A central bank is the apex institution of the monetary and banking structure of the country.
It performs several important monetary functions in the banking system.
According to A.C.L. Day a central bank ” helps and controls and stabilizes the monetary and banking system .“
Along with several other essential functions, the central bank ‘s most important function is to control the credit creation power of commercial banks .
“Central Bank also known as Controller of Credit “
Credit control is the means to control the lending policy of commercial banks by the Central Bank .
The central bank controls credits in accordance with the needs of business and with a view to carrying out the broad monetary policy adopted by the state.
It adopted two methods of credit control :-
• Quantitative Credit Control Methods
• Qualitative Credit Control Methods
Open market is one of the methods of quantitative credit control used by the central bank .
What is open market Operations ( OMO ) ?
Open market Operations in general terms means dealing with government securities and bonds.
To elaborate more, Open Market Operations refers to the sale and purchase of securities , bills and bonds of government as well as private financial institutions by the Central Bank .
OMO is an activity by a central bank to give or take liquidity in its currency to or from a bank or a group of banks.
There are two principle motives of open market Operations
• to influence the reserves of commercial bank in order to control power of credit creation
• to affect the market rates of interest and supply of base money
In order to manipulate the short-term interest rate and the supply of base money in an economy, i.e to indirectly control the total money supply, the central bank buys and sells government securities, or other financial instruments.
Monetary targets, such as inflation, interest rates, or exchange rates, are used to guide this implementation.
In the given figure , S is the supply curve of bank money which shifts to the left as S¹ showing a decrease in the supply of bank money from B to A , given the level of interest rate r .
When the central bank aims at an expansionary policy during a recessionary period , it purchases government securities from the commercial banks and institutions dealing with such securities .
The supply curve of bank money shifts from S¹ to S², showing an increase in the supply of bank money from B to C .
The bank will now lend more at the given rate of interest r.
As the result of change in supply of bank money in market through the open market operations
The market rates of interest also change .
A decrease in the supply of bank money through sale of securities will raise the interest market rates and an increase in supply of bank money will reduce the market rate interest. ___________________________________________
Open Market Operation policy in India
The fact that India is a developing country its capital flows are very different from those in developed countries which influence the Open Market Operation policy .
India’s central bank, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), has to make policies and use instruments accordingly. RBI’s major source of funding and control over credit and interest rates was the cash reserve ratio (CRR) and the SLR (Statutory Liquidity Ratio). But after the reforms, the use of CRR as an effective tool was deemphasized and the use of open market operations increased. OMOs are more effective in adjusting.
RBI use two types of OMOs :-
Outright purchase (PEMO):
It is outright buying or selling of government securities.
Repurchase agreement (REPO):
It is short term, and is subject to repurchase.
OMOs are the most effective credit control instrument with the central bank and are preferred over other methods.
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Limitations of Open Market Operations
Although being an effective method OMO has certain limitations such as :-
• Lack of Securities Market :-. It is important to have an organised security market system for central banks to buy or purchase securities on a large scale.
• Unstable Cash Reserve Ratio:- The buying and selling of securities and bonds by central banks highly influence the cash reserve ratio which is to be maintained at a fixed rate .
• Penal Bank Rate : – According to Profs Aschheim penal rate is one the necessary conditions for success of open market operations. If the penal bank Rate of discount is higher than the market rates of interest , the commercial bank can not increase their borrowings.
• Pessimistic and Optimistic Attitude :- The pessimistic and optimistic attitude of the business community also limits the operations of open market policy. A business may be unwilling to take the risk of taking out a loan during a depression .
• Velocity of Credit and Money not Constant :- The velocity of credit increases during periods of brisk business activities and decreases in periods of falling prices. Hence ,the unstableness of velocity of credit and money constantly affects open market operations.
Despite the given limitations , the central banks find the Open Market Operations instrument the most successful for controlling credit in developed as well as developing countries.
Full name – Edward James Corbett Born – 25 July 1875 ,Nainital, (North-Western Provinces, British India (now in Uttarakhand, India)) Died – 19 April 1955 (aged 79), Nyeri, Kenya Nationality – Indian Occupation – Hunter, naturalist, writer.
‘My India, about which these sketches of village life and work are written, refers to those portions of a vast land which I have known from my earliest days, and where I have worked; and the simple folk whose ways and characters I have tried to depict for you are those among whom I spent the great part of seventy years,’ -wrote Jim Corbett.
These words are not merely a description of a country by a man. These words reveal the life of a rare man who was British by blood but became an Indian at heart.
About Jim:
Edward James ‘Jim’ Corbett was born on 25 July 1875, at Nainital, United Province (now Uttarakhand) in British India. Corbett held the rank of Colonel in the British Indian Army, and worked for the Bengal and North Western Railway. Corbett was frequently called upon by the government of the United Provinces to slay man-eating tigers and leopards who had killed people in the villages of the Garhwal and Kumaon region. Corbett was able to succeed in many cases where numerous others had failed.
History:
Between 1910 and 1938, Corbett shot much-feared man-eaters such as the Champawat Tiger, the Leopard of Rudraprayag, the Tigers of Chowgarh and the Panar Leopard, who had cumulatively killed over a thousand people. His success in slaying the man-eaters earned him much respect and fame amongst the people residing in the villages of Kumaon, many of whom considered him to be a saint or sadhu because of his simple, dedicated and honest lifestyle. After his retirement, he authored The Maneaters of Kumaon, Jungle Lore, and other books recounting his hunts and experiences. Corbett’s stories became best-sellers because he narrated tales bubbling with spine-chilling reality in simple and enjoyable language.
