Top 10 Internet Companies in the World (Part 1)

10) Baidu: Baidu is the main search engine in China. It offers maps, news, videos, anti-virus software, and Internet TV. It is listed in the Cayman Islands and is known to restrict search results to comply with Chinese laws and political directives. It specializes in Internet-related services and products and artificial intelligence. Its American depository receipt is listed on Nasdaq. It had a market cap of $41.32 billion on June 30, 2020, and its 2019 revenue amounted to $15.43 billion. It was founded by Robin Li and Eric Xu in 2000. Li is still the CEO till date.

9) Booking.com: Booking.com is an online travel company that lets users book reservations for restaurants, hotels, rental cars, airline tickets, safaris, cruises, and other travel services. It is based in Amsterdam, Netherlands. It had a market cap of $65.20 billion on June 30, 2020. In 2019, its total revenues were $15.07 billion. It was founded by Geert-Jan Bruinsma in 1996. The current CEO is Glenn Fogel.

8) JD.com: JD.com is a Chinese e-commerce company headquartered in Beijing. It is one of the largest B2C online platforms in China and a member of the Fortune Global 500. It is headquartered in Beijing. The company’s cutting-edge retail infrastructure seeks to enable consumers to buy whatever they want, whenever and wherever they want it. Its market cap was $93.01 billion on June 30, 2020. JD.com’s total revenue in 2019 was $82.86 billion. It was founded by Liu Qiangdong in 1998 and he remains the CEO till date.

7) Salesforce: Salesforce is cloud computing and social enterprise solutions company. It is based in San Francisco, California. It also provides customer relationship management services to various businesses. It’s one integrated CRM platform that gives all your departments — including marketing, sales, commerce etc. — a single, shared view of every customer. It had a market cap of $176.92 billion on June 30, 2020 and its total revenue in 2019 amounted to $13.28 billion. It was founded by Marc Benioff and Parker Harris in 1999. Benioff is still the CEO.

6) Netflix: Netflix is an OTT and entertainment service company that provides video streaming platforms. It has a network of over 167 million members across more than 190 countries. It is headquartered in Los Gatos, California. Its market cap was $200.68 billion on June 30, 2020. In 2019, its total revenues were $20.16 billion. It was founded in 1997 by Reed Hastings and Marc Randolph. It was originally a movie rental service where you could rent DVDs. Its current CEO is Ted Sarandos.

When she quiver gently..! Evolution of Electric Guitars

The Guitar is a fretted musical instrument that typically has six strings. Apart from normal guitars electric guitars, first patented in 1937. Electric guitars can have solid, semi-hollow, or hollow bodies; solid bodies produce little sound without amplification. The sound is frequently modified by other electronic devices or the natural distortion of valves or the pre-amp in the amplifier. The first successful magnetic pickup for a guitar was invented by George Beauchamp, and incorporated into the 1931 Ro-Pat-In (later Rickenbacker) “Frying Pan” lap steel; other manufacturers, notably Gibson, soon began to install pickups in archtop models. Well..! Take a look at the evolution of electric guitars…..

The Rickenbacker “Frying Pan” 1931
Manufactured by Rickenbacker Electro. The Frying Pan was created in 1931 by George Beauchamp. The name was derived from the flat body and its neck ‘handle’. It was designed to cash in on the popularity of Hawaiian music.

The Rickenbacker “Electro String” 1935
Created by Electro String, its name was changed to Rickenbacker. Was sold until 1953 when FC Hall a California music-business entity acquired it.

Les Paul “Log” 1941
Les Paul’s “Log” has a Gibson pickup mounted on a 4×4 block of solid maple wood with strings. He attached the body of an Epiphone hollow-body guitar for improving the instrument’s aesthetics, and for the purpose of reducing feedback and increasing acoustic sustenance. These were constantly modified by Paul, and the famous instrument designer used them long after creating his eponymous Gibson model.

Bigsby-Travis Guitar 1947
Best known as the creator of “Bigsby Vibrato”, Paul Bigsby’s instrument was important in the development of solid-body electric guitars. These have all six tuners on one side of the headstock, as opposed to the three-a-side headstock arrangement popular during that time.

Fender Broadcaster (Telecaster) 1948
With less focus on design, Leo Fender created a regular guitar that had clear sound. The Broadcaster is a two pickup model, and its necks are incorporated with truss rods. Since it violates the trademark for its Broadcaster line of drums, Fender changed its name to Telecaster.

