Day: August 19, 2021

India’s Historic win at Lords , defeated England by 151 runs.

A spirited performance from the Indian seamers heped the visitors beat England by 151 runs in the second Test and take a 1-0 lead in the five-match series on Monday. Chasing 272, England were bowled out for 120 in 51.5 overs with skipper Joe Root top-scoring with 33.

With about a half-hour left of a fractious day featuring regular verbal clashes between players, Mohammed Siraj bowled Jimmy Anderson and celebrated by removing the off stump he had just clattered and wheeling around the outfield in delight at the home of cricket. Mohammed Siraj registered the figures of 4/32 while Jasprit Bumrah scalped three wickets as India won for just the third time in their 19 Tests at Lord’s. With this win, the visitors have taken a 1-0 lead in this five-match series, after a rain-marred draw at Trent Bridge. The third Test at Headingley in Leeds starts on August 25.

Virat disappointed with his performance.

Kohli is yet to score a century since late 2019 and despite getting the start the Indian skipper has failed to play a big knock. The frustration of throwing away the start was made clear by the Team India skipper after returning to the dressing room. In the video uploaded by a cricket fan, Kohli can be seen throwing a towel and showing his frustration. Here’s the video of Kohli showing his frustration after getting out.

The last 10 innings of Virat Kohli in Test has not been great with the Indian skipper only managing to score 280 runs at a below-par average of 28. Kohli’s last century had come during India’s maiden pink-ball Test at home against Bangladesh in November 2019. The numbers of Virat Kohli’s in recent Tests have been not great. The Team India skipper has only managed to scores 20, 42, 0, 13, 44, 0, 27, 62, 0. In addition, to the mentioned scores he has now gone seven consecutive innings without a fifty in the longest format of the game.

Apart from failing to score big runs, Kohli was involved in an on-field heated argument with England pacer during Inia’s innings. The Kohli Anderson fight took place in the 17th over when Virat Kohli was at the non-strikers’ end. Virat Kohli not happy with James Anderson running on the pitch said something to Anderson which the stump mic caught. In the video which went viral on social media, Virat Kohli says to Anderson, “This is a pitch and you are running here, this isn’t your backyard.”

Some interesting facts about the win

  1. 3 Number of Test wins for India at Lord’s. Their previous two triumphs at this venue came 28 years apart – by five wickets in 1986 under Kapil Dev and by 95 runs in 2014 under MS Dhoni.
  2. 8 for 126 Mohammed Siraj’s bowling figures in this Test, the best match figures for an Indian bowler in at Lord’s. The previous best was 8 for 168 by Kapil Dev in 1982.
  3. 19 Wickets by Indian pacers in this Test match. Only twice did the Indian pacers claim more – all 20 against South Africa in Johannesburg in 2018 and against England in the previous Test at Trent Bridge
  4. The 180* was also the first of Root’s 22 Test centuries to end in a defeat. The record for the most Test centuries without one in a losing cause is held by Graeme Smith, with 27 tons. Wally Hammond, Geoff Boycott and Ian Bell share the second spot with 22 each.
  5. 7 Ducks by England batters in this Test, the joint-most by them in a Test. The Lord’s Test was the fifth instance where they recorded seven ducks, and the first since the Johannesburg Test against South Africa in 1999..

Virat Kohli doesn’t tolerate his teammates being bullied, he never forgives, says Monty Panesar

After dismissing Rishabh Pant early on the final day of the second Test at Lord’s, the English wanted to have a go at the Indian tailenders Jasprit Bumrah and Mohammed Shami. Mark Wood was the first one to have a real go, as he bowled a short-pitched delivery that hit Bumrah’s helmet. And, that’s how the altercation started. Apart from bowling a barrage of bouncers, the England cricketers began to sledge the Indian tailenders, Bumrah and Shami, in an effort to distract them. Jos Buttler was also one of the cricketers who exchanged words with Bumrah. But that didn’t affect the Indian pace duo, as they went on to forge a match changing 89-run stand for the ninth wicket and helped India set a 272-run target for the hosts.

When the England batsmen came out for the chase, Shami and Bumrah rocked the top-order, before Ishant Sharma (2/13) and Mohammed Siraj (4/32) dismantled the hosts’ to help India wrap up an unforgettable 151 run win to give India a 1-0 lead in the five-match series.As it was later confirmed by Virat Kohli, the fast bowlers were all extra charged up because of the way England went after Shami and Bumrah while they were batting. KL Rahul, the Man of the Match of the Lord’s Test, said after the match – “If you go after one of our guys that means you are going after the whole team”.

Former England spinner Monty Panesar feels the plans to target the Indian tailenders in that way would have been hatched by the England team management, but Joe Root’s men didn’t think that Virat Kohli remembers everything and wants to give it right back.

Cricket
india
England
Lords
Test match

CLEANLINESS IS NEXT TO GODLINESS

 

Cleanliness
meaning is “to keep clean and to avoid dirt”. The practice to clean everything
is cleanliness. There are different types of cleanliness, the cleaning of
clothes, the cleaning to house; the cleaning of streets, the cleaning of
ourselves etc. the most important is to clean ourselves because if we do not
care for our cleanliness, we do not bother about the cleaning of surroundings.
We feel the importance of cleanliness only when we do practice of cleaning
ourselves. The practice of hand washing and bathing is necessary to keep
ourselves clean. The person who keeps his self-dirty, he also keeps his
environment dirty and filthy. The cleaning of
environment is very important. The environment is may be your home, your
school, or your office. Some people has habit to throw things on road, this is
illegal and a hurdle for cleanliness. The cleaning environment puts healthy
effects on our mind and body, while a dirty environment puts very bad affects on
our health and mind. Almost all the diseases are caused by the infectious
agents in the environment and these infectious agents are very active in dirty
and filthy environments. Many diseases like hepatitis, diarrhea, cholera, flu
etc are caused by the dirty environments. Hepatitis is very dangerous disease
and is usually transferred by the use of unsterilized instruments. A
man of dirty habits is far from culture and civilization. So, with the progress
of civilization, a man cleans himself more and more. He cleans his body. He
cleans his mind and heart. He modifies all his actions and manners. He purifies
his soul. This will lead him to the highest form of civilization. But all other
cleanings depend on the cleanliness of body.

