Writer John Tolkien has rightly expressed, “Not all those who wander are lost.” To travel is to set on a new journey, new experiences and lifetime memories. Life is a book and those who do not travel will just remain reading a single page of that book. People travel for numerous purposes such as to explore other places, to seek education and knowledge, stress reduction, to spend time with near and dear ones, etc. To travel without hindrances, one must have thorough information about what to carry and keep alongside during the journey. This blog will attempt to cover most of the travel essentials required.
Travel Bag
It is quite apparent that one will certainly carry a bag while travelling. The bag that one will carry must depend on the time period of travel and purpose of travel. The bag used must provide comfort in mobility and must not be one which can be easily damaged.
Long Vacations – Sturdy rolling luggage bag
Treks – Long rucksacks
Short Business Travels – Cabin sized wheeled duffel bag
Shopping – Tote bag
First Aid Kit
It is a must have commodity while travelling. In case of any small mishap, having a first aid kit along, will help prevent further complications or may even omit trips to a clinic, if acted upon quickly. Accidents are unpredictable, hence being prepared beforehand is necessary. Any first aid kid must include the following items – Band aids, bandages, antibiotic ointments, non latex gloves, aspirin (as one’s doctor suggests), a pair of scissors, thermometer, etc as per the Red Cross.
Diary
Keeping your personal travel journal along will help you to rewind all those lovely memories. Jotting down personal experiences will help you list down all what you have experienced while traveling. One can also pen down important phone numbers which he/she might need in case of an emergency. If travelling solo, one may write down the list of places that one would like to visit during the travel to avoid forgetting about it later on. A soft bound, back pack friendly diary with maps and pens is ideally recommended by avid travellers.
Vitamin tablets and Energy drinks
Events in a tour are uncertain. While one must decide beforehand, about what and where he/she would consume while on the tour, there is a possibility that plans may not work out accordingly. In case of unavailability of food supplies, energy bars, energy drinks and multivitamin tablets according to the doctor’s prescription can be consumed. During in flight travels, food options are scarce, hence the body does not receive the daily needed dose of supplements. Also, while travelling in a public transport, one’s body is prone to germs and infections. To avoid being stuck in such situations, it is always better to carry the needed dose of supplements along.
Seasonal Elements
One must thoroughly research on the weather conditions of the place he/she is travelling to. The climatic conditions in various regions of the world is varied.
Tropical Climate – Carry light coloured outfits to keep yourself cool. White or lightly printed loose tees, shorts and breezy dress are a go to set of clothing. Also, one must remember to carry along, shades, hats and sunscreen.
Cold Climate – Natural fibers such as wool and silk work wonders in preventing feeling cold. Layers of sweatshirts, fleece garments or thermals worn inside an all season leather jacket helps in protection from wind and rainfall. Gloves and socks are also to be carried for better warmth.
“Man cannot discover new oceans unless he has the courage to lose sight of the shore”
– ANDRE GIDE
One must relentlessly travel and explore the world. We might not understand how flamboyant the people, cultures and landscapes of this world are, unless we travel. In order to travel worry-free and experience serenity, one has to keep in mind the essentials that he/she must carry while embarking on a journey.
A rainforest is an area of tall, mostly evergreen trees and a high amount of rainfall. Rainforests are Earth’s oldest living ecosystems, with some surviving in their present form for at least 70 million years. They are incredibly diverse and complex, home to more than half of the world’s plant and animal species—even though they cover just 6% of Earth’s surface. This makes rainforests astoundingly dense with flora and fauna; a 10-square-kilometer (4-square-mile) patch can contain as many as 1,500 flowering plants, 750 species of trees, 400 species of birds and 150 species of butterflies. Rainforests thrive on every continent except Antarctica. The largest rainforests on Earth surround the Amazon River in South America and the Congo River in Africa. The tropical islands of Southeast Asia and parts of Australia support dense rainforest habitats. Even the cool evergreen forests of North America’s Pacific Northwest and Northern Europe are a type of rainforest. Rainforests’ rich biodiversity is incredibly important to our well-being and the well-being of our planet. Rainforests help regulate our climate and provide us with everyday products. Unsustainable industrial and agricultural development, however, has severely degraded the health of the world’s rainforests. Citizens, governments, intergovernmental organizations, and conservation groups are working together to protect these invaluable but fragile ecosystems.