Gibson Les Paul 1952
A design collaboration between Les Paul and Gibson Guitar Corporation gave birth to the Gibson Les Paul after the introduction of Telecaster created a rage for electric guitars. Les Paul went through 50-60 prototypes before finalizing the design.

Fender Stratocaster 1954
Often referred to as “Strat”. This instrument is a model of the electric guitar designed by Leo Fender, George Fullerton, and Freddie Tavares in 1954. It has a double cut-away neck with beveled edges, a Fender engineered “tremolo” unit in the floating bridge, and three pickups – the first solid body guitar to be fitted with such an arrangement.

Van Halen “Frankenstrat” 1979
Made from an ash Stratocaster body with a routing, Frankenstrat was Eddie Van Halen’s idea of combining a Fender and a Gibson. It had a maple neck, chrome hardware. And red, black, and white stripes. It also made a mark for hyper-fast technical playing.

Jackson Randy Rhoads 1982
Commissioned by guitarist Randy Rhoads, it was supposed to be called The Original Sin. He wanted to produce a guitar that resembled a shark’s fin. The vibrato in the guitar is of very high quality, and the pickups are designed to capture the treble more efficiently. Vinnie Vincent, formerly of Kiss, was the first professional guitarist to be offered an early Rhoads guitar by Jackson after Rhoads’ death.

Ibanez 7-String Guitar 1994
The seven-string, solid-body guitar became famous when the band Korn featured the Ibanez Universe in their 1994 debut album. Today. The 7-string still rumbles on with Muse, Dream theater etc.

Guitar Hero Controller
The series has helped to rekindle music education in children. Many consider Guitar Hero to be one of the most influential products of the first decade of the 21st century, attributing it as the spark leading to the growth of the rhythm-game market, for boosting music sales for new and old artists.

Guitar Hero Live 2015
Once again taking the shape of the old faithful fender Stratocaster. This guitar takes on a new approach with a 6-fret design arranged in two rows of three. The frets are represented by three scrolling lanes on-screen, containing either black or white notes representing the two rows. Due to the new design, the controller cannot be used for backwards compatibility with other guitar hero games.

Technology used in our daily life.

Technology plays an important role in our daily life. We can’t live a single day without using technologies even in every minute we are using cars for going anywhere, mobile phones for call and text message which are part of technology. Starting our day from going to the bed very much we are dependent to the technology.

Today technology has pierced in every aspect of our life: entertainment to communications, travels and tourism, nuclear weapons, electronic gadgets, televisions, internet service. Also communication has become zoom speedy through technology and become so much updated like from cycle to bikes, telephones to mobile phones, advance PCs and laptops.

Remember, ” EVERY COIN HAS TWO SIDES”, in modern day technology made human life easy and it is time saving also. On the other side technology also create several negative effects in human life. Some of the technologies has escaped from human control. Somewhere it made our life complicated. Not everyone knows the right way of using technologies and it is also difficult to understand for lots of peoples. Humans are now very much addicted to cars, bikes mobile phones, electronic gadgets, machines etc.

Technology has both positive and negative effects,it is just a revolutionary way of improving quality of human life and to the advanced generation. I can’t imagine the life without cars, trains, bus, mobile phones, airplanes, etc.

The 21st Century Space Race

Everybody knows about the Apollo missions in the late 20^th century, when Neil Armstrong famously quoted, “That’s one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind”, as he became the first human to stand on the moon. But since then, space exploration hasn’t been as enthusiastic and exciting. Until now.

Unlike the Space Race in the 60s, where powerful countries tried to beat each other to space, the new space race is between multi-billionaires with their private space companies. The biggest players are Elon Musk’s SpaceX, Jeff Bezos’ Blue Origin and Richard Branson’s Virgin Galactic.

Elon Musk, founder of SpaceX, said that his company aims to revolutionize space technology, with the ultimate goal of enabling people to live on other planets. Jeff Bezos, who founded Blue Origin, said the company believes that “in order to preserve Earth, our home, for our grandchildren’s grandchildren, we must go to space to tap its unlimited resources and energy”. Richard Branson’s Virgin Galactic is attempting to be the first to offer commercial human spaceflight, trying to open up space to everyone.

Out of all the private space companies, Elon Musk’s SpaceX has achieved the most, with many successful test flights, transporting cargo to the International Space Station, setting up satellites in orbit and sending the first humans to space from the United States since the Apollo missions. He even launched his own Tesla vehicle into space. Not being publicly traded, Musk doesn’t intend to make SpaceX public till it accomplishes its Mars ambitions. He aims to launch a SpaceX rocket off to Mars, containing only cargo by 2022. He has hopes to send a million people to Mars by 2050. He also started a company called Starlink, which aims to set up microsatellites in lower Earth orbit, with the goal of providing affordable internet connection to every corner of the planet.

