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Income tax

 Income Tax

What is income tax?

Income tax is a direct tax that a government levies on the income of its citizens. The Income Tax Act, 1961, mandates that the central government collect this tax. The government can change the income slabs and tax rates every year in its Union Budget. 
Income does not only mean money earned in the form of salary. It also includes income from house property, profits from business, gains from profession (such as bonus), capital gains income, and ‘income from other sources’. The government also often provides certain leeway such that various deductions are made from an individual’s income before the tax to be levied is calculated. 

Types of income tax 

1. Income Tax Act:

Income Tax Act is also called the IT Act, 1961. Income Tax in India is governed by the rules set by this act. The income taxed by this act can be generated from any source such as profits received from salaries and investments, owning a property or a house, a business, etc. The IT Act defines the tax benefit you can avail of on a life insurance premium or a fixed deposit. It also decides the savings from your income via investments and the tax slab for your income tax. 

2. Wealth Tax Act:

The Wealth Tax Act came into effect in the year 1951 and is in charge of the taxation linked with an individual’s net wealth, a Hindu Unified Family (HUF), or a company. The easiest computation of wealth tax was:
If the net wealth of an individual exceeds Rs. 30 lakhs, then 1 percent of the exceeded amount is payable as a tax. It was put to an end in the budget that was announced in 2015. Since then, it has been substituted with a surcharge of 12 percent on the individuals that generate an income of more than Rs. 1 crore p.a. It is also pertinent to the companies, which have generated revenue of over Rs. 10 crores p.a. The fresh guidelines radically raised the sum the government would accumulate in taxes as disparate the amount they would accumulate via wealth tax.

3. Gift Tax Act:

This Act was brought into existence in the year 1958 and assured that if a person received gifts or presents, valuables, or monetary, he has to pay a tax on those gifts. The tax on the aforementioned gifts was sustained at 30 percent but it was put to an end in the year 1998. Originally, if a gift was given, and it was somewhat like shares, jewelry, property, etc. it was subject to tax. As per the new rules, the present given by the members of the family like parents, spouses, uncles, aunts, sisters, and brothers is not subject to tax. Even presents you receive from the local authorities are also exempted from such taxes. If somebody, other than that of the exempted entities, presents you anything, which has a value beyond Rs. 50,000 then the whole gift amount is subject to tax.

4. Expenditure Tax Act:

The Expenditure Tax Act came into existence in the year 1987 and cope with the expenditure made by you, as a person, may incur whilst you avail the services of a restaurant or a hotel. It is appropriate to the entire nation other than Jammu and Kashmir. It asserts that some expenses are liable under the act if the amount is beyond Rs. 3,000 contingents upon a hotel and all the expenses drawn in a restaurant.

5.  Interest Tax Act:

This Act of 1974 copes with the tax, which was chargeable on interest produced in some specific situations. In the Act’s last amendment, it is stated that this act does not apply to interest earned after March 2000.

 Advantages of income tax 

Personal benefits

1. Visa applications

If you are planning to visit countries like Canada, the USA, or the United Kingdom, it is compulsory for Indians to provide the income tax return (ITRs) of the last 3 years for easy visa approval. Payment of income tax to the home country government acts as an assurance for other countries that you are not leaving the origin country for tax evasion purposes.

2. Quick credit approval

Regular payment of income tax to the Government of India is considered important when you have applied for big-ticket loans like home loans, business loans, or personal loans. Before approving the loan, the lender always asks the loan applicant to submit copies of ITR.

3. Income proof

For all self-employed professionals like freelancers, firm partners, or consultants, filing income tax acts as income proof. It works in cases where professionals are not getting a fixed salary from any particular company. It plays an important role in all financial and business transactions.

Public benefits

1. Acts as the main source for augmenting country’s revenue

The primary objective of taxing the citizens of India is to raise revenue for the smooth running of government activities.

2. Helps to improve public infrastructure

The income tax paid by the citizens of India is used by the Government of India for improving the quality of infrastructure like public places, smart cities, and government institutes. All the funding of infrastructure projects arises from the tax amount collected from the country’s taxpayers.

3. Launching of various welfare schemes

From education and health, to housing and employment, the government is launching and running various welfare schemes to provide benefits to Indian citizens. The main source of funding for all these government schemes is the cumulative income tax paid by taxpayers.

4. Use in defense and scientific research

We are all proud of missions conducted by the Indian Space Research Organization, and all these missions require huge funding. This is provided by the Government of India. A percentage of the tax money collected is earmarked by the government to space research organizations for running space missions.

5. Reducing income inequalities

The taxation policy of the government is the best way to reduce income inequalities in India. By applying a progressive taxation system, the rich are asked to pay more taxes as compared to the poor. Taxes paid by the rich section of the society are utilised for social services that particularly benefit the disadvantaged sections of society.

