Call for Papers IJR July 2022

 International Journal of Research (IJR) is an international, peer-reviewed, online journal published by Edupedia Publications Pvt Ltd. It provides an academic platform for professionals and researchers to contribute innovative work in the field. IJR carries original and full-length articles that reflect the latest research and developments in both theoretical and practical aspects of English Language Education. The Journal links the everyday concerns of practitioners with insights gained from relevant academic disciplines such as applied linguistics, education, psychology, and sociology. 

IJRi is an international, open access, peer-reviewed, rapid publication journal. It provides a forum for creative and scholarly experts communicate and discuss new ideas in higher education. This journal focuses on higher education studies that examines educational developments throughout the world in universities, polytechnics, colleges, and vocational and education institutions. All contributions to the journal are rigorously refereed and are selected on the basis of quality and originality of the work.

Send papers for publication in this journal to editor@pen2print.org 

Visit the journal site at https://ijrjournal.com/index.php/ijr

The topics related to this journal include but are not limited to:

Syllabus
Materials Design
Flipped Class
Mixed Learning
Deep Active Learning
Teaching Strategies
Skill Teaching
Academic and Scholarly Writing 
Virtual Education and MOOCs
Materials and E-learning
Minority Language Education Policy
Teaching English as a Second Language
English Teachers’ Training and Education
Studies in English Culture and Literature
English Teaching in Educational Institutions
Mobility and Autonomy in Higher Education

Call for Papers IJR 2022

  International Journal of Research (IJR) provides a forum for sharing timely and up-to-date publication of scientific research and review articles. The journal publishes original research papers at the forefront of law and social sciences. The topics included and emphasized in this journal are, but not limited to, law, political science, economics, environment, history, communication, sociology and safety and other timely and concerned global or international issues. IJR also welcomes scholarly contributions from officials with government agencies, international agencies, and non-governmental organizations. The topics related to this journal include but are not limited to:


Commercial policy
Communications
Comparative studies
Cross-cultural issues
Diversity issues
Economic development
Economic integration
Exchange rates
Finance and investments
Fiscal and monetary policy
Globalization
Human resource management
Information
Industry-specific issues
Intellectual property
Labor issues
Law and governance
Managerial decision making
Marketing
Multilateral institutions
Multinational corporations
National and regional studies
Outsourcing and offshoring
Pedagogical issues
Regionalism
Regulatory issues
Technology transfer
Trade in goods and services

Transportation 


The topics related to this journal include but are not limited to:

Business research methods
Business theories
Case studies
Contemporary research in business
Corporate governance
Economic growth and development
Economics of organizations and industries
Entrepreneurship
Finance and investment
Financial reporting
Global business
Human resource management
Innovations
Insurance
Investment
Management information systems
Marketing
Operations management
Organizational behavior
Project management
Public administration
Risk management
Strategic management
Total quality management
Transition issues



International Journal of Research (IJR) with ISSN 2348-6848 (Online) and 2348-795X (Print) is an international peer-reviewed, internationally refereed, online, open-access journal published monthly. 

Journal is available online at https://ijrjournal.com/index.php/ijr 
 
Send papers to ijr@ijrjournal.com

*********************************************************************************************************************

Call for Papers IJR 2022

  International Journal of Research (IJR) publishes articles in the disciplines of sustainable management and information technologies based on scientific and technological researches, as well as its methodology, concepts, function and principles and interaction among both disciplines. It aims to publish the advances and trends, and to collaborate in the dissemination of knowledge and show advances derived from researches conducted internationally. IJR publishes a broad range of social science research and thinking on the interaction of natural resource ecology and management around the world and at multiple scales. Papers published in the journal go through a double-blind, peer review process and meet standards of contributing significantly to theory and/or transformative policies and practices, offering scholarly depth but broad appeal to our diverse readership. The mission of the journal is to conduct interdisciplinary research, instruction, and extension education to address the sustainable management and conservation of the fishery, forest, rangeland, and wildlife resources all over the world . IJR also welcomes scholarly contributions from officials with government agencies, international agencies, and non-governmental organizations. The topics related to this journal include but are not limited to:


Commercial policy
Communications
Comparative studies
Cross-cultural issues
Diversity issues
Economic development
Economic integration
Exchange rates
Finance and investments
Fiscal and monetary policy
Globalization
Human resource management
Information
Industry-specific issues
Intellectual property
Labor issues
Law and governance
Managerial decision making
Marketing
Multilateral institutions
Multinational corporations
National and regional studies
Outsourcing and offshoring
Pedagogical issues
Regionalism
Regulatory issues
Technology transfer
Trade in goods and services


The topics related to this journal include but are not limited to:

Business research methods
Business theories
Case studies
Contemporary research in business
Corporate governance
Economic growth and development
Economics of organizations and industries
Entrepreneurship
Finance and investment
Financial reporting
Global business
Human resource management
Innovations
Insurance
Investment
Management information systems
Marketing
Operations management
Organizational behavior
Project management
Public administration
Risk management
Strategic management
Total quality management
Transition issues



International Journal of Research (IJR) with ISSN 2348-6848 (Online) and 2348-795X (Print) is an international peer-reviewed, internationally refereed, online, open-access journal published monthly. 