Following Musk’s remarkable success, other space companies felt the need to do something that will put them on the map. Recently, Jeff Bezos announced that he will be going to space with his brother on July 20^th. Following this Richard Branson immediately announced and travelled to space on July 11^th. Soon after, this incident resulted in a debate on where space really begins. Blue Origin argued that Kármán line, 100 kilometers above Earth’s mean sea level, is where space truly begins, and Richard Branson with Virgin Galactic did not cross that line, whereas Jeff Bezos is said to be travelling above the Kármán line. Various scientists, astronauts and astronomers jumped into the debate arguing who among the two is right. Famous physicist Neil deGrasse Tyson believes that Richard Branson did not in fact really go to space.

Everyone is waiting for Jeff Bezos to travel to space tomorrow on the New Shephard spacecraft by Blue Origin. This is just the beginning of the massive space exploration business and many private companies are jumping into the very risky yet insanely profitable (if successful) market of the future.

Transgenic mice

We have learnt throughout our lives that mice are used for experiments around the world, but do we really know why mice are used. Is it because they are hated around the world? They is actually a variety of reasons for this. Did you know that mice are 85% genetically similar to humans? Some other features that make them the perfect experimental animals are as follows:-

Adult mice multiply quickly.

They can reproduce as often as every three weeks (they mate on the day they give birth), so scientists have lots of mice to work with. The time between a mouse being born and giving birth (generation time) is short, usually around 10 weeks. This means several generations can be observed at once.

2. The mouse has a short lifespan

The mouse has a short lifespan (one mouse year equals about 30 human years) which means scientists can easily measure the effects of ageing.

3. It is easy to manipulate the mouse genome

It is relatively easy to manipulate the mouse genome, for example, adding or removing a gene to better understand its role in the body. This provides a powerful tool for modelling specific diseases when a mutated gene is known to play a role in the disease.

4. Mice are cost effective

Mice are cost effective because they are cheap and easy to look after. Also the mouse is small, so convenient to house.

But ultimately a mouse is a living thing so there is a lot of controversy surrounding whether mice should be used for experiments or not.

Female hygiene

We all know how important female hygiene is. Our private areas are extremely sensitive and infection prone, if we don’t keep our genitals clean these infections can lead to harmful diseases. Some ways to maintain female hygiene are as follows:-

Use fresh towels

Wash and replace towel and washcloths after you use them. Reusing towels isn’t wise because bacteria can cling to these surfaces. And that potentially puts you at risk for an infection

2. Keep the vagina clean and dry

Cotton is breathable, making it an ideal fabric selection for underwear. It can down on moisture as it keeps your skin cool and dry. With breathable fabrics like cotton, you have a reduced risk of bacterial growth and infections. On the flip side, fabrics like satin retain moisture. That reduces airflow, creating irritation and friction. And that encourages yeast and bacteria growth, which can lead to infections. You should also change out of sweaty workout clothing and wet swimsuits to help prevention infections.

3. Stay Clean

It sounds simple but it’s important to wipe from front to back until the toilet paper shows no residue. That will help prevent bacteria from getting into the vagina. Change sanitary pads and tampons regularly during your period. If you’re wearing panty liners, change them frequently. However, if you wear them all the time, you may have some irritation.

4. Don’t use products to clean inside thee vagina

Your vagina knows how to take care of itself. It self-cleans and naturally produces some discharge that helps get rid of germs and bacteria from your body. So, douching or using harsh cleaners or soaps can disrupt your natural pH balance and can irritate your vagina and wash away good bacteria. Plus, douching will only mask the smell—not cure what’s going on. Stick with warm water and mild soap on the vulva.

A major part of our Indian society is unaware of the importance of proper female hygiene causing an increased amount of female hygiene related diseases in India. Hence it is essential to spread awareness and educate everyone about this particular topic

THE PALACE OF ILLUSIONS (BOOK REVIEW)

Re-imagining the Epic with The Palace of Illusions by Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni — Image source: Google

Mahabharata; as written by Vyasa, is heard and known by almost every person within and out of the community. All thanks to either the creators of the show or the story we heard from our grandparents back then. Mahabharata is historical fiction and the longest epic poem ever written revolving around the Kauravas and Pandavas, the brothers, the men of the story. Crux revolves around the battle and Victory of either of the two, the story of the brothers, the men in the house.