It is truly said that ‘Cleanliness is
Next to Godliness’. Cleanliness is a step which leads us towards godliness.
It is a good habit as it keeps our body, mind and everything clean around us.
We should practice it regularly from the early life. The real meaning of
cleanliness is to keep our body, mind, soul, home, surrounding areas, clothes,
environment, etc clean. It is the habitual act which keeps us away from dirt
and diseases as well as helps us to maintain good health including personal and
environmental hygiene. It is necessary for maintaining
self-respect, getting confidence and getting respect from others. People who
live in dirt never get confidence and self-respect. Cleanliness helps people
get lots of respect and popularity. It helps people living closer to the
divinity and has fear from the God. It indicates the standard and character of
a man. In order to follow cleanliness all across the life, one needs to acquire
clean habits from childhood onwards.

Way to maintain Cleanliness

As we all know, it is not tough to
maintain cleanliness. It is very important to maintain cleanliness for a
healthy life. When we talk about our personal lives, we can maintain
cleanliness by bathing regularly. It is very important to wash our hands before
eating food. This will ensure no bacteria enter your body and prevent
illnesses.

 Subsequently, we must always eat healthy
food and consume clean water. Avoid eating out often and drinking water from
unclean sources. Personal hygiene must be taken care of. Remember to trim your
nails timely before they grow long. Long nails are very dirty and that means
you will have dirt under your hands at all times. In addition, maintain the
habit of brushing and flossing twice a day for oral hygiene.

SWATCH BHARAT SWASTH BHARAT

SWATCH BHARAT SWASTH BHARAT
Whether the Sun shines or it Rains; Cleaning the India should be our aim.
Pledge for cleanliness to show your keenness to clean India. India will teach us the tolerance and gentleness of mature mind, understanding spirit and a unifying, pacifying love for all human beings.” – Will Durant
India is in dire need of a cleanliness drive like Swachh Bharat Abhiyan to eradicate dirtiness. It is important for the overall development of citizens in terms of health and well-being. This a scheme to help us amd to make India healthy and clean and to make India swatch and swasth.

Swachh Bharat Abhiyan is one of the most significant and popular missions to have taken place in India. Swachh Bharat Abhiyan translates to Clean India Mission. This drive was formulated to cover all the cities and towns of India to make them clean. This campaign was administered by the Indian government and was introduced by the Prime Minister, Narendra Modi. It was launched on 2nd October in order to honor Mahatma Gandhi’s vision of a Clean India. The cleanliness campaign of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan was run on a national level and encompassed all the towns, rural and urban. It served as a great initiative in making people aware of the importance of cleanliness. This helped in making the message reach wider. It aims to build sanitary facilities for all households. One of the most common problems in rural areas is that of open defecation. Swachh Bharat Abhiyan aims to eliminate that. Generally, in these areas, people do not have proper toilet facilities. They go out in the fields or roads to excrete. This practice creates a lot of hygiene problems for citizens. Therefore, this Clean India mission can be of great help in enhancing the living conditions of these people. When we will dispose of waste properly and recycle waste, it will develop the country. As its main focus is one rural area, the quality of life of the rural citizens will be enhanced through it. Similarly, they also wanted to make people aware of health and education through awareness programs. After that, a major objective was to teach citizens to dispose of waste mindfully. Most importantly, it enhances the public health through its objectives. This helped in making the message reach wider. It aims to build sanitary facilities for all households.
Every small step towards sanitation will bring a big change for the nation.
Heaven could be on earth, Cleanness is something which has priceless worth.

The main objective of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan is to aware the citizens of the country of their utmost priority and responsibility towards cleanliness in the nearby surroundings and the spread of filth and infectious parasites. The campaign primarily focuses on eradicating the unhealthy practices of open defecation and provide basic sanitation facilities by constructing toilets, solid-liquid waste disposal systems, supplying clean drinking water, etc.

“Let’s make this our plea; we will make India open defecation free.
Cleanness can provide us inner peace, clean India mission is something that we need.
For cleanness we still have hope, because Swachh Bharat Abhiyan has a big scope.”


Swatch Bharat Abhiyan is a great accomplishment and proved out to a one of a kind project in the history of India. We must carry forward the practices of cleanliness with the same enthusiasm and zeal and help each other by keeping our Mother India clean and beautiful.
There are lots of schemes made for us by our government. These Abhiyan tries to make our beautiful India more beautiful and to make us healthier.
We can make our country beautiful; by participating in Swachh Bharat mission we can achieve something fruitful.
Let’s work on cleanliness from our side, and make India feel pride and clean your houses, roads and street, Cleanliness is our basic need. Make India great again, participate in Swachh Bharat mission to bring new reign.
Due to waste lying in the streets cause dangerous diseases which hampers our health and may cause dangerous diseases. These Abhiyan is a kind initiative to help us and to free us from these dangerous diseases. These are some examples how these Abhiyan help us and gift us a healthy life.
Clean India mission is something which we need for progress of our country.

Contaminated water causes many water-borne infections like diarrhoea, and also serves as a carrier for vectors such as mosquitoes spreading epidemics. Open defecation means no sanitation. It fouls the environment, and spreads diseases. According to WHO-UNICEF report (2010), India has the highest rate of open defecation. Access to safe drinking water and good sanitation are vital for family well-being. It results in control of enteric diseases, and boosts child health. A healthy child has better learning and retaining ability. Girls avoid going to school where there are no proper sanitation measures. Sanitation makes a positive contribution in family literacy. One key goal of sanitation is to safely reduce human exposure to pathogens. Pathogens are excreted by infected individuals and if not properly contained or treated, may present a risk to humans who come in contact with them. These individuals can also be exposed to pathogens through drinking water or eating food contaminated with pathogens found in human excreta. According to a UNICEF study, for every 10 per cent increase in female literacy, a country’s economy can grow by 0.3 per cent. Thus, sanitation contributes to social and economic development of the society.
Improved sanitation also helps the environment. Clean drinking water and good sanitation would not prevent infections without practicing good hygiene. A simple habit of washing hands goes a long way towards preventing diseases. The stored water supply may also serve as a source of infection in the absence of hygiene. Sanitation envisages promotion of health of the community by providing clean environment and breaking the cycle of disease. Sanitation systems aim to protect human health by providing a clean environment that will stop the transmission of disease, especially through the fecal–oral route. For example, diarrhea, a main cause of malnutrition and stunted growth in children, can be reduced through adequate sanitation.