Journal is available online at https://ijrjournal.com/index.php/ijr 
 Send papers to ijr@ijrjournal.com

Call for Papers IJR -2023

 International Journal of Research (IJR) is an international, professional, and peer reviewed journal, it offers opportunities for the exchange of research results, experience and insights, and provides a forum for ongoing discussion between experts in any field of business and economic development. This journal focuses on marketing, management, finance, accounting, decision sciences, operations research and economics. The submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence are encouraged. IJR also welcomes scholarly contributions from officials with government agencies, international agencies, and non-governmental organizations. The topics related to this journal include but are not limited to:


Commercial policy
Communications
Comparative studies
Cross-cultural issues
Diversity issues
Economic development
Economic integration
Exchange rates
Finance and investments
Fiscal and monetary policy
Globalization
Human resource management
Information
Industry-specific issues
Intellectual property
Labor issues
Law and governance
Managerial decision making
Marketing
Multilateral institutions
Multinational corporations
National and regional studies
Outsourcing and offshoring
Pedagogical issues
Regionalism
Regulatory issues
Technology transfer
Trade in goods and services


The topics related to this journal include but are not limited to:

Business research methods
Business theories
Case studies
Contemporary research in business
Corporate governance
Economic growth and development
Economics of organizations and industries
Entrepreneurship
Finance and investment
Financial reporting
Global business
Human resource management
Innovations
Insurance
Investment
Management information systems
Marketing
Operations management
Organizational behavior
Project management
Public administration
Risk management
Strategic management
Total quality management
Transition issues



International Journal of Research (IJR) with ISSN 2348-6848 (Online) and 2348-795X (Print) is an international peer-reviewed, internationally refereed, online, open-access journal published monthly. 

Journal is available online at https://ijrjournal.com/index.php/ijr 
 Send papers to ijr@ijrjournal.com

Call for Papers IJR -2022

 International Journal of Research (IJR)  is international, open access and peer-reviewed journal published by EduPub. The journal aims at exploring the latest developments in public policy administration, including public policy shaping, decision making and administrative issues. It contributes to the improvement of the research methodology in the field of public policy and administration. Original articles across the whole scope and up-to-date original research articles are welcomed to publish in this journal. The topics related to this journal include but are not limited to:

Public Policy
Public Administration
Public Management
Human Resource Management
Organizational Theory
Ethics in Public Administration
Policy Analysis 
Public Budgeting
Public Ethics
Government Policy
Administrative Theory
Administrative History 
Administrative Politics
Public Administration Theory
Public Administration Organizations
Business Administration
Civil Servants
Constitutional Issues 
Participatory Democracy


The topics related to this journal include but are not limited to:

Business research methods
Business theories
Case studies
Contemporary research in business
Corporate governance
Economic growth and development
Economics of organizations and industries
Entrepreneurship
Finance and investment
Financial reporting
Global business
Human resource management
Innovations
Insurance
Investment
Management information systems
Marketing
Operations management
Organizational behavior
Project management
Public administration
Risk management
Strategic management
Total quality management
Transition issues

International Journal of Research (IJR) with ISSN 2348-6848 (Online) and 2348-795X (Print) is an international peer-reviewed, internationally refereed, online, open-access journal published monthly. 

Journal is available online at https://ijrjournal.com/index.php/ijr 
 Send papers to ijr@ijrjournal.com

Chemical Disaster

 Chemical Disaster

Chemical, being at the core of modern industrial systems, has attained a very serious concern for disaster management within government, private sector and community at large. Chemical disasters may be traumatic in their impacts on human beings and have resulted in the casualties and also damages nature and property. The elements which are at highest risks due to chemical disaster primarily include the industrial plant, its employees & workers, hazardous chemicals vehicles, the residents of nearby settlements, adjacent buildings, occupants and surrounding community. Chemical disasters may arise in number of ways, such as:-

  • Process and safety systems failures
    • Human errors
    • Technical errors
    • Management errors
  • Induced effect of natural calamities
  • Accidents during the transportation
  • Hazardous waste processing/ disposal
  • Terrorist attack/ unrest leading to sabotage

Status of Chemical Disaster Risk in India

India has witnessed the world’s worst chemical (industrial) disaster “Bhopal Gas Tragedy” in the year 1984. The Bhopal Gas tragedy was most devastating chemical accident in history, where over thousands of people died due to accidental release of toxic gas Methyl Iso Cyanate (MIC).

