Month: July 2021

Agriculture Distress in India

Agrarian distress in India, built-up over time, has further deteriorated recently. … The underlying reasons for agrarian distress in India are: a) unviable agriculture; b) ineffective Minimum Support Prices (MSP) system; c) adverse terms of trade; d) rural indebtedness; and e) inefficient value chain in agriculture.

Agriculture has been a key contributor to India’s growth story, where 650 million people or 58 per cent of Indian households are directly or indirectly dependent on agriculture. In recent years, crop failures, indebtedness, non-remunerative prices, and low returns have resulted in agrarian distress in most parts of the country. Despite the government introducing several reforms in the sector, challenges continue to exist.

The Indian agriculture sector is confronted with high price volatility, climate risk, and indebtedness. It is currently suffering from a period of crisis that has not only affected the overall productivity but also led to a massive reduction in farmers’ income. Since the majority of farmers are small and marginal with declining and fragmenting landholding, these uncertainties make it even more risk-prone.Some of the key initiatives rolled out by the government to mitigate agriculture distress and safeguard the interest of farmers in 2019 were:

Fasal Bima Yojana

It was a scheme introduced in 2016, keeping in mind that farmers are vulnerable to the vagaries of nature and need insurance support for crop loss. Under this scheme, farmers are provided financial support in the event of crop failure. They are required to pay a uniform premium of 2 per cent for kharif crops, 1.5 per cent for rabi crops, and 5 per cent for commercial and horticultural produce, with the balance being incurred by the government.

A close assessment of the scheme and its implementation shows that though the scheme provides much-needed relief as it protects the farmer from loss of income due to unavoidable risk, it does not guarantee any assured income for the produce. Being only a yield protection insurance, this scheme is not holistic and fails to provide revenue protection. Incorporation of technology through remote-sensing, drones, satellite imagery, and digitisation of land records should be promoted for effective implementation of the PMFBY.

Additionally, a regulatory framework that unifies the insurance system covering yield and price risk will ensure increased participation. The Government has taken steps to make the scheme effective, but hurdles remain in its effective implementation.

Krishi Sinchayee Yojana

Though the scheme focuses on assured irrigation through reduced water wastage and improving efficiency, it has so far failed to deliver on its promises. The target was to create irrigation potential for additional 4,293 thousand hectares by December19, but only 67 percent of the target has been completed.

Overall, PMKSY has set the target to achieve 99 irrigation projects by December19 to improve the irrigation coverage in the country. Land acquisition and delay in tendering process are the main reasons cited for the delay in the completion of the projects.

Kisan Samman Nidhi

The scheme promises direct payment of ₹6,000 per year in three equal instalments of ₹2,000 each to small and marginal landholding families. The scheme is geared towards inducing behaviour change through a nudge effect, as mentioned in the Economic Survey 2019 to make government schemes more effective. E-NAM aims to facilitate better price discovery, a nationwide electronic trading portal that links all APMCs (Agricultural Produce Marketing Committees) was developed under the name of E-Nam. The farmers are given the freedom to sell their produce without the intervention of any middlemen and with more options to sell, thus helping them get a more competitive return for their produce. A closer assessment of this initiative shows that e-NAM is facing significant challenges. Most of the e-NAM transactions are settled outside the system payment gateway; the farmers are not paid in full and on time. The account integration is the key to ensure the online platform succeeds. Moreover, it should also ensure that the entire ecosystem, including assaying and grading of produce works in tandem to ensure all India participation works. There is a need to strengthen the platform through significant investment in infrastructure, the up-gradation of mandis, and driving awareness among farmers’ welfare.

India has multiple hurdles in the path of equitable growth of its primary sector. But there are avenues through which productivity can be increased, and the growth of farmers’ income is attainable, even with the existing constraints. The development of the agriculture sector should be the focus area.

The government bodies, private players and agri start-ups working with the farmers can together transform the sector’s outlook. Along with this, we need a framework that is timely, consistent and improves the farmer’s income and hence quality of life.

Zika Virus

Electron micrograph of "Zika virus". Virus particles (colored purple) are 40 nm in diameter, with an outer envelope and a dense inner core.
Micrograph of Zika Virus

Viruses have been the talk of the town since its high intake in the previous year. For instance Covid that has booked its seat for a long stay in the country along with its innumerous variants has caused a lot of problems. Zika Virus is one such deadly virus which is a member of the virus family Flaviviridae and spreads from Aedes mosquitoes. It existence has been marked since ages detected first in monkeys in 1947 and then in humans in 1952 in Uganda.

The first recorded outbreak of Zika virus disease was reported from the Island of Yap in 2007.Its symptomatic time period is from 3 to 14 days. Its symptoms are almost equal to dengue fever which includes fever, rash, muscle and joint pain, conjunctivitis, malaise, and headache, and usually last for 2–7 days. Its infection is deadly during pregnancy and leads to microcephaly which leads to small head size since it disrupts brain growth by hijacking a pathway which regulates growth of new neurons and other congenital abnormalities in the developing fetus and newborn. It can also lead to fetal loss, and preterm birth.

"Zika virus" capsid model, colored by chains, PDB entry 5ire
Zika Virus Capsid Model

It can also transfer from men and women to their sexual partners and during blood transfusion. Although no clinically proven vaccine has been developed so far but clinical trials are in progress. Therefore no proper treatment is available and the only treatment that is done is by using the medicines to lower a particular symptom. For example in case of fever paracetamol comes handy. If symptoms worsen, they should seek medical care and advice.