Rainforest Structure Most rainforests are structured in four layers: emergent, canopy, understory, and forest floor. Each layer has unique characteristics based on differing levels of water, sunlight, and air circulation. While each layer is distinct, they exist in an interdependent system: processes and species in one layer influence those in another. Emergent Layer The top layer of the rainforest is the emergent layer. Here, trees as tall as 60 meters (200 feet) dominate the skyline. Foliage is often sparse on tree trunks, but spreads wide as the trees reach the sunny upper layer, where they photosynthesize the sun’s rays. Small, waxy leaves help trees in the emergent layer retain water during long droughts or dry seasons. Lightweight seeds are carried away from the parent plant by strong winds. In the Amazon rainforest, the towering trees of the emergent layer include the Brazil nut tree and the kapok tree. The Brazil nut tree, a vulnerable species, can live up to 1,000 years in undisturbed rainforest habitats. Unlike many rainforest species, both the Brazil nut tree and the kapok tree are deciduous—they shed their leaves during the dry season. Animals often maneuver through the emergent layer’s unstable topmost branches by flying or gliding. Animals that can’t fly or glide are usually quite small—they need to be light enough to be supported by a tree’s slender uppermost layers. The animals living in the emergent layer of the Amazon rainforest include birds, bats, gliders, and butterflies. Large raptors, such as white-tailed hawks and harpy eagles, are its top predators. In rainforests on the island of New Guinea, pygmy gliders populate the emergent layer. Pygmy gliders are small rodents that get their name from the way flaps of skin between their legs allow them to glide from branch to branch. Bats are the most diverse mammal species in most tropical rainforests, and they regularly fly throughout the emergent, canopy, and understory layers. One of the world’s largest species of bat, the Madagascan flying fox (found on the African island of Madagascar), for instance, is an important pollinator that mainly feeds on juice from fruit, but will chew flowers for their nectar. Canopy Layer Beneath the emergent layer is the canopy, a deep layer of vegetation roughly 6 meters (20 feet) thick. The canopy’s dense network of leaves and branches forms a roof over the two remaining layers. The canopy blocks winds, rainfall, and sunlight, creating a humid, still, and dark environment below. Trees have adapted to this damp environment by producing glossy leaves with pointed tips that repel water. While trees in the emergent layer rely on wind to scatter their seeds, many canopy plants, lacking wind, encase their seeds in fruit. Sweet fruit entices animals, which eat the fruit and deposit seeds on the forest floor as droppings. Fig trees, common throughout most of the world’s tropical rainforests, may be the most familiar fruit tree in the canopy. With so much food available, more animals live in the canopy than any other layer in the rainforest. The dense vegetation dulls sound, so many—but not all—canopy dwellers are notable for their shrill or frequent vocalizing. In the Amazon rainforest, canopy fruit is snatched up in the large beaks of screeching scarlet macaws and keel-billed toucans, and picked by barking spider and howler monkeys. The silent two-toed sloth chews on the leaves, shoots, and fruit in the canopy. Thousands and thousands of insect species can also be found in the canopy, from bees to beetles, borers to butterflies. Many of these insects are the principal diet of the canopy’s reptiles, including the “flying” draco lizards of Southeast Asia. Understory Layer Located several meters below the canopy, the understory is an even darker, stiller, and more humid environment. Plants here, such as palms and philodendrons, are much shorter and have larger leaves than plants that dominate the canopy. Understory plants’ large leaves catch the minimal sunlight reaching beyond the dense canopy. Understory plants often produce flowers that are large and easy to see, such as Heliconia, native to the Americas and the South Pacific. Others have a strong smell, such as orchids. These features attract pollinators even in the understory’s low-light conditions. The fruit and seeds of many understory shrubs in temperate rainforests are edible. The temperate rainforests of North America, for example, bloom with berries. Animals call the understory home for a variety of reasons. Many take advantage of the dimly lit environment for camouflage. The spots on a jaguar (found in the rainforests of Central and South America) may be mistaken for leaves or flecks of sunlight, for instance. The green mamba, one of the deadliest snakes in the world, blends in with foliage as it slithers up branches in the Congo rainforest. Many bats, birds, and insects prefer the open airspace the understory offers. Amphibians, such as dazzlingly colored tree frogs, thrive in the humidity because it keeps their skin moist. Central Africa’s tropical rainforest canopies and understories are home to some of the most endangered and familiar rainforest animals—such as forest elephants, pythons, antelopes, and gorillas. Gorillas, a critically endangered species of primate, are crucial for seed dispersal. Gorillas are herbivores that move throughout the dark, dense rainforest as well as more sun-dappled swamps and jungles. Their droppings disperse seeds in these sunny areas where new trees and shrubs can take root. In this way, gorillas are keystone species in many African rainforest ecosystems. Forest Floor Layer The forest floor is the darkest of all rainforest layers, making it extremely difficult for plants to grow. Leaves that fall to the forest floor decay quickly. Decomposers, such as termites, slugs, scorpions, worms, and fungi, thrive on the forest floor. Organic matter falls from trees and plants, and these organisms break down the decaying material into nutrients. The shallow roots of rainforest trees absorb these nutrients, and dozens of predators consume the decomposers! Animals such as wild pigs, armadillos, and anteaters forage in the decomposing brush for these tasty insects, roots and tubers of the South American rainforest. Even larger predators, including leopards, skulk in the darkness to surprise their prey. Smaller rodents, such as rats and lowland pacas (a type of striped rodent indigenous to Central and South America), hide from predators beneath the shallow roots of trees that dominate the canopy and emergent layer. Rivers that run through some tropical rainforests create unusual freshwater habitats on the forest floor. The Amazon River, for instance, is home to the boto, or pink river dolphin, one of the few freshwater dolphin species in the world. The Amazon is also home to black caimans, large reptiles related to alligators, while the Congo River is home to the caimans’ crocodilian cousin, the Nile crocodile.