Such accidents are significant in terms of injuries, pain, suffering, loss of lives, damage to property and environment. India continued to witness a series of chemical accidents even after Bhopal had demonstrated the vulnerability of the country. Only in last decade, 130 significant chemical accidents reported in India, which resulted into 259 deaths and 563 number of major injured.

There are about 1861 Major Accident Hazard (MAH) units, spread across 301 districts and 25 states & 3 Union Territories, in all zones of country. Besides, there are thousands of registered and hazardous factories (below MAH criteria) and un-organized sectors dealing with numerous range of hazardous material posing serious and complex levels of disaster risks.

Safety initiatives taken in India to address chemical risk

The comprehensive legal/ institutional framework exists in our country. A number of regulations covering the safety in transportation, liability, insurance and compensations have been enacted.

Following are the relevant provisions on chemical disaster management, prevailing in country:-

  • Explosives Act 1884                                      – Petroleum Act 1934
  • Factories Act 1948                                        – Insecticides Act 1968
  • Environment Protection Act 1986              – Motor Vehicles Act 1988
  • Public Liability Insurance Act 1991            – Disaster Management Act 2005

Government of India has further reinforced the legal framework on chemical safety and management of chemical accidents by enacting new rules such as MSIHC Rules, EPPR Rules, SMPV Rules, CMV Rules, Gas Cylinder Rules, Hazardous Waste Rules, Dock Workers Rules and by way of amendments to them.

The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) of India had come out with very specific guidelines on Chemical Disaster Management. The guidelines have been prepared to provide the directions to ministries, departments and state authorities for the preparation of their detailed disaster management plans. These guidelines call for a proactive, participatory, multi-disciplinary and multi-sectoral approach at various levels for chemical disaster preparedness and response. Further, NDMA has provided specific inputs to the GOM for avoidance of future chemical disasters in the country, along with suggested amendments on the existing framework. NDMA is also working on revamping of CIFs ( Chief Inspectorate of Factories) to strengthen chemical safety in India. In addition, the National Action Plan on Chemical Industrial Disaster Management (NAP-CIDM), has been finalized which will act as the roadmap for chemical disaster management in India.

Approach for TOD Implementation

 

1) Influence Zone 

The area in the immediate vicinity of the transit station, i.e. within a walking distance, having high density compact development with mixed land use to support all basic needs of the residents is called the influence zone of a transit station/corridor. Influence zone is either established at a transit stations or along the transit corridors. It is generally up to a radius of nearly 500-800m of the transit station. Where the distance between the transit stations is less than 1 km and there is overlap in the influence area, it can be identified as a delineated zone (around 500m) on either side of the transit corridor within 10 – 12 minutes walking distance. 

2) High Density Compact Development 

TOD promotes densification in the influence area by providing higher Floor Area Ratio (FAR)/ Floor Space Index (FSI) and higher population and job density as compared to the area around and beyond the influence areas. To ensure sustainable development, the minimum FAR should be 300 – 500%, and can be higher, depending on the city size. This will promote higher concentration of people within the walking distances of transit station, thereby increasing the ridership of the public transport and resulting in increased fare revenue, pollution and congestion reduction.

3) Mixed Use Development 

Mixed land use should be stipulated for development/redevelopment in the TOD zone as it would reduce the need for travel by providing most of the activities such as shopping, entertainment and public amenities such as schools, parks, playgrounds, hospitals etc. within the walking distance of the residents. It would also improve the accessibility of the transit facilities and at the same time link origins and destinations, i.e. residences with work places or activity nodes. This would ensure better utilization of transit fleet by distributing loads in both directions, rather than creating unidirectional peak hour flows. 

4) Mandatory and Inclusive Housing 

The cities should fix a minimum percentage (30% or higher) of allowed FAR for affordable housing (for example up to 60 sq.mt. area) in all development/redevelopment in the influence zones. Housing in the influence zone should have a mix of all economic groups/sections. The development control regulation should stipulate housing for Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) in the influence area to give an opportunity to the people who depend on public transport for daily commuting to live in walkable neighborhoods. 

5) Multimodal Integration 

The influence area should have high quality integrated multimodal transport system for the optimum use of the facilities by the residents/users. The system should have seamless physical connectivity, information integration and fare integration across modes so that the first and last mile connectivity does not become a bottleneck in the use of public transit systems by the citizens. The transit system, including its stations, should be designed to provide high quality services that assure user satisfaction in terms of safety and comfort. The citizens should have barrier free access to all the required amenities in the transit system as well as around the transit centers. 

6) Focus on Pedestrians, Cyclists and NMT Users 

The streets should be designed for users of all age groups and for all types of commuters including pedestrians, bicyclists, motorists and transit riders. They should be safe and accessible by all. The influence zone should have development in smaller blocks with a finer street network having provision for pedestrians, bicyclists and NMT (Non-Motorised Transport) users. This will create a grid of small, traversable blocks which has sidewalks and amenities like lighting and information signage etc. and ensure accessibility of the transit stations by pedestrians and cyclist. 