Corbett had great admiration for tigers and photographed them avidly in his later years. His attraction towards the uncorrupted beauty of nature in the wild started in his childhood. He could identify the call of most animals and birds from a very young age, owing to his frequent visits to the wild. He never shot a tiger or a leopard unless it turned a man-eater. Corbett was a pioneer conservationist and lectured at local schools and societies to create awareness about the need to respect the wild.
A great human being who would even risk his own life for saving somebody else’s, Corbett continued to write and sound the alarm about the declining numbers of jungle cats till the last days of his life at Nueri, Kenya. He was distressed when people described the tiger as a blood-thirsty’ and ‘cruel’ beast. He refers to his childhood when a child freely roaming about the forest often ended meeting a tiger, the latter giving him a clear, ‘Hello child, what the hell are you doing here?” look and walking away.
. “”a tiger is a large-hearted gentleman with boundless courage and that when he is exterminated-as exterminated he will be unless public opinion rallies to his support-India will be the poorer, having lost the finest of her fauna,””- Jim Corbett had written. This quotation also makes it very obvious that Corbett had great respect for India and Indians. When you read his description of his experiences with men like Bala Singh in his stories or read about the manner in which he could identify the distinct grieving of an Indian wife for her husband, you know why he is still so revered. Corbett passed away on 19 April 1955. The Jim Corbett National Park in Uttarakhand is named after him.
Life of Jim corbett:
In childhood, he has a deep fascination for the forests and wildlife, and due to his interest in wildlife, he became a good tracker and hunter with time. Due to his amazing skill of tracking and hunting, he was often sought after by the then government of the united province to track and kill the tiger and leopard who becomes a man-eater. Even though he was the skilled hunter, he never killed any wild animal other than man-eaters.After many years as a celebrated hunter, he then developed a hobby of wildlife photography, especially, recording films of tigers in their natural habitat. He also used to give lectures on the rich natural heritage of India and the importance of the conservation of forests and wildlife to the school students.
He also penned his experience as a hunter and written many books on wildlife and hunting experiences. His most famous book was Man-Eaters of Kumaon that intensely portrayed his own hunting adventures. Many movies, TV episodes and documentaries have been made that are based on this critically acclaimed book.Later in his life, Jim Corbett started a movement to conserve the wild animals and forests. He strongly supported the All-India Conference for the Preservation of Wildlife and promoted the foundation of the Association for the Preservation of Game in the United Provinces. He also used his influence over the provincial government and lead the path that cleared the establishment of the first national park in India, the Hailey National Park, named after the Lord Malcolm Hailey in 1930s. The name later changed to the Jim Corbett National Park after the independence of India in 1957 in the honor of the legendary Jim Corbett.
Uttarakhhand (also called as Uttaranchal) is an state in northern part of india.It is also called ‘Devbhumi’ or Land of Gods. Uttarakhand is known for its beauty, rivers, Himalayas , culture and many other things .it is blessed with some amazing tourist places. let us go through those places one by one.
Dehradun
it is the Capital of Uttarakhand and one of the best places to visit in the state .This beautiful place is surrounded by hills of Mussoorie.. Dehradun is also known as ‘School capital of India’ due to number of schools there are in Dehradun.it lies between ganga and Yamuna river. There are lots of places to visit in Dehradun such as Clement house, Robber’s cave, Tapkeshwar temple, Forest research Institute campus and many other. The best time to visit Dehradun is said to be between March to June.
2. Mussoorie
Mussourie is one of the best and famous places to visit in our country. it is also called as queen of hills.It is a hill station, which is 35 kilometers away from Dehradun.it is in the foothills of Garhwali Himalayan range.it is not only famous for its beauty but also for its education and Business .There are many places to visit in Mussoorie, such as the lush green hills, view of Shivalik hills, colonial houses, the Kempty falls, sir George Everest house and many more. Best time to visit Mussoorie is between April to June.
Nainital
Nainital is also called as lake city of India.it is among the most visited hill stations of North India.it is located in the Kumaoun foothills of the outer Himalayas.it is at a distance of 285 Km from the capital of state, Dehradun.it is situated 1938 meters above the sea-level. the eye catching thing in Nainital is Naini lake.it not only attracts other state’s people but also foreign tourists. Naintal is an ideal winter destination.The other places to visit in Nainital are:-Govind ballabh pant marg ,Nainital zoo, Cheena peak, Naina Devi temple, Tiffin Top and many other exciting places.
4. Rishikesh
Also known as yoga capital of world, Rishikesh is one of the best spiritual places in Uttarakhand it is known for its ancient temples.it is also known as gateway to the Garhwal Himalayas. it is 45 km away from dehradun.it is a pilgrimage town. many tourist come in Rishikesh for its peace and spiritualty.it is located in the foothills of Shivalik range on the banks of the river ganga in northern india. Rshikesh is not only a great pilgrimage place but also a great adventure place where we can enjoy water rafting, kayaking, rock climbing, bungee jumping and many other things. some famous places to visit in Rishikesh are:- Lakshman Jhula, Neelkanth Mahadev temple, Ram jhula, Triveni ghat, Parmarth niketanand and many other.
Haridwar
Haridwar is an ancient city and a pilgrimage place in Uttarakhand state.The city is situated on the right bank of the ganga river. at the foothills of shivalik range. In Haridwar, many important religious workship and events are done. Some famous places to visit in Haridwar are:- Har ki pauri, Ganga arti, Shantikunj, Chandi devi temple, Chilla range and many other places.
