Month: July 2021

Can we ever be able to travel with speed of light?

From more than a century humankind is asking about could we ever be able to travel with speed of light, Is travel with speed of light is possible?. As space enthusiasts, could space ships shown in movies star trek and star wars be possible, can we make warp drives?

Let us first discuss about speed of light. It is a cosmic speed limit. Speed of light is fastest speed of which any two poles in space can communicate with each other. It is a speed at which light travels. In one second a beam of light can make 8 rotations. The standard speed of light if we convert to km/hr than speed of light is 1,079,252,848.8 km/hr(1.07 billion km/hr). Or we can say 299,792,458 meter/sec. So again question arises can this speed be achievable. If we can make to travel with speed of light then to reach to our nearest star Proxima Centauri it will take 4.2 earth years. So if we travel 5 times speed of light then to reach proxima centauri it will take nearly 1 year.

In 1994 a Mexican physicist Miguel Alcubierre published a theory, in which he showed how a warp drive is possible with Albert Einstein’s Theory of General Relativity. He said that in order to make a warp drive it will require a huge amount of negative energy. Negative energy equivalent t mass of Jupiter.

Alcubierre said that if the lift hand side of Einstein’s equation is for curvature of space-time, right hand side is newton’s gravitational constant with T is stress energy factor, then there requires a negative energy in right side to bend fabric of space-time. Alcubierre determined that the ship needed to stay inside a flat space-time bubble, which is such that it can move with any arbitrary speed.

But, Alcubierre’s theory is as real as fiction. As we know that negative energy is not possible and does not exists. Anti matter exists and is different from negative energy. Anti matter is a regular matter with opposite charge but with it has positive mass.

In 2021 paper by physicist Erik Lentz of Gottingen University showed that space time warp bubble solution is possible by positive energies and theoretically move at any arbitrary speed.

Again we have question that is warp drives be possible? The answer is Yes.

In recent papers published by Advanced propulsion laboratory at Applied Physics authors Alexey Bobrick and Gianni Martire showed that how warp drives are possible without negative energy. They showed that we can travel with some fraction of speed of light, but to travel faster than speed of light you would need a superluminal matter. In other words, you would need a matter that travels faster than speed of light. Accelerating anything with mass to speed of light requires an infinite amount of energy. This would be true for any warp engine design, but is impossible.

Gianni and Bobrick showed that there are four types of warp drives, of which Alcubierre showed class 3 type. They showed that Class 1 type of warp drive is physically possible with positive energy and real matter and they don’t travel with speed of light. These classification is based on speed inside the bubble(Vin) and speed outside the bubble(Vout).

These can be achieved by time dilation. Gianni and Bobrick proposed two ways of time dilation, either you go really fast with 90% of speed of light or you put yourself into a strong gravitational field. The stronger the gravitational speed the slower the time passes for passengers. If we make a ship of super dense material, perhaps close to mass of a neutron star then gravitational field will be strong enough for time dilation. They designed a shape, if the ship has diameter of 620 meter with mass of 10% as of sun then time for the passengers inside the ship will be 1/10. The passengers will travel to Proxima Centauri in 9 Earth years but for passengers inside ship will feel as of 10 months.

But to move such a massive ship we need a powerful engine. If we convert its 13% mass to energy than we can get enough energy. The one way is fusion as it converts 1% of mass to energy. The one Bobrick and Gianni proposed that if we take advantage of Gravitational Accretion Energy. This is disklike flow of dust, gas and plasma orbiting around a massive astronomical object. The friction and loss of angular momentum creates huge amount of energy that potentially be harnessed. Accretion disk can convert 10% of any given mass into energy which is highly sufficient.

Now the question is no longer “If” humanity will achieve warp travel, now the question is “When”.

Credit: Arvin Ash: https://youtu.be/PA66ah9b0U4 Reference Papers: Bobrick and Martire: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2102.06824.pdf Website: https://appliedphysics.org/ Lentz: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2006.07125.pdf

Bandwagon Effect

What Is the Bandwagon Effect?

The bandwagon effect is a psychological phenomenon in which people do something primarily because other people are doing it, regardless of their own beliefs, which they may ignore or override. This tendency of people to align their beliefs and behaviors with those of a group is also called a herd mentality. The term “bandwagon effect” originates from politics but has wide implications commonly seen in consumer behavior and investment activities. This phenomenon can be seen during bull markets and the growth of asset bubbles.