In such case prevention is the best remedy. Water should not be stagnant, sanitary conditions should be maintained, pregnant women should sleep under mosquito nets and should avoid going to unhygienic places. Windows and doors should be kept closed. Mosquito repellant creams should be applied.

Sanskritization

The term “Sanskritization” was introduced into Indian sociology by Prof M N Srinivas.

The term refers to a process whereby people of lower caste collectively try to adopt upper caste practices and beliefs as a preliminary step to acquire higher status. Thus, it indicates a process of cultural mobility that is taking place in the traditional social system of India.

MN Srinivas in his study of the Coorg in Karnataka found that lower caste in order to raise their position in the caste hierarchy adopted some customs and practices of the Brahmin and give up their own which were considered to be impure by the higher caste, for example, they gave up meat eating, drinking liquor, animal sacrifice, imitated Brahmins in matters of dress food and rituals by doing so within a generation of so they could claim higher positions in the hierarchy of castes.

Some features of the sanskritization:

Sanskritization denotes the process in which the lower caste try to imitate the lifestyle of the upper caste in their attempt to raise their social status.

It denotes the process of upward mobility. In this process, a caste is trying to increase his position in the caste hierarchy not at once but over a period of time, it would sometimes take a period of one or two generations.

Mobility that is involved in the process of sanskritization results only in positional changes for particular caste or section of castes,  and need not necessarily lead to a structural change; it means while individuals move up or down the structure as such remains the same.

The castes which enjoyed higher economic and political power but related relatively low in the ritual ranking went after sanskritization for they felt that their claim to higher position was not fully effective.

The British rule in India provided a favourable atmosphere for Sanskritization to take place. Political Independence has weakened the trend towards this change now the emphasis is on vertical social mobility and not on horizontal mobility.

Significant development in the realm of material culture has accelerated the process of sanskritization. Industrialisation, occupational mobility, mass media, communication, spread of literacy, advent of Western technology, improvement in transportation system etc, has speeded up the process of sanskritization. 

Danish Siddiqui

The Indian Photo- Journalist ,Danish Siddiqui has been killed by the terrorist on Friday in Afganistan. He was Honoured with prestigious Pulitzer Prize in feature photography.

He was working with the International media Reuters for more than a decade.The 41 years old Photojournalist was on a assignment where he was shot by the terrorist while covering the war between the Afgan Security Forces and Taliban forces.

He graduated from Jamia Millia Islamia ,Delhi with a degree in Economics.He had also done his post-graduation in Mass communication from A.J.k mass communication research centre ,Jamia.

Siddiqui started his career from Hindustan Times and later join The Reuters as an intern in 2010.

He became the first Indian along with Adnan Abidi to win Pulitzer Prize for feature Photography in 2018.

Horticulture

Horticulture, the branch of plant agriculture dealing with garden crops, generally fruits,vegetables, and ornamental plants. The Horticulture falls between domestic gardening and field agriculture, through all forms of cultivation naturally have close links.


It is divided into the cultivation of plants for food and plants for ornament. Pomology deals with fruit and nut crops. Oliericuture deals with herbaceous plants for the kitchen, including, for example carrots, cauliflower. Floriculture deals with the production of flowers and ornamental plants; generally, cut flowers, pot plants, and greenery. Landscape Horticulture is a broad category that includes plants for the landscape, including lawn turf but particularly nursery crops such as shrubs, trees, and vines.
The specialisation of the horticulture and the success of the crop are influenced by many factors. Among these are climate, terrain, and other regional variations.


HORTICULTURAL REGIONS :

TEMPERATURE ZONES :


Temperature zones for horticulture cannot be defined exactly by lines of latitude or longitude but are usually regarded as including those areas where frost in winter occurs, even though rarely. Thus, most parts of Europe, North America and Northern Asia
are included, though some parts of the United States, such as southern Florida, are considered subtropical.
The temperature zones are also the areas of the grasses – the finest lawns particularly are in the regions of moderate or high rainfall- and of the great cereal crops. Rice is excluded as being tropical, but wheat, barley, corn and Rye grow well in the temperature zones.
Plants in the temperature zones benefit from a winter resting season, which clearly differentiates them from tropical plants which tend to grow continuously. Most of the great gardens of the world have been developed in temperature zones. Particular features such as rose gardens, herbaceous borders, annual borders, woodland gardens, and rock gardens are also those of temperature zone gardens. Nearly all depends for their success on the winter resting period.


TROPICAL ZONES :


There is no sharp line of demarcation between the topics and the subtropics. Just as many tropical plants can be cultivated in the subtropics, so also many subtropical and even temperature plants can be grown satisfactorily in the tropics. Elevation is a determining factor. In addition to Elevation, another determinant is the annual distribution of rainfall. Plants that grow and flower in the monsoon areas, as in India, will not succeed where the climate is uniformly wet. Another factor is the length of day, the number of hours the sun is above the horizon;some plants flower only if the day is long, but others make their growth during the long days and flower when the day is short.
In the tropics of Asia and parts of central and south America, the dominant features of the gardens are flowering trees, shrubs, and climbers. Herbaceous plants are relatively few, but many kinds of orchids can be grown.