“One good thing about music, when it hits you, you feel no pain-”Bob Marley.
Adhering to the above quote said by Bob Marley, music proves to be the most powerful weapon for anything related to pain. Beyond the fact that music acts as a relief against pain, it also completely cures any form of sadness that is extensive. The practise of playing music in operation theatres in order to reduce stress for both surgeons and patients is not uncommon. Whereas, not many of us are aware about this amazing practise of surgeons which has helped a lot of surgeries to turn out to be successful.
To be precise, Music has proven to be effective in relaxing stress hormones and reducing blood pressure. Prominently, classic music shows drastic effects and is verified to be beneficial in distress.
Many interesting surgeries were held while music was played in various forms and also performed successfully. One of them includes a surgery where a musician played violin while the surgeons performed Brain surgery to remove her Brain tumour. Well the musician was the patient herself! How amazing it sounds right. Similar to this, in 2017 a musician reported to have played violin, since the surgeon who performed the surgery found relief for his stress during the surgery. Again, the surgery was performed successfully.
There are many such magnificent incidents like this occurred, which have proved to have more impact on both surgeons and patients.
Nowadays, stress, depression, anxiety etcetera has become so common that many people started using these words on a daily basis. But one thing that stands out to be a stress relief for everyone is “music”. It has been reported that music releases a hormone in the human body which eases pain and produces a feeling of euphoria.
One of the biggest incidents of doctors dancing to folk music in order to entertain covid patients stole many hearts and could be considered one of the best gestures ever. Music allegedly makes an aching heart and mind calm and reduces all kinds of emotions which leads to negative outcomes.
One of the most imminent types of music used in operation theatres are classical music. It is said that classical music gives a soothing feeling to the human mind mentally and physically. Listening to music in hospitals has become so common and getting played on a regular basis.
Isn’t it surprising and amazing to know how music plays a vital role in every corner of life and helps in manifesting peace all over. Some of the facts and incidents about music being played in operation theatres would just blow your mind when you get to know more about the phenomena. A patient playing music on an ongoing surgery on herself and doctors being very particular about not to disturb or affect any hormone that is related to control actions of her makes us understand that small things make huge differences and give beautiful results.
Both criminal psychologists and forensic psychologists assist law enforcement professionals in investigating and solving crimes. While there are many similarities between these two, they play different but complementary roles.
Forensic specializes in aftermath of crime, evaluating the suspects mental health and consulting victims and their families, whereas criminal psychologists focus primarily on determining a motive and creating a profile of the evil doer.
CRIMINAL PSYCHOLOGY, REQUIREMENTS AND POSITIONS:
Criminal psychology also referred to as criminological psychology is basically the study of the views, thoughts, intentions, actions and reactions of the criminal. They try to understand the motivation of the criminals and also develop psychological profile to apprehend them.
It requires a doctorate in psychology and a license to practice. The professionals would have usually completed a postdoctoral study or research or profiling. However, criminal psychologist having a criminal profiling may come from a law enforcement background instead of psychology.
They have various positions in this field. However most of them go on to work in social service or in a field related to law enforcement. Sometimes they work full time in police departments.
WHAT CRIMINAL PSYCHOLOGIST DO:
Investigate the behavior and thoughts of criminals. Examine the motive of the criminals. Assets their mental situation. Help and find to prevent criminal behavior.
FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY, REQUIREMENTS AND POSITIONS:
Forensic psychology is a subfield in psychology. It involves the application of psychological knowledge and methods to both civil and criminal legal questions. They consult with law enforcement to integrate psychology into both criminal and civil legal matters.
Forensic psychologist during UG do a major in psychology or forensic psychology after which they complete internships and PG training in law enforcement. Forensic psychologist requires a PhD or a Doctor of Psychology (PsyD).
There are many positions including victim advocate, corrections specialist, or probation officer. Apart from this they can also be Jury Consultant, Federal Government Employee, Police Consultant etc.
WHAT FORENSIC PYSCHOLOGIST DO:
Forensic psychologists help rehabilitate offenders through therapy, anger management and other counseling services. They also interview witnesses and victims
SIMILARITIES:
Criminal psychology and Forensic psychology are strongly connected to law enforcement. Both aims at understanding the psychology of criminals and solving crimes. Both supports investigation whether its criminal or civil.
DIFFERENCES:
There are some points of divergence between the two starting from educational requirements, career and the typical paths that they lead and the work they do.
Warren Buffett is often treated as god of investors. He is one of the most successful investors in the world. Warren Buffett is a American business magnate, and a investor. As of now April, 2020 his net worth is $100.6 Billion making him world’s seventh wealthiest person in the world. Currently, he is the CEO and chairman of Berkshire Hathaway. In this blog, we are going to see the success story of Warren Buffett.
Early life
Warren Edward Buffett was born on August 30, 1930 in Omaha, Nebraska. He is the second oldest child to his father Howard, a stock broker and his mother Leila. He has two sisters. At a very young age he developed a interest in business and stock market. While other children of his age were playing, he was making money. At eleven years old, he purchased three shares of Cities Service at $38 per each. Soon after buying it, it price fell down to $27. Then after, he waited for the stock to made $40 and sold it. He said that it was a mistake because the stock went unto $200. This taught him the principles of investing.