Types of Rainforests Tropical Rainforests Tropical rainforests are mainly located between the latitudes of 23.5°N (the Tropic of Cancer) and 23.5°S (the Tropic of Capricorn)—the tropics. Tropical rainforests are found in Central and South America, western and central Africa, western India, Southeast Asia, the island of New Guinea, and Australia. Sunlight strikes the tropics almost straight on, producing intense solar energy that keeps temperatures high, between 21° and 30°C (70° and 85°F). High temperatures keep the air warm and wet, with an average humidity of between 77% and 88%. Such humid air produces extreme and frequent rainfall, ranging between 200-1000 centimeters (80-400 inches) per year. Tropical rainforests are so warm and moist that they produce as much as 75% of their own rain through evaporation and transpiration. Such ample sunlight and moisture are the essential building blocks for tropical rainforests’ diverse flora and fauna. Roughly half of the world’s species can be found here, with an estimated 40 to 100 or more different species of trees present in each hectare. Tropical rainforests are the most biologically diverse terrestrial ecosystems in the world. The Amazon rainforest is the world’s largest tropical rainforest. It is home to around 40,000 plant species, nearly 1,300 bird species, 3,000 types of fish, 427 species of mammals, and 2.5 million different insects. Red-bellied piranhas and pink river dolphins swim its waters. Jewel-toned parrots squawk and fly through its trees. Poison dart frogs warn off predators with their bright colors. Capuchin and spider monkeys swing and scamper through the branches of the rainforest’s estimated 400 billion trees. Millions of mushrooms and other fungi decompose dead and dying plant material, recycling nutrients to the soil and organisms in the understory. The Amazon rainforest is truly an ecological kaleidoscope, full of colorful sights and sounds. Temperate Rainforests Temperate rainforests are located in the mid-latitudes, where temperatures are much more mild than the tropics. Temperate rainforests are found mostly in coastal, mountainous areas. These geographic conditions help create areas of high rainfall. Temperate rainforests can be found on the coasts of the Pacific Northwest in North America, Chile, the United Kingdom, Norway, Japan, New Zealand, and southern Australia. As their name implies, temperate rainforests are much cooler than their tropical cousins, averaging between 10° and 21°C (50° and 70°F). They are also much less sunny and rainy, receiving anywhere between 150-500 centimeters (60-200 inches) of rain per year. Rainfall in these forests is produced by warm, moist air coming in from the coast and being trapped by nearby mountains. Temperate rainforests are not as biologically diverse as tropical rainforests. They are, however, home to an incredible amount of biological productivity, storing up to 500-2000 metric tons of leaves, wood, and other organic matter per hectare (202-809 metric tons per acre). Cooler temperatures and a more stable climate slow down decomposition, allowing more material to accumulate. The old-growth forests of the Pacific Northwest, for example, produce three times the biomass (living or once-living material) of tropical rainforests. This productivity allows many plant species to grow for incredibly long periods of time. Temperate rainforest trees such as the coast redwood in the U.S. state of California and the alerce in Chile are among the oldest and largest tree species in the world. The animals of the temperate rainforest are mostly made up of large mammals and small birds, insects, and reptiles. These species vary widely between rainforests in different world regions. Bobcats, mountain lions, and black bears are major predators in the rainforests of the Pacific Northwest. In Australia, ground dwellers such as wallabies, bandicoots, and potoroos (small marsupials that are among Australia’s most endangered animals) feast on the foods provided by the forest floor. Chile’s rainforests are home to a number of unique birds such as the Magellanic woodpecker and the Juan Fernández firecrown, a hummingbird species that has a crown of color-changing feathers.
People and the Rainforest Rainforests have been home to thriving, complex communities for thousands of years. For instance, unique rainforest ecosystems have influenced the diet of cultures from Africa to the Pacific Northwest. MbutiThe Mbuti, a community indigenous to the Ituri rainforest in Central Africa, have traditionally been hunter-gatherers. Their diet consists of plants and animals from every layer of the rainforest. From the forest floor, the Mbuti hunt fish and crabs from the Ituri River (a tributary of the Congo), as well as gather berries from low-lying shrubs. The giant forest hog, a species of wild boar, is also frequently targeted by Mbuti hunters, although this species is hunted for sale more often than food. From the understory, the Mbuti may gather honey from bee hives, or hunt monkeys. From the canopy and emergent layers, Mbuti hunters may set nets or traps for birds. Although they are a historically nomadic society, agriculture has become a way of life for many Mbuti communities today as they trade and barter with neighboring agricultural groups such as the Bantu for crops such as manioc, nuts, rice, and plantains. Chimbu The Chimbu people live in the highland rainforest on the island of New Guinea. The Chimbu practice subsistence agriculture through shifting cultivation. This means they have gardens on arable land that has been cleared of vegetation. A portion of the plot may be left fallow for months or years. The plots are never abandoned and are passed on within the family. Crops harvested in Chimbu garden plots include sweet potatoes, bananas, and beans. The Chimbu also maintain livestock, particularly pigs. In addition to their own diet, pigs are valuable economic commodities for trade and sale. TlingitThe temperate rainforest of the northwest coast of North America is the home of the Tlingit. The Tlingit enjoy a diverse diet, relying on both marine and freshwater species, as well as game from inland forests. Due to bountiful Pacific inlets, rivers, and streams, the traditional Tlingit diet consists of a wide variety of aquatic life: crab, shrimp, clams, oysters, seals, and fish such as herring, halibut, and, crucially, salmon. Kelps and other seaweeds can be harvested and eaten in soups or dried. One familiar Tlingit saying is “When the tide is out, our table is set.” In more inland areas, historic Tlingit hunters may have targeted deer, elk, rabbit, and mountain goats. Plants gathered or harvested include berries, nuts, and wild celery. YanomamiThe Yanomami are a people and culture native to the northern Amazon rainforest, spanning the border between Venezuela and Brazil. Like the Chimbu, the Yanomami practice both hunting and shifting-cultivation agriculture. Game hunted by the Yanomami include deer, tapirs (an animal similar to a pig), monkeys, birds, and armadillos. The Yanomami have hunting dogs to help them search the understory and forest floor for game. The Yanomami practice slash-and-burn agriculture to clear the land of vegetation prior to farming. Crops grown include cassava, banana, and corn. In addition to food crops, the Yanomami also cultivate cotton, which is used for hammocks, nets, and clothing.
Benefits of Rainforests Ecological Well-Being Rainforests are critically important to the well-being of our planet. Tropical rainforests encompass approximately 1.2 billion hectares (3 billion acres) of vegetation and are sometimes described as the Earth’s thermostat. Rainforests produce about 20% of our oxygen and store a huge amount of carbon dioxide, drastically reducing the impact of greenhouse gas emissions. Massive amounts of solar radiation are absorbed, helping regulate temperatures around the globe. Taken together, these processes help to stabilize Earth’s climate. Rainforests also help maintain the world’s water cycle. More than 50% of precipitation striking a rainforest is returned to the atmosphere by evapotranspiration, helping regulate healthy rainfall around the planet. Rainforests also store a considerable percentage of the world’s freshwater, with the Amazon Basin alone storing one-fifth. Human Well-Being Rainforests provide us with many products that we use every day. Tropical woods such as teak, balsa, rosewood, and mahogany are used in flooring, doors, windows, boatbuilding, and cabinetry. Fibers such as raffia, bamboo, kapok, and rattan are used to make furniture, baskets, insulation, and cord. Cinnamon, vanilla, nutmeg, and ginger are just a few spices of the rainforest. The ecosystem supports fruits including bananas, papayas, mangos, cocoa and coffee beans. Rainforests also provide us with many medicinal products. According to the U.S. National Cancer Institute, 70% of plants useful in the treatment of cancer are found only in rainforests. Rainforest plants are also used in the creation of muscle relaxants, steroids, and insecticides. They are used to treat asthma, arthritis, malaria, heart disease, and pneumonia. The importance of rainforest species in public health is even more incredible considering that less than one percent of rainforest species have been analyzed for their medicinal value. Even rainforest fungi can contribute to humanity’s well-being. A mushroom discovered in the tropical rainforest of Ecuador, for example, is capable of consuming polyurethane—a hard, durable type of plastic used in everything from garden hoses to carpets to shoes. The fungi can even consume the plastic in an oxygen-free environment, leading many environmentalists and businesses to invest in research to investigate if the fungi can help reduce waste in urban landfills.