The women too had a shared part in it but what if I tell you the same story with the perspective of the women of their house? Perhaps, a story from the perspective of one woman in particular?

The Palace of illusions is all about itself.

Written by the award-winning poet and writer Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni, its first edition was released in 2008.

The narrator and the protagonist is Draupadi herself.

Narrating all aspects of her life, from her unnatural birth to her lonely childhood, her bond with her brother, her marriage, her children, her death.

Every intricate detail is covered about her whole life

and the justice to the story is one hundred per cent done.

There are so many instances within the novel where you’ll feel too sympathetic with her character,story,struggles, and life.

Banerjee has not only laid emphasis on her but all the characters are defined and penned amazingly which makes its flow well. There are so many lines and dialogues within the novel that makes you ready to appreciate the writer for even thinking about that In all, the novel, the Mahabharata of this century, has something remarkable to it that there’s no way you can skip reading this one. It’s a kind of novel that maybe will make you think more of the role and the life of women involved in the world of men of Mahabharata with a whole new perspective.

Westernization

According to M N Srinivas “westernization refers to the changes brought about in Indian society and culture as a result of over 150 years of British rule and the term subsumes changes occurring at different levels of technology, institutions, ideology, values”.

Main features of westernization:

Westernization is a simpler concept. It explains the impact of Western contact (particularly of British rule) on the Indian society and culture. M N Srinivas defends the use of the term when he says that there is need for such as when analysing the changes that a non western country undergoes as a result of prolonged contact with the western one.

It not only includes the introduction of new institutions (for example newspaper, elections, Christian Missionaries) but also fundamental changes in old Institutions. For example, India had schools long before the arrival of the British, but they were different from British introduced schools in that they had been restricted to upper caste children and transmitted mostly traditional knowledge. Other institutions such as the Army, civil service and law courts were also similarly affected.

The form and pace of westernization of India varied from region to region and from one section of population to another. For example one group of people became Westernized in dress, manners, speech while other absorbed Western science, knowledge and literature remaining relatively free from certain aspects. For example brahmins accepted the western dress habits and educational systems and also used gadgets such as radio, television, telephone but they did not accept the British diet, dancing, hunting and such other habits. This distinction is however only relative, not absolute.

According to M N Srinivas in the political and cultural field westernisation has given birth not only to nationalism but also to revivalism, communalism, casteism and heightened linguistic consciousness and regionalism. To make matters even more bewildering revivalist movements have used Western type schools and colleges and books, pamphlets and journals to propagate their ideas .

The term westernisation, unlike modernisation, is ethically neutral, its use does not carry the implication that it is good or bad where modernisation is normally used in the sense that it is good, according to M N Srinivas.

Agriculture Distress in India

Agrarian distress in India, built-up over time, has further deteriorated recently. … The underlying reasons for agrarian distress in India are: a) unviable agriculture; b) ineffective Minimum Support Prices (MSP) system; c) adverse terms of trade; d) rural indebtedness; and e) inefficient value chain in agriculture.

Agriculture has been a key contributor to India’s growth story, where 650 million people or 58 per cent of Indian households are directly or indirectly dependent on agriculture. In recent years, crop failures, indebtedness, non-remunerative prices, and low returns have resulted in agrarian distress in most parts of the country. Despite the government introducing several reforms in the sector, challenges continue to exist.

The Indian agriculture sector is confronted with high price volatility, climate risk, and indebtedness. It is currently suffering from a period of crisis that has not only affected the overall productivity but also led to a massive reduction in farmers’ income. Since the majority of farmers are small and marginal with declining and fragmenting landholding, these uncertainties make it even more risk-prone.Some of the key initiatives rolled out by the government to mitigate agriculture distress and safeguard the interest of farmers in 2019 were:

Fasal Bima Yojana

It was a scheme introduced in 2016, keeping in mind that farmers are vulnerable to the vagaries of nature and need insurance support for crop loss. Under this scheme, farmers are provided financial support in the event of crop failure. They are required to pay a uniform premium of 2 per cent for kharif crops, 1.5 per cent for rabi crops, and 5 per cent for commercial and horticultural produce, with the balance being incurred by the government.

A close assessment of the scheme and its implementation shows that though the scheme provides much-needed relief as it protects the farmer from loss of income due to unavoidable risk, it does not guarantee any assured income for the produce. Being only a yield protection insurance, this scheme is not holistic and fails to provide revenue protection. Incorporation of technology through remote-sensing, drones, satellite imagery, and digitisation of land records should be promoted for effective implementation of the PMFBY.

