Psychological facts

In this blog, we are going to see some unknown psychological facts that every human must know.

Amazing psychological facts

  1. The word psychology has been derived from a Greek word called psyche meaning to study of.
  2. When we are crying from happiness the first tear will come out from right eye whereas, when we are crying from sadness the first tear will come out from left eye.
  3. Being alone from long time is bad for health as smoking 15 cigarettes per a day.
  4. According to a survey, people who live in blue room are more productive.
  5. People aged between 18 to 33, are the most stressed in this world, while the stress tend to decrease from 33.
  6. Your brain treats rejection as a physical pain.
  7. When you try to remember a past event, you’re actually remembering the last time you remember it.
  8. We’re the most imaginative at night and least creative at day.
  9. Closing your eyes help you to remember things
  10. 97 percent of the people write there own name when given a pen.
  11. If you don’t dream, then you must have a personality disorder.
  12. Babies born on May are much more heavier than other babies in other months.
  13. 70 percent of the dreams contains a secret message.
  14. Money can buy happiness, up to a certain extent.
  15. The strangers in your dreams, actually are the people you seen in your real life.
  16. People who give the best advice, are the one who has more problems.
  17. People are much more likely to return a missing wallet, if a picture of child found inside in it.
  18. Almost twice of serial killers are born in the month of November.
  19. Our brain size has been decreased from 10 percent, when we are hunters.
  20. Funny people are more depressed than normal people.
  21. Smart people tend to have fewer mates than a normal person.
  22. Travelling improves the well being of brain and decrease the chance of getting heart diseases.
  23. 80% of the people use music to escape from negative things.
  24. If you have plan A and plan B, then plan A is less likely to succeed.
  25. Food tastes better when someone less make it.
  26. Our brain tries to make boring things more interesting.
  27. Our brain want us to be lazy.
  28. The beginning and the ending are easier to remember than the middle.
  29. The cells in your body reacts to every thing your mind says.
  30. Good liars are good at detecting lies of others.
  31. It takes about 66 days to a normal person to make a daily habit.
  32. A average person mind wanders 30% of the time.
  33. You can remember 3 to 4 things at a time.
  34. People who swear a lot are tend to more loyal and honest with there friends.
  35. The fastest supercomputer in the world requires 24 million watts of power, whereas our brain requires just 20 watts to operate 100,000 times faster.
  36. People seems to be happy when they are kept busy.
  37. Chocolate discharges the chemical Oxytocin which is the same chemical your body produces when you are happy. 
  38. You can read faster with a long line but prefer to read short line.
  39. Blue and red together is hard for your eyes.
  40. Memories can be stored for both long term and short term at a same time.

That’s all from my side. I hope you like it.

Psychological facts

In this blog, we are going to see some unknown psychological facts that every human must know.

Amazing psychological facts

  1. The word psychology has been derived from a Greek word called psyche meaning to study of.
  2. When we are crying from happiness the first tear will come out from right eye whereas, when we are crying from sadness the first tear will come out from left eye.
  3. Being alone from long time is bad for health as smoking 15 cigarettes per a day.
  4. According to a survey, people who live in blue room are more productive.
  5. People aged between 18 to 33, are the most stressed in this world, while the stress tend to decrease from 33.
  6. Your brain treats rejection as a physical pain.
  7. When you try to remember a past event, you’re actually remembering the last time you remember it.
  8. We’re the most imaginative at night and least creative at day.
  9. Closing your eyes help you to remember things
  10. 97 percent of the people write there own name when given a pen.
  11. If you don’t dream, then you must have a personality disorder.
  12. Babies born on May are much more heavier than other babies in other months.
  13. 70 percent of the dreams contains a secret message.
  14. Money can buy happiness, up to a certain extent.
  15. The strangers in your dreams, actually are the people you seen in your real life.
  16. People who give the best advice, are the one who has more problems.
  17. People are much more likely to return a missing wallet, if a picture of child found inside in it.
  18. Almost twice of serial killers are born in the month of November.
  19. Our brain size has been decreased from 10 percent, when we are hunters.
  20. Funny people are more depressed than normal people.
  21. Smart people tend to have fewer mates than a normal person.
  22. Travelling improves the well being of brain and decrease the chance of getting heart diseases.
  23. 80% of the people use music to escape from negative things.
  24. If you have plan A and plan B, then plan A is less likely to succeed.
  25. Food tastes better when someone less make it.
  26. Our brain tries to make boring things more interesting.
  27. Our brain want us to be lazy.
  28. The beginning and the ending are easier to remember than the middle.
  29. The cells in your body reacts to every thing your mind says.
  30. Good liars are good at detecting lies of others.
  31. It takes about 66 days to a normal person to make a daily habit.
  32. A average person mind wanders 30% of the time.
  33. You can remember 3 to 4 things at a time.
  34. People who swear a lot are tend to more loyal and honest with there friends.
  35. The fastest supercomputer in the world requires 24 million watts of power, whereas our brain requires just 20 watts to operate 100,000 times faster.
  36. People seems to be happy when they are kept busy.
  37. Chocolate discharges the chemical Oxytocin which is the same chemical your body produces when you are happy. 
  38. You can read faster with a long line but prefer to read short line.
  39. Blue and red together is hard for your eyes.
  40. Memories can be stored for both long term and short term at a same time.