The Disadvantages of Income Tax in India

1. Inability to carry forward losses

Each of the assessees is entitled to carry forward the losses if they were unable to set off any of the losses incurred against the earned income subjected to income tax rules and provisions. In case the assessee attempts a tax evasion, he or she cannot carry forward the losses.

2. Need to pay a heavy penalty

If you delay filing an income tax return, then you are liable to pay a penalty of Rs 5000. The assessing officer has the authority to waive the levied penalty. The taxpayer gets a reasonable opportunity of being heard before the penalty is imposed. But it is always wise to adhere to the rules and regulations.

3. May affect people’s will to work and save

Imposing higher rates of taxation on people may escalate discouragement to work hard and save. They will start believing that the more their earnings and savings, higher will be the taxation.

4. Inflation

When taxation is imposed on a commodity, the cost of that commodity also increases. It will indirectly also increase the cost of production due to which one needs to pay higher wages to workers; this will, in turn, further increase the price of the commodity.

5. Other implications

Payment of income tax is of prime importance to assess the creditworthiness of a taxpayer. If you are not paying tax on time, it may prove to be a hindrance to your financial activities in many ways.

Government Exam

Government Exam

 If you have passed out of college or university, what is the next step you will choose? After college or university, some will opt for higher studies and some will find jobs. When we say the word job the first thing that comes to our mind is if we get a government job then our life will be sorted out. Today’s Competition is so tough that if you get a private job, government job or a job in any other sector you will be very lucky. Every year lakhs of students apply for government jobs because government jobs have many facilities other than private jobs. So now the question is: What is a Government job?

Government jobs are those jobs which the government organises for providing government jobs to the ones who get on their merit basis. There are many government exams and various organisations which conduct the exams. These are some organisations – UPSC, LIC, SSC, IBPS, RBI and more.

Some government exams are –

SSC CHSL – The post for SSC CHSL (Combined High Secondary Graduate Level) is a national wide exam for the post of DTO, LDC, PA, and SA in different central government departments.

IBPS PO – Institute of Banking Personnel Selection (IBPS) is the exam for those who want to join the banking industry. The exams are held in September and October and the notice comes out in August every year.

RBI Grade B – Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is owned by the Government of India. Every year RBI conducts an exam to recruit officers which are referred to as RBI Grade B officers.

SSC CGL – Staff Selection Commission for Combined Graduate Level (CGL) is the exam conducted for officer and assistant level posts for various departments.

UPSC – Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) is considered the toughest exam for UPSC. It conducts exams for various posts like IFS, IAS, IPS and other groups A and B posts.

SBI PO – State Bank of India (SBI) holds exams for Probationary officer PO which is one of the best jobs after graduation one can do. This exam has 3 tiers

Prelims

Mains

GD or interview for the SBI PO exam

How to prepare for any exam?

Know your marking pattern and syllabus – This is the most important thing to prepare for an exam because if you don’t know the syllabus what will you read? You should know the marking pattern. It helps you to find how many questions will carry how many marks. You will get an idea of the paper 

Make a timetable for your studies- First thing you should make a timetable for all the subjects you need to study. If you study according to your timetable you will cover up your whole syllabus and you will get time to study equal portions for all the subjects.

Take breaks in between – Taking breaks in between the studies is also important because if you continue to study for ⅔ hours you will get bored and the main thing is your brain also needs some rest. If you take short breaks between your studies you will feel fresh and you will be able to concentrate on your studies.

Revision of the entire syllabus – Before your exams, you should end your whole syllabus and do revisions. This will help to remember everything and if you left out something you can get enough time to read that particular topic or the question.

Watch YouTube videos and attempt daily mock tests – If you have any doubts regarding questions you can follow ½ channels regularly on YouTube in that particular subject and you can learn. You can also attempt daily quizzes and tests which they organise or many apps are available in the play store for conducting mock tests for heh exams.

Basics must be clear – Basics should be clear always because if you don’t clear your basics you will not be able to understand further studies. Basics must be cleared.

For any competitive exams, you should follow all the tips to clear the exams. For every dream, you see you have to do hard work to achieve that dream for a better life.

All the best wishes to everyone who is doing hard work for their upcoming exams.

National Sports Day

 National Sports Day

National Sports Day or Rashtriya Khel Divas is celebrated on 29 th August in memory of the birth anniversary of Dhyan Chand who is born on this date in 1905. In this day people of different ages participate in sports like marathon, kabaddi, cricket and many more. In this day in many places arrange some sports activities or tournaments to spread awareness of physical activities in our life. The government has also introduced many schemes including the Khelo India movement in 2018. Every year at Rashtrapati Bhawan awards is given like the Dhyan Chand award, the Dronacharya Award, the Arjuna award and the Rajiv Gandi Khel Ratna award to the real heroes of our nation who brings pride to our country. In Haryana, Karnataka and Punjab many sports events and seminars are also organised on sports day.