Additionally, a regulatory framework that unifies the insurance system covering yield and price risk will ensure increased participation. The Government has taken steps to make the scheme effective, but hurdles remain in its effective implementation.

Krishi Sinchayee Yojana

Though the scheme focuses on assured irrigation through reduced water wastage and improving efficiency, it has so far failed to deliver on its promises. The target was to create irrigation potential for additional 4,293 thousand hectares by December19, but only 67 percent of the target has been completed.

Overall, PMKSY has set the target to achieve 99 irrigation projects by December19 to improve the irrigation coverage in the country. Land acquisition and delay in tendering process are the main reasons cited for the delay in the completion of the projects.

Kisan Samman Nidhi

The scheme promises direct payment of ₹6,000 per year in three equal instalments of ₹2,000 each to small and marginal landholding families. The scheme is geared towards inducing behaviour change through a nudge effect, as mentioned in the Economic Survey 2019 to make government schemes more effective. E-NAM aims to facilitate better price discovery, a nationwide electronic trading portal that links all APMCs (Agricultural Produce Marketing Committees) was developed under the name of E-Nam. The farmers are given the freedom to sell their produce without the intervention of any middlemen and with more options to sell, thus helping them get a more competitive return for their produce. A closer assessment of this initiative shows that e-NAM is facing significant challenges. Most of the e-NAM transactions are settled outside the system payment gateway; the farmers are not paid in full and on time. The account integration is the key to ensure the online platform succeeds. Moreover, it should also ensure that the entire ecosystem, including assaying and grading of produce works in tandem to ensure all India participation works. There is a need to strengthen the platform through significant investment in infrastructure, the up-gradation of mandis, and driving awareness among farmers’ welfare.

India has multiple hurdles in the path of equitable growth of its primary sector. But there are avenues through which productivity can be increased, and the growth of farmers’ income is attainable, even with the existing constraints. The development of the agriculture sector should be the focus area.

The government bodies, private players and agri start-ups working with the farmers can together transform the sector’s outlook. Along with this, we need a framework that is timely, consistent and improves the farmer’s income and hence quality of life.

Zika Virus

Viruses have been the talk of the town since its high intake in the previous year. For instance Covid that has booked its seat for a long stay in the country along with its innumerous variants has caused a lot of problems. Zika Virus is one such deadly virus which is a member of the virus family Flaviviridae and spreads from Aedes mosquitoes. It existence has been marked since ages detected first in monkeys in 1947 and then in humans in 1952 in Uganda.

The first recorded outbreak of Zika virus disease was reported from the Island of Yap in 2007.Its symptomatic time period is from 3 to 14 days. Its symptoms are almost equal to dengue fever which includes fever, rash, muscle and joint pain, conjunctivitis, malaise, and headache, and usually last for 2–7 days. Its infection is deadly during pregnancy and leads to microcephaly which leads to small head size since it disrupts brain growth by hijacking a pathway which regulates growth of new neurons and other congenital abnormalities in the developing fetus and newborn. It can also lead to fetal loss, and preterm birth.

"Zika virus" capsid model, colored by chains, PDB entry 5ire — Zika Virus Capsid Model

It can also transfer from men and women to their sexual partners and during blood transfusion. Although no clinically proven vaccine has been developed so far but clinical trials are in progress. Therefore no proper treatment is available and the only treatment that is done is by using the medicines to lower a particular symptom. For example in case of fever paracetamol comes handy. If symptoms worsen, they should seek medical care and advice.

In such case prevention is the best remedy. Water should not be stagnant, sanitary conditions should be maintained, pregnant women should sleep under mosquito nets and should avoid going to unhygienic places. Windows and doors should be kept closed. Mosquito repellant creams should be applied.

Sanskritization

The term “Sanskritization” was introduced into Indian sociology by Prof M N Srinivas.

The term refers to a process whereby people of lower caste collectively try to adopt upper caste practices and beliefs as a preliminary step to acquire higher status. Thus, it indicates a process of cultural mobility that is taking place in the traditional social system of India.

MN Srinivas in his study of the Coorg in Karnataka found that lower caste in order to raise their position in the caste hierarchy adopted some customs and practices of the Brahmin and give up their own which were considered to be impure by the higher caste, for example, they gave up meat eating, drinking liquor, animal sacrifice, imitated Brahmins in matters of dress food and rituals by doing so within a generation of so they could claim higher positions in the hierarchy of castes.

Some features of the sanskritization:

Sanskritization denotes the process in which the lower caste try to imitate the lifestyle of the upper caste in their attempt to raise their social status.