7) Street Oriented Buildings and Vibrant Public Spaces 

Retail and other ‘active uses’ should be supported on the ground floor along the main streets, key intersections, stations and parking garages to ensure high quality pedestrian environments. To promote natural surveillance of public spaces, all boundary walls and setbacks should be removed and buildings should be permitted up to the edge of the street. Also, the orientation of the buildings should be such so as to face the pedestrian facilities. The streets should have a natural surveillance system by providing mixed use active frontage, vending zones and avoiding opaque wall, which would ensure a safe environment for pedestrians, especially women, children and elderly. 

8) Managed Parking 

To discourage the use of private vehicles and to manage parking in TOD, it is essential that the supply of the parking is reduced and made expensive within the influence zone. On street parking should be prohibited within 100 m of the transit station, except for freight delivery and pickup or drop off of the differently abled. The use of parking spaces within the influence zone can be maximized by sharing of spaces between uses that have demand during different times of the day. For example parking requirements for office/work can be shared with the parking spaces for residences as their hours for demands do not coincide with each other.

How to become a philanthropist

 Being a philanthropist, or someone who offers their time, money, or reputation to philanthropic causes, maybe a highly fulfilling experience.

Philanthropy is not solely the domain of the wealthy. The literal definition is ‘humanity’s love.’ It is simply the desire to make a difference in the lives of others, and it is something that anyone of us can do.

You could believe that improving the world through humanitarian actions necessitates writing multimillion-dollar checks. But the reality is that anyone may become a philanthropist, according to philanthropist Amit Soni from Indore.

There are many ways to make a lasting impact on the planet, a community, or a single person, regardless of your income level. Through this article, Amit Soni from Indore, organizing philanthropic events and activities, wants to share five ways to become a philanthropist and make a difference. After reading this, we hope you’ll be motivated to consider generosity from a new perspective.

Philanthropy is practiced by many organizations, particularly those in the non-profit sector. Working as a philanthropist can take many forms, including more than just providing money. Understanding the various options available to philanthropists will help you navigate your charity giving more efficiently. 

1. Share Your Expertise

Your skills and expertise are equally as significant as money when it comes to charity. If you’re an excellent cook, you can always volunteer to assist in the kitchen of a soup kitchen. Alternatively, if you’re talented in the arts, you may put on an exhibition and donate the revenues to charity.

Sharing your expertise not only helps others in their professional endeavors, but it also helps you. There are a lot of young professionals asking for help. Take a rookie under your wing if you find someone who has potential but needs help. Share the lessons you’ve learned the hard way throughout the years.

2. Become a volunteer

Volunteering is an excellent way to apply your expertise and talents to a cause that you care about. There is a volunteer opportunity for everyone, from community gardening to coaching a youth basketball team to helping abroad. Look for volunteer opportunities. You can look for volunteer opportunities online or keep an eye out for posters and signs in your neighborhood asking for assistance. 

Also, you can become active in a specific group for longer than a one-time event. Check if any organizations provide year-round volunteer programs where participants are trained and allocated work. Look for areas where volunteers are needed. There may be a location where volunteers are in short supply. Find out where an organization you care about needs extra help and offer your services. 

3. Giving money

We’re all accustomed to making a one-time or recurring charitable donation, but if you’re planning to give a bigger sum, you might consider using a philanthropic structure to ensure your money is dispersed efficiently.

Here are some of the structures you might use on your own:

-Testamentary or Will Trust: A trust established after a benefactor’s death to fund a specific charitable cause.

-A private charity trust has been established by a donor and is required to finance specific philanthropic causes.

-A gift fund is a foundation that collects donations for the sole purpose of funding a specific organization.

Instead of giving directly to an organization, you may fund an education grant or create a professional reward to help individuals.

4. Random Act of Kindness

Giving your best self to others without expecting anything in return is what a Random Act of Kindness is all about. It’s simply doing something nice for someone else without being asked or expecting anything in return. The best aspect of performing a random act of kindness is that it usually requires little time or money yet may make someone’s day. Here are some suggestions:

  • Place spare change in a parking meter for someone.

  • Send a Facebook message to someone complimenting them.

  • Pick up trash on the ground and put it in the garbage

  • Instead of drinking your morning coffee, purchase a cup for someone else.

  • Write a thank-you note to someone who inspires you.

  • Text a friend to share your gratitude for something they did for you

  • Be on time (don’t waste others’ time).

Here are some suggestions for people who decided to start their philanthropic journey and don’t know where to start. Becoming a philanthropist is not always about money. You have the option of donating your knowledge, time and service, voice and influence, and, of course, money. Making a plan for how you want to give is all it takes to become a philanthropist, says Amit Soni from Indore. 