Stock Market

 Stock Market

What is stock market?

A stock market, equity market, or share market is the aggregation of buyers and sellers of stocks (also called shares), which represent ownership claims on businesses; these may include securities listed on a public stock exchange, as well as stock that is only traded privately, such as shares of private companies which are sold to investors through equity crowdfunding platforms. Investment is usually made with an investment strategy in mind.

Benefits of stock market

The stock market provides the investor with several benefits and provides them with the easy handling of their money. These benefits include;
 

1. Gain received 

 
The ability of the market to generate the kinds of gains it does is the most essential component of investing directly in markets.
 
Stock markets have always stood the test of time, rising in value over time, even though individual stock values fluctuate daily, according to historical data.
 
Investing in companies with a consistent growth pattern and increased earnings every quarter, or in industries that contribute to the country’s economic growth, will result in you steadily developing your wealth and growing the value of your investment over time.
 
As this value grows, there is a gain of money and the investors receive all the benefits over the money they had invested. It is said that a long-term investment in certain stocks is a guarantee of gain in the stock market.

2. Safety against Inflation

 
The fundamental goal of investments is to guarantee our future, but we must keep track of inflation regularly.
 
The gains will be nil if inflation and the rate of return on investments are comparable. In an ideal world, the rate of return on investments would be higher than inflation.
 
Stock markets and benchmark indexes have consistently outperformed inflation.

3. Liquidity or Ease of conversion 

Stocks are considered liquid assets since they can be easily converted to cash and have a large number of purchasers at any given time.
The same cannot be said for all assets; some, such as real estate, are difficult to sell. It could take months to see a return on your home investment. It is, however, much simpler in the case of stocks.
 
If the average volume of transactions is high then we can say that there are multiple buyers and sellers for that specific stock.
 
This liquidity of a stock market is one of the key benefits for the investors as the process never stops.

4. Investors gets the advantage of economy 

 The stock market is always a factor in a thriving economy, and it responds to all economic growth indices like gross domestic product (GDP), inflation, corporate profit, and so on.
 Investors in the stock market can directly benefit from a thriving economy, and the value of their investments rises in lockstep with economic expansion.
 
When an economy is growing, corporate earnings rise, and as a result, the ordinary individual’s income rises.
As a result, customer demand rises, increasing sales. As a result, the value of your investment in a specific company rises, i.e. the share price rises.

5. Transparency 

The stock market in every country is regulated by a regulatory body, for example in India, the body is SEBI. the market functions by the guidelines of it and the bodies regulate stock exchange, transparency in the market, and protect the rights of investors. 
This means that when an investor invests in the stock market, not only his money but also his rights are protected by these regulatory bodies. This saves them from any kind of fraudulent activity done by the company they have invested in.
 
This makes the investments even secure and gives the investors the confidence and trust of no mishappenings.
 

Types of stock market 

1.  Growth stocks

These are the shares you buy for capital growth, rather than dividends. Growth stocks are essentially shares in those companies that are generating positive cash flows and whose earnings are expected to grow at an above-average rate relative to the market.
It’s worth remembering that some of the most successful firms in the US economy pay out relatively miserable dividends, such as Warren Buffett’s Berkshire Hathaway. If anything, they are the equivalent of a real estate investment. You buy and hold, riding the appreciating value of the asset. For the first few years you may not make much on the shares but if you hold onto them for long enough, and good quality managers avoid the pitfalls along the way, you’ll be well looked after when other investors hop on board at higher prices.
An example in Australia is CSL, the old Commonwealth Serum Laboratories. The shares are only yielding 1.62 per cent a year in terms of dividends but long term holders aren’t complaining. The former Government laboratories were privatised in 1994 at $2.30 a share and the shares have since gone up by a factor of more than 45 times. They broke through $100 in December and are now around $107 each.

2. Dividend aka yield stocks

Yield stocks, ideally, are those that perform well in bull markets while providing partial downside protection for investors in bear markets. They are the stocks of choice for the income-seeking investor.
The stock yield is calculated by dividing the yearly dividends paid by the company to the company’s share price. For example, if a company is expected to pay out $0.50 in dividends over the next year and is currently trading at $20, the dividend yield is 2.5%.
It is because of their dividend yield that the four big banks and Telstra account for well over half of retail investors’ shareholdings in Australia. They have been sold down since late last year on the reasonable basis that the economic outlook outlook is not rosy, but they’re not going out of business any time soon.
ANZ’s weak half year profit result last week saw the six month dividend cut from 95c to 80c, but a recovery in the share price on Budget Day, the day after the result, to just under $25, meant that the shares are yielding 6.4 per cent. If you are retired and not paying tax, the dividend imputation system means that if you buy at these levels, you’re getting more than 8 per cent in your hand per year.
While of course the higher the yield, the better, savvy investors are also aware that the stability in the cash flows and the business are also important considerations when purchasing shares for income.