Education
He began his career at Rose Hill elementary school. In 1942, he finished his elementary school and joined Deal junior high school. In 1947, when he was 17 years old, he graduated from Woodrow Wilson high school. After that, he got admitted into Wharton school of the University of Pennsylvania, after two years he transferred to University of Nebraska, complaining that he known better than his professors. Then he graduated from University of Nebraska with Bachelor of Science degree in business administration. Then, he applied to Harvard business school and was rejected because he was too young. Then he admitted to Columbia Business school of University of Columbia. In 1951, he graduated with Master of Science degree in economics.
Investment career
In 1947, when he was 17 years old, he started a company Wilson coinoperated machines with his friend Donald. The business was to buy a pinball machine at $25. The business makes $50 per week for Buffett and Donald. After a year they sold it for $1200. From 1951 to 1954, he worked as a investment salesman for Buffet-Falk. In 1954, Buffett got a job at Benjamin Graham’s partnership and his starting salary was $12,000 per year(around $116,000 today). In 1956 Benjamin Graham retired and closed his partnership. At that time Buffett’s saving reached to $176,000(around $1.66 million today). Then he started Buffett Partnership Limited. By 1960, He operated six partnership. In 1962, he became a millionaire because of his partnership of total 7,178,500 in which 1,025,000 belongs to him. In 1965, he started purchasing the stock of Berkshire Hathaway. By 1967, Buffett Partnership owns 59.5 shares of Berkshire Hathaway. By May 1990, he had became a Billionaire when Berkshire Hathaway started selling there shares of class A. Apart of Berkshire Hathaway, he had also have shares in Apple, Bank of America, Coco cola, American Express, and etc.
Additional Information
Being a Billionaire, he still lives in the same house, which he bought in 1957 for $31,500. In 2006, He announced that he will donate majority of his wealth to Bill and Melinda Gates foundation. In 2010, Warren Buffett and Bill Gates started giving pledge campaign to encourage extremely wealthy people to contribute majority of wealth for philanthropic causes. In that, Buffett donated 99 percent of wealth to philanthropic causes.
Liverpool boss Jurgen Klopp has delivered positive updates on Trent Alexander-Arnold and Joe Gomez as they continue their returns from injury.
The England international defenders are now in contention to figure in pre-season plans, says the Reds boss.
Gomez has been sidelined after suffering knee ligament damage in November 2020, while Alexander-Arnold saw his Euro 2020 dreams dashed with a thigh problem.
The Reds boss is confident the two England international defenders will figure in his pre-season plans having been nursing knocks.
A few centuries after the decline of the Harappan civilization, a new culture flourished in the same region and gradually spread across the Ganga-Yamuna plains. This culture came to be known as the Aryan culture. There were significant differences between this culture and the culture which preceded it. Aryans settled on the banks of rivers Indus (Sindhu) and Saraswati (which is now non existent). They composed many hymns in honour of the gods and goddesses they worshipped. These were compiled in four Vedas – the Rig Veda, Sama Veda, Yajur Veda and Atharva Veda. The word veda means knowledge of the sacred spiritual knowledge. These vedas were considered infallible as they imparted the highest spiritual knowledge. Initially the Vedas were transmitted orally. Since our knowledge of the early Aryans is based on these Vedas, the culture of this period is referred to as the Vedic Culture. Scholars divide the vedic period into the earlier and later Vedic period. The earlier is represented by the Rig Veda while the latter by all other Vedic literature including the Brahmanas, Aranyakas and Upanishads. Two epics, the Ramayana and the Mahabharata and the Puranas, though compiled much later, also throw light on the life and society of an earlier period. For this period archaeological evidence has also been found in some areas of Uttar Pradesh.
Society and religion Though Aryan society was patriarchal, women were treated with dignity and honour. The family was the smallest social unit; several families (kula) made a village (grama) and several villages formed a vis. A number of villages formed a tribe or jana which was ruled by a chief called rajan. His chief function was to protect the tribe from external attack and maintain law and order. He was assisted by the members of two councils called sabha and samiti. The Purohita performed religious functions while the senani looked after military activities. There was no concept of the state or kingdom at this stage. Although the post of Rajan had become hereditary, he could be removed from power if found weak and inefficient or cruel. Towards the later Vedic period, society was divided into four varnas – Brahamanas, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras. This was also called the Varna-Vyavastha. To begin with it denoted categories of people doing different kinds of functions but with the passage of time this division became hereditary and rigid. The teachers were called Brahmans, the ruling class was called Kshatriyas, farmers, merchants and bankers were called Vaishyas while the artisans, craftsmen, labourers were called Shudras. Moving from one occupation to another became difficult. Simultaneously, the Brahmans also occupied a dominant position in the society
Adolescence is the age group which is extremely sensitive one. It is that stage of life when ones perception and behavior completely changes. Addiction is a chronic disorder which is characterized by consumption of drugs in spite of knowing that it has harmful consequences. Addiction to something directly results in creating a stressful situation if a person is caught in the trap of craving. Addiction to anything is like any other disorder which fallouts as an unhealthy body, lifeless mind, etc. sometimes addiction stayed lifetime with a person and ultimately leads to death. Addiction to anything is quite harmful and ultimately results in treacherous outcome.