Understanding the Bandwagon Effect

The bandwagon effect arises from psychological, sociological, and, to some extent, economic factors. People like to be on the winning team and they like to signal their social identity. Economically, some amount of bandwagon effect can make sense, in that it allows people to economize on the costs of gathering information by relying on the knowledge and opinions of others. The bandwagon effect permeates many aspects of life, from stock markets to clothing trends to sports fandom.

Politics

In politics, the bandwagon effect might cause citizens to vote for the person who appears to have more popular support because they want to belong to the majority. The term “bandwagon” refers to a wagon that carries a band through a parade. During the 19th century, an entertainer named Dan Rice traveled the country campaigning for President Zachary Taylor. Rice’s bandwagon was the centerpiece of his campaign events, and he encouraged those in the crowd to “jump on the bandwagon” and support Taylor. By the early 20th century, bandwagons were commonplace in political campaigns, and “jump on the bandwagon” had become a derogatory term used to describe the social phenomenon of wanting to be part of the majority, even when it means going against one’s principles or beliefs.

Consumer Behavior

Consumers often economize on the cost of gathering information and evaluating the quality of consumer goods by relying on the opinions and purchasing behavior of other consumers. To some extent, this is a beneficial and useful tendency; if other people’s preferences are similar, their consumption decisions are rational, and they have accurate information about the relative quality of available consumer goods, then it makes perfect sense to follow their lead and effectively outsource the cost of gathering information to someone else.

However, this kind of bandwagon effect can create a problem in that it gives every consumer an incentive to free ride on the information and preferences of other consumers. To the extent that it leads to a situation where information regarding consumer products might be underproduced, or produced solely or mostly by marketers, it can be criticized. For example, people might buy a new electronic item because of its popularity, regardless of whether they need it, can afford it, or even really want it.

Bandwagon effects in consumption can also be related to conspicuous consumption, where consumers buy expensive products as a signal of economic status. 

Investment and Finance

Investing and financial markets can be especially vulnerable to bandwagon effects because not only will the same kind of social, psychological, and information-economizing factors occur, but additionally the prices of assets tend to rise as more people jump on the bandwagon. This can create a positive feedback loop of rising prices and increased demand for an asset, related to George Soros’ concept of reflexivity.

For example, during the dotcom bubble of the late 1990s, dozens of tech startups emerged that had no viable business plans, no products or services ready to bring to market, and in many cases, nothing more than a name (usually something tech-sounding with “.com” or “.net” as a suffix). Despite lacking in vision and scope, these companies attracted millions of investment dollars in large part due to the bandwagon effect.

Causes for the Eurozone crisis of 2008

The European debt crisis started in 2008 when many European countries were not able to refinance their government debt or bail out over-indebted banks of their country without the supervision of third parties like the European central bank (ECB), other countries and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Portugal, Italy, Ireland, Greece and Spain had to some degree failed to generate enough economic growth to pay off bondholders.

There were many reasons behind why the European debt crisis occurred. One of the main reasons was because of the common currency of Europe, the Euro.

Every member of the EU shared the Euro and also had similar monetary policies. But each country had control over its own fiscal policies that decided government borrowing and spending. Because of this, countries like Portugal and Greece kept borrowing and spending and soon, it went out of control. Large amounts of debt began to build up. This was the structural problem of having a common currency for multiple countries but not having rules on forming their respective fiscal policies.

The second cause was the Global Financial Crisis in 2008. Because of this, Industrial production fell and financial institutions plummeted. This discouraged investors. The cost of borrowing also increased as investors demanded more interest. Hence, Greece struggled to keep up as they relied heavily on debt. Their GDP decreased by almost 7% and output fell by 16%.

Third, strict restrictions slowed economic growth. Unemployment was increased, consumer spending was reduced and also reduced lending capital. There were also no penalties for violating debt to GDP ratios that were set up by the EU. This was because it was believed that the only penalty possible was exclusion from the EU and this would lead to a fall in the value of the Euro itself.

Another cause was the increasing central government debt and the high cost of borrowing coupled with the failing financial system. Greece’s debt became 113% of their total GDP and needed countries like Germany to bail them out and pay their creditors. Soon, Spain, Ireland and Portugal also needed bailouts.