3. New issues

Also known as Initial Public Offerings or IPOs, these are why the share market was created in the first place. These events mark the first time that companies make their shares available to the public. Once they’re listed on the share market, of course, any one can buy and sell but what is often lucrative is getting an allocation in the IPO before the shares list.
In times past, ordinary mortals found it hard to get access to those new floats unless the promoters were having trouble filling them. That’s changing now, thanks to technology, and the returns in recent times have been very good indeed. In 2015 IPOs returned 24 per cent on average.
We reported last week that investors in companies that have used our technology to buy the 25 mainly small companies we floated since they started in October 2013 would have found themselves ahead by significant amounts, particularly if they held on to the shares for a year.
We calculated that if they’d bought the full spread of 25 floats, investors would have been up
1. 5.1% if they sold on the first day
2. 9.3% if they sold at the end of the first month
3. 30.6% if they sold at the end of the first 3 months, and
4. 86.3% if they sold at the end of the first year.•
 

4. Defensive stocks

These are the shares that don’t go down so much when times are tough because they sell consumer staples. Typically, these types of stocks provide a constant dividend and report stable earnings regardless of the state of the share market as a whole.
Also known as non-cyclical stocks, these companies operate businesses that are not highly correlated with the economic cycle such as utilities, food, and (traditionally) oil. You don’t give up going to the supermarket, for instance, even in a recession.

All About Make In India

Make in India 

Launched in September 2014, the Make in India program is a government initiative focused on encouraging companies to manufacture in India. This government initiative aims to boost the domestic manufacturing sector and increase foreign investment in the country.

This article discusses the key points of the Make in India Program campaign and the purpose and significance of the Make in India Program for the Government of India. This is one of the main projects of the current government. 

Make in India Program

The make in India program is one in all the key comes of the govt of India. Through the create in India program, the government intends to:

• Revive the heretofore insulating material producing sector of India to boost the expansion of the economy. 

• Encourage foreign businesses to speculate in India for his or her manufacturing needs.

 • Improve India’s rank in ‘Ease of Doing Business index. simple doing business could be a report printed by the planet Bank. It compares the Business Regulation in a hundred ninety Economies. In 2020, India’s rank within the simple Doing indicator was 63. 

• Develop India right into a worldwide production hub.

• And to enhance employment possibilities withinside the country.

•Sectors Covered Under Make in India Program

Through the Make in India program, the authorities is  centered on growing jobs and launchin ability improvement programmes in a number of the important thing sectors. These sectors include Automobiles, Construction, Ports, Tourism and hospitality, Biotechnology, Aviation, Defence manufacturing, Leather, Railways, Space, Chemicals, Electrical machinery, Media and entertainment, Automobile components, Thermal power, IT & BPM, Food processing, Wellness, Renewable energy, Pharmaceuticals,Textiles and garments and Mining.

Objectives of Make in India Program

There are numerous objectives aimed toward through the Make in India Program. They are:

• Raising the boom withinside the production region to 12-14% according to year.

• Creation of a hundred million extra jobs withinside the production region through  2022.

• Increasing the proportion of the producing region withinside the GDP to 25% through 2022.

• Skill Development many of the city negative and the agricultural migrants to foster inclusive boom.

• Encouraging environmentally sustainable boom.

• Enhancing the worldwide  competitiveness of the Indian production  region.

Key Schemes Launched to Support Make In India Program

Key Schemes Launched to Support Make In India ProgramThere are numerous key schemes released with the aid of using the authorities of India to guide the Make in India marketing campaign from time to time. These include:

• Skill India Mission

This venture objectives to talent 10 million in India yearly  in numerous sectors. To guide the powerful implementation of the Make In India marketing campaign, there’s a want to upskill the massive human aid available. Currently, the share of officially professional team of workers in India is simplest 2% of the population. The Skill India programme objectives to widen this percent thru numerous talent improvement programmes throughout the country.

 • Startup India

Startup India Program objectives to Construct an atmosphere that fosters the increase of startups, using sustainable financial increase, and growing massive-scale employment. Under this program, the authorities has  delivered numerous key relaxations for entrepreneurs. 

• Digital India

This objectives to convert India right into a knowledge-primarily based totally and digitally empowered economic system through making many offerings absolutely online. 

• Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY)

The venture envisages monetary inclusion to make certain get right of entry to to monetary offerings, specifically banking savings & deposit accounts, remittances, credit, insurance, pension in an low cost manner.

• Smart Cities

This venture objectives to convert and rejuvenate Indian towns. The purpose is to create one hundred clever towns in India thru numerous sub-initiatives.

• AMRUT

AMRUT is the Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation. It objectives to construct fundamental public facilities and make 500 towns in India extra livable and inclusive.

• Swachh Bharat Abhiyan

This venture objectives to make India cleanser and sell fundamental sanitation and hygiene.