That’s all from my side. I hope you like it.

How to build Good Habits ?

Habits are the secret sauce to a healthy life – or the recipe for an unhealthy one, depending on what’s in question. Habits are tricky little creatures in that they’re easy to build when they immediately reward us, but feel near impossible to start when the benefits aren’t instantly obvious. 

Nearly everyone has a bad habit that needs breaking. Sometimes these habits are relatively harmless (say, biting your nails) but others, when broken, stand to greatly improve your quality of life.

1.Understand the difference between your good habits and bad habits

In exact definition, a habit is a repetitive action or behavior, a routine. The difference between a good habit and a bad habit is whether or not it enhances or diminishes your life. A good habit promotes a healthy goal that betters your life. A bad habit leads you further and further from your goals and what you want out of life.

To distinguish between a good habit or a bad habit, ask yourself the question, “If I do this every day for the next ten years, what will my life look like?”

2. Anticipate your distractions

Get your notebook, think about a habit you’re trying to form, and write down everything you can think of—screwing around on Twitter, suddenly making a lasagna, brushing the dog—that might block your ability to participate. Please also make a list of the people in your life who may be too partylicious to be around while you give up drinking, too pessimistic to hang out with while you do your part to help end world hunger, too chatty to talk with while you quit gossiping—and make a point to limit your time with them.

3. Choose what you want to change

The first step in building a good, healthy habit is choosing what you want to change. Considering your goals for your physical and mental health or your personal values is a great place to start. What habit, if done every day, will bring you closer to your desired outcomes?

4. Write it down (in all caps)

Write down the habit you’re going to work on in a notebook. Once you focus on and embody it, it’ll become just a part of who you are, and nothing special. And then, because we’re all creatures in a constant state of transformation, you’ll shift your attention to some newer, fresher habit, and you’ll have the confidence, know-how, and tools to make it yours as well.

5. Mark each day that you show up

You know what’s immediately satisfying? Tracking your habits. While you may not see the actual results of the actions you take every day, you will see how many days you’ve stayed on course with the new habit, which is a huge accomplishment in itself. Each time you successfully participate in your habit—walk three miles, say not one snarky thing to your mother—mark that day on a calendar.

6. Reward and celebrate your success as you go

Building a new practice or a new routine takes time and patience, so don’t forget to reward your success! When you remember to practice your habit, congratulate yourself by adding in a little something nice for yourself as a reward.

“We are what we repeatedly do. Excellence, then, is not an act, but a habit.”

How to build Good Habits ?

Habits are the secret sauce to a healthy life – or the recipe for an unhealthy one, depending on what’s in question. Habits are tricky little creatures in that they’re easy to build when they immediately reward us, but feel near impossible to start when the benefits aren’t instantly obvious. 

Nearly everyone has a bad habit that needs breaking. Sometimes these habits are relatively harmless (say, biting your nails) but others, when broken, stand to greatly improve your quality of life.