Lastly, many of the EU countries had large trade imbalances which contributed heavily to the crisis as a whole. Germany was the only country with a good debt and fiscal deficit situation. Countries like Italy, Spain and Portugal had a large fiscal deficit and an even worse balance of payment position. Some countries went to the World Bank and International Monetary Fund for assistance as they were very financially stable. Amidst all this, the Euro was devalued to boost exports in hopes of helping economic recovery. However, what this did was worsen the debt situation as it increased the dollar value of the existing debt.

TYPES OF TAXES

Taxes

According to Prof. Seligman, taxes are defined as a compulsory contribution from a person to the government to defray the expenses incurred in the common interest of all without reference to special benefits conferred.

Types of tax

In modern times taxes are classified into two types. There are:
✓Direct Tax
✓Indirect Tax

Direct Tax

A Direct tax is paid directly by an individual or organisation to imposing entity.

A tax payer, for example, pays direct taxes to the Government for different purposes, including real property tax, personal property tax, income tax or taxes or on asserts.

Corporation Tax

It is levied on profit of corporations and companies. It is changed on royalties, interest, gains from sale of capital assets located in India, fees for technical services and dividends.

Wealth Tax

It is imposed on property of individuals depending upon the value of property. The same property will be taxed every year on its current market value.

Gift Tax

It is paid to the Government by the recipient of gift depending on value of gift.

Estate Duty

It is charged from successor of inherited property. It is not desirable to avoid payment of taxes. They are levied directly on income and property of persons, who pay directly to the government.

Indirect Tax

On the other hand when liability to pay a tax is on one person and the burden of that tax shifts on some other person, this type of tax is called an indirect tax. Indirect Tax is a tax whose burden can be shifted to others.

Service Tax

It is raised on provision of Service. This tax is collected from the service recipients and paid to the Central Government.

Sales Tax or VAT

It is an indirect tax on sale of goods because liability to collect tax is that of shopkeeper but the burden of that tax falls on the customer. The shopkeeper realizes the tax amount from the customer by including it in the price of the commodity that he sells.

Excise Duty

It is paid by the producer of goods, who recovers it from wholesalers and retailers. This tax in India is levied by the Central Government.

Entertainment Tax

The state government charge such tax on every transaction related to entertainment.

Some examples are movie tickets, video game arcades, stage shows, exhibitions, amusement parks, and sports-related activities.

Goods and Services Tax (GST)

Goods and Services Tax is a kinds of tax imposed on sale, manufacturing and usage of goods and services. This tax is applied on services and goods at a national level with a purpose of achieving overall economic growth. GST is particularly designed to replace the indirect taxes imposed on goods and services by the Central and State.

“It was only for the good of his subjects that he collected taxes from them, just as the Sun draws moisture from the Earth to give it back a thousand fold”
– Kalidas

Paragliding Capital of India

Bir Billing, Himachal Pradesh beautiful evening sky .

Bir Billing the land of beautiful human birds you can see here , known as ” Paragliding Capital of India”.

This place is famous for ecotourism, spiritual studies and meditation , Bir is also a hometown for Buddhist monasteries where you can visit and suit yourself to their hospitality.

The famous thing is paragliding where Billing is the takeoff site for paragliding and Bir village is for landing , so two words together and here is Bir Billing . We can find here many small cafes and their traditional food square which is amazing , people are very friendly nature loving and they have small markets , selling their traditional accessories .

Bir is also famous for mountain biking , by cycling bikes you can visit around the Buddhist monasteries. Zig Zag roads are so beautiful surrounded with beautiful mountains and greenery.

In Bir you can also find here beautiful hostels very affordable and homestay is a great experience where you can connect with so many new people and share about your experiences. The hostels they organized fun games and adventures tales , you can show your talent to people it’s a very artistic place.

If you ever want to experience the most pleasing sunset just as a flying bird , then obviously you should visit the Bir Billing by experiencing the aerial sports.

Majestic views of the higher Himalayas and Tibetan settlements can be best explores walking down its narrow lanes while appreciating the beauty all around surrounded with Himalayas mountains .