6 Ways to Get More Business for Your Ecommerce Line

 

C:\Users\APURVA\Downloads\mark-konig-Tl8mDaue_II-unsplash.jpg

Source: https://unsplash.com/photos/Tl8mDaue_II 

 

Since the arrival of the Covid-19 pandemic, the commercial marketing industry has changed drastically. Earlier, most companies focused solely on physical sales and invested rarely in digital advertising. But with the revolutionary changes that the e-commerce sector went through, many industries came forward to adopt the latest technology to stay updated with the trends and maintain their position in the market. 

Enterprises like Escape Room Palm Springs, a Reliance store in Bangalore, or the Dark Horse publishing house in Japan have actively invested in different e-commerce marketing tips and strategies to boost their sales and brand value. And just for the big fishes and older companies, the new entrepreneurs can also invest in e-commerce to take their business to new heights of success. 

It is a smart move for the small and medium-sized corporations to pick the same and browse for opportunities through hard work to stay tough in the commercial market against their competitors. Here are 6-ways through which you can also get more business for your e-commerce line: 

  1. Know your customers 

Understanding your customers is the most crucial part of an e-commerce business. If you plan to reach out to more audiences for your brand and convert them into followers and subscribers, you must know all about them and their preferences. Here are some questions that you should keep in mind while attracting customers to your website:

 

  • What websites do these people visit? 

  • What are their hobbies? 

  • Do they have a particular affinity or interest in a service or product? 

  • How long do they usually research on the internet? 

 

Facts and details like these will help you better understand your users and their interests. It will give you the right idea about how you can draw them to your business and also sustain their attention. And by answering the above questions, you will also be able to strategize a more efficient plan to establish a more profitable marketing tactic to target them. 

  1. Increase the About Us section 

The customers generally prefer to look at the About Us section for an e-commerce website they are scrolling on and researching. This information area lets them understand the company/brand’s business ambition and whether they want to invest further in their products. 

So remember to be open in your About Us section. It is where you can go all out and share your business idea and concept, love for the products, the hard work that goes to crafting what you are providing, and how you can make the customer’s life more comfortable through your services. The more you convince the consumers that you are their friend and a great person, the more they will prefer to invest their money in your company’s products and business schemes. 

  1. Expand your demographic 

While it is a good idea to target a specific audience group to your company, you might lose many consumers in the long run if you do not expand your user base in the long run. By limiting yourself to some clients, you might restrict the growth and expansion of your e-commerce company and lose credential patrons. So focus on expanding your demographic to broaden your horizons and open new marketing opportunities to draw in and retain more customers. 

  1. Practice Quality over Quantity 

When you consider e-commerce, quality always comes before quantity. Make sure that your products and the services you provide to your customers are high-quality and satisfying to their demands. In this way, they will build trust for your business and come to rely more on your services. Your business’s reputation will grow and help you gain a trustworthy image in the commercial market. 

  1. Switch to D2C 

Gone are the days when B2B (business to business) and B2C (business to consumer) could pave the way for boosting your e-commerce as a brand in the commercial market. To get the best for your business’s marketing, switch to the D2C (direct to customer) policy for marketing and gaining customers. D2C allows you to connect directly to your clients and consumers without going through a mediator like a retailer, distributor, or dealer. There are several benefits of practicing D2C, such as: 

  • You get to retain complete control of the engagement process with the customers by avoiding any intermediate parties. 

  • You can connect directly with your clients and understand them better. 

  • It helps you establish a secure and effective connection with your target audience and thus deliver products that satisfy their preferences. 

  1. Keep an eye on the numbers and analytics

It is also crucial to focus on your analytics and inventory numbers in e-commerce. It allows you to keep a close eye on your accounting and invest wisely in your spending for advertising and marketing. Also, by focusing on the analytic points of your business, you can track your traffic sources and accordingly plan a profitable conversion rate to boost subscribers and customers for your company. Various tools help you get deep insights into the accounting and the analysis of your business. And you can use this information to get more resources and traffic activity for your website to market your e-commerce brand strategically. 

Conclusion 

So, these are the 6-easy ways that will help you get more business for your e-commerce line. We know e-commerce is growing tremendously, and it won’t be long before it may outwit the physical sales. With marketers and entrepreneurs actively competing to boost their sales and gain more customers, it is time for you to also keep up with new trends and draw in more patrons by increasing customer comfort and efficiently marketing for your e-commerce business. 

 

FLY HIGH

              FLY HIGH

                                         – Angelin Diana

You can fly like a Kite

To a great height

Just to shine bright

As the stars in the night

The sky’s the limit

Use every minute

Have that spirit

When you give it

You can go

With your flow

May your face glow

As you grow

In every test

Give your best

You are blessed

So never feel depressed

You and your might

Together might

Glow up the light

Am I right?

SAHAJ SABHARWAL – WRITES ON SOCIAL CAUSES AND STRIVE TO MAKE SOCIETY BETTER (YOUNG WRITER AND AUTHOR FROM INDIA)

Sahaj Sabharwal’s first book was not that very successful because many were not ready to support me. But again, he continued writing with the same passion and his second book showed some good results. So I would say that it is his passion and zeal to write better and believe in himself which has been the inspiration behind his every write-up. Here is a short interview with this buddy writer from Jammu and Kashmir, India. 