• International Solar Alliance (ISA)

The ISA is an alliance of nations maximum of which lie withinside the temperate zone. This is India’s initiative aimed toward selling studies and improvement in sun technology and formulating regulations in that regard. The headquarters of ISA is in Gurugram.

• Sagarmala

This scheme aims at developing ports and promoting port-led development within the country. Several ports are being constructed and renovated under this project. 

•AGNII

 AGNII or Accelerating Growth of recent India’s Innovation was launched to push the innovation ecosystem within the country by connecting people and assisting in commercializing innovations.

Amazing facts about NASA

 NASA ( National Aeronautics and Space Administration)

NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) is a government based agency of US that plays an important role in science and technology related to air and space. In 1957, the Space Age started with the launch of the Soviet satellite Sputnik.

 

Amazing facts about NASA

1. In 1958, NASA was established by President Dwight D. Eisenhower. That time it was established as a civilian independent agency of the United States federal government executive branch.
2. Let us tell you that before the establishment of NASA, President Woodrow Wilson started the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA). The main function is to supervise and to direct scientific research and to study problems related to flight.
3. Do you remember, Sputnik 1 which was the first artificial satellite in the world that was launched by Soviets just one year before the establishment of NASA?
4. A series of satellites named Landsat was launched into space in 1972 with a purpose to click the photograph of Earth’s surface from the outer space.
5. By the end of 1960s, President John F. Kennedy gave NASA a goal of sending man to the moon. On 20 July, 1969, the first man walked on the moon as a part of the Apollo 11 mission. During all Apollo missions around twelve men walked on the moon. The lunar landing of Apollo 13 in 1970 was aborted after the explosion of an oxygen tank.
6. A research aircraft used by NASA known as SR-71 or “Blackbird” for testing high-speed, high altitude aeronautical research. In 1950s, it was secretly designed at Lockheed’s Advanced Development Company also known as “Skunk Works”.
7. The headquarter of NASA is in Washington, D.C. It has nine centers, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and seven test and research facilities located in several states around the country. Do you know that more than 17,000 people work for NASA and many work with the agency as government contractors? Astronauts are the best-known NASA employees. Most of the workers in NASA are scientists and engineers. People do several other jobs also here like writers, lawyers, teachers etc.
8. Currently, NASA has astronauts living and working on the International Space Station. Everywhere in the solar system NASA’s robotic space probes have visited and also in various celestial bodies. With the help of telescope, scientists look at the far reaches of space. In fact Satellites helped and provide several data about Earth, which had helped to understand several phenomena’s and valuable information for better understanding the weather patterns.
9. NASA also showed movie named Armageddon to new staff and then question them about inaccuracies in the film. At least 168 have been identified. In 1972, NASA and the Department of Health, Education and Welfare founded the Learning Channel (TLC).
10. Do you know that NASA has a program for dealing with life on other planets and if it should be discovered known as the Office of Planetary Protection?
11. A “waterworld” is also discovered by NASA which is about 40 light years away from the earth and might contain some exotic materials like hot ice and super fluid water.
12. A spaceship was designed by NASA which is capable of using a nuclear explosion to deflect an oncoming asteroid. Also, a NASA scientist invented the Super Soaker squirt gun.

Artificial intelligence

 Artificial Intelligence

What is artificial intelligence?

Artificial Intelligence (AI) Explained
In the simplest terms, AI which stands for artificial intelligence refers to systems or machines that mimic human intelligence to perform tasks and can iteratively improve themselves based on the information they collect. AI manifests in a number of forms. A few examples are:
1. Chatbots use AI to understand customer problems faster and provide more efficient answers.
2. Intelligent assistants use AI to parse critical information from large free-text datasets to improve scheduling.
3. Recommendation engines can provide automated recommendations for TV shows based on users’ viewing habits.
AI is much more about the process and the capability for superpowered thinking and data analysis than it is about any particular format or function. Although AI brings up images of high-functioning, human-like robots taking over the world, AI isn’t intended to replace humans. It’s intended to significantly enhance human capabilities and contributions. That makes it a very valuable business asset.

Types of artificial intelligence 

1. Purely reactive 

These machines do not have any memory or data to work with, specializing in just one field of work. For example, in a chess game, the machine observes the moves and makes the best possible decision to win. 

2. Limited memory 

These machines collect previous data and continue adding it to their memory. They have enough memory or experience to make proper decisions, but memory is minimal. For example, this machine can suggest a restaurant based on the location data that has been gathered.

3. Theory of mind 

This kind of AI can understand thoughts and emotions, as well as interact socially. However, a machine based on this type is yet to be built. 

4. Self – Aware 

Self – Aware machines are the future generations of these new technologies.
They will be intelligent , sentient , and conscious .