If we follow the sanitation system then we can create a healthy world . If we live healthy then we can be wealthy. Swatch bharat is swasth bharat is a true word. If the world become clean then everyone become healthy.
If we want to make India a developed nation then clean India mission is the necessity.
Let’s take oath; by participating in clean India mission we will make our country proud.
Clean India mission is something which we need for progress of our country.
Working towards sanitation will bring a significant positive change for the nation.

MUSHROOMS

” Nature alone is antique, and the

oldest art a mushroom.

~ Thomas Carlyle

Edible mushroom

Edible mushrooms are the fleshy and edible fruit bodies  of several species of macrofungi(fungi  which bear fruiting structures that are large enough to be seen with the naked eye). They can appear either below ground (hypogeous) or above ground (epigeous) where they may be picked by hand.Edibility may be defined by criteria that include absence of poisonous effects on humans and desirable taste  and aroma. Edible mushrooms are consumed for their nutritional  and culinary  value. Mushrooms, especially dried shiitake, are sources of umami flavor.Especially tasty and desired mushrooms are referred as “choice edible”

Edible mushrooms include many fungal species that are either harvested wild or cultivated. Easily cultivated and common wild mushrooms are often available in markets, and those that are more difficult to obtain (such as the prized truffle, matsutake  and morel) may be collected on a smaller scale by private gatherers.

Non edible mushroom

There are certain fungi which are not consumed because of the production of toxins like amatoxins and phallotoxins. The fungi which produce these toxins are referred as poisonous fungi or the toadstools e.g., Fly agarics and Amanita pantherina.  The consumption of these fungi results in death due to the activity of the toxins.

Seven of the world’s most poisonous mushrooms are: death cap (Amanita phalloides), Conocy bettilaris, web caps (Cortinarius species), Autumn skullcap (Calerina marginata), destroyin angels (Amanita species), Podostron a cornu-damae and deadly dapperliry (Lepiota brunneoincarnata).

Food values of mushroom

mushrooms contain a modest amount of fiber and over a dozen minerals and vitamins, including copper, potassium, magnesium, zinc and a number of B vitamins such as folate. Mushrooms are also high in antioxidants like selenium and glutathione, or GSH, substances believed to protect cells from damage and reduce chronic disease and inflammation.

Some studies suggest mushrooms are the richest dietary source of another antioxidant called ergothioneine, or ERGO, which is also present in large amounts in red beans, oat bran and liver. ERGO and other antioxidants are primarily concentrated in the caps, not the stems.

Spawn and spawning

Spawn is the living fungal culture that is called mycelium, grown onto a substrate. It gives the backbone to any mushroom growing operation. … Unlike seeds, the mushroom spawn is grown from selected genetics and cloned for consistent production of a particular cultivar of mushroom.

Types of Mushroom spawn are;

  • Woodchip spawn – Made from woodchips of different hardwoods.
  • Straw spawn – Pasteurized straw inoculated with mycelium.
  • Sawdust spawn plugs – Sawdust spawn in the shape of a plug with Styrofoam on the end.
  • Liquid spawn – Water enriched with mushroom spores or mycelia slurry.

Techniques in mushroom cultivation

On Paddy Straw:

i. Preparation of Spawn

ii. Preparation of Mushroom Bed

iii. Spawning of Mushroom Bed

iv. Watering of Mushroom Bed

v. Mushroom Crop Production

vi. Picking of Mushrooms

vii. Precautions of Mushroom Cultivation

Disease of mushroom

There are many types of fungal disease in mushrooms, but there are three main kinds that cause the most damage to crops. These are Dry Bubble (Verticillium, new name: Lecanicillium), Wet Bubble (Mycogone) and Cobweb (Dactylium, new name: Cladobotryum).

Recipes of mushrooms

Mushroom recipes like kadai mushroom, mushroom biryani, mushroom manchurian and mushroom masala,cream of mushroom soup, methi mushroom, matar mushroom, mushroom pasta,mushroom omlette,mushroom fry……..

” Mushrooms grow in damp places. That’s why they are shaped like an umbrella “

~Alphonse Allais

DEEP LEARNING SERIES- PART 4

The previous article dealt with the networks and the backpropagation algorithm. This article is about the mathematical implementation of the algorithm in FFN followed by an important concept called hyper-parameter tuning.

In this FFN we apply the backpropagation to find the partial derivative of the loss function with respect to w1 so as to update w1.

Hence using backpropagation the algorithm determines the update required in the parameters so as to match the predicted output with the true output. The algorithm which performs this is known as Vanilla Gradient Descent.

The way of reading the input is determined using the strategy.

StrategyMeaning
StochasticOne by one
BatchSplitting entire input into batches
Mini-batchSplitting batch into batches

The sigmoid here is one of the types of the activation function. It is defined as the function pertaining to the transformation of input to output in a particular neuron. Differentiating the activation function gives the respective terms in the gradients.

There are two common phenomena seen in training networks. They are

  1. Under fitting
  2. Over fitting

If the model is too simple to learn the data then the model can underfit the data. In that case, complex models and algorithms must be used.

If the model is too complex to learn the data then the model can overfit the data. This can be visualized by seeing the differences in the training and testing loss function curves. The method adopted to change this is known as regularisation. Overfit and underfit can be visualized by plotting the graph of testing and training accuracies over the iterations. Perfect fit represents the overlapping of both curves.