PROPAGATION :


propagation is the controlled perpetuation of plants,is the most basic of Horticulture practices . It’s two objectives are to achieve an increase in numbers and to preserve the essential characteristics of the plant. Propagation can be achieved sexually by seed or asexually by utilising specialised vegetative structures of the plant or by employing such techniques are cutting, layering, grafting and tissue culture

SEED PROPAGATION :


The most common method of propagation for self- pollinated plants is by seed. In self-pollinated plants,the sperm nuclei in pollen produced by a flower fertilize egg cells of a flower on the same plant. Propagation by seed is also used widely for many cross- pollinated plants pollen is carried from one plant to another.
The practice of saving seed to plant the following year has developed into a specialized part of horticulture. Seed technology involves all of the steps necessary ensure production of seed with high viability, freedom from disease, purity, and trueness to type. These processes may include specialized growing and harvesting techniques, cleaning, and distribution. Germination in such seed may be accomplished by treatment to remove these inhibitors. This may involve cold stratification, storing seed at high relative humidity and low temperatures, usually slightly above freezing. Cold stratification is a prerequisite to the uniform germination of many temperature-zone species such as apple, bear, and redbud.


VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION :


Asexual or vegetative reproduction is based on the ability of plants to regenerate tissues and parts. In many plants vegetative propagation is a completely natural process; in others it is an artificial one. It has may advantages. These include the unchanged prepetuation of naturally cross pollimated palnts and the possibility of propagation seedless progeny.
Vegetative propagation is accomplished be use of

  1. Apomictic seed
    1. Specialized vegetatice structres such as runners, bulbs, corms, rhizomes, offshoot, tubers, stems and roots.
  2. Layers and cuttimgs
  3. Grafting and budding
    1. tissue culture.

Journalism and it’s importance in our life

WHAT IS JOURNALISM ??

Journalism is the production and distribution of reports on current events based on facts and supported with proof or evidence. The word journalism applies to the occupation, as well as collaborative media who gather and publish information based on facts and supported with proof or evidence. Journalistic media include print, television, radio, Internet, and, in the past, newsreels.

Concepts of the appropriate role for journalism vary between countries. In some nations, the news media are controlled by government intervention and are not fully independent. In others, the news media are independent of the government but instead operate as private industry. In addition to the varying nature of how media organizations are run and funded, countries may have differing implementations of laws handling the freedom of speech and libel cases.

The proliferation of the Internet and smartphones has brought significant changes to the media landscape since the turn of the 21st century. This has created a shift in the consumption of print media channels, as people increasingly consume news through e-readers, smartphones, and other personal electronic devices, as opposed to the more traditional formats of newspapers, magazines, or television news channels. News organizations are challenged to fully monetize their digital wing, as well as improvise on the context in which they publish in print. Newspapers have seen print revenues sink at a faster pace than the rate of growth for digital revenues

Media : A fundamental part of new era

SOME FAMOUS PEOPLE ON JOURNALISM’S IMPORTANCE IN LIFE

Without journalism, the world would be ignorant. Journalism is important because it gives current and relevant information and news to the public. Benjamin Franklin said, “Whoever would overthrow the liberty of a nation must begin by judging the freeness of speech.”

Coach Currie, an 8th grade social studies teacher and football coach at Dobie Jr. High, said, “Journalism is important because it spreads truth to people; they need to know things.”

Mrs. Preyor-Johnson, a journalism teacher at Dobie Jr. High, used to work as a full time journalist. She said, “Journalism is essential to our freedom.”

Communication is basic need

IMPORTANCE OF JOURNALISM IN SOCIETY

Journalism means the works of a journalist regarding news, views, reports, etc. It is an investigation and reporting of current world affairs which include fashion trends, political or general issue and events to a broad audience. It is apparent writing on any issue of an affair.

Though there are various purposes for it, the most important aspect is the freedom of expression. The root of journalism comes from people’s right to have an opinion.

Today people depend on the press on being informed of what’s happening. A modern newspaper is something very much more than a mere purveyor of the news; it is also a store-house of current information, an instrument of public criticism, a creator of public opinion. The media plays a vital role in a democratic society. Their influence on forming a public opinion is very great. They may be said to do political thoughts on behalf of the man in the street. Then there is the news-editor and his staff. They receive news from different agencies, staff reporters and correspondents. They edit, arrange, and display them. They can flash a headline and create a sensation. The staff-reporters interview people, elicit views by “scooping” news in advance.



Journalism is for the ‘voice of a voiceless’- expressing opinions of all those in our society. It’s like a bridge between the authorities and people. A modern newspaper must also have on its staff competent artists, cartoonists, photographers, etc. There must be advertisement managers and circulation managers. All these people who are on the staff of a newspaper are known by the general name of journalists, or newspapermen.



Wealthy and influential newspapers always maintain their own correspondents, home and abroad. The modern world could not exist without such an elaborate organization and agency of information gathered from various sources.

Therefore its primary purpose is to make sure all citizens are aware of their rights. Journalism is a difficult profession. “To write weekly”, says Virginia Woolf, “to write daily, to write shortly, to write for busy people catching trains in the morning, or for tired people coming home in the evening is a heartbreaking task for men who know good writing from bad. Oscar Wilde once stated, “By giving us the opinion of the uneducated, journalism keeps us in touch with the ignorance of the community”.



Journalism is important to the world because we are now a global economy and almost a global society. A good journalist creates his own peculiar style. He knows the art of creating the taste and demand for what he offers. The most important thing to understand about journalism is that its entire purpose is to serve the citizens. One aspires to literary excellence; another sets greater store by propaganda. Its coverage is very wide, and its scope for improvement is unlimited. But the journalist should guard against the present tendency for trivializing and fragmenting news items, imposing the editor’s opinions upon readers. Finally, journalism provides what Kovatch and Rosenstiel call “a public forum for criticism and comment.” This is an essential thing for a democratic society to have.


ROLE OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN DIFFERENT ASPECTS OF LIFE

Social Media plays a very important role in today’s life, social Media are web-based online tools that enable people discover and learn new information, share ideas, interact with new people and organizations. It has changed the way people live their life today, it has made communication much easier.