Threats to Rainforests Rainforests are disappearing at an alarmingly fast pace, largely due to human development over the past few centuries. Once covering 14% of land on Earth, rainforests now make up only 6%. Since 1947, the total area of tropical rainforests has probably been reduced by more than half, to about 6.2 to 7.8 million square kilometers (3 million square miles). Many biologists expect rainforests will lose 5-10% of their species each decade. Rampant deforestation could cause many important rainforest habitats to disappear completely within the next hundred years. Such rapid habitat loss is due to the fact that 40 hectares (100 acres) of rainforest are cleared every minute for agricultural and industrial development. In the Pacific Northwest’s rainforests, logging companies cut down trees for timber while paper industries use the wood for pulp. In the Amazon rainforest, large-scale agricultural industries, such as cattle ranching, clear huge tracts of forests for arable land. In the Congo rainforest, roads and other infrastructure development have reduced habitat and cut off migration corridors for many rainforest species. Throughout both the Amazon and Congo, mining and logging operations clear-cut to build roads and dig mines. Some rainforests are threatened by massive hydroelectric power projects, where dams flood acres of land. Development is encroaching on rainforest habitats from all sides. Economic inequalities fuel this rapid deforestation. Many rainforests are located in developing countries with economies based on natural resources. Wealthy nations drive demand for products, and economic development increases energy use. These demands encourage local governments to develop rainforest acreage at a fraction of its value. Impoverished people who live on or near these lands are also motivated to improve their lives by converting forests into subsistence farmland.
Rainforest Conservation Many individuals, communities, governments, intergovernmental organizations, and conservation groups are taking innovative approaches to protect threatened rainforest habitats. Many countries are supporting businesses and initiatives that promote the sustainable use of their rainforests. Costa Rica is a global pioneer in this field, investing in ecotourism projects that financially contribute to local economies and the forests they depend on. The country also signed an agreement with an American pharmaceutical company, Merck, which sets aside a portion of the proceeds from rainforest-derived pharmaceutical compounds to fund conservation projects. Intergovernmental groups address rainforest conservation at a global scale. The United Nations’ REDD (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation) Program, for example, offers financial incentives for reducing carbon emissions created by deforestation to 58 member countries. The Democratic Republic of the Congo used REDD funds to create an online National Forest Monitoring System that tracks and maps data on logging concessions, deforestation in protected areas, and national forestry sector measures. REDD funds were also used to investigate best practices in solving land disputes in Cambodia, which lacks proper forest zoning and boundary enforcement. Nonprofit organizations are tackling rainforest conservation through a variety of different approaches. The Rainforest Trust, for example, supports local conservation groups around the world in purchasing and managing critically important habitats. In Ecuador, the Rainforest Trust worked with the Fundación Jocotoco to acquire 495 more hectares (1,222 more acres) for the Río Canandé Reserve, considered to have one of the highest concentrations of endemic and threatened species in the world. Partnering with Burung Indonesia, the Trust created a 8,900-hectare (22,000-acre) reserve on Sangihe Island to protect the highest concentration of threatened bird species in Asia. The Rainforest Alliance is a nonprofit organization that helps businesses and consumers know that their products conserve rather than degrade rainforests. Products that bear the Rainforest Alliance seal contain ingredients from farms or forests that follow strict guidelines designed to support the sustainable development of rainforests and local communities. The Alliance also allows tourism businesses use of their seal after they complete an education program on efficiency and sustainability. In turn, this seal allows tourists to make ecologically smart vacation plans.
Wildlife Conservation is the practice of protecting plant and animal species and their habitats. As part of the world’s ecosystems, wildlife provides balance and stability to nature’s processes. The goal of wildlife conservation is to ensure the survival of these species, and to educate people on living sustainably with other species.
The human population has grown exponentially over the past 200 years, to more than seven billion people today, and it continues to rapidly grow. This means natural resources are being consumed faster than ever by the billions of people on the planet. This growth and development also endangers the habitats and existence of various types of wildlife around the world, particularly animals and plants that may be displaced for land development, or used for food or other human purposes. Other threats to wildlife include the introduction of invasive species from other parts of the world, climate change, pollution, hunting, fishing, and poaching.
National and international organizations like the World Wildlife Fund, Conservation International, the Wildlife Conservation Society, and the United Nations work to support global animal and habitat conservation efforts on many different fronts. They work with the government to establish and protect public lands, like national parks and wildlife refuges. They help write legislation, such as the Endangered Species Act (ESA) of 1973 in the United States, to protect various species. They work with law enforcement to prosecute wildlife crimes, like wildlife trafficking and illegal hunting (poaching). They also promote biodiversity to support the growing human population while preserving existing species and habitats.
National Geographic Explorers, like conservation biologists Camille Coudrat and Titus Adhola, are working to slow the extinction of global species and to protect global biodiversity and habitats. Environmental filmmakers and photographers, like Thomas P. Peschak, are essential to conservation efforts as well, documenting and bringing attention to endangered wildlife all over the world.