Regularisation is the procedure to prevent the overfitting of data. Indirectly, it helps in increasing the accuracy of the model. It is either done by

  1. Adding noises to input to affect and reduce the output.
  2. To find the optimum iterations by early stopping
  3. By normalising the data (applying normal distribution to input)
  4. By forming subsets of a network and training them using dropout.

So far we have seen a lot of examples for a lot of procedures. There will be confusion arising at this point on what combination of items to use in the network for maximum optimization. There is a process known as hyper-parameter tuning. With the help of this, we can find the combination of items for maximum efficiency. The following items can be selected using this method.

  1. Network architecture
  2. Number of layers
  3. Number of neurons in each layer
  4. Learning algorithm
  5. Vanilla Gradient Descent
  6. Momentum based GD
  7. Nesterov accelerated gradient
  8. AdaGrad
  9. RMSProp
  10. Adam
  11. Initialisation
  12. Zero
  13. He
  14. Xavier
  15. Activation functions
  16. Sigmoid
  17. Tanh
  18. Relu
  19. Leaky relu
  20. Softmax
  21. Strategy
  22. Batch
  23. Mini-batch
  24. Stochastic
  25. Regularisation
  26. L2 norm
  27. Early stopping
  28. Addition of noise
  29. Normalisation
  30. Drop-out

 All these six categories are essential in building a network and improving its accuracy. Hyperparameter tuning can be done in two ways

  1. Based on the knowledge of task
  2. Random combination

The first method involves determining the items based on the knowledge of the task to be performed. For example, if classification is considered then

  • Activation function- softmax in o/p and sigmoid for rest
  • Initialisation- zero or Xavier
  • Strategy- stochastic
  • Algorithm- vanilla GD

The second method involves the random combination of these items and finding the best combination for which the loss function is minimum and accuracy is high.

Hyperparameter tuning would already be done by researchers who finally report the correct combination of items for maximum accuracy.

HAPPY READING!!!

DEEP LEARNING SERIES- PART 3

The previous article gave some introduction to the networks used in deep learning. This article provides more information on the different types of neural networks.

In a feed-forward neural network (FFN) all the neurons in one layer are connected to the next layer. The advantage is that all the information processed from the previous neurons is fed to the next layer hence getting clarity in the process. But the number of weights and biases significantly increases when there is a large number of input. This method is best used for text data.

In a convolutional neural network (CNN), some of the neurons are only connected to the next layer i.e. connection is partial. Batch-wise information is fed into the next layer. The advantage is that the number of parameters significantly reduces when compared to FFN. This method is best used for image data since there will be thousands of inputs.

In recurrent neural networks, the output of one neuron is fed back as an input to the neuron in the previous layer. A feed-forward and a feedback connection are established between the neurons. The advantage is that the neuron in the previous layer can perform efficiently and can update based on the output from the next neuron. This concept is similar to reinforcement learning in the brain. The brain learns an action based on punishment or reward given as feedback to the neuron corresponding to that action.

Once the final output is computed by the network, it is then compared with the original value, and their difference is taken in different forms like the difference of squares, etc. this term is known as loss function.

It will be better to explain the role of the learning algorithms here. The learning algorithm is the one that tries to find the relation between the input and output. In the case of neural networks, the output is indirectly related to input since there are some hidden layers in between them. This learning algorithm works in such a way so as to find the optimum w and b values for the loss function is minimum or ideally zero.

The algorithm in neural networks do this using a method called backpropagation. In this method, the algorithm starts tracing from the output. It then computes the values for the parameters corresponding to the neuron in that layer. It then goes back to the previous layer does the computations for the parameters of the neurons in that layer. This procedure is done till it encounters the inputs. In this way, we can find the optimum values for the parameters.

The computations made by the algorithm are based on the type of the algorithm. Most of the algorithms find the derivative of a parameter in one layer with respect to the loss function using backpropagation. This derivative is then subtracted from the original value.

Where lr is the learning rate; provided by the user. The lesser the learning rate, the better will be the results but more the time is taken. The starting value for w and b is determined using the initialization.

MethodMeaning
ZeroW and b are set to zero
Xavierw and b indirectly proportional to root n
He w and b indirectly proportional to root n/2

 Where n; refers to the number of neurons in a layer. These depend on the activation function used.

The derivative of the loss function determines the updating of the parameters.

Value of derivativeConsequence
-veIncreases
0No change
+veDecreases

The derivative of the loss function with respect to the weight or bias in a particular layer can be determined using the chain rule used in calculus.

HAPPY READING!!

The Ultimate Guide to Cryptocurrency

 

Want to be
a crypto expert? Well, I have got your back. Cryptocurrency is something that
everyone wants to talk about. But only a few of them know. So, let’s discuss cryptocurrency.

                                                              (Photo: The Economic Times)

Since man
evolved, the currency has become a part of our lives. Before the caveman used
the “Barter System”. In the barter system, a commodity was exchanged
for another commodity. However, the barter system fell out as it had some
flaws. Then the modern currency as we know it came into existence. In 110 BC,
an official currency was minted. In 1250 AD, gold-plated florins were
introduced. And in 1600 AD – 1900 AD, the paper currency gained popularity.
This is how modern currency came into existence. There’s a centralized
regulatory authority to limit the modern currency. Now imagine the scenario of
doing an online transaction. This transaction takes place successfully but
there are several ways this could have gone wrong like a technical issue,
account hack, or the transfer limit must have exceeded. This is why the future
of currency lies with cryptocurrency. 

Imagine a
transaction between two people in the future. One of them has the bitcoin app
and there’s a notification asking whether they are ready to transfer 5
Bitcoins. If yes, then processing takes place. All of this happens in a matter
of seconds. This in return removes all the flaws of modern banking. There’s no
limit to the funds which you can transfer, your accounts cannot get hacked and
there’s no central point of failure.

So,
cryptocurrency is a digital or virtual currency that is secured by
cryptography, which makes it nearly impossible to counterfeit. There are
thousands of cryptocurrencies. Cryptocurrency is quite similar to any physical
currency, it’s just that it does not has any physical embodiment.