1.Understand the difference between your good habits and bad habits

In exact definition, a habit is a repetitive action or behavior, a routine. The difference between a good habit and a bad habit is whether or not it enhances or diminishes your life. A good habit promotes a healthy goal that betters your life. A bad habit leads you further and further from your goals and what you want out of life.

To distinguish between a good habit or a bad habit, ask yourself the question, “If I do this every day for the next ten years, what will my life look like?”

2. Anticipate your distractions

Get your notebook, think about a habit you’re trying to form, and write down everything you can think of—screwing around on Twitter, suddenly making a lasagna, brushing the dog—that might block your ability to participate. Please also make a list of the people in your life who may be too partylicious to be around while you give up drinking, too pessimistic to hang out with while you do your part to help end world hunger, too chatty to talk with while you quit gossiping—and make a point to limit your time with them.

3. Choose what you want to change

The first step in building a good, healthy habit is choosing what you want to change. Considering your goals for your physical and mental health or your personal values is a great place to start. What habit, if done every day, will bring you closer to your desired outcomes?

4. Write it down (in all caps)

Write down the habit you’re going to work on in a notebook. Once you focus on and embody it, it’ll become just a part of who you are, and nothing special. And then, because we’re all creatures in a constant state of transformation, you’ll shift your attention to some newer, fresher habit, and you’ll have the confidence, know-how, and tools to make it yours as well.

5. Mark each day that you show up

You know what’s immediately satisfying? Tracking your habits. While you may not see the actual results of the actions you take every day, you will see how many days you’ve stayed on course with the new habit, which is a huge accomplishment in itself. Each time you successfully participate in your habit—walk three miles, say not one snarky thing to your mother—mark that day on a calendar.

6. Reward and celebrate your success as you go

Building a new practice or a new routine takes time and patience, so don’t forget to reward your success! When you remember to practice your habit, congratulate yourself by adding in a little something nice for yourself as a reward.

“We are what we repeatedly do. Excellence, then, is not an act, but a habit.”

CBDC; digital currency put forward by RBI

The Reserve Bank of India is likely to soon kick off pilot projects to assess the viability of using digital currency to make wholesale and retail payments to help calibrate its strategy for introducing a full-scale central bank digital currency (CBDC).

India is already a leader in digital payments, but cash remains dominant for small-value transactions, he said, stressing that an official digital currency would reduce the cost of currency management while enabling real-time payments without any inter-bank settlement.

“Every idea has to wait for its time, perhaps the time for a CBDC is here,” RBI Deputy Governor T. Rabi Sankar said on Thursday. “Like other central banks, we have also been exploring the pros and cons of this since quite some time,” he added. A high-level inter-ministerial committee set up by the Finance Ministry had recommended the introduction of a CBDC with changes in the legal framework including the RBI Act, which currently empowers the RBI to regulate issuance of bank notes.

Transacting with CBDC would be an instantaneous process as the need for inter-bank settlement would disappear as it would be a central bank liability handed over from one person to another, Mr. Sankar pointed out. Moreover, foreign trade transactions could be speeded up between countries adopting a CBDC. “India’s fairly high currency-to-GDP ratio holds out another benefit of CBDC — to the extent large cash usage can be replaced by CBDC, the cost of printing, transporting and storing paper currency can be substantially reduced,” Mr. Sankar said at a discussion hosted by Vidhi Centre for Legal Policy. CBDC will be India’s sovereign currency in an electronic form.

According to the RBI deputy Governor, since CBDC is a currency that does not pay interest, its impact on bank deposits may “actually” be limited.“Depositors that require CBDCs for transactional purposes are likely to sweep day end balances to interest-earning deposit accounts,” he said.

However, he said that CBDC is not comparable to the private virtual currencies that have mushroomed over the last decade. He said, “Private virtual currencies sit at substantial odds to the historical concept of money. They are not commodities or claims on commodities as they have no intrinsic value; some claims that they are akin to gold clearly seem opportunistic.”

Complements fiat currency?