The observable universe is consists up to two trillion galaxies that are made of billions and billions of stars. In the Milky Way galaxy alone, scientists assume that there are some 40 billion earths like planets in the habitable zone of their stars. When you look at these numbers, there are a lot of possibilities of alien civilization to exist. In a universe that big and old, the possibilities of civilizations may start millions of years apart from each other, and develop in different directions and speed. So their civilization may range from cavemen to super advanced. We know that human started out with nothing and then making tools, building houses, etc. we know that humans are curios, competitive, greedy for resources, and expansionists. The more of these qualities that our ancestors had, the more successful they were in the civilization building process.
Like this, the other alien civilizations also might have evolved. Human progress can be measured very precisely by how much energy we extracted from our environment. As our energy consumption grew exponentially, so did the abilities of our civilization. Between 1800 and 2015, population size had increased seven fold; while humanity was consuming 25 times more energy. It’s likely that this process will continue into the far future. Based on these facts, scientist Nikolai Kardashev developed a method for categorizing civilizations, from cave dwellers to gods ruling over galaxies into a scale called the Kardashev scale. It is a method of ranking civilizations by their energy use. It put civilizations into four categories. A type 1 civilization is able to use the available energy of their home planet. A type 2 civilization is able to use the available energy of their star and planetary system. A type 3 civilization is able to use the available energy of their galaxy. A type 4 civilization is able to use the available energy of multiple galaxies
. It’s like comparing an ant colony to a human metropolitan area. To ants we are so complex and powerful, we might as well be gods. On the lower end of the scale, there are type 0 to type 1 civilization. Anything from hunting, gatherers to something we could achieve in the next few hundred years. These might actually be abundant in the Milky Way. If that possible, why they are not sending any radio signals in space. But even if they transmitted radio signals like we do, it might not be very helpful. In such a vast universe, our signals may extend over 200 light years, but this is only a tiny fraction of the Milky Way. And even if someone were listening, after a few light years our signals decay into noise, impossible to identify as the source of an intelligent species. Today humanity ranks at about level 0.75. We created huge structures, changed the composition and temperature of the atmosphere. If progress continues, we will become a full type 1 civilization in the next few hundred years. The next step to type 2 is trying and mine other planets and bodies.
The Dyson sphere – mega-structures built around sun to draw energy
As a civilization expands and uses more and more stuff and space, at some they may start a largest project that extracting the energy of their star by building a Dyson swarm. Once it finished, energy has become unlimited. The next frontier moves to other stars light years away. So the closer a species gets to type 3, they might discover new physics, may understand and control dark matter and energy, or be able to travel faster than light. For them, humans are the ants, trying to understand the galactic metropolitan area. A high type 2 civilization might already consider humanity too primitive. A type 3 civilization might consider us bacteria. But the scale doesn’t end here; some scientists suggest there might be type 4 and type 5 civilizations, whose influences stenches over galaxy clusters or super clusters. This complex scale is just a thought experiment but, still it gives interesting things. Who knows, there might be a type omega civilization, able to manipulate the entire universe, and they even might be the actual creators of our universe.
“Somewhere, something incredible is waiting to be known.” – Carl Sagan
Globalisation has brought new prospects and faces to human history, global trade, global activists, global entertainment, global culture and tradition and many more. This has also raised a new wing of global politics. It all began after the end of WW2 . The world had lost a lot of people and life but importantly it had reached its end of strength to take war’s horrors. We all know that’s when the UN was established. It was a new era of world integrated for greater purpose without anymore bloodshed but sheer will and intellect. This was the time world politics took its place in making countries with higher ambitions and capacity a world dominant players.
“A great deal of world politics is a fundamental struggle, but it is also a struggle that has to be waged intelligently. -Zbigniew Brzezinski”. Players of different parts of countries and some different geographical parts, all have the main purpose of having a peaceful life for common people. They have to stop the purpose of every wearing fight between the political heads of the country. New way to spread their power and gain on their ambitions was POLITICS.
So there began the messy or the beauty of diplomacy. The major occurrences are that of the America – Russia cold war, Vietnamese war, Korean war, breaking of Berlin Wall,the rise of china in recent years has led to major shifts in the political landscape.Some of the major was theses diplomacy takes place is are hard power like military and economy this way they can keep good negotiate with countries they want. Some other way is called soft power, this is through the media example as BTS for South Korea.
There is a long debate about the effects of world politics on society. Let’s take a glance at that. The positive influence that has taken is:
1.Climate change awareness: There has been an immense increase in awareness among the younger generation. It has also been seen national getting together for a genuine reason other than there personal ambitions.
2.Fight for social evils at the biggest levels: women rights have gained a major place in the world. Me too moment has brought justice to many people. Child labour and many indian inhuman practice have been stopped as international pressure.
3.Feeling of oneness: It has been seen that social has been friendly to people and they have faced the same conditions and feel connected to each other.
4.Economic and technology development: United people have progressed and developed new and effective means. With peace by their side humankind reached the moon and Mars and looking for what not.
5.World peace: People are more peaceful than in 50years than in the last 150 years. After world politics have been taking place the politicians fight among themselves than use them people for their cause.
1.Power stagnetation: The power struggle has made an individual hold power rather than trusting as all members together with that. This also increases hunger for power from others. Example, America-Russia tug-of war where it has been inscribed in every way possible in the history of the century.
2.Social media influence:It has both positive and negative impact on society,it has been providing direction to citizens without much effort by them.
But the direction usually flows towards a more vocal person than the right person.
3.Social insecurity rises: People feel overwhelmed by such information available which was in deficit before. The information above their understanding makes people tell decisions without correct understanding or wrongly influenced.