Online Risks and Threats

The internet is a fantastic tool for communicating, sharing information, and collaborating, but users of all ages must adhere to specific guidelines in order to stay safe online. Every Internet user leaves a digital trail of data, which includes websites viewed, emails sent, and information provided to online services. Consider the data trail you’re leaving in your wake. Before writing a nasty email, keep in mind that you are leaving your digital footprint, as the message may live online indefinitely. Be more selective about what you post on social networking platforms. While you can usually delete content from social media sites, there’s no guarantee you’ll ever be able to delete digital data once it’s been shared online.

Grooming on the internet

Strangers, or even known people, form an emotional bond with a child or young person online or in person in order to gain their trust for sexual abuse or exploitation. Many youngsters and teenagers begin to acquire feelings of a particular connection or relationship and are unaware that they are being groomed.

To seduce the youngster, the perpetrators are known to utilise a variety of ways, including:

Bribing: This can include giving the child money or presents. In an online game, the gifts could be in the form of even points, lives, and in-game goodies.
Flattery: They strive to earn the child’s affection by showering them with praise and attention.Intimacy building and sexualized games: They put the child’s fragility to the test by adding slightly sexual overtones in conversation or during play. If the child responds positively to his overtures, he will try to develop a deeper relationship with him.
Desensitization: They show the child pornography and child sexual abuse material in an attempt to desensitise the child to sexual behaviours.
Threats and extortion: To acquire access to the youngster, they use forceful coercion.
When parents are unsure what the youngster will respond to, they may try all of the above in an attempt to pique the child’s interest and attention.

Sexual exploitation on the internet

The internet has also become a tool for sexually exploiting children, resulting in practises known as “online,” “ICT-facilitated,” or “cyber-enabled” child sexual exploitation, which encompasses all acts of sexual exploitation committed against a child that have, at some point, a connection to the online environment. It includes any use of ICT that leads to sexual exploitation or causes a child to be sexually exploited, or that leads to or causes the production, purchase, sale, possession, distribution, or transmission of photographs or other material documenting such exploitation.

Theft of one’s identity

Personal information such as address, email address, prior addresses, mother’s maiden name, place of birth, pin number, bank account details, Aadhaar number, and passwords is obtained by fraudsters and used in an unlawful manner for personal advantage. Companies or service providers frequently demand this information as part of their verification procedure. They can access other information about the potential victim and make unauthorised financial transactions using the victim’s credit card or bank account, as well as commit other crimes such as illegally entering (or exiting) a country, trafficking drugs, smuggling other substances, committing cyber-crimes, laundering money, and much more, by obtaining some information. They can even exploit the victim’s identity to commit nearly any crime in his or her name.

If a criminal uses another person’s identity to commit a crime, the victim may be suspected by the authorities. The victim may find themselves the subject of a criminal inquiry, and they may find it difficult to prove their innocence in such situations. Victims of financial fraud may face a slew of problems. You might be stuck with debts if your information was utilised in any type of monetary transaction. Most of the time, if you can show that the debts are not your fault, you will not be held guilty. Proving that you are not at blame, on the other hand, can be difficult and time-consuming.

Cyberbullying

When someone utilises technology (such as the internet or a mobile phone) to bully others, this is known as cyberbullying. Being a victim of cyberbullying can be extremely upsetting for a young child, especially when they often have no idea who is tormenting them. Sending threatening text messages or emails, or creating a hate group on a social networking site, are examples of cyberbullying. Bullying can occur at any time of day or night, and the victim is frequently targeted even when they are at home. On the internet, images and text messages may spread quickly and widely, making it difficult to counteract cyberbullying.

Source:
Online risks and threats — Vikaspedia

Trying To Fit In or Self Harm??

“Social media is taking toll on this generation”. We are living in a era where happiness is associated with perfect pictures, perfect dresses, perfect body , perfect skin etc . To enter into this world of perfection and to fit in many people start to fake. This can create a huge emotional turmoil in person’s mind.

People are constantly comparing themselves with others which can lead to lowering of self esteem. Generally comparing and competing is said to be good thing as it helps us to do better than others but we need to realize that it can also lead to huge blow on self confidence. We drag ourselves to fit in and sometimes go to a extreme level to gain people’s acceptance. According to study published in the ‘Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology’ there is a casual link between the use of social media and negative effect on well being , primarily depression and loneliness

To save ourselves from such harm ‘Social Media Detox’ has become very much important.Social Media Detox is conscious elimination of social media use and consumption for a set period of time . Spending time on yourself and self care can be the key for happy and self satisfied life.