In students Life

Social media plays an important role in every student’s life. It is often easier and more convenient to access information, provide information and communicate via social media. Tutors and students can be connected to each other and can make good use of these platforms for the benefit of their learning and teaching

DOMESTIC VIOLENCE- AN OBSCENE CRIME

Domestic violence, also named as domestic abuse or family violence, is violence or other abuse in a domestic setting, such as in marriage or cohabitation. Domestic violence is often used as a synonym for intimate partner violence which is committed by one of the people in an intimate relationship against the other person, and can take place in heterosexual or same-sex relationships or between former spouses or partners. In it’s broadest sense, domestic violence also involves violence against children, teenagers, parents or the elderly. It takes multiple forms, including physical, verbal, emotional, economic, religious, reproductive and sexual abuse which can range from subtle, coercive forms to marital rape and to violent physical abuse such as choking, beating, female genital mutilation and acid throwing that results in disfigurement or death.

Globally, the victims of domestic violence are overwhelmingly women and women tend to experience more severe forms of violence. Research has established that there exists a direct and significant correlation between a country’s level of gender equality and rates of domestic violence, where countries with less gender equality experience higher rates of domestic violence. Domestic violence is among the most underreported crimes worldwide for both men and women. Due to certain social stigmas regarding the victims of domestic violence, they face an increased likelihood of being overlooked.

The first known use of the term domestic violence in a modern context, meaning violence in the home, was in an address to the Parliament of the United Kingdom by Jack Ashley in 1973. Traditionally, domestic violence was mostly associated with physical violence. But now domestic violence is defined broadly to include all acts of physical, sexual, psychological or economic violence that may be committed by a family member or intimate partner.

CAUSES OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE:-

Often women and children are the soft targets of domestic violence. Domestic violence is a gruesome crime that also causes a number of deaths. Some of the most common causes of domestic violence are illiteracy and economical dependency on the men folk. The male-dominated society plays an important role in this problem. Further, Dowry is also one of the leading causes which have the consequence of violence against newly-wed brides. In many parts of the world, physically assaulting women and passing horrendous remarks is common.

Moreover, children also become victims of this inhuman behavior more than often. It is important to recognize the double standards and hypocrisy of the society. A lot of the times, the abuser is either psychotic or requires psychological counselling. However, in a more general term, domestic violence is the outcome of cumulative irresponsible behavior which a section of society demonstrates. It is also important to note that solely the abuser is not just responsible but also those who allow this to happen and act as mere mute spectators.

EFFECTS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE:-

EFFECTS ON THE VICTIM:-

  • death, illness, injury and disability- domestic and family violence is the leading cause of death, illness, disability for women aged under 45.
  • emotional and psychological trauma- the devastating impact on an individual’s physical, mental and emotional health including depression, shame, anger and suicide.
  • homelessness.
  • use of alcohol and drugs to heal the pain.
  • physical health injuries and problems which may not get medically treated.

EFFECTS ON THE FAMILY:-

  • Violence and the threat of violence at home creates fear and can destroy family environments and lead to the break-up of the families.
  • frequent moving to avoid the abuser.
  • regular household conflict.
  • child protection or police involvement.

Ideal student

An ideal student is one who is good at skills and an motivation to everyone in the class. Schooling is one of the best blessings that a child can have. It is one of the best feelings which no others can have.

The ideal student is the one who respects others feelings and who will be obedient in many of the situations.

The student’s relation with the teacher is a great one. A student must maintain a healthy relationship with the teachers. Teachers play a very important role in making the student perfect and make them to understand the need of the situation. Teachers help the students to reach their desired goals and in any situation teacher motivates a student to get up and stand in all the ups and downs. Like that of the mother and the father, the teacher also feels equally happy when their student acheives high in their life and when they reach their desired goals.

An ideal student will never feel low at the failures. Instead, they will take their mistakes as an experience and will continue the hard work.

Some of the qualities that make an ideal student are :

  1. Hard work
  2. Discipline
  3. Taking responsibility
  4. Maintaining friendly relationships
  5. Respecting everyone
  6. Raising diubts without features.

SOME QUALITIES THAT MAKE AN IDEAL STUDENT FOR KIDS :

  1. • Ideal student traits make him uniqu, anong others.
    • It is believed that an ideal student will never waste his time and energy on non- productive things.
    • The ideal student has inborn winning qualities.
    • Ideal students will always goal- oriented. Thys, they play according to actions to reach their goals.
    • It is proven that ideal students will punctual in school and always on time regularly.
    • He respects everyone. He also obeys their instructions and others.
    • Ideal students are not bookwarms. They keenly observe and read wisely.
    • Ideal students take his studies with all seriousness. They dont’t allow any other activites to disturb them
    • Ideal students always seek the teacher’s guidance. Also, they believe in the knowledge of their teachers.
  2. SOME QUALITIES THAT MAKE AN IDEAL STUDENT FOR SCHOOL STUDENTS :
  1. • Ideal students are always thirsty to gain knowledge.
  2. • They always strive to reach their goals
    • Ideal students always dedicated to their education and work.
    • Ideal students behave well and very attentive in classes. They always listen to their teachers while classes are going on
    • They never hesitate to raise their doubts about studies if they feel some difficulty in understanding.
    • one of the best things about ideal students is that they are very friendly. Also, they help yo his friends regarding studies.
    • Ideal students are creative and think out of the box for any completion of tasks.
    • He always inspire eveyone and attracts the teachers and elders easily.
    • Ideal students are very responsible and underdtand the value of every wird from their elders.
  3. SOME QUALITIES THAT MAKE IDEAL STUDENT FO HIGHER CLASS STUDENTS :

• Ideal students are always fit both physically and mentally.
• Ideal students can differentiate between what is right and what is wrong .
• Ideal students always keep friendly relations with othet students even though he has many competitors
• He always maintains his promise and never feels proud of his awards and achievements.
• Ideal students will nevet trust in superstitions, but believe beliefs. It is because they think very logically abd ratinally.
• An ideal students tries to improvr in all aspects of his life and to reach goals.
• Ideal students show affection and respect towards their elders and parents.
• Ideal students read a lot of books.
• The ideal students will take responsibility for their society and country.
• An ideal student will never look fir shortcuts. They believe that hard work is the only way to succeed in life.