 

1. Tell us more about your background and journey.
I was a student of class seventh when I was in Delhi Public School, Jammu that I first started writing. And with that start, I published my very first book titled, “Poems by Sahaj Sabarwal” at the age of 17. The book is a collection of diverse poems based on the social issues and the life of the youth. 
Following that, I published my second book titled “Pedagogical Thoughts Made Facts” at the age of 19, which is again a book containing poetries, thoughts, quotes, stories, and articles aiming for bringing positivity in the lives of readers. Presently, I am pursuing Aeronautical Engineering from Tamil Nadu besides my interests in writing, rapping and blogging.
2. As a young writer, where does your inspiration for writing lie?
 
During my initial years into writing, I encountered severe, harsh criticisms from others. People were against the idea of a student publishing his own book at such a young age and should rather focus on studies and build a stable career. This is not something pleasant for anyone. I tried to turn such backlashes into an inspiration for me to do something better, something unique. And now I believe it is that feeling which has always inspired me to write and helped me achieve what I have now.
My first book was not that much successful because many were not ready to support me. But again, I continued writing with the same passion and my second book showed some good results. So I would say that it is my passion and zeal to write better and believe in myself which has been the inspiration behind my every write-up.
 
3. What prompted you to start writing along with your school studies?
When I was small, I wrote a poem for my mother on Mother’s Day. My mom loved it. Everyone was proud that I could write a beautiful poem with deep thoughts at such a young age. I would say it was this small incident that made me recognize my talent in writing. And then I started writing articles and poems, and that poem on my mother is also published in my first book. 
4. What is that one cause you care deeply about and why?
It is not quite possible to name just one cause because there are various social issues revolving around youth that need attention from society. There are children getting raped, students attempting suicide, and getting into addictions and these are just to name a few. 
 
The major reason behind these rising issues is the lack of proper education and awareness. Perpetrators do not realise that what they are doing is wrong, and victims usually are not aware of their rights. I would say that looking at these social causes and how youth is getting directly affected by them made me write these books.
5. If one wants to contribute and make a difference in social causes then how do you believe one can do it?
Some might argue that it is the responsibility of the government to make laws and prevent such issues. But, in reality, it is all in the hands of we individuals.
We can all contribute at our individual level, to our best capacity, and make small efforts to create a difference. For instance, I have been writing poems, articles, blogs, and rap songs, all based on social issues and with the aim to create awareness among people. Similarly, all of us can contribute in our way and, I believe, even the tiniest bit of contribution from someone can help.
We can take steps from educating at a larger scale to educating our family members at home. We can do social media campaigns and drives because, in this digital era, social media is a very powerful tool to create awareness. It might not always be quite successful, we might not be able to teach a large number of people. Just with hard work for years with God’s grace I am having around twelve thousand plus followers on instagram, thousands of followers on facebook, around a thousand on twitter and one thousand plus subscribers on youtube. It was not easy at all. In my childhood when I got motivated from successful personalities like Ronaldo and others, I was wondering to get just one hundred followers on instagram then when I reached there by posting good content then my next goal was to reach thousand then ten thousand and now I have goal to achieve blue tick ( verified creator ) as well as lakhs of followers. The hunger to achieve something will never end and should never end to continue to break my own records. I got that much inspired that how much successful people worked to reach from black coal to a unique and beautiful diamond. But even if one person benefits from it, then, I believe, it is quite a success and we thrive to achieve more.
6. Who is your role model and why?
We, as social animals, live in and learn from society. Our ideas and beliefs get socialized, which might be good while also bad at times. I consider society as my role model because it is from society that I learned everything and also continue to learn. 
I write on social causes and strive to make society better. The people surrounding us, each with their unique talent and charisma, motivate us to do better. So, I would say that society is my perfect teacher and also a perfect friend.
Biography –
Sahaj Sabharwal, a young writer, and an author was born on 17th March 2002. He lives in Jammu city, Jammu, and Kashmir, India. He has completed his schooling from Dps Jammu as a Non-Medical student. Now he is a student of Aeronautical Engineering. His hobbies include writing thoughts, listening to music, discovering new things, exploring the world, and writing and singing rap songs to mention but a few. He has been awarded many awards in poetry writing at the State level, National level, and International level. 
He mostly writes motivational thoughts and on topics related to social issues for spreading awareness among the people. His writings are regularly published in many newspapers, magazines, websites, anthologies, and other media platforms.
According to him,
” Be you, no need to update your view on society’s new view “
His aim in life is to invent/discover something new as a Scientist or Researcher. He wants to do something new, which is done by a few. He is an inspiration of his own. He is a successful author of the BOOKS – “Poems By Sahaj Sabharwal” & “Pedagogical Thoughts Made Facts”.
NAME -: Sahaj Sabharwal 
● Author of Books -: 
1.) Poems by Sahaj Sabharwal  
2.) Pedagogical Thoughts Made Facts
● Budding Author & Writer 
● Singer & Rapper
● Motivational Speaker 
● Social Worker
● Blogger & Influencer
Contact -: +917780977469
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What is Zoning

