in pursuance of the things listed above is necessary to constitute the offence of conspiracy. Consensus ad idem is a necessary aspect of conspiracy. The explanation to the provision clearly explains that just an agreement between the concerned persons to act shall not require performance of an act as a part of the agreement. A legal act performed through illegal means, however, requires performance of an explicit act in pursuance of the agreement to constitute the crime of criminal conspiracy. The core of criminal conspiracy is an unlawful amalgamation or legal act by illegal means. The offence qualifies as a crime as soon as the combination is complete. This makes criminal conspiracy an incomplete offence. Illegal agreement to perform an illegal act makes it an offence of criminal conspiracy. The core is what the persons involved agree to perform and not the crime itself. Mere awareness or plain discussion to commit an act does not amount to conspiracy. The Supreme Court observed that-
“For a person to conspire with another, he must have knowledge of what the co-conspirators were wanting to achieve and thereafter having the intent to further the illegal act takes recourse to a course of conduct to achieve the illegal end or facilitate its accomplishment.” This explains that knowledge of the nature and consequence of the act is must for that act to be considered as criminal conspiracy.
The Supreme Court clarifies on the part played by each partner in conspiracy. “The agreement is the gist of the offence. In order to constitute a single general conspiracy there must be a common design and a common intention of all to work in furtherance of the common design. Each conspirator plays his separate part in one integrated and united effort to achieve the common purpose. Each one is aware that he has a part to play in a general conspiracy though he may not know all its secrets or the means by which the common purpose is to be accomplished. The evil scheme may be promoted by a few, some may drop put and some may join at a later stage, but conspiracy continues till it is broken up. The conspiracy may develop in successive stages. There may be a general plan to accomplish the common design by such means as may from time to time be found expedient. New technologies may be invented and new means may be devised for advancement of the common plan. A general conspiracy must be distinguished from a number of separate conspiracies having a similar, general purpose. Where different groups of persons cooperate towards their separate ends without any privity with each other, each combination constitutes a separate conspiracy. The common intention of the conspirators is then to work for the furtherance of the common design of his group only.”
References:
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