Features of
Cryptocurrency:

1. There’s
a limit to how many units can exist.

2. Easily
verifies the transfer of funds.

3.
Operating independently of a bank.

4. Working
in a decentralized manner.

5. Allows
new units to be added only after certain conditions are met.

So, what
makes cryptocurrency so special?

1. Little
to no transaction cost.

2. 24/7
access to money.

3. No
limits on purchases and withdrawals.

4. Freedom
for anyone to use.

5. International
transactions are faster.

What’s the
“CRYPTO” in cryptocurrency?

Crypto
refers to cryptography. It is a method of using encryption and decryption to
secure communication in the presence of third parties with ill intent.
Cryptography usually requires a computational algorithm (like SHA256), a public
key (that the user shares with everyone), and a private key (which acts as a
digital signature of the user).

Now let’s
talk about a normal bitcoin transaction. First, you have the transaction
details. Now, these details who you want to send to and how many bitcoins you
want to send. Then it’s passed through a hashing algorithm. For Bitcoin, we use
the SHA256 algorithm. The outcome which you get is passed through a signature
algorithm with the user’s private key. This is used to uniquely identify the
user. This output is then distributed across the network with the sender’s
public key. The people who verify the transaction to check whether it’s valid
or not are known as MINERS. Now after this is done, the transactions are added
to the blockchain where they cannot be changed again.

Now let’s
talk about the biggest cryptocurrency. Not every crypto coin is good. The top
two are Bitcoin and Ether. The similarities between these two are:

1. They are
the biggest and most valuable cryptocurrencies.

2. Both of
them use blockchain and mine currency using proof of work.

3. Widely
used across the globe.

The
differences between these two are:

1. Bitcoin
is used to send money to someone. Ether is used as a currency in the Ethereum
network.

2. Bitcoin
transactions are manual. Ether transactions are manual or automatic.

3. Bitcoin
is slow. It takes 10 minutes to perform a transaction. Whereas, Ether is fast.
It takes about 20 seconds to perform a transaction.

4. Bitcoin
is used as money for real-world transactions. Ether is used to power the
Ethereum network and power real-life transactions.

5. Bitcoin
is used for transactions involving goods and services. Ether uses blockchain to
create a ledger that triggers a transaction when a condition is met.

6. Bitcoin
uses an algorithm known as SHA256 for hashing. Ethereum uses the Ethash
algorithm for hashing.

How to
invest in cryptocurrency?

Everything
in life involves risk and so does crypto. One needs to have proper knowledge to
start investing. The first thing which we need to do is to find a crypto
exchange. We need to do a detailed background check. Some of the popular
exchanges in India are Wazir X, Coin DCX, and Coin Switch Kuber. The next step
is to create an account. Once it gets created, we need to deposit the amount to
buy bitcoins. Then pick a crypto coin. And then you can get started.

The Future
of Cryptocurrency

Before
people used to invest in gold and real estate. With time, the return decreased.
It was only after this when cryptocurrency started rising. This digital coin has
very fast gained popularity mainly because of the support from billionaire
tycoons like Elon Musk, Jack Dorsey, and Michael Novogratz. More and more
people are getting drawn towards it especially after the pandemic. It has
gotten so high after the COVID happened. Lots of countries printed trillions of
dollars. Investors have doubled their amount. However, cryptocurrency is
predicted to face a conflict between regulation and anonymity. Futurists
believe that by 2030, cryptocurrencies would occupy 25% of national currencies.
There have also been demands to classify Bitcoin as an asset class in India.
India is currently on the cusp of the next phase of the digital revolution. And
blockchain and cryptocurrency will be an integral part of it.

 

 

 

 

                                                                       (Photo: Oscar)

How to take care of your health from corona?

In today’s pandemic time, health is the foremost thing to
take care of. So, here I am sharing an insight about Corona and ways to take
care of ourselves from it. Let’s begin.

We all have witnessed the most life-threatening disease,
that is, Coronavirus, started in 2020. Coronavirus is a communicable disease
which means it can easily transfer from one person to another. It has
dreadfully impacted millions of lives globally. No doubt, we all have lost our
loved ones’. It has turned employed persons into jobless, farmers with no food,
middle class into poor class, mass killing of innocent migrant workers, in
short, it has turned the brightest chapter of our lives into the darkest one’s,
where we had no choice, except, Death.

The situation became worse day-by-day. We have entered 2021
but with Coronavirus. The researchers, scientists, health organization, all
strove effortlessly to come up with a solution to cure it. But as such no
permanent solution has come up, except, the vaccine which does not really
protect the person entirely. Health is really important for all of us. And more
important is to maintain our health. Because if we don’t do, we can easily
catch up with different disease and it can trigger the situation. It’s totally
on us whether we want to be healthy or how we want our body to be? So, it’s our
responsibility to make a fair choice. Maintaining a good health physical
exercise, which will help in keeping the body fit, balanced diet comprises of
all essential nutrients, staying healthy mentally, away from depression and
anxiety and much more.

Now let’s take a look at the symptoms of COVID and some
basic ways to prevent ourselves to come in contact with the disease. Firstly,
the symptoms are: Headache, dizziness, shortness of breath, fever, cough, sore
throat. 

WARNING SIGN:  Whenever you observe such
symptoms in yourself, you should immediately contact the Doctor and get
yourself quarantined. You should understand the fact that if you get infected,
you can also infect your family members, friends or people around you. So be a
responsible person and seek medical help on an urgent basis.

If it’s a mild fever and you don’t observe any other
symptoms then take one tablet of DOLO 650. Consume multi-vitamins tablet on a
daily basis to boost your immunity. Along with the consumption of medicines,
drink plenty of water to keep yourself hydrated, eat fruits and vegetables rich
in nutrients, maintain hygiene. You can also eat dry fruits but if you can’t
afford, it then you can drink milk with turmeric added in it or soya chunks or
peanuts. 