In simple terms, an ideal students is science towards academics and maintains friendly relations with teachers and elders. Aldo, an ideal student will have leadership and communication skills.
The role of an ideal student is both attentibe and punctual in duties. He goes to his school, college or university in time. He attends the classes on regular basis .

One stop destination for nature lovers!

  • At the advent of the 21st century, the 12-acre campus where Bombay Port Trust’s Botanical Garden now exists, was a huge hazardous waste dump. Today, it is a lush green spot that fosters a variety of flora and relieves the residents of Colaba, Mumbai, to breathe in pollution-free air , with a view of the sea, a glass-covered cactus garden and huge trees with butterflies hovering around.
  • Also well-known as Sagar Upvan, this botanical garden has a 650-metre long path that inspires runners and joggers to take uninterrupted rounds in its premises. For those who like to chatter as they observe the ‘enchanted forest’ landscape or rest and walk as they discover the botanical garden, this track is marked with numerous benches and gazebos at various spots. Tree trunks are horizontally placed on the grass to sit on, huge trees under which to have a picnic and stone walls to walk past with big pink flowers on a creepers are hanging down.
  • This garden also has a greenhouse where tourists spot cacti and other plants that are amusing finds, given the hot and humid weather of Mumbai. Further, the tree trunks placed on the soft grass makes this garden managed by the Bombay Port Trust, a perfect place to host a potluck picnic. favourite part of this garden for anyone can be the view of the Arabian Sea. One can sit on the beautiful benches facing the sea, and can see the fishermen at bay with their colourful boats. While the view is calming, one can observe that the stench of fish is absent here
  • However, the most appealing activity one can go for here is- hear the winds whizzing through tree leaves as they sit under the azure sky and observe the calming ebb and flow of the Arabian Sea. So if you are the kind of person who likes to take mini-vacay, then this place is your one stop destination for all the nature lovers.

REFERENCE- https://lbb.in/mumbai/botanical-garden-colaba/

https://www.whatshot.in/mumbai/parks-gardens-located-in-sobo-perfect-for-morning-walk-c-24593

Anandi Gopal Joshi

Anandi Gopal Joshi was the first Indian female doctor and graduate with a two-year degree in western medicine from Woman’s Medical College of Pennsylvania, USA.


Anandibai was born on 31 March, 1865. She was raised in Kalyan, Maharashtra. Her family had been landlords for years but due to extreme taxes levied by the British, they went through financial difficulties. At the age of nine, she was married to Gopalrao Joshi, a twenty years older widower and a clerk. Originally, her name was Yamuna but she was renamed by her husband after marriage.

EARLY LIFE

They moved to Kolhapur due to Gopalrao’s transfer. Anandibai gave birth to a boy at the age of fourteen but her child did not survive due to lack of medical care. She was devastated after her child’s death and after a few months, she decided to become a doctor so that no one else has to through the pain of losing a child. She also felt the urge of becoming a doctor because women were uncomfortable with male doctors that time and were shy to discuss their problems with them. Gopalrao believed that a woman has equal right to learn and receive the education she deserves. Even before she wanted to become a doctor, Gopalrao was determined to teach her and would make her read books as much as possible. He wanted her to have her own identity besides being somebody’s wife. He relentlessly encouraged her to chase her dream of becoming a doctor. However, it was not easy to enroll her in a school, considering that people from her community opposed it. He tried to enroll her in a school in Kolhapur but constant opposition from the people compelled them to move to Calcutta.

A letter was sent by Gopalrao to American missionary, Royal Wilder, stating that her wife is interested to pursue medicine in United States and enquired about a fit post for himself. This letter was made public by Wilder in Princeton’s Missionary Review. It happened to be read by Theodica Carpenter from New Jersey. She was impressed to see Anadibai’s passion to study medicine and endless support to her by her husband that she wrote to Anandibai. They developed a close bond with each other and immensely helped by Theodica during her stay in United States. Gopalrao wanted to move to United States with her but his job and responsibility toward his family did not let him.

EDUCATION

She travelled to New York by ship in 1883. Women’s medical college was the second women’s medical college in the world, where she was enrolled after writing a letter to admit her. She began her medical journey at the age of 19. But during her medical program, she contracted tuberculous due to extreme cold weather. Gopalrao could not see her all this time and conversed with her through letters. He seemed unhappy with her lack of efforts. He managed to move to United States but when he reached there, she had graduated with MD and became the first woman in India to receive education abroad. In 1886, she moved back home, where was offered to work as the physician-in-charge at Albert Edward Hospital.


Before she passed away, every effort was made to treat her. Medicines were sent from America to treat her tuberculosis. Still, she was getting weak and medicines eventually stopped working. She kept studying medicine until her death on 26th February, 1886.


Anandibai was a true inspiration for not only women of those times but woman who dream of creating their own identity today as well. She gave confidence to woman around the world that nothing is impossible, if u have the will and determination.