 Zoning describes the control by authority of the use of land, and of the buildings thereon. Areas of land are divided by appropriate authorities into zones within which various uses are permitted. Zoning is the process of planning for land use by a locality to allocate certain kinds of structures in certain areas. Zoning also includes restrictions in different zoning areas, such as height of buildings, use of green space, density (number of structures in a certain area), use of lots, and types of businesses. Levels or types of zoning include open space, residential, retail, commercial, agricultural, and industrial. 

Zoning is the application of common sense and fairness to public regulation governing the use of private land. Zoning can be defined as the creation by law of the zones such as residential, commercial, industrial, civic, institutional and recreational in which regulations prevent misuse of lands and buildings and limit their height and densities of population differing in different zones. Zoning sets apart different areas in the town for specific purposes. It prevents encroachment of one zone upon another adjacent to it. While planning a city the area of town can be divided into following zones.

1. Industrial zone 

2. Administrative zone 

3. Business zone 

4. Open space 

5. Residential zone 

    a) Different zone for different height 

    b) Zone for single family 

    c) Zone for two family 

    d) Zone for apartment houses 

6. Recreational zone 

7. Local administrative zone 

8. Agricultural zone 

Objectives of Zoning 

The objects or purposes of zoning are as follows. 

  • To lessen congestion in streets. 
  • To secure safety of fire and other hazards. 
  • To promote health and general welfare. 
  • To provide adequate light and air. 
  • To protect the value of property. 
  • To prevent over-concentration of population. 
  • To facilitate transportation, water supply, sewerage, schools, parks etc. 
  • To encourage the most appropriate use of land. 
  • The town planner gets ample opportunities for designing the future growth and development of town. 
  • Zoning proves to be an effective instrument in case of any review or modification in order to make town planning scheme more effective and successful.

Principles of Zoning 

The main principles of zoning can be briefly summarized as follows.
 
1. Arrangement of zones 

The usual pattern of zones is in central area and undeveloped area. The other pattern of zones would be to provide blocks or units for various uses in different parts of the town.
2. Boundaries 
The design of boundaries for different zones should be carefully made. A railway line or a park or an open green space may prove to be satisfactory boundary. 
3. Existing towns 
When zoning is to be applied to an existing town, the information regarding the existing use of land is gathered and as far as possible, the town is divided into zones by considering the predominant use in the particular areas. 
4. Flexibility 
The principles of zoning may be rigidly enforced. But at the same time, care should be taken to observe flexibility in working out the details for zoning. For instance, homes should be very near to places of work to reduce time of travel. Similarly, the small shopping centres for day today requirements should be allowed in residential zone. 
5. New towns 

For designing a new town of known population, the areas required for residence, industry and business are worked out with the help of suitable methods. The town is divided into suitable zones. 

Advantages of Zoning 

Following are the advantages of zoning. 
  • Business or commercial areas are separately located with their garages and service stations at a distance from the residential areas. 
  • The industrial area is located away from the residential area so it is not affected by dangerous gases, smoke etc. 
  • The population is distributed throughout the town by zoning, so there will be no concentration of population in any one particular zone. 
  • Height zoning regulates the height of the buildings. Hence high rise buildings will not be allowed to construct near small houses. 
  • The zoning permits the economic use of various public utility services such as water supply, drainage lines, and telephone lines etc. 
  • A land in the form of recreational area is provided to use as playgrounds, stadiums, parks, talkies, etc. 
  • Zoning promotes health, safety, prosperity, orderly development and overall welfare of community. 
  • The zoning results into minimum chances of fire occurrence. 
  • If zoning is adopted, it results into controlled future development of the town.

Densities of a Town 

  1. Overall town density = Total population / Total town area 
  2. Developed area density = Total population / Total developed area 
  3. Gross residential area density = Total population / Total residential area 
  4. Net residential area density = Total population / Net residential area 
  5. Accommodation density = Number of habitable rooms / Area 
  6. Occupancy rate = Number of persons / Number of habitable rooms 
  7. Floor Space Index = Total built up area / Plot area

Types of Zoning 

1) Density Zoning 

In density zoning, the density of population in the residential areas is controlled by means of suitable rules and regulations. The density of population per unit area may either be expressed as gross density or net density. The gross density is the average density of population per unit area of the whole area. The net density is defined as the average density of population per unit of the housing area, including local roads only, excluding open spaces, public institutions, shopping centres etc. 
The following are the indirect measures adopted to have effective density zoning. 
  • The front, side, and rear margins from the boundaries are specified. 
  • The maximum height of the building is specified. 
  • The minimum size of allotment for each house is specified. 
  • The number of houses per unit area is limited. 
  • The ratio of total site area to the total built-up floor area is specified. 
The advantages of density zoning are as follows. 
  • It promotes healthy conditions, as population is distributed throughout the town. 
  • It prevents over-crowding. 
  • It facilitates the proper layout and designing of various public amenities and services. 
  • The land values are stabilized. 
  • It ensures enough light and ventilation to the residences.