Importance of artificial intelligence 

1. Artificial Intelligence’s importance and subsequent components have been known for a long time. They are being seen as tools and techniques to make this world better. And it’s not like you have to go through to be able to use these fancy tech gadgets. You can look around, and I’m sure most of your work is smoothed out by artificial intelligence.
2. Its importance lies in making our life easier. These technologies are a great asset to humans and are programmed to minimize human effort as much as possible. They can operate in an automated fashion. Therefore, manual intervention is the last thing that can be sought or seen during the operation of parts involving this technology.
3. These machines speed up your tasks and processes with guaranteed accuracy and precision, making them a useful and valuable tool. Apart from making the world an error-free place with their simple and everyday techniques, these technologies and applications are not only related to our ordinary and everyday life. It is affecting and holds importance for other domains as well.

Difference between artificial intelligence and machine learning

Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning are the terms of computer science. 
Artificial Intelligence comprises two words “Artificial” and “Intelligence”. Artificial refers to something which is made by humans or a non-natural thing and Intelligence means the ability to understand or think. There is a misconception that Artificial Intelligence is a system, but it is not a system. AI is implemented in the system. There can be so many definitions of AI, one definition can be “It is the study of how to train the computers so that computers can do things which at present humans can do better.” Therefore It is an intelligence that we want to add all the capabilities to a machine that human contains.
Machine Learning is the learning in which a machine can learn on its own without being explicitly programmed. It is an application of AI that provides the system the ability to automatically learn and improve from experience. Here we can generate a program by integrating the input and output of that program. One of the simple definitions of Machine Learning is “Machine Learning is said to learn from experience E w.r.t some class of task T and a performance measure P if learners performance at the task in the class as measured by P improves with experiences.” 

Books which everyone should read

 Books which everyone should read 

Everyone wants to develop a habit of reading. I don’t know whether everyone likes to read books or not but I am sure everyone just wants to develop a habit of reading because they know that the habit of reading is best habit that anyone can adopt.
So here are some books which should be read by everyone.

1. 1984 by George Orwell 

1984 tells the futuristic story of a dystopian, totalitarian world where free will and love are forbidden. Although the year 1984 has long since passed, the prophecy of a society controlled by fear and lies is arguably more relevant now than ever.

2. The Lord of the Rings by J.R.R Tolkien 

Tolkien’s fantasy epic is one of the top must-read books out there. Set in Middle Earth – a world full of hobbits, elves, orcs, goblins, and wizards – The Lord of the Rings will take you on an unbelievable adventure.

3. The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini

The Kite Runner is a moving story of an unlikely friendship between a wealthy boy and the son of his father’s servant. Set in Afghanistan during a time of tragedy and destruction, this unforgettable novel will have you hooked from start to finish.

4. Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone by J.K. Rowling

This global bestseller took the world by storm. So, if you haven’t read J.K. Rowling’s Harry Potter, now may be the time. Join Harry Potter and his schoolmates as this must-read book transports you deep into a world of magic and monsters.

5. Slaughterhouse-Five by Kurt Vonnegut

Slaughterhouse-Five is arguably one of the greatest anti-war books ever written. This rich and amusing tale follows the life of Billy Pilgrim as he experiences World War II from a peculiar perspective.

6. The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe by C.S. Lewis

The Lion, The Witch, and the Wardrobe is undoubtedly one of the great books of all time. This renowned fantasy novel is set in Narnia, home to mythical beasts, talking animals, and warring kingdoms. The story follows a group of school children as they become entangled in this incredible world’s fate.

7. To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee

                      
To Kill a Mockingbird is one of the top must-read books of all time. Published in 1960, the story explores life in the Deep South during the early 20th century through the story of a man accused of a terrible crime. It’s poignant, humorous, and gripping.

8. The Book Thief by Markus Zusak

The Book Thief is a story of bravery, hope, and friendship in a time of Nazi tyranny. Narrated by Death itself, this novel will have you holding your breath for chapters at a time.

Mutual fund

 Mutual Funds

What is mutual funds ?

A mutual fund is a company that pools money from many investors and invests the money in securities such as stocks, bonds, and short-term debt. The combined holdings of the mutual fund are known as its portfolio. Investors buy shares in mutual funds. Each share represents an investor’s part ownership in the fund and the income it generates.

Types of mutual funds 

1. Money market funds – 

Money market funds have relatively low risks. By law, they can invest only in certain high-quality, short-term investments issued by U.S. corporations, and federal, state and local governments.

2. Bond funds –

Bond funds have higher risks than money market funds because they typically aim to produce higher returns. Because there are many different types of bonds, the risks and rewards of bond funds can vary dramatically.

3. Stock funds – 

Stock funds invest in corporate stocks. Not all stock funds are the same. Some examples are:
1 . Growth funds focus on stocks that may not pay a regular dividend but have potential for above-average financial gains.
2. Income funds invest in stocks that pay regular dividends.
3. Index funds track a particular market index such as the Standard & Poor’s 500 Index.
4. Sector funds specialize in a particular industry segment.