Star Wars IX: Explained

The final chapter of the wonderful series concludes Rey’s story and brings back a villain from the past. This movie is the last time we see Harrison Ford as Han Solo, Carrie Fisher as Leia Organa, and Mark Hamil as Luke Skywalker. Star Wars IX: The rise of Skywalker even brings back many fan favourite actors and voice actors like Ewan McGregor and Alec Guinness as Obi-Wan Kenobi. It brings the Skywalker saga to a close, the saga which started with episode 4 in 1977 ends with episode 9 in 2019.

The movie begins with Kylo Ren on the volcanic planet of Mustafar fighting the locals looking for something that drew him to the planet. He uncovers a Sith way finder with coordinates to an uncharted planet Exegol, upon reaching the planet Kylo discovers Emperor Palpatine believed to be dead after the events of Episode 6. The emperor reveals he survived and created Snoke as a puppet to lure Kylo to the Dark side and control the First Order, he orders Kylo to find and kill Rey. Kylo is given stronger subordinate Knights to help with his mission, he again becomes the leader of the Knight of Ren. Rey is continuing her Jedi training under master Leia organa.

Finn and Poe Dameron learn from a spy that Emperor Palpatine is alive and operating from Exegol, Rey knows from Lukes notes that the only way to reach Exegol is by using a Sith way finder. Rey, Finn, Poe, Chewie, BB-8 and C3-PO depart on the millennium falcon looking for clues about the way finder, they reach a planet called Pasaana. The clues lead them to Lando Calrissian who helps them locate the ship of Jedi Hunter Ochi, there they find a Sith Dagger and Ochi’s remains. Rey experiences a vision of her past aboard the ship before Kylo initiates their Force bond connection. They are part of a rare Force phenomenon known as a Force dyad where 2 force sensitive subjects are connected to each other.

Kylo arrives on Pasaana with the knight of Ren and engages Rey in a duel. The first order captures the chewie and takes him away along with the dagger using a transport, Rey tries to use the Force to stop the transport from leaving the planet. Rey accidentaly uses Force lightning to destroy the transport when locked in combat with Kylo. Believing Chewie to be dead the group escapes using Ochi’s ship. The group travels to Kijimi to see a droid smith, C3-PO knows almost every language in existence but cannot translate the Sith text on the dagger. C3-Po’s programming prevents him from translating the text, so the group hopes to use a droid smith to override the programming. The droid smith is successful in extracting and translating the Sith text which leads the group to a Sith way finder.

Rey senses Chewie to be alive and the group infiltrate Kylo’s star destroyer to rescue him and get the dagger back. Rey recovers the dagger and has vision of Ochi killing her parents with it, Kylo reveals that Rey is the granddaughter of emperor Palpatine. The rest of the group is sentenced to be executed but is saved by general Hux that reveals himself to be the spy who revealed the plans of the First Order to the resistance. Hux lets the group escape using the Falcon but is discoverd by General Pryde and executed for treason. The group escape to a moon in the endor system to find the way finder, they are greeted by ex-storm troopers led by Jannah. Rey against the wishes of her friends goes to the ruins of the Death star to find the way finder alone, she fights a vision of herself before retrieving the way finder. Kylo Ren reaches the death star and engages Rey in a duel, after a brief battle Kylo stops before he could deliver the killing blow when his dying mother reaches out with the force. Rey uses this opportunity to impale Ren but heals him when she senses Leia’s death.

Rey uses Kylo’s ship to exile herself on Ahch-to fearing her own powers and future. Meanwhile Poe assumes command of the resistance along with Finn after Leias death. On Ahch-to Luke’s Force spirit convinces Rey by giving her Leias’s light saber to face Palpatine and destroy the threat once and for all. Rey having destroyed Kylo’s ship uses Luke’s X-Wing to reach Exegol, she asks R2 to send her coordinates to the resistance and asks them to join her on exegol. Kylo Ren converses with his father Han Solo for the last time before reclaiming his identity as Ben Solo by throwing his red saber away.

On Exegol Rey confronts palpatine while the resistance gets nearly decimated by the troops, Palpatine asks Rey to strike him down to complete the cycle of hatred and so that Palpatine could take over her body. Ben arrives on Exegol and fights against the Knights of Ren before joining Rey against the emperor. The emperor drains the dyad to rejuvenate himself, a rejuvenated emperor attacks the resistance fleet with lightning. All the past Jedi lend their strength to Rey to help her defeat Palpatine, she defeats him at the cost of her own life. Ben uses the Force to revive Rey using his own Life force before becoming one with the force. Lando leads reinforcements from the galaxy to aid the resistance defeat the new order, the resistance defeats Palpatine’s armada and leaves to their base to celebrate.

Rey visits Luke’s abandoned home on Tatooine and buries Luke’s and Leia’s sabers, a passer-by asks Rey who she is. Rey answers that she is Rey Skywalker symbolising her choosing the Light.

This Wraps up the beautiful space saga off star wars. The cinematic universe is now branched off into a few spin-offs that talk about the interim stories. We’ll wrap our star wars explained series over here. may the Force be with you.

Issues with sedition law

Sedition

• Offence related to the conduct or speech that is inciting people to rebel against the authority of a state or government.

• Punishable under Section 124A of IPC, 1860.
 Section inserted to IPC in 1870.
 Intent of the section – To punish an act of exciting feelings of disaffection towards the government, with disaffection being
distinguished from disapprobation.
 Differentiation important for freely voicing feelings against the government
as long as they obey govt.’s lawful authority.

Issues with Sedition law

• Low conviction rate under the section 124A IPC.
 Failure to convict due to lack of evidence.