Sajai Singh, Partner at J Sagar Associates, said, “RBI is moving in the right direction with regard to digital currencies. Any RBI backed digital currency will come with a promise of less volatility and greater security for the bearer of the same. This will be very different from cryptocurrencies, like Bitcoin and Ethereum, which are rather popular, but carry innumerable risks. Also, RBI’s support to a digital currency will ensure its financial stability. It will be similar to say a potential digital Euro and digital Yuan.”

FaTE of crypto’s

According to Patel, CBDC’s might have a negligible direct impact on private digital currencies such as Bitcoin, Matic, Doge, etc. These private cryptocurrencies are based on ‘decentralization’. “The sovereign digital currencies are in stark contrast to decentralization, as the central banks govern and control them. However, as and when CBDCs start gaining more adoption, people would get to learn more about private cryptocurrencies as well. It would indirectly act as a catalyst to creating awareness of the practical usage of cryptocurrencies. That is when the crypto markets would start getting increased retail participation as well,” he told FE Online.

Kargil Diwas 2021(Kargil war)

Why is Kargil Diwas celebrated? What exactly happened in Kargil? Let us get acquainted with Kargil War and honor our guardians as India celebrates 23 Years of victory in the Kargil war on 26 July 2021.

The Kargil War, also known as the Kargil conflict, was an armed conflict fought between India and Pakistan from 3 May 1999 – 26 Jul 1999 in the Kargil district of Kashmir and elsewhere along the Line of Control.

Kargil:

Kargil is a City in Kargil district and the joint capital of the union territory of Ladakh. It impinges on the line of control between the portions of the Kashmir region administered by India and Pakistan.  After Pakistan’s defeat in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, the two nations signed the Shimla Agreement promising not to engage in armed conflict with respect to that boundary.

How did the war start?

The Pakistani troops who were disguised as Kashmiri militants infiltrated into the Indian side of the LoC and strategically unoccupied areas locations in Drass, Kargil. Pakistan tried to create conflicts between Kashmir and Ladakh by calling the intruders “Kashmir Freedom Fighters” and tried to involve third parties to internationalize this issue. Probably their main aim was to bring Kashmiris on their side by creating upheaval through wars( Constant wars bring uncertainty to citizen’s safety and creates political imbalance). But, later they awarded Pakistani soldiers, removing the doubts regarding their involvement.

The positions of the enemy made the commutation hard through NH-1A, the national highway from Srinagar to Leh. The Pakistani government denied their involvement and blamed everything on Kashmiri militants. But, the retaliation and proofs like letters gathered by Ladhaki Scouts when they went to check on enemies proved that they were indeed from the Pakistani army.

The Indian Navy also prepared to blockade the Pakistani ports, especially the Karachi port, began aggressive patrols to  cut off supply routes under Operation Talwar

India retaliated, forcing remaining Pakistani fighters to retreat from the Indian zone. There were huge causalities. The official death toll on the Indian side was 527, while that on the Pakistani side was between 357 and 453.

Indian Army, Air force and Navy carried out Operation Vijay, Safed Sagar and Talwar respectively to provide India an all-round support.

Pakistan had named its move to take over the control of Indian posts along the LoC as Operation Badr, India called its çounter-offensive Operation Vijay.

Even now, the risk of infiltration and rise in insurgency in Kashmir due to chaos poses a threat. Using a third intervention to negotiate isn’t going to work and just increases misunderstanding. After 2 decades, tensions among LoC never settles down. Cease-fire resolutions have been adopted but they are violated every now and then; costing many lives in Kashmir.

This Kargil Diwas, let more resolutions and active, significant actions be taken to out an to this terrifying regional dispute.

“Vijay Diwas” (Victory Day) is celebrated on 26th July every year to cherish this victory and to honor our soldiers who put their lives on line constantly.

Latest news regarding Kargil Day:

Army Organizes Motorcycle Rally To Mark 22 Years Of Kargil War Victory

https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/army-organises-motorcycle-rally-to-mark-22-years-of-kargil-war-victory-2492408

Movie recommendation: Outsourced

Outsourced is one of the few movies that have always remained my favourite.  Being an Indian English literature enthusiast, seeing a decent representation of India in the silver screen has always been a matter of interest. Outsourced is one such film without any exaggeration whatsoever about the Indian culture. It is a modern-day comedy of cross-culture conflicts and romance.