It denotes the process of upward mobility. In this process, a caste is trying to increase his position in the caste hierarchy not at once but over a period of time, it would sometimes take a period of one or two generations.

Mobility that is involved in the process of sanskritization results only in positional changes for particular caste or section of castes, and need not necessarily lead to a structural change; it means while individuals move up or down the structure as such remains the same.

The castes which enjoyed higher economic and political power but related relatively low in the ritual ranking went after sanskritization for they felt that their claim to higher position was not fully effective.

The British rule in India provided a favourable atmosphere for Sanskritization to take place. Political Independence has weakened the trend towards this change now the emphasis is on vertical social mobility and not on horizontal mobility.

Significant development in the realm of material culture has accelerated the process of sanskritization. Industrialisation, occupational mobility, mass media, communication, spread of literacy, advent of Western technology, improvement in transportation system etc, has speeded up the process of sanskritization.

Danish Siddiqui

The Indian Photo- Journalist ,Danish Siddiqui has been killed by the terrorist on Friday in Afganistan. He was Honoured with prestigious Pulitzer Prize in feature photography.

He was working with the International media Reuters for more than a decade.The 41 years old Photojournalist was on a assignment where he was shot by the terrorist while covering the war between the Afgan Security Forces and Taliban forces.

He graduated from Jamia Millia Islamia ,Delhi with a degree in Economics.He had also done his post-graduation in Mass communication from A.J.k mass communication research centre ,Jamia.

Siddiqui started his career from Hindustan Times and later join The Reuters as an intern in 2010.

He became the first Indian along with Adnan Abidi to win Pulitzer Prize for feature Photography in 2018.

Horticulture

Horticulture, the branch of plant agriculture dealing with garden crops, generally fruits,vegetables, and ornamental plants. The Horticulture falls between domestic gardening and field agriculture, through all forms of cultivation naturally have close links.

It is divided into the cultivation of plants for food and plants for ornament. Pomology deals with fruit and nut crops. Oliericuture deals with herbaceous plants for the kitchen, including, for example carrots, cauliflower. Floriculture deals with the production of flowers and ornamental plants; generally, cut flowers, pot plants, and greenery. Landscape Horticulture is a broad category that includes plants for the landscape, including lawn turf but particularly nursery crops such as shrubs, trees, and vines.
The specialisation of the horticulture and the success of the crop are influenced by many factors. Among these are climate, terrain, and other regional variations.

HORTICULTURAL REGIONS :

TEMPERATURE ZONES :

Temperature zones for horticulture cannot be defined exactly by lines of latitude or longitude but are usually regarded as including those areas where frost in winter occurs, even though rarely. Thus, most parts of Europe, North America and Northern Asia
are included, though some parts of the United States, such as southern Florida, are considered subtropical.
The temperature zones are also the areas of the grasses – the finest lawns particularly are in the regions of moderate or high rainfall- and of the great cereal crops. Rice is excluded as being tropical, but wheat, barley, corn and Rye grow well in the temperature zones.
Plants in the temperature zones benefit from a winter resting season, which clearly differentiates them from tropical plants which tend to grow continuously. Most of the great gardens of the world have been developed in temperature zones. Particular features such as rose gardens, herbaceous borders, annual borders, woodland gardens, and rock gardens are also those of temperature zone gardens. Nearly all depends for their success on the winter resting period.

TROPICAL ZONES :

There is no sharp line of demarcation between the topics and the subtropics. Just as many tropical plants can be cultivated in the subtropics, so also many subtropical and even temperature plants can be grown satisfactorily in the tropics. Elevation is a determining factor. In addition to Elevation, another determinant is the annual distribution of rainfall. Plants that grow and flower in the monsoon areas, as in India, will not succeed where the climate is uniformly wet. Another factor is the length of day, the number of hours the sun is above the horizon;some plants flower only if the day is long, but others make their growth during the long days and flower when the day is short.
In the tropics of Asia and parts of central and south America, the dominant features of the gardens are flowering trees, shrubs, and climbers. Herbaceous plants are relatively few, but many kinds of orchids can be grown.