4.Terrorism: Growing defecive strategy of countries have used less powerful countries in their political web to create terrorism so as to stop the other countries from growing
Politics always comes with it’s own advantages and disadvantages, it’s important to understand how and when this political policy should be applied for a win-win situation. Because politics is a true lifesaver when used in it’s limitations and knowing disadvantages. When it involves the world politics in it more or less we hold the history of us and future of coming gen to influence them
Pollution has became a part of our life. It has became the reality whether we accepted or not. We have to now keep air purifier to purify the air inside our house. Just think of the level of destruction in has caused to just as well as to nature.
We have reduced the resources of nature or either we have misused the resources of nature for our own benefit. We youmans are so selfish that for our benefit we can even take away the things which are meant for everyone. Like we have polluted so many rivers which has caused death to so many aquatic animals that we can’t even imagine of.
We have polluted the air quality so much that we are now facing difficulty to breathe ourselves. We have caused pollution in air, water, soil, noise whatnot. Just think it yourself.
Now there are so many activist and NGOs are coming ahead for cleaning up the message that has been spread by us only. But it is not enough. To remove Facebook devil from our mother nature each and everyone have to contribute towards this.
We can take small steps like using public transport instead of personal one for travelling which will reduce the air pollution. There is no need of very much big-big steps to be taken a small step by each individual is enough for cutting this pollution into half.
It is our nature and we should use net sustainabily so that it is available for other animals and future generation as well.
Education the solution for every problem in this world. If you are educated you know how to manage difficult time in a better way then others. Education is not only provided in school but it also present all around you.
The context of education is very wide, you can’t say that education is only provided in schools and colleges. By education you’re mean that you learn from your surrounding not only bookcase knowledge. A person who never went to school doesn’t mean that he don’t have knowledge of anything.
At present to the covid-19 situation there are millions of children who had lost the access to education, because they are not having digital devices to have their online Classic in even their schools are shut off.
Today we are having so many excuses for online classes like we’re having strain in eyes, neck, headache etc. I don’t mean mad they are not genuine but, these are not as hard as you are not getting education. You are fortunate in now to continue your education even without going to school but many in this world a not so fortunate.
There are many example synthesis world who had sacrifice a lot just to get educated. One of them is Malala Yousafzai who was ready to get shot from gun just to get educated.
So whenever you feel like you don’t want to study just think about them and you automatically will get an inspiration and a sense of gratitude that you are having so many resources that your education is not getting any hindrance.
We and government together should take step that gift access of education to everyone in your country or in the world. We can donate our old book, pencils and other stationaries to them and that will be a small step from our side but will make a big difference for them.
Grandparents our first friend since we are born. They are actually the blessing of God. Only summer fortunate enough to spend their childhood and life with them.
It is always said that Grand children are the last friend of their grandparents, and they are our first friend. There is always a strong and friendly bonding between grandchild and grandparents. Having grandparents with you is the best thing in the life.
Only some fortunate grandchild are able to see or live with their grandparents nowadays. They teach the values which help us to grow all over our life. Detail story which are meaningful and helps us to get connected to our culture.
It is our duty to not let them feel lonely if you are there with them. In our busy schedules we often forget that the old citizens actually feeling very lonely and are not happy from inside. They never tell you about their loneliness but you should understand it by looking at their faces.
Did don’t want much from anyone they just need love and care. And if you can’t do that then you probably are are not worth calling a grandchild. Just sit with them for sometime in a day and have normal talk with them they will definitely feel happy about. Being in the company you will also feel relax from your stressful life.
And please don’t ever send them to the old age home they had taken care of you when you didn’t know anything about this world and now it’s your time don’t betray them. Take care of them as if your own child because we know that old age is like the comeback of childhood.
The Scream is one of the most famous artworks on the planet. Almost everyone of us must have seen it somewhere or the other. Either in memes or maybe on some educational TV channel but very little population knows the name of the artist or even the name of the painting itself.
Edward Munch
The Scream is an artwork by the Norwegian artist Edward Munch completed in 1893.
Munch was a painter and printmaker born in Norway in 1863. His paintings were greatly inspired by the expressionism movement and symbolism. All his paintings had a certain underlying psychological tone to it which is hard to miss. Munch had a miserable childhood, and that misery manifested itself later in his paintings. His mother and sister died of tuberculosis while he was very young and later, still at a young age he lost his father and his brother too. Death and gloom always meandered around him and followed him everywhere. Another sister of his suffered from mental illness too.
To understand a piece of art it is important to understand the artist, his experiences, his life to be able to get as close to meaning the artist was trying to show because there is no possible way that we can fully understand an artist’s psyche at the time of making it even though art is interpretive.Munch depicted raw and violent emotions in his work
The scream is an autobiographical work of art where while he was walking along a path one evening with a fjord below, feeling tired and ill, when looked over the fjord the scene looked to him as if blood was covering the sky. He felt a scream coursing through the clouds. Munch had a history of ill mental health in his family and during that evening it is possible that he heard the scream inside his own head.Soon after painting The Scream abandoned this style and barely went back to it.
Theft
A work of art doesn’t become famous just because of the beauty or the skill behind it but a multitude of things influence it’s popularity like what it represents, political environment, controversies it was involved in.
Similarly this painting is not just famous for its artistic grandeur but it was in the news a lot due to the thefts.
In 1994 thieves broke into a museum in Oslo and stole the painting also leaving a note that read thanks for the poor security and demanded 1 million USD as ransom which was refused. About 3 months later the two men were caught as a result of the sting operation carried out by the Norwegian police.
In 2004, a 1910 version of The Scream was stolen from the Munch museum in broad daylight by two masked gunmen who stole The Scream and Madonna by Munch. The Munch museum was closed for 10 months after the incident for security reasons. It took about 2 years for the Norwegian government to recover the two paintings with some major damage to the paintings which were recovered later.
Travel is an unavoidable piece of human existence. No man can remain in a space for long. So it is important to go to public spots. For that you need to utilize the streets. The standards to be kept on the streets are called traffic guidelines. We as a whole perused here to realize what are the guidelines to be trailed by walkers and drivers.