 The movie revolves around Todd Anderson who is outsourced to India to work at a call centre who was sent with a mission of reducing the call time there. He finds the Indian work culture quite unprofessional. He believes that the calls are not duly answered or customers are often ‘hit-on’ by the agents. He goes on demanding more from his workers without actually knowing them. He starts teaching them American English, as the customers would prefer talking to a native English speaker. Here we see how the westerners keep their culture and language as the primary point of judging other cultures, just like Americans inherited the language from the brits, Indians too have acquired the language. But the accented pronunciation is somehow off-putting for them. One of his coworkers, Asha, points out this fact and even goes on to say unlike American English speakers who makes unnecessary reductions, Indians have a better pronunciation of the language. Todd goes on to reduce the call time to the required limit with the help of Asha and flies back to the USA, leaving behind a strong connection.

The most commendable part of the movie is the raw representation of India, Holi not being about filmy songs, not all Indians have an accented pronunciation, and everyone you see is not thieves, being some of them. It shows how acclimated Indians are to the western culture while still retaining their innate culture.

Movie recommendation: Outsourced

Outsourced is one of the few movies that have always remained my favourite.  Being an Indian English literature enthusiast, seeing a decent representation of India in the silver screen has always been a matter of interest. Outsourced is one such film without any exaggeration whatsoever about the Indian culture. It is a modern-day comedy of cross-culture conflicts and romance.

 The movie revolves around Todd Anderson who is outsourced to India to work at a call centre who was sent with a mission of reducing the call time there. He finds the Indian work culture quite unprofessional. He believes that the calls are not duly answered or customers are often ‘hit-on’ by the agents. He goes on demanding more from his workers without actually knowing them. He starts teaching them American English, as the customers would prefer talking to a native English speaker. Here we see how the westerners keep their culture and language as the primary point of judging other cultures, just like Americans inherited the language from the brits, Indians too have acquired the language. But the accented pronunciation is somehow off-putting for them. One of his coworkers, Asha, points out this fact and even goes on to say unlike American English speakers who makes unnecessary reductions, Indians have a better pronunciation of the language. Todd goes on to reduce the call time to the required limit with the help of Asha and flies back to the USA, leaving behind a strong connection.

The most commendable part of the movie is the raw representation of India, Holi not being about filmy songs, not all Indians have an accented pronunciation, and everyone you see is not thieves, being some of them. It shows how acclimated Indians are to the western culture while still retaining their innate culture.

Palliative care is need of Lifeline

End of life care includes Palliative care . If you have an illness that cannot be cured, Palliative care makes you as comfortable as possible , By managing your pain and other distressing symptoms . It also involves psychological , social and spiritual support for you and your family or careers . End of life care provides proactive palliative care services at home , symptom management to individuals in advanced stages of illness. End-of-life care addresses the medical, physical, social, emotional and spiritual needs of the patient . It helps patients enjoy the comforts of home and family, draw on social and emotional support, and manage symptoms such as pain, shortness of breath, nausea, extreme fatigue, loss of appetite and inability to sleep. Many patients and their families find that the emotional support and management of physical symptoms provided by end-of-life care, can make a huge difference in the equality of life of a patient in his last days of life. End-of-life care is available for patients with advanced life -limiting conditions of any type, including end-stage demetia , AIDS, heart disease or emphysema- as well as cancer. Our Ends-of-life care teams work together with the patient, family and the patients physician to: improve quality of life; relieve physical, emotional and spiritual distress; provide an individual plan of care ; and give support to family members. It includes full-time physicians who has experience in palliative care. Nurses with special training in palliative care. Social workers with understanding of understanding of special conditions of palliative care. Dietitians, home health aides and therapists who specialize in complementary medicine. Spiritual care counselors.