PROPAGATION :

propagation is the controlled perpetuation of plants,is the most basic of Horticulture practices . It’s two objectives are to achieve an increase in numbers and to preserve the essential characteristics of the plant. Propagation can be achieved sexually by seed or asexually by utilising specialised vegetative structures of the plant or by employing such techniques are cutting, layering, grafting and tissue culture

SEED PROPAGATION :

The most common method of propagation for self- pollinated plants is by seed. In self-pollinated plants,the sperm nuclei in pollen produced by a flower fertilize egg cells of a flower on the same plant. Propagation by seed is also used widely for many cross- pollinated plants pollen is carried from one plant to another.
The practice of saving seed to plant the following year has developed into a specialized part of horticulture. Seed technology involves all of the steps necessary ensure production of seed with high viability, freedom from disease, purity, and trueness to type. These processes may include specialized growing and harvesting techniques, cleaning, and distribution. Germination in such seed may be accomplished by treatment to remove these inhibitors. This may involve cold stratification, storing seed at high relative humidity and low temperatures, usually slightly above freezing. Cold stratification is a prerequisite to the uniform germination of many temperature-zone species such as apple, bear, and redbud.

VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION :

Asexual or vegetative reproduction is based on the ability of plants to regenerate tissues and parts. In many plants vegetative propagation is a completely natural process; in others it is an artificial one. It has may advantages. These include the unchanged prepetuation of naturally cross pollimated palnts and the possibility of propagation seedless progeny.
Vegetative propagation is accomplished be use of

Apomictic seed
1. Specialized vegetatice structres such as runners, bulbs, corms, rhizomes, offshoot, tubers, stems and roots.
Layers and cuttimgs
Grafting and budding
1. tissue culture.

Journalism and it’s importance in our life

WHAT IS JOURNALISM ??

Journalism is the production and distribution of reports on current events based on facts and supported with proof or evidence. The word journalism applies to the occupation, as well as collaborative media who gather and publish information based on facts and supported with proof or evidence. Journalistic media include print, television, radio, Internet, and, in the past, newsreels.

Concepts of the appropriate role for journalism vary between countries. In some nations, the news media are controlled by government intervention and are not fully independent. In others, the news media are independent of the government but instead operate as private industry. In addition to the varying nature of how media organizations are run and funded, countries may have differing implementations of laws handling the freedom of speech and libel cases.

The proliferation of the Internet and smartphones has brought significant changes to the media landscape since the turn of the 21st century. This has created a shift in the consumption of print media channels, as people increasingly consume news through e-readers, smartphones, and other personal electronic devices, as opposed to the more traditional formats of newspapers, magazines, or television news channels. News organizations are challenged to fully monetize their digital wing, as well as improvise on the context in which they publish in print. Newspapers have seen print revenues sink at a faster pace than the rate of growth for digital revenues

SOME FAMOUS PEOPLE ON JOURNALISM’S IMPORTANCE IN LIFE

Without journalism, the world would be ignorant. Journalism is important because it gives current and relevant information and news to the public. Benjamin Franklin said, “Whoever would overthrow the liberty of a nation must begin by judging the freeness of speech.”

Coach Currie, an 8th grade social studies teacher and football coach at Dobie Jr. High, said, “Journalism is important because it spreads truth to people; they need to know things.”

Mrs. Preyor-Johnson, a journalism teacher at Dobie Jr. High, used to work as a full time journalist. She said, “Journalism is essential to our freedom.”

IMPORTANCE OF JOURNALISM IN SOCIETY

Journalism means the works of a journalist regarding news, views, reports, etc. It is an investigation and reporting of current world affairs which include fashion trends, political or general issue and events to a broad audience. It is apparent writing on any issue of an affair.

Though there are various purposes for it, the most important aspect is the freedom of expression. The root of journalism comes from people’s right to have an opinion.

Today people depend on the press on being informed of what’s happening. A modern newspaper is something very much more than a mere purveyor of the news; it is also a store-house of current information, an instrument of public criticism, a creator of public opinion. The media plays a vital role in a democratic society. Their influence on forming a public opinion is very great. They may be said to do political thoughts on behalf of the man in the street. Then there is the news-editor and his staff. They receive news from different agencies, staff reporters and correspondents. They edit, arrange, and display them. They can flash a headline and create a sensation. The staff-reporters interview people, elicit views by “scooping” news in advance.

Journalism is for the ‘voice of a voiceless’- expressing opinions of all those in our society. It’s like a bridge between the authorities and people. A modern newspaper must also have on its staff competent artists, cartoonists, photographers, etc. There must be advertisement managers and circulation managers. All these people who are on the staff of a newspaper are known by the general name of journalists, or newspapermen.

Wealthy and influential newspapers always maintain their own correspondents, home and abroad. The modern world could not exist without such an elaborate organization and agency of information gathered from various sources.