Some of the basic ways to prevent the spread of disease are:

  • Wear
    a mask properly. Ensure that your nose and mouth is properly covered.

  • Use hand
    gloves to avoid getting touched by people around you.

  • Use
    hand sanitizer all the time as it will help to kill the bacteria.

  • Avoid
    travelling if it’s not urgent. Stay indoor as much as possible because you
    never know what can happen with you anytime and at any place.

  • Wash
    your hands properly as it will help to kill the germs.

  • Whenever
    you come from outside open your clothes, keep it away and take bath
    properly. Try using Dettol while bathing.  

  • Do
    not use other person mask or sanitizer. Ensure that you are living in a
    healthy and hygiene environment.

  • Do
    not share your things like water, food with others. As I have already
    mentioned that it’s a communicable disease so it’s better to avoid.

Remember, it’s very important to take precaution at the
first place itself so that you don’t regret later. As our lives are on our own
hands. Not only ours but also other lives too and we too need to become a
responsible person.

Due to the ongoing situation most of the people have lost
their dear ones which at certain level have affected them mentally like they
overthink, depression or anxiety. I totally understand their emotions. But it’s
also true that what has gone will never return. Instead, we need to gear up
ourselves and stand like a strong pillar. We need to motivate ourselves because
we all are in this together. Mental health is also a very serious concern. The
most important thing is we should not stop smiling. When you smile it releases
positive energy within yourself and surrounding. We need to ensure that he or
she is smiling and keeping others happy too. This is also a way to boost up the
immunity. The more you think, the more you will become negative. 

First of all, stop being corona conscious. What I mean by
this is stop thinking about corona all the time like this or that can happen to
you. Because that’s going to affect you emotionally. Don’t let it play and take
over your emotions. It’s you who will have to decide whether you want to fight
or quit. Take a break from all this and do something which calms you down. For
example, do yoga, meditation. Do something that interests you. And take all the
precautions too. Trust me it’s the time to become a strong and be positive
pillar for yourself and your family. Instead of getting demotivated, stay
positive.

Now looking at the vaccine found out by the scientists. So,
the vaccination drive started globally. People started getting vaccinated. Most
people are afraid of getting vaccinated because they believe that they will
die. To pinpoint, few deaths have taken place but I want to clear that vaccine
is for boosting immunity. It will not protect you entirely. Even after taking
vaccine, you can get infected but the vaccine will help you to fight. After
taking vaccine one should stay at home for a week. It’s necessary because one
might get sick. 

At last, I would like to say, try to help others who are in
need. We have to be backbone of one other at this time. Through support we can
win the war against corona. Take care of yourself and your family. And don’t
forget to smile.

 

Complete story behind the Indo-Pak War 1971

All of us are familiar with this image in which Lt Gen Niazi signing the Instrument of Surrender under the gaze of Lt Gen Aurora. In 1971, Pakistan had received such a wound, the pain of which will always be felt by it. In the same year, Pakistan was bifurcated and India had given it a crushing defeat.

The year 1971 holds great significance in the history of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. In the same year, India had inflicted a wound on Pakistan, the pain of which will always be felt by Pakistan. Talking about Bangladesh, this was the year when Bangladesh emerged as an independent country on the world map. The history-changing war of 1971 began on December 3, 1971. Let us know today the complete story of the two pieces of Pakistan and the coming into existence of Bangladesh…

The Background of War : 

Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was fighting for the autonomy of East Pakistan from the beginning. He had announced a six-point program for this. Due to all these things, he had become the glamor of the Pakistani government. Along with this, some other Bengali leaders were also on the target of Pakistan. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and other Bengali leaders were tried for separatist agitation for their suppression and to suppress the voice of rebellion forever.
But this move of Pakistan itself overshadowed it. This made Mujibur Rahman a hero in the eyes of the people of East Pakistan. This put Pakistan on the back foot and withdrew the conspiracy case against Mujibur Rahman.
1970 Elections in Pakistan :

The 1970 elections in Pakistan proved to be very important for the existence of Bangladesh. In this election, Mujibur Rahman’s party East Pakistani Awami League won a landslide victory. Mujib’s party got 169 to 167 seats in East Pakistan. In the 313-seat Pakistani parliament, Mujib had an overwhelming majority to form the government. But the leaders and military rule of West Pakistan controlling Pakistan did not accept that Mujib should rule over Pakistan. This deception with Mujib intensified the fire of rebellion in East Pakistan. People took to the streets and started agitating. The ruling establishment of Pakistan called in the army to quell the rebellion in East Pakistan.
Pakistani Army Atrocities :

The freedom movement in East Pakistan was increasing day by day. The Pakistani army resorted to atrocities to suppress the movement. In March 1971, the Pakistani army launched a brutal operation. Large scale atrocities were committed in East Bengal. Murder and rape ensued. Mujeeb was arrested. A large number of Awami League members fled to India to avoid arrest and torture.
Initially four infantry brigades of the Pakistani Army were involved in the operation but later their numbers increased. The refugee crisis in India began to escalate. Within less than a year, about 10 million refugees from Bangladesh fled to India and took refuge in West Bengal. This increased the pressure on India to take action against Pakistan.
India’s Intervention :

It is believed that at the end of March 1971, the Government of India decided to help the Mukti Vahini. Muktivahini was actually the army of East Pakistan which liberated Bangladesh from Pakistan. The Mukti Vahini included soldiers and thousands of civilians from East Pakistan. On March 31, 1971, Indira Gandhi, while giving a speech in the Indian Parliament, spoke of helping the people of East Bengal. On July 29, 1971, a public announcement was made in the Indian Parliament to help the boys of East Bengal. The Indian Army started preparations from its side. This preparation also included training the fighters of the Mukti Vahini. 
In the months of October-November, 1971, the then Prime Minister of India Indira Gandhi and her advisors visited Europe and America. He put the vision of Bharat in front of the leaders of the world. But the talks between Indira Gandhi and the then US President Richard Nixon did not reach any conclusion. Nixon refused to do anything for the release of Mujibur Rahman. Nixon wanted the military government of West Pakistan to be given two years. On the other hand Indira Gandhi said that the situation in Pakistan is explosive. This situation cannot be correct unless Mujeeb is released and talks are started with the elected leaders of East Pakistan. He also told Nixon that if Pakistan continued provocations across the border (in India), India would not hesitate to retaliate.
Attack on India and Start of the war :
The East Pakistan crisis reached an explosive point of view. There were large marches in West Pakistan and calls for military action against India. On the other hand Indian soldiers were guarding the border of East Pakistan. On November 23, 1971, President of Pakistan Yahya Khan asked Pakistanis to be ready for war. On December 3, 1971, Pakistan’s air force attacked India. Targeted many cities including Amritsar and Agra in India. With this the Indo-Pak war of 1971 started. The war ended on 16 December 1971 with the surrender of the Pakistan Army and the birth of Bangladesh.

Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj : Biography

Everyone knows about Shrimant Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, one of the brave sons of India. Many people call him Hindu Hriday Samrat, while some people call him Maratha pride, while he was a great hero of the Republic of India. Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj was born on 19 February 1630 in a Maratha family. Some people place his birth in 1627. His full name was Shivaji Bhonsle.

 Shivaji was the son of father Shahaji and mother Jijabai. His place of birth is the fort of Shivneri near Pune. An attempt was made by Veer Pravar Shivaji Maharaj, the exclusive priest of independence, to establish a sovereign independent rule in the whole of India by making the nation independent from foreign and tyrannical state power. Similarly, he is acknowledged as a foremost heroic and immortal freedom fighter. Like Maharana Pratap, Veer Shivaji was a living symbol and symbol of nationalism. Come know about Shrimant Chhatrapati Veer Shivaji.

Shivaji was not anti-Muslim: Shivaji has been accused of being anti-Muslim, but this is not true because there were many Muslim heroes and fighters in his army, there were also people like many Muslim Sardars and Subedars. In fact, all of Shivaji’s struggle was against the bigotry and arrogance that rulers like Aurangzeb and the people who grew up under his umbrella had adopted.

In the summer of 1674, Shivaji laid the foundation of independent sovereignty by sitting on the throne with pomp. He freed the oppressed Hindu masses from fear. Although the Christian and Muslim rulers used to impose their opinion on the majority of the people through the use of force, they used to collect additional taxes, Whereas during the rule of Shivaji, the places of worship of these two sects were not only protected but also created a fear-free environment for the converted Muslims and Christians. Shivaji ruled for six years through his council of eight ministers. Many Muslims were also involved in his administrative service.

Formation of religious rites: His childhood was spent under the guidance of his mother Jijau. Mother Jijabai, despite having a religious nature, was a heroic woman in character and behavior. For this reason, he raised the child Shiva by listening and teaching bright stories of Ramayana, Mahabharata and other Indian brave souls. Under the tutelage of Dada Kondev, he was also made proficient in all kinds of topical warfare etc. Proper education was also provided about religion, culture and politics. In that era, Shivaji became a completely patriot, dutiful and diligent warrior by coming in contact with Param Sant Ramdev.

In childhood, he learned to win the fort by playing sports: In childhood, Shivaji used to collect children of his age and play the game of fighting and winning the fort as their leader. As soon as he came in youth, his game became real karma enemy and started winning their fort etc. by attacking the enemies. As soon as Shivaji established his authority over the forts like Purandar and Toran, his name and deeds spread throughout the South, this news reached Agra and Delhi like fire. The tyrannical type of Turks, Yavanas and all their assistant rulers started getting worried because of fear on hearing his name.

Wife and son: Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj was married on 14 May 1640 with Saibai Nimbalkar at Lal Mahal, Puna. His son’s name was Sambhaji. Sambhaji (May 14, 1657–died: March 11, 1689) was the eldest son and successor of Shivaji, who ruled from 1680 to 1689 AD. Shambhuji lacked the hard work and determination of his father. Sambhaji’s wife’s name was Yesubai. His son and successor was Rajaram.

Children’s litterateur: Sambhaji is considered to be the world’s first children’s litterateur. By the age of 14, Sambhaji was the world’s first child litterateur to compose texts like Budhbhushanam (Sanskrit), Nayikabheda, Satsataka, Nakhshikh (Hindi) etc. He dominated languages ​​like Marathi, Hindi, Persian, Sanskrit, English, Kannada etc. The speed with which he wielded the pen, he also wielded the sword. Shivaji had several wives and two sons; the last years of his life were spent in troubles due to the religious disobedience of his eldest son.

This son of his had also once joined the Mughals and was brought back with great difficulty. Anxiety about protecting the empire from enemies in the midst of domestic conflicts and the enmity of his ministers soon brought Shivaji to the brink of death. Shivaji died on 3 April in his capital, the hill fort Rajgarh, after a brief illness in 1680.

When enemy wanted to kill Shivaji by deceit: When Adilshah, the ruler of Bijapur, terrified of Shivaji’s growing prowess, could not arrest Shivaji, he arrested Shivaji’s father Shahaji. Shivaji became furious when he came to know. Taking the help of policy and courage, he raided and soon freed his father from this captivity.

Then the ruler of Bijapur sent his arrogant general Afzal Khan, ordering Shivaji to be caught alive or dead. He tried to kill Shivaji by making a false drama of brotherhood and reconciliation, taking Shivaji in the circle of his arms, but he himself was killed by being a victim of the treachery hidden in the hands of the wise Shivaji. Due to this, his armies fled from there after finding their commander dead.

Best Trekking places in India, for the people who love trekking

Trekking in the nature means to be a part of a thrilling and exciting adventure experience. We are lucky to have many such places in India that can be your dream destination for trekking and camping. So, here are some of the famous and heart stealing destinations in India which are loved and praised by trekking lovers.