When comes to drug and addiction teens come under highest rank. Adolescence is that stage of life when everything is new and people try it for the first time. Be it first time smoking, first glass of drink or first love. Teen age is the most difficult period of one’s life. Usually the reason behind teenager’s involvement in addiction is either to show off and become relax or it help in dealing with problems and social conflicts as well as for the sake of curiosity. But no matter whatever the reason such behavior is neither acceptable nor suits the teens. What is important is to identify at the right time that one is getting addicted. The person who is addicted has characteristic like regular mood swing, ignorance of appetite and hygiene, decline in family relationship, lack of self-motivation, a behavior which is too violent and aggressive. The characteristic are very common as it is of hormonal change thus it often makes difficult for people to identify whether they are caught in the trap of addiction to any substance or it’s just a normal hormonal balance in body. Adolescence and addiction is not just a problem from the teen but for the family too. Seeing the child going into the wrong path can be extremely dreadful for the parents as well. One should never ignore the teen problems as if often results in getting used to addiction which gives a disastrous results. Recognizing one’s own flaws and taking necessary steps to get rid of it important. Addiction is divided into two categories. Where the first one is physical addition, where one acquires craving for drugs and the whole body becomes completely dependent upon that substance. The other one is psychological addition where the craving is psychological or full of emotion. In this people have the desire to have drugs anytime and anywhere. Adolescence is the only stage where there are lots of ups and downs in one’s life. It is a phase between childhood and adulthood. With the arrival of this stage one needs to be extremely careful in life. Recovering from such disorders generally takes lifetime, it is not a process which can be rid in few weeks, rather than it takes long lasting treatment. There are many supports groups available which help the people in overcoming from this problem. As soon as the addiction is treated it gives a more powerful and successful results. Obsession of anything is a problem which need to be stop as soon as possible before it turn out to give a sever outcome.
After the independence of India there was the urgent need for change in the education system. British education system was rigid and followed their principal. The evolution in education policies was slow. One education policy worked as the draft for another policy.
Introduction
Education policy : policies are a set of written rules and strategies given to an organisation ( government and private). Education policy is about policy which helps to set rules in the educational department. Education policies help the government to decide the objectives of education. Government decided some goals to empower the youth and achieve them through educational policies.
How many policies have been established after independence.
After independence, Indian decided to degarde the British education system. British education system is just helpful for them. They have difficult course and exam patterns. There was an urgent need for new education policies which related to Indian context.
Universal education system (1948)
It was the first education policy of independent India. It was headed by the first president Dr. Sarvepalli radhakrishnan. The committee gave recommendations for reorganising the examination pattern, medium of instruction, cultural heritage, vocational education and many more.
Secondary education system (1952)
This committee works with primary and secondary levels of education. The committee was headed by the Dr. A. L murlidhar. Recommendations given by the committee were reorganising the aim of education and teaching medium at the secondary level. It is also known as muralidhar committee.
Indian education system (1964-66)
After the Two committees there were still some defeats in the education system. The previous committees gave suggestions to organise a new committee. The committee is known as the Kothari commission. It was headed by the D. S. Kothari. The major recommendations were improvement in the education system, focus on national development, addressing the needs and interest of aspiritant. The committee emphasized education for national development
National education policy (1968)
In 1968, late former prime minister shri rajiv gandhi introduced the new education policy. According to him, we have an urgent need for a new education policy for the holistic development of the nation. Free and compulsory education for the children, protection and development for all education systems, and work experience in every field were the programmes under the NEP 1968. It was the first education policy which included agriculture and industries as the courses in education.
National educational policy (1986)
National education policy came in 1986. It was focused on equal opportunities for all. The police have an idea of inclusion of scheduled tribes, scheduled caste, handicapped, and women in education. NEP 1986 had 23 task forces under it.
New education policy (2020).
The new education policy 2020 was introduced by the prime minister of India, Shri Narendra Damodardas modi.
The main aim of NEP 2020 is to provide infrastructure support, innovative education centres to bring back dropouts into the mainstream besides tracking of students and their learning levels, facilitating multiple pathways to learning involving both formal and non-formal education modes and association of counsellors or well-trained social workers with schools.
The vision of NEP 2020 is The vision of the Policy is to instill among the
learners a deep-rooted pride in being Indian, not only in thought, but also in spirit, intellect,and deeds, as well as to develop knowledge, skills, values, and dispositions that support responsible commitment to human rights, sustainable development and living, and global well-being, thereby reflecting a truly global citizen.
The new education policy changed the school structure from 10+2 to 5+ 3+3+4.
In the new education policy, early childhood and care is considered as the foundational year of learning. The ECC consists of 5 year of school structure. Children will go to bal vatika and anganwadis. There will be universal access to early child care and education.
Upliftment of literacy and numeracy, cutting the droprate rates, universal access of free and compulsory education, change in pedagogical and curriculum system, rigid to flexible and enjoyable classroom environment, holistic development of the learner, increasing the critical thinking among the learners, empowerment of student through the flexibility in the subject choices, vocational education and teacher training are some major recommendations of new education policy 2020.
Conclusion
The Indian education system always works for the better development of the nation. Every education gives recommendations on the basis of the first one. The aim of all education policies was to provide education facilities to all.
The United States, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Uzbekistan have agreed to establish a new quadrilateral diplomatic platform to enhance regional connectivity. The US State Department announced the setting up of the new diplomatic platform on July 16, 2021 to help strengthen economic connectivity across the region. The department announced that representatives from Washington, Kabul, Islamabad, and Tashkent had agreed, in principle, to establish a new quadrilateral diplomatic platform focused on enhancing regional connectivity.
“The parties consider long-term peace and stability in Afghanistan critical to regional connectivity and agree that peace and regional connectivity are mutually reinforcing,” the State Department said. Afghanistan’s strategic location has for a long time been touted as a competitive advantage for the country.