Palliative care is need of Lifeline

End of life care includes Palliative care . If you have an illness that cannot be cured, Palliative care makes you as comfortable as possible , By managing your pain and other distressing symptoms . It also involves psychological , social and spiritual support for you and your family or careers . End of life care provides proactive palliative care services at home , symptom management to individuals in advanced stages of illness. End-of-life care addresses the medical, physical, social, emotional and spiritual needs of the patient . It helps patients enjoy the comforts of home and family, draw on social and emotional support, and manage symptoms such as pain, shortness of breath, nausea, extreme fatigue, loss of appetite and inability to sleep. Many patients and their families find that the emotional support and management of physical symptoms provided by end-of-life care, can make a huge difference in the equality of life of a patient in his last days of life. End-of-life care is available for patients with advanced life -limiting conditions of any type, including end-stage demetia , AIDS, heart disease or emphysema- as well as cancer. Our Ends-of-life care teams work together with the patient, family and the patients physician to: improve quality of life; relieve physical, emotional and spiritual distress; provide an individual plan of care ; and give support to family members. It includes full-time physicians who has experience in palliative care. Nurses with special training in palliative care. Social workers with understanding of understanding of special conditions of palliative care. Dietitians, home health aides and therapists who specialize in complementary medicine. Spiritual care counselors.

Social Media and Reality

 Uh oh, check this out before that new notification distracts you and makes you waste another 2 hours stalking someone you think is superior to you and make yourself sulk for nothing.

Social Media VS Reality

If we start comparing the pre-social media phase and post-social media phase, many of us will have different views on the same. Let’s say that it was so much better when we didn’t have to spend hours before the screen and actually had some goals specifically for the day.

The physical meet-up with friends and families had its own advantages and better exposure for anyone who liked interacting with people. The white light of phone screens has literally snatched it away from all of us.

We all will accept the fact that technology has brought so many facets that are helpful for us all and provides us a such a level of education and productivity that we wouldn’t have been able to realize without it. If we talk about social media it has allowed for larger and quicker access to information. The information coming to us may be about some celebrity activity, fashion, or recent natural disaster but we cannot claim that we are not informed. 

                     
                   

Like every other thing, social media has its own downsides. There are a lot of questions that arise that if the information we receive is correct? Do we trust the sources giving us the information? Would the addiction of it affect our normal life? Does social media alter one’s understanding of reality? 

The chaos of looking better than the rest in your Instagram posts, sharing your travel location on Facebook, and tweeting on Twitter over the topics that you aren’t even aware of, is just another reason to feel accomplished at that time and then feel anxious upon it. 

THE FAKE BUBBLE OF SOCIAL MEDIA

Don’t get me wrong- social media is amazing. From information, comedies to one’s personal stories, ideas to marketing and targeting people for little to no cost. But as great as all of it is, social media is the most damaging aspect of our generation.

From the new teens to the ones in their 40s, almost everyone participates in the marathon of looking presentable over social media, the cold war between Instagram influencers and digital creators within this marathon is something that can’t be ignored or go unnoticed. It is very common these days where one might create all the scenarios over their online love interest and later realize that it was nothing but treachery with a whole fake identity and several trap accounts, playing with people’s emotions and this act that may sound fun to one, might lead someone with serious trust issues and on the edge of loneliness.

It is high time for every one of us to understand that being on social media platforms can be great and help us deal with almost any kind of boredom, be it by being a part of random group chat, recreating pictures like some “victoria secret” model, and being the queen bee amongst your friend circle, but as far as it looks so fascinating and attractive, one must know that it is nothing but a well-composed online game which was visually created with the actually existing people and none that happens on it, is real and holds any existence. 

ACID RAIN- THE STEADY DESTROYER

In 1963, Scientists studying Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in New Hampshire made a shocking discovery. Their most recent rainfall samples were nearly 100 times more acidic than the usual rainfall samples. At these levels, additional downpours of acid rain would destroy the region’s marine and arboreal ecosystems in a matter of decades. Urgently haring their findings with the fellow researchers, they were determined to answer two questions: What was causing this deadly rainfall? and what could be done to stop it?