Therefore its primary purpose is to make sure all citizens are aware of their rights. Journalism is a difficult profession. “To write weekly”, says Virginia Woolf, “to write daily, to write shortly, to write for busy people catching trains in the morning, or for tired people coming home in the evening is a heartbreaking task for men who know good writing from bad. Oscar Wilde once stated, “By giving us the opinion of the uneducated, journalism keeps us in touch with the ignorance of the community”.

Journalism is important to the world because we are now a global economy and almost a global society. A good journalist creates his own peculiar style. He knows the art of creating the taste and demand for what he offers. The most important thing to understand about journalism is that its entire purpose is to serve the citizens. One aspires to literary excellence; another sets greater store by propaganda. Its coverage is very wide, and its scope for improvement is unlimited. But the journalist should guard against the present tendency for trivializing and fragmenting news items, imposing the editor’s opinions upon readers. Finally, journalism provides what Kovatch and Rosenstiel call “a public forum for criticism and comment.” This is an essential thing for a democratic society to have.

ROLE OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN DIFFERENT ASPECTS OF LIFE

Social Media plays a very important role in today’s life, social Media are web-based online tools that enable people discover and learn new information, share ideas, interact with new people and organizations. It has changed the way people live their life today, it has made communication much easier.

In students Life

Social media plays an important role in every student’s life. It is often easier and more convenient to access information, provide information and communicate via social media. Tutors and students can be connected to each other and can make good use of these platforms for the benefit of their learning and teaching

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE- AN OBSCENE CRIME

Domestic violence, also named as domestic abuse or family violence, is violence or other abuse in a domestic setting, such as in marriage or cohabitation. Domestic violence is often used as a synonym for intimate partner violence which is committed by one of the people in an intimate relationship against the other person, and can take place in heterosexual or same-sex relationships or between former spouses or partners. In it’s broadest sense, domestic violence also involves violence against children, teenagers, parents or the elderly. It takes multiple forms, including physical, verbal, emotional, economic, religious, reproductive and sexual abuse which can range from subtle, coercive forms to marital rape and to violent physical abuse such as choking, beating, female genital mutilation and acid throwing that results in disfigurement or death.

Globally, the victims of domestic violence are overwhelmingly women and women tend to experience more severe forms of violence. Research has established that there exists a direct and significant correlation between a country’s level of gender equality and rates of domestic violence, where countries with less gender equality experience higher rates of domestic violence. Domestic violence is among the most underreported crimes worldwide for both men and women. Due to certain social stigmas regarding the victims of domestic violence, they face an increased likelihood of being overlooked.

The first known use of the term domestic violence in a modern context, meaning violence in the home, was in an address to the Parliament of the United Kingdom by Jack Ashley in 1973. Traditionally, domestic violence was mostly associated with physical violence. But now domestic violence is defined broadly to include all acts of physical, sexual, psychological or economic violence that may be committed by a family member or intimate partner.

CAUSES OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE:-

Often women and children are the soft targets of domestic violence. Domestic violence is a gruesome crime that also causes a number of deaths. Some of the most common causes of domestic violence are illiteracy and economical dependency on the men folk. The male-dominated society plays an important role in this problem. Further, Dowry is also one of the leading causes which have the consequence of violence against newly-wed brides. In many parts of the world, physically assaulting women and passing horrendous remarks is common.

Moreover, children also become victims of this inhuman behavior more than often. It is important to recognize the double standards and hypocrisy of the society. A lot of the times, the abuser is either psychotic or requires psychological counselling. However, in a more general term, domestic violence is the outcome of cumulative irresponsible behavior which a section of society demonstrates. It is also important to note that solely the abuser is not just responsible but also those who allow this to happen and act as mere mute spectators.

EFFECTS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE:-

EFFECTS ON THE VICTIM:-

death, illness, injury and disability- domestic and family violence is the leading cause of death, illness, disability for women aged under 45.
emotional and psychological trauma- the devastating impact on an individual’s physical, mental and emotional health including depression, shame, anger and suicide.
homelessness.
use of alcohol and drugs to heal the pain.
physical health injuries and problems which may not get medically treated.

EFFECTS ON THE FAMILY:-

Violence and the threat of violence at home creates fear and can destroy family environments and lead to the break-up of the families.
frequent moving to avoid the abuser.
regular household conflict.
child protection or police involvement.

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Fasal Bima Yojana

Krishi Sinchayee Yojana

Kisan Samman Nidhi

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CAUSES OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE:-

EFFECTS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE:-

EFFECTS ON THE VICTIM:-

EFFECTS ON THE FAMILY:-

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