This development comes as the security situation in Afghanistan has been deteriorating following the withdrawal of US military forces from the country. The drawdown is set to be complete by the end of August. As the Taliban continues to seize new territory, US officials have been engaged in talks with countries neighboring Afghanistan to support the Afghan defense forces. Other south and central Asian countries are also engaged in talks to advance peace talks.
The new quad group’s formation is significant as it comes amid China’s efforts to extend its Belt Road Initiative (BRI) to Afghanistan. The Belt Road Initiative was launched by Chinese President Xi Jinping when he came to power in 2013. The Belt Road Initiative aims to link Southeast Asia, Central Asia, the Gulf region, Africa and Europe with a network of land and sea routes. Afghanistan due to its strategic location can provide China with a strategic base to spread its influence across the world. Pakistan Prime Minister Imran Khan had visited Uzbekistan in the past week for an official two-day visit during which he highlighted the benefits of regional connectivity and invited the nation to become party to China’s Belt and Road Initiative.
Pegasus is a spyware program developed by the Israeli business NSO Group that may gather data from mobile phones. Stating simply, It is a type of malware that infects iPhones and Android smartphones, allowing its users to extract texts, images, and emails, as well as record calls and covertly activate microphones.
Pegasus was found to be spying on roughly 50,000 phone numbers throughout the world, according to a worldwide investigation. Out of which 300 of them being confirmed Indian numbers. According to an investigation into a large data breach, authoritarian regimes have targeted human rights activists, journalists, and attorneys all around the world using hacking tools provided by the Israeli spy business NSO Group. In India, the phone numbers include of the legal community, businesspeople, government officials, scientists and acitivists. According to THE WIRE, Over 40 journalists, three major opposition figures, one constitutional authority, two serving ministers in the Narendra Modi government, current and former heads and officials of security organizations, and scores of businesspeople are among those in the database and their names would be soon released in the upcoming days. Newspapers like, The Guardian and The Washington Post, among others, released important facts showing the extent of what they dubbed “global surveillance operations” using Pegasus. The NSA whistleblower Edward Snowden tweeted on Sunday that this “spill” might be “the tale of the year.”
So basically, all we have to know is how Pegasus operates and how does it actually work. So after it is installed, it may collect data from emails, text messages such as SMS, WhatsApp conversations, phone records, contact lists, and GPS data and send it to the attacker. It can also activate a microphone, call recorder, and camera to give the attacker with surveillance capabilities. Forensic examinations on certain phones linked to the target numbers found unmistakable indications of Pegasus malware targeting and this task made simpler by the fact that the device was an Apple iPhone.
However, The Israeli firm that distributes Pegasus, NSO Group, disputed the claims, claiming that it only sells its spyware to “vetted countries.” Representatives claimed the business was “considering a defamation action” after allegations that it sold malware to intelligence, military, and law-enforcement organizations in 40 nations. On the other hand, the government of India also denied any involvement in the hacking, claiming that “the claims about government monitoring on individual people have no solid basis or truth linked with it whatsoever.” They also released a statement which states that in the past, similar accusations were made regarding the Indian State’s use of Pegasus on WhatsApp. In the Supreme Court, all parties, including WhatsApp, explicitly rejected the reports. They also said that this press release looks to be a similar fishing expedition, based on speculation and exaggeration in order to discredit India’s democracy and institutions.
Nevertheless, Pegasus was reportedly used to target journalists and human rights activists in India by Facebook-owned WhatsApp in 2019, according to a few sources. This information was revealed in a lawsuit filed in a US court in San Francisco by WhatsApp.
Stock investments are one of the most popular avenues of generating wealth in the modern world. You might have heard several things about stock market investors ranging from some horrific losses to inspiring ‘rags-to-riches’ stories. The beauty of this investment avenue is that it treats every investor differently based on his/her approach to investments. Hence, understanding how to invest in stocks is paramount to your success.
What is the share Market?
Before we talk about the share market, let’s understand shares.
What are shares?
Imagine a company running its regular business earning profits and looking for ways to expand.
It decides to launch a new type of product that requires a huge factory installation and skilled workforce – a huge investment.
The company does not have the required funds to create this set-up. Hence, it looks for a loan from a bank or a financial institution or raising money in some other way that does not require interest payment on the raised sum.
One way to do this is to add partners by asking them to contribute a certain amount towards the capital of the company.
A company is legally permitted to do this by issuing shares. When a company decides to raise capital, it issues shares to people. The amount of shares held by you determines the percentage of holding you have in the company.
So, if a company is worth Rs.10 lakhs and you hold shares worth Rs.1 lakh, then you are a 10% partner in the company. You will be eligible to receive a share of the profits made by the company.
This is a very simple way of understanding shares.
Since a share is a document certifying your ownership in a company, you can sell it to someone for a price.
So, if you are a partner in ABC Ltd, you can transfer your rights in the company to a third party by informing the company about the same.
For Example,
Let’s say that you want to become a partner in HDFC Bank Ltd. Where would you go to find its shares? The company issues shares only when it wants to raise capital. How do you find the existing shareholders of the company and at what price do you buy the shares?
To facilitate this, regulators around the world developed a marketplace where investors could buy and sell shares of any company listed on the stock exchange.
So, if you wanted to buy shares of HDFC Bank Ltd., you can visit this marketplace and buy them at the current market price.
The marketplace has a process with several intermediaries that ensures that the company is informed about the change in shareholder, the buyer receives the shares, and the seller receives the money. This is the Share Market.
When a company issues shares to the public for the first time, it launches an Initial Public Offering (IPO) by predetermining the share price.