Rain is never just composed of water. Chemicals and particulates in the atmosphere can be found in every drop, and some compounds like carbon dioxide make even regular rainfall slightly acidic. But this pales in comparison to the powerful acids produced when water interacts with oxides of nitrogen or sulfur dioxide. On the pH scale which measures acidity, each whole number is ten times more acidic than the one above it. And where normal rain has a pH of roughly 5.4, rain that’s interacted with these gases(carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide or oxides of nitrogen) can rank as low as 3.7. Oxides of nitrogen and sulfur dioxide can appear naturally as a short-lived byproduct of volcanic eruptions or lightening strikes. But power plants, refineries and vehicles that use fossil fuels consistently pump large quantities of these harmful gases into the air. These dangerous gases travel with the wind spreading hundreds of kilometers from the pollution’s source. Acting like roaming clouds of destruction, their presence dramatically increases the acidity of local precipitation, creating acid rain, acid snow and acid fog. These all acidify lakes and streams, kill crops and forests, and damage soil to inhibit future growth on it. Overtime, acid rain can even corrode human structures made up of stone or metal.

By the 1970s, Scientists in North America and Europe classified acid rain as a major environmental threat. But despite clear evidence tying the problem to air pollution, companies denied responsibility and cast doubt on the research. In the United States, corporations lobbied against regulating pollution, and convinced politicians that such policies would raise energy costs and threaten jobs. These obstacles led the government to delay changes, and mandate further research into the issue. But after a decade of mounting concern, Congress finally took action. Since the bulk of sulfur dioxide emissions came from power plants, the government set a limit on the total amount of it the electric power sector could emit each year. Then, they divided the permitted emissions into a fixed number of “allowances” distributed to each power plant. A plant could then choose to emit as much sulfur dioxide as they were allowed, or reduce their emissions and sell their unused allowances to the other power plants. This system is known as “Cap and Trade”, offered power plants the economic flexibility to keep costs low while strictly limiting pollution.

Many critics called these allowances licenses to pollute or said the government was selling clean air. But since the Cap was set to lower five years into the program, it forced every utility company to reduce emissions in the long term. Some plants added desulfurizing scrubbers to their smokestacks, or switched to low-sulfur coal and natural gas. Oxides of nitrogen emissions were also reduced with relatively low-cost technologies. These advances allowed the power sector to grow while the cap kept pollution under control.

ACID RAIN- THE STEADY DESTROYER

In 1963, Scientists studying Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in New Hampshire made a shocking discovery. Their most recent rainfall samples were nearly 100 times more acidic than the usual rainfall samples. At these levels, additional downpours of acid rain would destroy the region’s marine and arboreal ecosystems in a matter of decades. Urgently haring their findings with the fellow researchers, they were determined to answer two questions: What was causing this deadly rainfall? and what could be done to stop it?

Rain is never just composed of water. Chemicals and particulates in the atmosphere can be found in every drop, and some compounds like carbon dioxide make even regular rainfall slightly acidic. But this pales in comparison to the powerful acids produced when water interacts with oxides of nitrogen or sulfur dioxide. On the pH scale which measures acidity, each whole number is ten times more acidic than the one above it. And where normal rain has a pH of roughly 5.4, rain that’s interacted with these gases(carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide or oxides of nitrogen) can rank as low as 3.7. Oxides of nitrogen and sulfur dioxide can appear naturally as a short-lived byproduct of volcanic eruptions or lightening strikes. But power plants, refineries and vehicles that use fossil fuels consistently pump large quantities of these harmful gases into the air. These dangerous gases travel with the wind spreading hundreds of kilometers from the pollution’s source. Acting like roaming clouds of destruction, their presence dramatically increases the acidity of local precipitation, creating acid rain, acid snow and acid fog. These all acidify lakes and streams, kill crops and forests, and damage soil to inhibit future growth on it. Overtime, acid rain can even corrode human structures made up of stone or metal.

By the 1970s, Scientists in North America and Europe classified acid rain as a major environmental threat. But despite clear evidence tying the problem to air pollution, companies denied responsibility and cast doubt on the research. In the United States, corporations lobbied against regulating pollution, and convinced politicians that such policies would raise energy costs and threaten jobs. These obstacles led the government to delay changes, and mandate further research into the issue. But after a decade of mounting concern, Congress finally took action. Since the bulk of sulfur dioxide emissions came from power plants, the government set a limit on the total amount of it the electric power sector could emit each year. Then, they divided the permitted emissions into a fixed number of “allowances” distributed to each power plant. A plant could then choose to emit as much sulfur dioxide as they were allowed, or reduce their emissions and sell their unused allowances to the other power plants. This system is known as “Cap and Trade”, offered power plants the economic flexibility to keep costs low while strictly limiting pollution.