Rules for people on foot
People on foot allude to individuals strolling by walking.
They should just stroll on streets, on walkways.
Walk just on the highly contrasting lines that are set apart for it in specific places and go across the streets.
Walkers should go across the street just when permitted by the traffic police.
Without police, vehicles from the right and left should pass just when they don’t show up.
Drivers need to focus
Drive just on the left half of the street.
Drivers should raise the sound when coming from a brief distance to people on foot.
When getting back to the street, the proper markings ought to be given to approaching vehicles without further ado before the predefined area.
Never use electric lamps that frown at spectators.
Possibly overwhelm on the right when surpassing continuous vehicles. Never overwhelm on the left.
Your vehicle ought not overwhelm different vehicles under any condition on thin streets and extensions.
Air horn ought not be utilized before emergency clinics or schools.
Try not to drive more than the speed determined for every vehicle.
You need to drive at a consistent speed and understand that you can just save fuel.
Close to two individuals can go in a bike.
Protective caps are needed for the two motorcyclists.
Try not to drive affected by liquor.
Try not to drive while chatting on the telephone or paying attention to music.
Four-wheeler drivers should utilize a safety belt joined to the seat.
Vehicle travelers should focus
Try not to get on or off a moving vehicle.
Try not to converse with the driver.
Try not to go on steps.
Space should be accommodated boarding and landing travelers.
Pregnant ladies, the older and the handicapped ought to be given seating.
Need to get the proper ticket.
Be deferential to the conductor and individual travelers.
Keep away from missteps like smoking inside the transport, spitting, and extending the hands and head out of the vehicle.
The reason for the excursion is just to arrive at the spot we need to go, yet in addition to understand that attempting to go quick and not arriving at death. We will all observe the traffic guidelines cautiously.
Instruction is the manual for live as an individual. Since instruction is the honing of human levelheadedness. This instruction can be of two kinds i.e Notebook Education and Vocational Education.
” Learn an industry. Let it be known you have no concerns ” said an artist. It’s undeniably true that the home and nation of the individuals who get professional instruction dependent on journal schooling will rise financially and expertly.
The Essentiality of Vocational Education
It is man’s economy to accommodate man’s essential requirements like food, fabrics and safe house. Making the economy is work. Professional schooling is fundamental for work. The people who have taken in a calling try sincerely and work on their lives.
There are numerous lakhs of youngsters in our country who have quite recently taken in the scratch pad training and left to enlist with the business office and are hanging tight for a task. In the event that they had taken in a calling like the youngsters of Japan, they would not have needed to sit tight for work. So incidentally, professional schooling is fundamental.
Strategies for Providing Vocational Education
The public authority offers in excess of 50 kinds of professional training to understudies. Albeit clinical, designing and PC related courses are at the front line, today because of the improvement of science, a huge number of understudies are exiting in different disciplines in their separate fields. Not just this, with the appearance of car, home apparatuses, apparel, and gems, we can see that cooking has turned into professional instruction today. So low expenses for professional learners, numerous motivators, convenience for ostracize understudies, grants, food would all be able to inspire them on many levels. Alongside these, professional students will be given direct preparing in great production lines and preparing studios and in the wake of finishing their preparation, they will actually want to work in steady employments or foster their own professional schooling through different motivating forces, for example, business fire up help and the benefits from professional training will fill in the country.
Advantages of Vocational Education
Our country with a populace of more than 300 crores. These individuals need a wide assortment of things like food, beauty care products, outdoor supplies, writing material and vehicles. To give this, bungalow enterprises, medium businesses and weighty ventures are being begun. In every one of these, inclination is given to the people who have professional schooling.
Professional learning is the best way to deliver elite items. Professional students can take care of themselves and live with nobility without anticipating anybody’s approval for the work.
There is no high points and low points in the business. Hence, the adolescent should approach to learn and pick the calling that is appropriate for them
We all are familiar with the term jealousy but what is it exactly? In general words ,it is a feeling developed in an individual for another which acts as a hindrance that doesn’t allow smooth functioning between the two.We knew this, right? But what are the causes, perks, and cons, and how can someone overcome this feeling?Wait a min causes and cons are fine but perks? Does it have any positive side too? Well, let us look into the causes first and then see how to overcome the cons & enjoy utilize the perk.
*What Implants Jealousy?
We all are born as an infant and it takes years to understand things,develop emotions,become mature enough.Behind every emotion there’s some or the other reason that leads to certain conclusion e.g. jealousy.In most of the cases, jealousy occurs due to a lack of blessings,asserts,position,surroundings etc that one person is blessed with while another one is not.Also, excessive comparison and competition may leave a negative impact on one’s mind making them a target of their own thoughts.
*What does Jealousy do?
It is a negative emotion that may land a person to nothing but to “END IN SMOKE”. Yes, it is such a lethal process that despite putting 100% as an input returns 15-20% as an output. The person might assume they’ve given their best but as a matter of fact they have not.Deep down they’re being constantly eaten up by insecurities caused by jealousy.
Then how to deal with it? The answer is same as the perk of jealousy.
*Jealousy as a fuel
The same feeling that caused so many damages can be used as fuel in the process of an individual’s making.Yea,it all depends on the perspective.One should consider the emotion as a motivation to achieve everything that they’re missing instead of burning in their emotion and dwelling in.
SEE IT IS AS SIMPLE! THE THING THAT BOTHERS CAN BE THE MOTIVATION THAT HELPS IN BATTLING & WINNING.
Skills are the expertise or talent needed in order to do a job or task. There are many different types of skills that can help you succeed at all aspects of your life whether it’s school, work, or even a sport or hobby. Skills are what makes you confident and independent in life and are essential for success.