This is the primary share market where you purchase the shares directly from the company during an IPO. As soon as the company finishes issuing shares through the IPO, they are listed on a stock exchange. This is the secondary market where you can buy and sell shares to other investors.
Intermediaries in a Share Market:
When you buy a share of a company from another shareholder, there are many things that can go wrong. Hence, every country has a regulatory body that ensures that the stock transactions are smooth and devoid of fraud.
In India, this body is the Securities and Exchanges Board of India (SEBI). This body has defined a process for share transactions to help ensure maximum protection to all investors that include the following intermediaries:
1.Stock Broker– SEBI has mandated that all transactions in a stock exchange must be done through a stockbroker registered with the exchange.
2.Depository and Depository Participant– While traditionally, shares were allotted in the form of physical share certificates, this has now given way to electronic or dematerialized shares. Just like you need a bank account to keep a record of your dematerialized money, you need a Demat account for your dematerialized shares. This account is provided by a depository participant.
3.Bank- You need money to buy shares and a bank account to receive sales proceeds. Hence, a bank is an essential intermediary in share transactions.
4.Clearing Corporation- This body ensures that all transactions are cleared successfully.
How to Invest in the share Market?
Now that you understand shares and the concepts of a share market, we come to the next important question i.e:How to invest in shares?
REQUIREMENTS TO INVEST IN THE SHARE MARKET:
Let’s first look at what you need to begin investing:
1.PAN Card– It is mandatory to have a PAN Card to invest in stocks.
2.Demate Account– This is the account that will hold the shares in the name of the buyer. You can open a Demat account with any depository participant. Most banks offer Demat account services. New age investment platforms also offer Demat account opening in a hassle-free manner.
3.Trading Account- To start making a stock market investment, you need a trading account with a stockbroker. Remember, stockbrokers, register with stock exchanges. While most good-quality stocks are listed on both primary exchanges (BSE & NSE), some might only be available on either of the two. Ensure that you open a trading account with a broker registered with both BSE & NSE. 4.Linked Bank Account– Since you are investing in stocks, you will be buying and selling them over time. Hence, you will need a bank account that is linked to your trading account to ensure that money flows in and out of your account seamlessly when youtransact.
DOCUMENTS NEEDED:
1.PAN Card 2.Aadhaar Card 3.A cancelled cheque from your bank account with your name on it 4.Proof of address (from the list of documents accepted by the bank/depository participant/broker) 5.Proof of income 6.Photographs With these accounts in place, you are set to begin your stock market investment journey.
INVESTMENT PROCESS:
As explained above, there are two markets that you can consider – primary and secondary. We will look at the investment process in both these markets.
1.Investing in the Primary Market(IPOs):
Investing in the primary market involves investing in an IPO. You will need a Demat account to hold the allotted shares and a trading account to apply online. You can also apply through your bank account. Now it’s important to remember the number of shares allotted to you will depend upon the market’s response to the IPO. Once the company receives all IPO applications, it allots shares based on the demand and availability of shares.
You can easily apply for an IPO through your net banking account through a process called ASBA (Application Supported by Blocked Amount). In this process, if you have applied for shares worth Rs.1 lakh in an IPO, the amount is blocked in your banking account instead of being sent to the company. Once the shares are allotted the exact amount is debited and the balance is released. It is mandatory for all IPO applications to follow this procedure. Once the shares are allotted, they are listed on a stock exchange within a week and you can start trading them.
2.Investing in the Secondary Market:
This is where all the action is. The secondary market is usually what we refer to when we say the stock market. It is the place where investors and traders buy and sell stocks. To invest in the secondary market, you will need a trading account, Demat account, and a linked banking account. If you are thinking about how to invest in share market online, then the answer is simple:
i) Open a Demat and trading account with a linked banking account. ii) Log in to the trading account iii) Choose the share that you want to buy or sell iv) Ensure that you have funds in your account for buying and shares in your Demat account before selling v) Determine the price at which you want to buy/sell vi) Wait for the seller/buyer respectively vii) Complete the transaction by transferring shares/money and receive money/shares The process is simple. However, becoming a successful investor is hard work. Let’s look at some concepts that you need to understand and tips that you can use for investing in the secondary market.
THINGS TO KEEP IN MIND BEFORE INVESTING:
Now that you are clear with the basics, let’s see what are the other things you need to consider before investing.
i)Understand Your Investor Profile:
Every investor is unique. Hence, you must ensure that you invest based on your investor profile. There are three critical factors that can help identify your profile:
Financial goals– Define your financial goals. What are you trying to achieve? Retirement corpus? Funding your world tour? Planning a marriage? Thinking of buying a house? These goals will help you get clarity on how and which stocks to invest in.
Risk Tolerance – How much risk can you stomach? If you invest in the stock of a strong company like Tata, then the price will not move up or down a lot. It will be relatively stable. On the other hand, if you invest in a small company that seems promising, then every small achievement will boost the stock price and failure will result in a crash. You need to determine how much volatility you can handle without panicking and making wrong decisions.
Investment Horizon – Stock investments tend to offer good returns over a period of 7-10 years (long-term). Based on your financial goals, determine the period for which you want to stay invested in a particular stock.
ii)Research the Company Before Investing:
Unless you are trading, don’t make investment decisions based on the stock price alone. Stock investment is a marathon – not a sprint. Hence, you need to invest in a stock that can endure a long journey and generate good returns too.