Many critics called these allowances licenses to pollute or said the government was selling clean air. But since the Cap was set to lower five years into the program, it forced every utility company to reduce emissions in the long term. Some plants added desulfurizing scrubbers to their smokestacks, or switched to low-sulfur coal and natural gas. Oxides of nitrogen emissions were also reduced with relatively low-cost technologies. These advances allowed the power sector to grow while the cap kept pollution under control.

Transmission Mode :

When two computers are in communication,data transmission may occur in one of the three modes

🔸️one way only
a) Simplex mode

🔸️Both ways but one way at a time
b) Half- duplex mode

🔸️Both ways simultaneously
c) Full-duplex mode

🌟Simplex mode🌟:

In Simplex mode,data can be transmitted in one direction as shown in below.
The device using the Simplex mode of transmission can either send or receive data, but it cannot do both. An example is the traditional television broadcast, in which the signal sent from the transmitter to the TV. There is no return signal. In order words a TV cannot send a signal to the transmitter.

🌟Half duplex mode🌟:

In Hslf duplex mode data csn be transmitted back and forth between two stations. But at any point of the time data can go in any one direction only. This arrangement resembles traffic on a one-lane bridge. When traffic moves in one direction, traffic on the opposite direction is to wait and take their turn. The common example is walky-talky, wherein one waits for his turn while the other talks.

🌟Full duplex mode🌟:

In full duplex mode a device can simultaneously send or received data. This arrangement resembles traffic on a two-way bridge, traffic moving on both directions simultaneously. An example is two people on the telephone talking and listening simultaneously. Communication in full duplex mode is faster. Full duplex transmission is used in large computer systems. Products like “MicrosoftNet Meeting” supports such two way interaction.

What is Intruders ?

One of the two most publicized threats to security is the intruder (the other is viruses), often referred to as a hacker or cracker. Significant issue for networked systems is unwanted access either via network or local.

Classification of Intruders

  1. Masquerader : An individual who is not authorized to use the computer and who penetrates a system’s access controls to exploit a legitimate user’s account. The masquerader is likely to be an outsider.
  2. Misfeasor : A legitimate user who accesses data, programs, or resources for which such access is not authorized, or who is authorized for such access but misuses his or her privileges :the misfeasor generally is an insider.
  3. Clandestine user : An individual who seizes supervisory control of the system and uses this control to evade auditing and access controls or to suppress audit collection. User can be either an outsider or an insider.

Intruders : Intrusion Techniques

The objective of the intruder is to gain access to a system or to increase the range of privileges accessible on a system. Most initial attacks use system or software vulnerabilities that allow a user to execute code that opens a back door into the system. Typically, a system must maintain a file that associates a password with each authorized user. If such a file is stored with no protection, then it is an easy matter to gain access to it and learn passwords. The password file can be protected in one of two ways:

  1. One-way function : The system stores only the value of a function based on the user’s password. When the user presents a password, the system transforms that password and compares it with the stored value.
  2. Access control : Access to the password file is limited to one or a very few accounts.

On the basis of a survey of the literature and interviews with a number of password crackers, [ALVA90] reports the following techniques for learning passwords:

  1. Try default passwords used with standard accounts that are shipped with the system. Many administrators do not bother to change these defaults.
  2. Exhaustively try all short passwords (those of one to three characters).
  3. Try words in the system’s online dictionary or a list of likely passwords. Examples of the latter are readily available on hacker bulletin boards.
  4. Collect information about users, such as their full names, the names of their spouse and children, pictures in their office, and books in their office that are related to hobbies.
  5. Try users’ phone numbers, Social Security numbers, and room numbers.
  6. Try all legitimate license plate numbers for this state.
  7. Use a Trojan horse to bypass restrictions on access.

Intrusion Detection

Inevitably will have security failures, So need also to detect intrusions so can
 Block if detected quickly
 Act as deterrent
 Collect info to improve security
Assume intruder will behave differently to a legitimate user, But will have imperfect distinction between.