4. Target date funds 

Target date funds hold a mix of stocks, bonds, and other investments. Over time, the mix gradually shifts according to the fund’s strategy. Target date funds, sometimes known as lifecycle funds, are designed for individuals with particular retirement dates in mind.

Benefits of mutual funds 

 1. Professional Management –           Investors may not have the time or the required knowledge and resources to conduct their research and purchase individual stocks or bonds. A mutual fund is managed by full-time, professional money managers who have the expertise, experience and resources to actively buy, sell, and monitor investments. A fund manager continuously monitors investments and rebalances the portfolio accordingly to meet the scheme’s objectives. Portfolio management by professional fund managers is one of the most important advantages of a mutual fund.
2. Risk Diversification —                            Buying shares in a mutual fund is an easy way to diversify your investments across many securities and asset categories such as equity, debt and gold, which helps in spreading the risk – so you won’t have all your eggs in one basket. This proves to be beneficial when an underlying security of a given mutual fund scheme experiences market headwinds. With diversification, the risk associated with one asset class is countered by the others. Even if one investment in the portfolio decreases in value, other investments may not be impacted and may even increase in value. In other words, you don’t lose out on the entire value of your investment if a particular component of your portfolio goes through a turbulent period. Thus, risk diversification is one of the most prominent advantages of investing in mutual funds.
3. Affordability & Convenience (Invest Small Amounts) —                                                      For many investors, it could be more costly to directly purchase all of the individual securities held by a single mutual fund. By contrast, the minimum initial investments for most mutual funds are more affordable.
4. Liquidity —                                                   You can easily redeem (liquidate) units of open ended mutual fund schemes to meet your financial needs on any business day (when the stock markets and/or banks are open), so you have easy access to your money. Upon redemption, the redemption amount is credited in your bank account within one day to 3-4 days, depending upon the type of scheme e.g., in respect of Liquid Funds and Overnight Funds, the redemption amount is paid out the next business day.
However, please note that units of close-ended mutual fund schemes can be redeemed only on maturity. Likewise, units of ELSS have a 3-year lock-in period and can be liquidated only thereafter.
5. Low Cost —                                                    An important advantage of mutual funds is their low cost. Due to huge economies of scale, mutual funds schemes have a low expense ratio. Expense ratio represents the annual fund operating expenses of a scheme, expressed as a percentage of the fund’s daily net assets. Operating expenses of a scheme are administration, management, advertising related expenses, etc. The limits of expense ratio for various types of schemes has been specified under Regulation 52 of SEBI Mutual Fund Regulations, 1996.
6. Well-Regulated —                                 Mutual Funds are regulated by the capital markets regulator, Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) under SEBI (Mutual Funds) Regulations, 1996. SEBI has laid down stringent rules and regulations keeping investor protection, transparency with appropriate risk mitigation framework and fair valuation principles.
7. Tax Benefits —                                  Investment in ELSS upto ₹1,50,000 qualifies for tax benefit under section 80C of the Income Tax Act, 1961. Mutual Fund investments when held for a longer term are tax efficient.

Mutual Fund

 Mutual Funds

A mutual fund is a financial intermediary that allows a group of investors to pool their money together with a predetermined investment objective. An Asset Management Company (AMC) pools money from investors and invests it in portfolio on behalf of investors. The money pooled is “mutual fund” which is invested in various asset classes like equity, debenture, commercial paper and government securities. An Mutual Fund managers responsible for investing pooled money into specific securities. The team tracks and researches different financial instruments and manages the fund. Mutual funds are set up to buy many stocks. Mutual funds are regulated with SEBI(Stock Exchange Board of India) and are highly regulated. Investors are assured about a trusted monitoring of their money.

Different Types of Mutual Funds

1.Equity Fund(EF) – It invests a major part of shares. The returns are directly linked to the performance of the stock market. An equity fund carries comparatively higher risk.

2. Diversified fund – It invest in companies that is spread across sectors. If one sector doesn’t do well then another sector would bail the fund out.

3. Sector fund – It is invested mainly in equity shares of the company in a particular business sector or industry.

4.Index fund – It replicates the portfolio of particular bench mark index. The value of Index fund varies in proportion to the bench mark index.

5. Debt or Income fund – It is invested in instruments like bonds, debentures, government securities, commercial paper. The fund aims to provide a regular and steady income to investor.

6. Liquid fund or money market fund – It aims at providing easy liquidity , safety of capital and gives returns. It is invested in highly liquid short term instruments like commercial paper and treasury bills. The period of investment could be short.

7. Balanced fund – It is invested in both equity shares and fixed income bearing instruments in some proportion. It provide safety and steadiness of debt market, capitalizing on high returns earned from equity markets.