1) Sales
Sales are activities related to selling or the number of goods sold in a given targeted time period. The delivery of a service for a cost is also considered a sale.A person who sells goods or service on behalf of the owner is known as a salesman or saleswoman or salesperson, but this often refers to someone selling goods in a store/shop, in which case other terms are also common, including salesclerk, shop assistant, and retail clerk.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sales
2) Marketing
Marketing is one of the valuable skills to strengthen your passive income. The action or business of promoting and selling products or services, including market research and advertising. Marketing refers to activities a company undertakes to promote the buying or selling of a product or service. Marketing includes advertising, selling, and delivering products to consumers or other businesses. Some marketing is done by affiliates on behalf of a company.https://www.investopedia.com/terms/m/marketing.asp
3) Psychology
Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behavior. Psychologists are actively involved in studying and understanding mental processes, brain functions, and behavior. There are different types of psychology, such as cognitive, forensic, social, and developmental psychology. A person with a condition that affects their mental health may benefit from assessment and treatment with a psychologist. https://psychology.osu.edu/about/what-psychology
4) Negotiation
A negotiation is a strategic discussion that resolves an issue in a way that both parties find acceptable. … By negotiating, all involved parties try to avoid arguing but agree to reach some form of compromise. Negotiations involve some give and take, which means one party will always come out on top of the negotiation. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/n/negotiation.asp Good negotiations contribute significantly to business success, as they: help you build better relationships. deliver lasting, quality solutions rather than poor short-term solutions that do not satisfy the needs of either party. help you avoid future problems and conflicts.
5) Communication
Communication is the act of giving, receiving, and sharing information — in other words, talking or writing, and listening or reading. Good communicators listen carefully, speak or write clearly, and respect different opinions. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication Communication is simply the act of transferring information from one place, person or group to another.
6) Habits formation
Habit formation is the process by which a behavior, through regular repetition, becomes automatic or habitual. This is modeled as an increase in automaticity with the number of repetitions up to an asymptote. This process of habit formation can be slow. All habits proceed through four stages in the same order: cue, craving, response, and reward. This four-step pattern is the backbone of every habit, and your brain runs through these steps in the same order each time. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habit
7) Decision Making
Decision making is the process of making choices by identifying a decision, gathering information, and assessing alternative resolutions. Using a step-by-step decision-making process can help you make more deliberate, thoughtful decisions by organizing relevant information and defining alternatives. Decision making can also be classified into three categories based on the level at which they occur. Strategic decisions set the course of organization. Tactical decisions are decisions about how things will get done. Finally, operational decisions are decisions that employees make each day to run the organization. https://www.umassd.edu/fycm/decision-making/process/
Innovation utilizes strategies to fabricate or make a few items and administrations. In this cutting edge world, Technology is vital and always expanding. Innovation changed every one of our lives in many manner till these last decade. It profoundly affects Big ventures to typical Human creatures. Thus, we can very say that Technology assumed a significant part in changing every one of our lives. Innovation has been Revolutionary. It gave us such countless beneficial things. However, a coin ought to have different sides. It has a decent and an awful side as well. Innovation transformed us, however we can’t to say it transformed us totally decidedly. Innovation, obviously is a shelter just as a plague!
One of the major issue of Technology development is High utilization of Mobile telephones, particularly , advanced cells . Since early occasions, advanced cells have been progressive. PDAs enjoy had such countless benefits, it helped us in such countless ways, however advanced mobile phone abuse is a significant disadvantage. Be that as it may, it isn’t the shortcoming of its engineers as they never foster it to make social issues. It is us, who make it most noticeably awful. Along these lines, Smart telephones make our life simpler, consequently, making us lethargic. Innovation has turned into a fundamental piece of our lives. It has changed extravagances into necessities. I concur with this assertion. In prior occasions, bearing the cost of a PC or even a TV was considered as an extravagance yet, presently a-days, it has turned into a need. The age today needs everything individual T.V., PC, PC, and so forth As indicated by me, innovation has worked on the way of life. Possessing new and most recent contraptions is a superficial point of interest now. Prior, there used to be the postal assistance. like, assuming we needed to advise anything to someone, we composed letters or sent wires. Presently, they are obsolete; and are supplanted by messages, SMS, WhatsApp, and so on without a doubt, it is particularly quicker when contrasted with the more established frameworks. Improvement in innovation has helped individuals, all things considered, understudy, educator, specialist, housewife, finance manager and some more.
Negative Aspect of Technology
In spite of the fact that innovation is something worth being thankful for, everything has different sides. Innovation has both aspects one is acceptable and other is not acceptable Here are some regrettable parts of innovation that we will examine.
With the assistance of innovation, understudies get what they are educated and can apply it, in actuality, without any problem. Because of innovation, school has turned into where understudies love to go.
Indeed, even external the homeroom, understudies can share notes on the web, research, clarify, team up on work, have concentrate on gatherings, share courses and make practically inventive substance online with the assistance of applications like google drive. Indeed, even web-based media stages like Facebook and twitter are where understudies can interface with one another to share thoughts, articles and different assets with one another. Web is the greatest benefit of innovation. We can discover anything or request anything while at the same time sitting at home. It is an extraordinary help to us. In this way, I’ll close by saying that, however innovation has given us numerous things yet we ought to be adequately shrewd to utilize them.
A sibling will consistently be an inherent dearest companion forever. He will battle he will chasten however toward the end he will consistently cherish you. A sibling is an individual who will comprehend your predicaments and will consistently remain with you. He is the main individual who will assist you with standing at whatever point you will tumble down. A sibling will consistently have us covered. Life will be loaded up with bliss if our life is gifted with siblings. A sibling is an individual who consistently supports and helps a sister for the duration of her life. Aside from guardians, a sibling is the main individual who will consistently guarantee the wellbeing of a young lady. From playing with us to assisting us with going on in life a sibling will consistently be there. Having a sibling will make your everyday routine worth experiencing. A sibling is someone who plays a numerous jobs . He turns into your dad and offers you guidance , very much like mother take cares of you , and like a companion plays with you . Regardless you request from him he generally satisfies it. He is somebody who shields you from all wrongs on the planet and consistently has you covered
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