A Tale of An Indomitable Woman

Laxmi Agarwal, was only 15 when her jilted lover had thrown acid on her and she had to bear the brunt of a monstrous attack. The motive of the attacker was vengeance for her refusal to marry him. She was burning alive on the road in excruciating pain and was screaming for help on the road. When the accident took place, she was in a state of shock. The only question that kept arising in her mind was “why me?” For two and a half months she refused to look at herself in the mirror, she failed to have the spirit to face what she had been through. Her heart and mind were filled with feelings of self -hatred and shame.

People around her especially women would call her names and taunted her. They faulted her for this heinous crime and questioned her upbringing which would leave her and her family tormented. She was scarred for her entire life and was traumatized that she had contemplated suicide. But thinking of the pain that she would cause to her parents, she decided to end such thoughts. Her attacker assumed that he would leave her trapped within the four walls of her house but little did he know that he had ruined her face not her dreams.

Change was afoot for Laxmi, she refused to be enslaved by the injustice caused to her, with her family’s support she bounced back powerfully. She had filed a Public interest litigation in the supreme court that dealt with acid attack crimes and also petitioned for the ban of the sale of acid which led to the court ordering central and state governments to curb the regulation of acid. After four years of trial her attacker was put behind the bars. Laxmi Agarwal was presented with the International Women of courage award by Michelle Obama, she was also given the International Women Empowerment Award from the Ministry of Women and Child Development, she has challenged the stereotypes and prejudices of the beauty community and has helped over 400 acid attack survivors with her NGO.

Putting myself in her shoes, at such a young age seeing your life colliding and having no control over is horrifying. Face is the first part of the body which is directly associated to your identity. It would have felt like someone has taken away my identity for the rest of my life. The look on my face would change how people would perceive me and that would have impacted me mentally as the psychological pain cannot be measured. Women like Laxmi are an epitome of courage and resilience going through a life changing event still led her to having a strong ground beneath her. She did not let anyone else decide what her life could be and took charge over it herself. Laxmi encourages people to fight against wrongful acts and stand up for themselves. She is undoubtedly an inspiration for not only acid attack survivors but also for every person who has faced injustice in their lives.

NATIONAL DOCTORS DAY

July 1 is celebrated as ‘National Doctor’s Day by the Indian Medical Association (IMA). commemorating the iconic and internationally renowned medical practitioner, Dr Bidhan Chandra Roy who served as a physician, a freedom fighter, an educationist, and a politician. Amidst the pandemic, while India is still battling with the deadly virus, our Frontline Warriors are too fighting to save our life, and one of those heroes are our doctors. There’s no better day than today, National Doctor’s day to express our gratitude for our medical saviours. This pandemic has made us realize how important doctors are for a country. everyone who has survived corona is due to these frontline warriors who saved lives without even worrying for their own lives and their families.

This day was first celebrated in 1991 to honour the chief minister of Bengal, dr BC Roy. He played a great role in establishing medical institutions like Jadavpur T.B. Hospital, Chittaranjan Seva Sadan, Kamala Nehru Memorial Hospital, Victoria Institution (college), Chittaranjan Cancer Hospital and the Chittaranjan Seva Sadan for women and children. He was also referred to as the first medical consultant in the subcontinent of India who was more successful and dedicated than his contemporaries in several fields by British Medical journal.

We celebrated this day to express our gratitude towards all the doctors who work endlessly to keep our country and families healthy.

HOW TO BECOME A FULL STACK DEVELOPER?

So you’re considering learning web development skills, and you’ve heard that becoming a full stack developer is the way to go. that’s very savy developer have both the front end and back end developer skills most tech teams need. that means you’ll be able to apply for both software engineering jobs and web development jobs alike- or land a gig doing both. if you are ready this guide will help you plan a full stack web developer career roadmap, point you toward thwe web development skills you need, and land the job in as few as 90 days. here’s how to do it.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

  1. get to know what full stack means
  2. decide if full stack is right for you
  3. find your front end and back end skill gaps
  4. learn the programming languages and web skills you need
  5. build your web developer portfolio
  6. find full stack developer jobs
  7. ace your web developer interview

METHODS TO BECOME A FULL STACK DEVELOPER

1.GET TO KNOW WHAT FULL STACK MEANS: Before you jump into learning the skills let’s get clear on what a full stacker developer actually is. full stack developer are developers who work with both the front and back end of a website or application. there are familiar with HTML, CSS, Java script, and one or more back end languages. hence the term full stack they’ve got all the web development skills to build sites and apps from start to finish.