One of the best ways to find such stocks is by looking at the financials of the company. Without complicating things, simply try to assess if the company is financially sound and can withstand any economic turbulence that the future might bring. A strong company usually attracts positive investor perception and a higher stock price.
iii) Diversify:
Since stock investments carry market risks, it is important to make efforts to reduce the risk of your equity portfolio as much as you can. One of the best ways of reducing risk is diversification. Here’s why –
a) If you invest in too many banking stocks and some policy change or international event impacts the banking sector negatively, then a huge part of your investment can suffer. Hence, while investing ensure that you diversify across sectors and industries. b) If you invest in stocks of companies having their primary office in Mumbai and some incident brings Mumbai to a halt, then your returns can get impacted. Hence, diversify across cities, states, and even countries to minimize this impact. c) We all like to bet on the dark horse. In the share market, stocks of small-cap companies are the proverbial dark horses, and stocks of large-cap companies are the defending champions. While choosing either is your decision, it is better to invest across all market-caps.
iv) Track Your Investments Regularly:
While many investors believe in the concept of ‘invest and forget’, investors must keep track of their investments. A stock market is a volatile place. By tracking your investments, you can identify opportunities to sell and rebalance your portfolio to maximize gains. You can also curb your losses by selling non-performing stock before they hit rock-bottom.
We hope that this article covered most of your questions regarding how to invest in the stock market. This is one of the best ways to generate wealth but requires some patience, persistence, and a strategic approach.
The Sahara, the world’s biggest hot desert, the third largest desert overall, is getting even bigger. In fact, it is currently about 10 percent larger than it was nearly a century ago, and scientists suggest that climate change is partly responsible.
To qualify as a desert, a region has to see 4 inches (100 mm) or less of rainfall per year. The Researchers looked at rainfall data from across Africa recorded between 1920 and 2013. They found that more of the area around the Sahara — about 10 percent more — qualified as desert, making the largest hot desert even larger.
At the southern border of the Sahara lies a semi-arid grassland known as the Sahel. It’s a buffer zone between the harsh Sahara and the fertile savannas in southern Africa, particularly Sudan and Chad. Lake Chad, for example, has been getting smaller due to climate fluctuations and because its used to irrigate crops. The lack of rainfall does not help the situation.
The study also points out that it’s probably not just the Sahara that’s expanding. Deserts around the world are likely experiencing the same climate changes and growing larger as well. Deserts are all formed pretty much the same way: Warm air rises in the tropics, which are near the equator, then spreads toward the poles, a frightening prospect fot the locals.
Some people always wanted to move different countries for their education and to upgrade their lifestyle. If you are one of them and have always had a mind to study abroad then here is the top 8 places to study with the most affordable price.
8. Taiwan
Taiwan in Asia is a one of the cheapest country to study abroad. The universities of the country offer more than 120 Courses which are taught in English. One of the top universities like National Taiwan University ranked top 20 Universities in ASIA and 66th in the world. The fees for undergraduate programs can cost US $ 3350 and can go till US $ 4050. The cost of living is quite cheaper than other countries and it is US $ 2900.
Paris, the capital of the country was named the best place for student and ranked 1st in a row. The cost of living may get expensive, but the school and tuition fees are way less than other countries. The fees are same for Local as well as for international students. A year back it was US $200 for a bachelor degree, and US $300 for the master program. If you think that your french should be fluent or you must know how to speak french to study in that country, then it’s not, One can easily study opting English while studying In France.
India, One of the most affordable and the best country to study in Asia. The country is well known for its culture, Tourism, and the best education around the world. English is often used in High level education and in universities. The tuition fee varies with the different courses and universities in the country. The maximum it can be US $7900 and less in a year. The living is affordable and one can live luxuriously just with US $4700 a year.
One of the best country for education with cheapest the cost of the student’s living and tuition fees. The capital city, Kuala Lumpur was ranked 1st by QS 2016 and named as the best and affordable city for the student’s living and education. The living can cost as high as 4000 US $ and the tuition fee varies for different courses, but maximum it can be US $ 4200 a year. They also have the International University’s branch for offering international degrees to the students.
One of the most beautiful country around the world, Spain is one of the Cheapest for education as well as for living of students. It can cost 7400 US $ per semester for tuition fees and less and more, varies from different courses and a university. The cost of living is quite higher than the fees if one lives in the city, it can cost US $ 8000 per year.
Sweden was always set as a priority to study by a student. The country with one of the safest environment for the students and as well as for citizens. One who wants to enjoy his/her education while living in a beautiful environment and having a sustainable able, Sweden can provide all those facilities to a student. The tuition fee cost US $ 5000 per semester, which also varies with different courses and universities. The living cost can be up to US $ 8000 per year.
If one can speak Polish and are prepared to give entrance exams for the courses in polish, then the tuition fee can costs US $ 0 to a student. There are many English based courses which can cost US $5000 per year and also varies with different courses and universities. The country’s capital was Ranked Under top 20 cities by QS for affordability.
Number 1 in the list of best education all over the world with affordable costs. Germany is targeted by the students for their education the way of living. It has the reputed universities, International Branches and the best atmosphere for the education of the children. One can have a sustainable and balanced life for their education and living. The universities also help to build the extra skills for their children with 100% of its working in real life. The cost of living can be higher in the way of one’s living which is US $ 10,000 per year. The tuition fees vary from different courses and universities. It costs around US & 12,000 a year and one also can get scholarships as per their skills. One should set Germany as in their top of the priority list for their Education with affordable prices.
Above All the country’s was listed as per their cheaper costs of living and education. There are countries like US, UK, CANADA and many others who offer the best education in the world, but their costs were higher than above all the above listed Countries.
Eduindex News 
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