1. Valley of flowers trek, Uttarakhand :

 The Valley of Flowers trek is present in Uttarakhand and this track comes in beautiful trekking spots. The Valley of Flowers trek in Uttarakhand takes you to the UNESCO World Heritage Site and the Sikh pilgrimage site of Hemkund Sahib. The distance of this track is 55 kilometers and the height is 3658 meters. During the monsoon season, the entire valley is filled with colorful Himalayan flowers, making the view nothing less than a paradise. People of any age can come here to enjoy trekking. The fun of trekking at this place is from July to September.

2. Roopkund Trek, Uttarakhand :

Roopkund Trek starts from Lohajung at an altitude of 3200 meters and takes you to a lake called Roopkund, which is situated at an altitude of 5029 meters. The lake is popular for the human skeletal remains that were found at its bottom. A distance of 53 km has to be covered in 7 to 9 days. Through the noise of rivers, you pass through lush green forests. There are Hindu temples, Himalayan peaks such as Nanda Devi and Nanda Ghunti, as well as many bird species and lush green flat plains. In order to take full enjoyment of this place one must visit between may and october.

3. Dzongri Trek, Sikkim :


Sikkim’s Dzongri track is one of the most popular tracks in India. The level of this track is easy to moderate level, which you can complete in 5 days. Yuksom is the starting and ending point of this trek. The distance of this track is 21 km, with a maximum altitude of 15,000 feet. If you do not have much time and want to enjoy trekking to the top of the Himalayas, then Dzongri La Peak, and Mount Kangchenjunga are the best treks. In this track, you will go through Sachen, Bakhim, Shokha, Kacchenjunga National Park. The best time to visit here is from April to June and October to December.
4. Harihari Fort Trek, Maharashtra :

If you are a adventure fanatic then this destination is THE best spot for you. You can reach Harihar fort from Nasik (42km) and Trimbakeshwar (22km). You can reach Harihar Fort by trekking 2 km from Harshawadi. The climb of Harihar Fort is somewhere 70 degrees and somewhere 85 degrees straight. This fort is situated at a height of 3674 ft. To reach the top, you have to take 117 steps which have been made by cutting stone. You can climb the stairs monkey style. 

Although Harihar Fort can be visited in any season, but in monsoon the view here is amazing. Hundreds of small and big waterfalls can be seen everywhere and the nature of the greenery is such that some green carpet is laid below.
5. Kumara Parvata Trek, Karnataka :


Kumara Parvatha is one of the most famous trekking locations in Indian. In Kodagu, it is one of the most significant peaks and a number of people from all around the globe come to visit this place. It is one of most hardest treks in the country as well, so you will be provided with professional guidance, while you’re beginning your trek. Even though it is a bit hard, it is still considered to be one of the most beautiful locations to be at, as you will be witnessing picturesque landscapes and lush green lands, that will make the calorie-burning totally worth it. Although the Kumara Parvatha trek can be undertaken anytime, the best time to visit are from October to January and from June to September. The summers in South India are extremely hot and humid and you will not get to experience the beautiful greenery around. The humidity will also sap you off your energy. 

Key To Success

Success… We all aspire to it, talk about it, envy those who achieve it, we think about it, fight for it. It is really worth it. Success comes with reaching our aims and it brings us incomparable satisfaction and happiness. That gives us a unique opportunity to be happy every day, if we achieve small goals every day and step by step we will be approaching our GREAT dream.

Recollect your studies at college, when you had to combine work and study; when you had a very tense schedule, when your only solution was a custom term paper to get through the semester. But you stood it. By achieving mini goals every term, at last you reached the main aim – successful graduation. And that is why you are a successful person. But one of the qualities of a prosperous person is that he is always striving for perfection and will never rest on his laurels. So, let’s go further and develop ourselves…Close your eyes for a minute and imagine a successful person. Is he rich or poor? Surely, most of us associate success with rich people. So, success and wealth are inseparable from each other? Yes, it’s likely to be so. But wealth is not a target for a successful person. It is just one of the steps to reach a global aim.

What do you think are there any objective reasons, hindering success? It is a fact that there some outer reasons, not depending on you, for example war, flood and so on. And what about objective sound reasons? If you find one, we will debate it with you. But so far I dare say there is none!!!! All the reasons are subjective (inner) and thus – every one can get rid of these reasons, changing something in himself. We create the greatest obstacle in achieving success with our fears, complexes and diffidence. And then, what are the keys to success? Read through the following features and think which of them you have and which you still have to acquire.

1)Clear objective. Without the aim, no achievement is possible. A thoroughly equipped ship with wonderful crew will arrive nowhere if it hasn’t any course of direction.

2) Accurate strategy. Unplanned success is a planned defeat. Accurate and logical strategy helps to realize the grandest projects. A successful person fulfills a small portion of his great plan every day. If you stick to your plan, then you will be able to realize everything you want. And if you want, you have a potential.

3)Positive attitude. Positive thinking, positive attitude to the world work wonders. You live in the world you create for yourself. You want to live in a wonderful world – think about something wonderful! Stop being afraid of failures and you will reach your success.

4) Faith in success. Faith strengthens your potential, and doubts destroy it. If you have some desire, leave all your doubts behind. Just believe in the possibility of its realization and you will have not so many obstacles in your way.

5)Education and training.Being aware of your desires without any action will lead to nothing. Only actions, supported by knowledge will result in great success. Constant training, constant improvement of your professional knowledge, – these are the features that distinguish a successful person. Our world is ever changing, and only on condition of applying your new knowledge you can keep pace with time.

6) Self -improvement. It helps us to change for better, overcome our complexes and fears, get rid of diffidence. Remember, that everything depends only on you; you are master of your fate, your success and happiness. And if you don’t possess all the listed above qualities, then you will be able to develop these features improving yourself. The only thing that does not depend on you is strong desire; it is given to us by Nature.

7) Self -confidence helps us to get top results where there is no premise for it. Fighting with your complexes, the person is approaching the ideal and makes the best of the work.

This article is merely a presentation of philosophy of success. These are only words, though wise and true. But you are able to turn this philosophy into a powerful tool for improving your life from now on. And then the philosophy will revive and you will benefit from it greatly. This simple philosophy will become your strategy, your guiding thread in achieving success. I am sure it will lead you to great success.