2.DECIDE WHETHER FULL STACK WEB DEVELOPMENT IS RIGHT FOR YOU: You may have heard whisperings that full stack developers aren’t necessarily beloved. there’s a pretty large divide between people who think of full stack developers as the famed unicorns of the tech world and those who feel like they’re spreading themselves too thin. here’s a quick breakdown of the pros and cons of full stack.

3.FIND YOUR FRONT END AND BACK END WEB DEVELOPEMNT SKILLS GAPS: If you dont have any web development skills, start by learning the ones that will land you a front end developer job.

4.TECH YOURSELF THE NECESSARY PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES AND WEB DEVELOPMENT SKILLS: Now that you know which skills you need to learn it’s time to set about learning them ideally within the next 90 days. that may sound very little time, but here’s the beauty of becoming a full stack developer. you can start applying for jobs before you’ve finished learning all the skills. in fact you can even find your first client as soon as you enroll in a web development course by using them as your class project.

5.BUILD UP A WEB DEVELOPMENT PORTFOLIO: Every web developer and engineer front end, back end, full stack, haystack needs an online portfolio that showcases their work. ideally that portfolio is also one of your designs. regardless make sure to update it before you start applying with your strongest projects.

360 Wander Writer

WELCOME TO MEDIC WORLD

BUBBLE BOY SYNDROME

What is more pathetic?  Being a victim or to witness your loved ones suffer?

SCID is also known as bubble boy syndrome. It is a disorder caused due to the lack of ability to produce B cells and T cells in the immune system. It can literally be called as the malfunctioning of the immune system. SCID is a genetic disorder which is prone to affect the male heritance of the generation. The person with SCID lacks their immunity where they cannot fight against even basic common cold.

Symptoms and cure:

Due to the lack of immunity the victim suffers from any kind of infection prone due to bacteria, virus, fungus etc… But very much prone to common diseases like Diarrhea, Liver disorder (hepatitis), skin infections Meningitis. Yes there is cure for it due to the advancement in medical science. Stem cell treatment or also known as Bone marrow transplant. It acts as a permanent cure to this disease. But early diagnosis is very much essential for increasing the survival rate.

LIFE OF DAVID VETTER:

The world prominently came to know about this disease after David Vetter. Parents of David Vetter were already expecting him to be inherited with this disease after losing their first son after 7 months of his birth to the same disease. So his parents decided to isolate him as soon as possible to a sterile environment. Though he spent early days of his life in Hospital, after some time he was able to live in his home with his parents inside a sterile bubble like chamber.  All the products sent inside like food, clothing’s were all steriled and then sent in. His parents were trying to give him a normal life by giving education, television and playroom inside it. Though at first he was unaware   of the importance later he came to know about the importance of the sterile bubble for his life survival. He was designed with a special suit by NASA which would allow David to walk out of his bubble and see the outside world. His sister Katherine was his donor to the bone marrow transplantation. Though the transplant was success it failed to give the expected result. He became prone to illness which when they found that the Katherine had traces of dormant virus which was undetectable in the screening. And finally he was dead and laid next to his late brother David Joseph Vetter III.

Viruses and Malicious software

A computer virus is a piece of software that can “infect” other programs by modifying them; The modification includes injecting the original program with a routine to make copies of the virus program, which can then go on to infect other programs. A virus can do anything that other programs do. The difference is that a virus attaches itself to another program and executes secretly when the host program is run.

The terminology in this area presents problems because of a lack of universal agreement on all of the terms and because some of the categories overlap. Malicious software can be divided into two categories: those that need a host program, and those that are independent.

  • Need a host program : The former, referred to as parasitic, are essentially fragments of programs that cannot exist independently of some actual application program, utility, or system program.  Examples: Viruses, logic bombs, and backdoors
  • Independent malware is a self-contained program that can be scheduled and run by the operating system.  Examples : Worms and bot programs

Backdoor or Trapdoor

A backdoor, also known as a trapdoor, is a secret entry point into a program that allows someone who is aware of the
backdoor to gain access without going through the usual security access procedures. Programmers have used backdoors legitimately for many years to debug and test programs; such a backdoor is called a maintenance hook. It Has been commonly used by developers. A threat when left in production programs allowing exploited by attackers. It is very hard to block in O/S. It requires good s/w development & update.