Nobel Prize

  Nobel Prize

The Nobel Prize is awarded in fields of peace, literature, physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine and economics. The first award was presented in 1901. The Prize is named after the Swedish scientist , Alfred Nobel. He created a will and specified that the trust would use this money to establish the Nobel Prize. Nobel declared that “prizes to those who during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit to mankind.” 

On 5th anniversary of Nobel’s death on Dec 10th, 1901 the first Nobel Prize was awarded. The Nobel Prize for Economics was instituted by Bank of Sweden in 1968. The Nobel Prize for literature is decided by Swedish Academy. Only Nobel Peace Prize is awarded by non Swedish body, it is awarded by Parliament of Norway. Peace Prize can be awarded to both institutions and individuals. Each prizes can be given to a maximum of three persons per year. The prize winner is given a medal, a diploma ( citation) and cash. The Nobel commemorative medal was designed by Rune Karlzon.

Nobel Prize are presented to the winners at the Stockholm Concert Hall, Stockholm. Winners accept their gold medal and diploma from King Carl XVI Gustaf, of Sweden. The Peace Prize is awarded at the Oslo City Hall in the Norwegian capital. 

The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) has won the most Nobel prizes. The youngest Laureate is Malala Yousafzai received Nobel Prize for Peace in 2014. The oldest laureate is John.B.Goodenough the winner of 2019 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

Nobel prize for Physics 2021 shared by 3, Syukuro Manabe and Klaus Hasselmann “for the physical modelling of Earth’s climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming”.  Giorgio Parisi“for the discovery of the interplay of disorder and fluctuations in physical systems from atomic to planetary scales”

David W.C. MacMillan “for the development of asymmetric organocatalysis” and Benjamin List “for the development of asymmetric organocatalysis won Nobel prize for Chemistry 2021.

Nobel prize for Literature 2021,  Abdulrazak Gurnah “for his uncompromising and compassionate penetration of the effects of colonialism and the fate of the refugee in the gulf between cultures and continents”

Covid – 19 Pandemic

Covid – 19

Covid – 19 or coronavirus is a disease which is spread through the air when we talk or sneeze. The first coronavirus case have been identified in Wuhan, China in December 2019. After that, it spread all over China and after that, it spread all over the world. It has been declared a pandemic. From March 2020. The lockdown has been imposed by the government in India and many countries in the world. All the schools, colleges, offices, markets, shopping malls and everything has closed except hospitals. Millions of people have died from this disease and many of them lost their jobs which led to unemployment again. Many small children have lost their parents and family and many problems have bee arrived at that time because no one can help each other at that time. Teenagers and youngsters were in depression due to their loss of studies, some have lost their and many more.

The main symptoms of covid – 19 are –

1. Cough
2. Fever
3. Loss of smell and taste
4. Headache
5. Body pain
Whenever someone has tested positive for covid-19 they suffer a lot because they can’t eat properly due to loss of smell and taste. Their body and fever are high. They have to regular medicines and should check their oxygen level in an oximeter. Those who have suffered from covid – 19 they can feel what happen to their body at that particular time.

Precaution for covid -19 

1. We should regularly wash our hands before eating or giving something to others.
2. We should use sanitiser
3. Wearing a mask when you go out
4. Maintain proper hygiene
5. Clean our house and surroundings
6. Avoid going out unnecessarily
Vaccines have been invented and arrived in the whole world and 99% of people have taken their vaccination but taking vaccines is not the solution to get away from that disease. Now also we have to take precautions for covid – 19 then only we can stay safe. 
This pandemic has changed a lot in everyone’s life. We can thank God for helping out and we can pray to God that never such a pandemic comes into our life.

Need for National Sports Day

 National Sports Day

The National sports day in India is celebrated on 29th August. This day we commemorate the birth anniversary of Major Dhyan Chand, great Indian hockey legend. He is known as “the magician “and “hockey wizard”. He played a very significant role in helping India complete their first hat-trick of Olympic gold medals with victories at the 1928, 1932 and 1936 Summer Olympics. The first National sports day was celebrated on August 29, 2012. Sports day is also known as Rashtriya Khel Divas.

He was born in Allahabad on 29th August 1905. He leaded the Indian hockey team in Olympics in Los Angeles 1932 and seized gold. He was top scorer with 14 goals in five matches. During 1936 Olympics in Berlin the Indian hockey team scored 38 goals in the competition and bagged gold medal. Major Dyan Chand was awarded Padma Bhushan, which is the third highest civilian award in India. He became chief coach of National Institute of Sports( NIS), Patiala. The National stadium in Delhi is named after this great legend.

Sports day is celebrated in schools and colleges by hosting sports day and athletic meets. Sports encourage and empower youth, increase talent and skill of students. Teachers also take part in sports celebrations. Sports improve physical fitness, empower and enlighten mind and abilities of students.