• Vague definition, especially of the term disaffection – Difficult to differentiate disaffection and disapprobation.
 Leads to simple criticism being construed sedition – Suppressing dissent.

• Affects fundamental right of freedom of speech.
 Free speech – Most significant principle of democracy, human right,
liberty.
 Yardstick used for distinguishing harm is to be ‘high’.

 Reality – Both ‘provocative’ and ‘innocuous’ speeches or writings treated as same.

Judicial interpretations enables it to continue.

Kedar Nath Singh v. State of Bihar, 1962 – SC attempted an attenuated interpretation of the provision.
 Upheld the validity of section 124A.
 Not sedition – As long as the criticism or comment of a
citizen does not incite people to violence against the
Government established by law or with the intention of
creating public disorder.
 ‘Public disorder’ considered to be a necessary ingredient
of section 124A IPC by the courts.
 Author – Lessened the severity of the section –
Restriction imposed on free speech could not be declared
unconstitutional.
• Misused by the police or govt.
 Criminalise strident political criticism and
accuse as being ‘antinational’.

 3 political reasons:
a) To suppress criticism and protests against particular policies/projects of the government.
b) To criminalise dissenting opinion of rights defenders/lawyers/activists and
journalists.
c) To settle political scores.

• Relic of colonial legacy and is unsuited in a democracy.
• Recent development –

 Supreme Court and CJI – Indicated their intention to reconsider the sedition
provision.
 Might lead to new guidelines and safeguards for using section 124A
meticulously.

Conclusion

• Section 124A should be struck down.

Hobbies

Hobbies are very common. Everyone have their own priorities and likes regarding the hobbies. My hobby is listening to the music.

Listening to songs is such a nice thing. Every individual starts listening to the songs when he or she is addicted to them and really cannot come out of it. The music the songs will change the mood of the person. The songs in the musical interrelated with the human beings.

It is so important to prioritize the positive things in and around us in the life. One of the positive things is the music. Music makes Man convertible. Whatever the situation may be, it it helps the individual to come out of the situation and also to move one and into a new situation. The music you listen motivates life. The lyrics in this song will motivate the individual and help the individual at anytime.

It is very important for an individual to prioritize the music and the songs in the life. Because the songs or the music helps the individual to feel stress-free. It also helps the individual to relieve the tension and all the depression he or she had.

Music is described for every emotion. Every emotion is described in its own way in mmusic. Every emotion is clearly explained by the respected song.

Hobbies can often also be very expensive. Luckily, there are still lots of cheap and even free hobbies that are fun, educational and rewarding.


Here some of fun and low-cost hobbies


DIY :
Buy a book on DIY and start on anything that needs fixing around your house, make your own clothes or give your friends self-made presents.


WRITE A THEMED LIST, AND WORK THROUGH IT :
Make a list of things you want to do or see. It could be anything from films you want to watch to local places you want to visit. Try to work through your list in a month.

WATCH ONLINE DOCUMENTARIES :


You can find lots of free documentaries on the websites of Tv channels, or even on youtube covering hundreds of subjects, such a history or the ocean. You could also finally watch your favourite actor’s ,author’s or musician’s biography.

LEARN NEW THINGS :
Educating yourself doesn’t have to be boring. What are you passionate about? It could be science , the oceams or even horror films. Google your interests and become a knowledgeable as you can about your passions.

GO CAMPING :


Try going caming with your friends during the weekend. All you need is a tent, some snacks, and drinks. If you dont live near woods or a forest, you can even try camping in your back garden.

DISCOVER NEW MUSIC :


Look for new music on music websites or youtube or spotify by searching for your favouirte genre. You could find a band you love.

LEARN HOW TO COOK :


cooking is a useful life skill as well as a fun way to spebd your time. Invest in cheap ingredients and learn how to cook all of your favourite meals.

TRY DRAWING :


Drwaing is a really enjoyable way of expressing yourself. There are lots of different ways to draw, from painting to sketchibg to doodling, so choose one you are comfortable with and give it a go!


START INVESTING :


Investing is a great way to earn some extra money, just make sure you do your research properly when you first start.you don’t have to invest large sums, but small ones will be just as rewaeding if you have a plan.

WRITING :

Writing is one of the chepest ways to have fun. From blogging to trying your hand on a book, there are lots of different ways to enjoy writing. All you need is a pencil and paper to get started.PLAYING CARDS :
Invite some friends over , and get a pack of cards. There are hundreds of different games. You can play with cards and a pack is fairly cheap.

LEARN TO DANCE :


This hobby is great for your body and enjoyable pastime. Use youtube vidros and tutorials to teach yourself new dance moves.


READING :


Reading is a great way to exercise your mind.you can choose to lose yourself in a fictional world, learn more about your own world, or read the autobiography of someone you adimre. If you decide to pick reading up as a hobby, consider getting a library card for your local library.


Remember , the secret of life, happiness and fulfillment is simple: ” Find three hobbies you love: one to make you money, one to keep you in shape, abd one to be creative” .

WORKS OF CHARLES DICKENS

One of the most popular of the Victorian novelists was Charles Dickens. It was his stint as a reporter in The True Sun that gave him an idea about his genius. His first book Sketches by Boz was a collection of stories and descriptive pieces written for various papers. However, unlike his predecessors, Charles Dickens tended to focus on the hitherto neglected lower middle class. His fame as a novelist was cemented by the Pickwick Papers, a kind of genial picaresque novel. After this came a series of novel, whose theme often dealt the contemporary evils of society. In Oliver Twist(1838), his focus was on the evils of child-labour while Nicholas Nickleby(1839) attacked the brutality of charity schools. After The Old Curiosity Shop(1840), comes the series of holiday stories, the best of which is obviously the Christmas Carol. Thereafter, it is the time for his mature masterpieces like Dombey and Sons(1846) and David Copperfield(1849-50). Forster’s biography of Dickens entitled Life of Dickens shows how the experience of his early life had been employed imaginatively in David Copperfield. The pen which wrote the novel was often dipped in his own blood.