Logic Bomb

It is one of oldest types of malicious software. The code is embedded in legitimate program. It is activated when specified conditions met
 Eg presence/absence of some file
 Particular date/time
 Particular user
When it is triggered it typically damages system, Modify/delete files/disks, halt machine, etc.

Trojan Horse

A Trojan horse is a useful, or apparently useful, program or command procedure containing hidden code that, when invoked, performs some unwanted or harmful function. Trojan horse programs can be used to accomplish functions
indirectly that an unauthorized user could not accomplish directly, Which is usually superficially attractive. Eg game, s/w upgrade etc. When it runs performs some additional tasks. Allows attacker to indirectly gain access they do not have directly. Often used to propagate a virus/worm or install a backdoor. Another common motivation for the Trojan horse is data destruction. The program appears to be performing a useful function (e.g., a calculator program), but it may also be quietly deleting the user’s files.

Zombie

Program which secretly takes over another networked computer is called zombie. Then uses it to indirectly launch attacks. Often used to launch distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks. Exploits known flaws in network systems.

Is India a safe environment for animals?


Cows, tigers, lions, elephants, horses, bulls, snakes, and monkeys are all revered in Hindu mythology. The Vedas, Hinduism’s early writings (written in the second millennium BCE), preach ahimsa, or nonviolence, to all living things. In Hinduism, killing an animal is considered a violation of ahimsa and results in negative karma. However, while people display their devotion to deities and the animals associated with them in temples, animals are also subjected to cruelty in places such as circuses.
The Indian Constitution contains several laws for the safety, protection, and punishment of animals, including the Indian Penal Code (IPC), the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Slaughterhouse) Rules, 2001, the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, and the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960 (PCA Act), to name a few. Among other Regulations and Acts of the Indian Constitution, Article 48A, Article 51A(g), Sections 428 and 429 of the IPC establish rules against animal cruelty. Animal sacrifice is prohibited in all parts of the country, according to Rule 3 of the Slaughterhouse Rules, 2001. In addition, the Central Bureau of Investigation investigates specific wildlife offences (CBI).
Following the Covid 19 incident, numerous incidents have surfaced exposing the brutality of the human mind, the most recent of which being A suo motu case initiated by the Kerala High Court on animal cruelty will now take the name of Bruno, a Labrador dog reportedly slain by three teenagers in the State. In Gujarat, a stray dog was mercilessly thrashed and carried 500 metres by a two-wheeler.


A dog raped with a screwdriver in Goa, a langur hung and tortured to death in Telangana, and a street dog assaulted, tied to a motorbike, and then thrown over the second floor of a building in Ludhiana are just a few of the heinous crimes against animals that have been documented. How about the pregnant elephant who died in Kerala when suspected firecrackers disguised in fruit detonated in her mouth? On March 28, 2021, a man was seen on CCTV assaulting a stray dog in Naya Nagar, Goregaon West, Mumbai; however, no police case was filed.


Molesting a stray dog in Goregaon West, Mumbai; however, no police case was filed.
The Supreme Court of India recognised the Right to Life as enshrined in Article 21 of the Constitution of India to include animals in a case titled Animal Welfare Board of India v. Nagraja&Ors. In 2014. The Supreme Court of Nepal banned the unlawful transport of cattle to Nepal for the Gadhimai festival in 2014, which helped to reduce the number of animals killed that year. In the case of Karnail Singh and others against State of Haryana, the High Court of Punjab and Haryana recognised all creatures in the animal world, including avian and aquatic species, as legal beings on May 31st, 2019.

All inhabitants of Haryana have been designated as persons in loco parentis (in the place of a parent), allowing them to act as guardians for all nonhuman animals in the state.
The only way to bring these activities back to normal is to enact stronger rules and provide legal protection for animals. This is the first step toward achieving a mindset shift in order to build a society in which animals are treated equally to humans.