Although Dickens does not propound any serious social or political theory, he does not launch a scathing attack on what he considered to be the evils of time. The long drawn legal system is attached in Bleak House, the sufferings of the poor debtors is poignantly presented in Little Dorit, while Hard Times exposes the lifelessness of the mechanized society. It has been said that “his success as a novelists rests on his success as a social reformer who could moralise with a smile on his lips”.

Dickens’s representation of the spirit of Reign of Terror is excellently produced in The Tale of Two Cities (1858), that is often regarded as excellent supplement to the history of the period. As it is often the case with Dickens, He draws heavily upon his personal experiences in creating Great Expectations. Dickens enjoyed great popularity during his lifetime but his tendency to slip into bathos and his preference for caricature rather than characterization, has led to a sharp decline in his reputation as a novelist since then.

Discipline

Discipline is very important in everyone’s life. It is so important to be disciplined in the life. Discipline is not acquired from a single day. It is a achieved by a continued process.parents are the important in every individual’s life. The are the main reason for the discipline of their children.

After the parents, teacher is the most important person in an individual’s life. Teacher is the one who moulds the individual from the initial stage of the life and makes the individual into and perfect one. Even though the teacher schools or beats sometimes it is all for the well-being of the student and for the bright future of the student.

The first teacher in everyone’s life is their mother. Beginning with the correct thing the first mistake of the child, mother plays a very important role in correcting many of the mistakes in an individual’s life. Also the father who corrects the mistakes and puts the children in a correct way. And the teacher, who is very important in our students life to achieve their desired goals.

Teachers play a very important role in making the student perfect and make them to understand the need of the situation. Teachers help the students to reach their desired goals and in any situation teacher motivates a student to get up and stand in all the ups and downs. Like that of the mother and the father, the teacher also feels equally happy when their student acheives high in their life and when they reach their desired goals.

IMPORTANCE OF DISCIPLINE IN LIFE :


TIME MANAGEMENT :


A disciplined person always has the time to complete all the tasks within given deadlines. This is because they are focused and they know how to schedule the time properly. They dont’t believe in wasting time on unnecessary things. They understand the value of time and they know that time once has gone never comes back.


LEADERSHIP :


All great leaders are not born. Most of them follow a very tight schedule and maintain discipline in their life to become good leaders. Good discipline generates a positive attitude towards society. It creates confidence and eagerness to do something great. It helps people to build an attitude that becomes the key to becoming successful. They are able to set a great examples for others in society.

DECISION MAKING :


It is because everything gets finished within the given deadlines, disciplined people always have time to revise their work and improve their decisions.
People who are disciplined are more focused both mentally and physically. They are better able to gain their body and mind with their ideas and goals. Finally, everything is regulated in order and increases their productivity in all the activites they undergo.


ACHIEVEMENTS :


Disciplined people are more motivated and concentrated. Therefore, they achieve more when compared to a person who is not disciplinef with the activites he/she undertakes. As per study, 92% of people are able to achieve their goals in life because of the reason of being disciplined.

STABILITY AND STRUCTURE :


With discipline, comes stability in all the tasks. It helps to schedule and organize the activites and tasks in a proper structure. If a person is focused and regularly follows this particular structure, he/she is sure to succeed in their life.

RESPONSIBILITY AND CONTROL :


With great discipline comes great responsibility. Only by making schedules and timetables a person cannot become successful. It is very important regularly follow and fulfill the responsibilites which are mentioned in the schedule. This will help them to develop self- control and also build good relations with others.

RESPECT :


A disciplined person always respected by society. He/she is lookef upon as role models and mentors. Through discipline, they worked hard and achieved their goals which made them a respectful figure in the eyes of others.

IMPROVES MENTAL HEALTH :


Modern society suffers alot from anxiety and depression. We cannot blame them for their condition. Just by maintaining a little discipline in their life, they can easily improve it. Discipline will help them to reduces stress and take control of their tasks. They would be able to overcome their fears and also control their emotions.

MAINTAIN PEACE IN SOCIETY :


Disciplined people are lie assets to society. If there is no law and order, there would bee too many activites. Discipline is required to prevent such things in society. By setting the requiref rules and regulationa, it becomes easier to live in a society that is full of peace and harmony.


STAY ACTIVE :


Disciplined people have time to do every activity in the schedule. They plan their schedule in such a way that improves both their academic/ instituational performance and also their physical health. They know what is good and bad for them and thereby have good eating habits, exercising habits, sleeping and waking up paterns, etc.


SELF DISCIPLINE self discipline means self control, the ability to avoid unhealthy excess of anything that could lead to negative consequenes.


• It is the ability to reject instant grafication and pleasure, in favor of some great grain, which requires spending effort and time to get it.
• It means perservetance and not giving up.
• It is the strength not to give in to negative feelings.
• It means overcoming one’s weakness.
• It is the ability to pursue one plan despite temptations to abandom them.
• Delayed gratification in favour of accomplishing long term goals.
Discipline is very important. It helps people to showcase their attitude and represent their character and thinking. Both the body and mind are honed by discipline. Descipline helps to address individual problems and develop a society that is both peaceful and respectful. Therefore, it would be right to say that without disciplinr there is no life at all.