Mob lynching in India


According to an IndiaSpend research, the number of incidences of mob lynching is on the rise every year. The term “vigilance” is described by the Cambridge dictionary as “law enforcement conducted by a self-appointed group of persons without any legal authority.” People who want to enforce legal power without any legal grounds are involved in lynching instances.
A lynching occurs when a group of people kills a person, accusing him of committing an offence that is frequently motivated by religious prejudice or amusement. When one community’s beliefs about an issue disagree with the views of the other community, an unlawful act of mob-lynching occurs as a result of the conflict. In India, states like Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Delhi, Gujarat, Karnataka, Rajasthan, and Madhya Pradesh have the largest number of cow-related mob attacks.


The country’s impact on mob lynching
In particular, there has been an upsurge in the frequency of lynching cases. Since the BJP administration came to office in 2014, there has been a rise in the frequency of such attacks. This act of people taking the law into their own hands due to a lack of understanding of the justice system poses a severe danger to the Rule of Law and Natural Justice concepts. Such activities have also posed a major threat to the country’s minority populations, and adequate measures must be made to prevent and deter such crimes.

The Supreme Court has ruled on lynchings by mobs.
In the case of Tehseen S. Ponawalla v. Union of India & others, the Hon’ble Chief Justice of India, Dipak Mishra, and the three-judge bench denounced recent occurrences of mob lynching and mob attacks on Dalits and members of other communities. On July 17, 2018, he asked the parliament to draught and enact laws that would make mob lynching a separate crime and set punishments that would serve as a deterrent to future lynchings.

Furthermore, the bench argued that no one or group of individuals can take the law of the land into their own hands and impose punishment that they are not obligated to impose. Furthermore, the Chief Justice of India underlined the necessity of issuing orders for punitive, rehabilitative, and preventative measures.


Lynching punishments
In our country, there is no explicit legislation or legal provision dealing with lynchings or mob violence. However, the following statutes, which are currently part of the Indian Penal Code, provide for the penalty of mob lynching.

Section 302 of Indian penal code.
Section 304 of Indian penal code.
Section 325 of Indian penal code.
Section 34 of Indian penal code.
Section 120B of Indian Penal Code .


Conclusion
Mob lynching can occur for a variety of causes. Witch-hunting was one of the causes of mob violence, with 2000 mentally ill women being murdered because of rumours accusing them of kidnapping and murdering children. In India, religious conflagrations such as the 1984 Sikh riots, Anti-Muslim riots in Gujarat, or the lynching of Ghulam Muhammad by Hindu Yuva Mahaini over his relationship with a Hindu girl in the neighbourhood have had a negative impact on the country.

Adultery


Adultery is a French word that came from the Latin verb “adulterium,” which means “to corrupt”. Adultery is described as a consensual extramarital sexual connection that is considered impolite on social, religious, and moral grounds, as well as earlier on legal ones.

Even if adultery is no longer a criminal offence, it is still considered a delinquent behaviour since it breaches societal norms that an individual is expected to follow.

Religion views adultery as a sin.
India is famed for its variety while remaining together. Our country is a secular one, in which all religious views are honoured equally. Every religion has its own set of beliefs and goals. In the case of adultery, however, almost every religion is harshly critical. Adultery is seen differently by many religions, but the underlying view stays the same. Adultery is considered a sin in every faith. Religions, on the other hand, may have different punishments. It is considered a delinquent behaviour since it offends the sacred sentiments of all religions.

Adultery in the eyes of the law
Adultery is defined in India under Section 497 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) 1860 as:
“Whoever has sexual intercourse with a person who is and whom he knows or has reason to believe is the wife of another man without that man’s consent or connivance, such sexual intercourse not amounting to the offence of rape, is guilty of adultery and shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term that may extend to five years, or with fine or with b The wife shall not be held liable as an abettor in such a case.”

Will infidelity have an impact on alimony?
An unfaithful wife is not entitled to maintenance from her husband under section 125 of the CrPC. Initially, whether the husband is maintaining a concubine in the same house or living apart with a concubine, the wife has the right to live separately and sue her husband for support.

Conclusion: The necessity to alter India’s adultery statute has not arisen in the last few years; rather, jurists and attorneys have been clamouring for change for decades. The courts have ruled that a part cannot be struck down just because it is desirable to remove it. However, the study suggests that the section be amended rather than deleted. As a result, the Legislature should make a modification to the law of adultery as soon as possible to eliminate the legislation’s gender prejudice.