2) Height Zoning 

The main objects of height zoning are as follows. 
  • To supply enough daylight to the buildings 
  • To cause reasonable traffic movement 
It aims to control the height of buildings with due consideration of the following. 
  • Bulk and cubical contents of the buildings 
  • Street width and other adjacent marginal open spaces 
Due to height zoning, there is considerable setback in the design of high rise buildings or skyscrapers. The restriction on the height of buildings will depend on nature of building, type of zone and climatic conditions. 
Advantages of height zoning are as follows. 
  • It does not allow tall buildings to come up nearby smaller buildings. 
  • It establishes minimum standards in terms of light, air and space, thereby creates healthy conditions. 
  • It controls the setback from roads. 
  • It helps to construct the buildings with uniform height, which gives aesthetic appearance. 
  • It controls the land values. 

3) Use Zoning/Land Use Zoning 

  • The main principle of use zoning is to divide the city into different zones, in correct location with respect to the others. 
  • It avoids the encroachment of one zone upon another adjoining it.
  • Utilization of each zone according to the purpose for which it is allocated. 
  • Factories and industries on the residential areas can be completely avoided. 
  • This zone provides open spaces, privacy and good health for the inhabitants of the town. 
  • It results into stabilization of land values. 
  • It provides better traffic facilities, water lines, sewer lines and use of other public utility and amenities in an efficient way. 
Under the Use zoning the town is divided into the following. 

a) Residential Zone 

This is very important zone of the town, where the people of the town live together in large number. This zone covers an area of 40 – 50% of total land. The buildings coming under this zone are single family houses, semi-detached houses, group housing, chawl, flats, skyscrapers etc. 
The following are the points considered while locating residential zones. 
  • Near to the market, free from noise and smoke, parks and playgrounds should be close by. 
  • It should have certain amount of privacy and separated from other zones by wide strip of green belt which may consists of parks and parkways etc. 
  • Speedy travel and communication facilities. 
  • Peaceful surroundings, as far as possible from industries and business zones. 
  • Healthy environment with respect to hygienic and sanitary requirements.

b) Industrial Zone 

This zone covers an area of 5 – 20%. This is next to the residential zone in terms of importance. Hence great care should be exercised in locating the industries. The following are the points considered while locating industrial zones. 
  • Minor industries like bakeries, dairies, laundries may be grouped and located close to the residential zone for the benefit of inhabitants. 
  • Light industries and factories like manufacture of glass, porcelain, and ice etc. which use only electric power can be located anywhere on the periphery of the town. 
  • Heavy industries giving out obnoxious (or harmful) gases and the industries causing noise such as manufacture of cement, steel and other such material should be located on the outskirts of the town. 
  • The special industries producing undesirable trade wastes and by-products may be located far away from town in spacious grounds.

c) Commercial Zone 

This zone covers an area of 2 – 5%. This zone consists of markets, banks, ware-houses (go downs) and business offices. These should be located near centres of traffic and as far as along the road sides. 

d) Civic Zone 

This zone covers an area of 2 – 3%. This contains all public buildings like town hall, court, public libraries, post office, museum, auditorium, bank, showrooms, stores and houses for the employed under the government. 

e) Institutional Zone 

This zone covers an area of 1 – 2%. This zone contains schools, colleges, institutions etc.

f) Recreational Zone 

This is planned in the remaining area of the town, usually 15 – 20%. This is an important zone since it provides healthy environment for the people. It mainly includes parks, playgrounds, stadiums, cinemas, community centres. Generally, the various units of recreational zone are scattered throughout the town. 
In urban planning as well as transportation planning, land use is the object of zonal characterization. Each land use zone is subject to a series of regulations depicting what can be built in terms of nature, function and density, giving tools to municipal governments to influence urban development. Single use zoning, also known as Euclidean zoning, is a tool of urban planning that controls land uses in a city. 
There are four major types of land use zoning. 

1) Functional Zoning 

The most prevalent form of zoning where land use zones are defined according to their function such as commercial, residential or industrial. Each zone type is subject to specific rules and regulations concerning the type of activities that can be built. 

2) Form Based Zoning 

Define zones according to their physical characteristics, mostly from an urban identity perspective such as the downtown area. This form of zoning is usually easier to relate to the general population since it uses zonal definitions that are well known. 

3) Intensity Zoning 

Defines land use zones by the level of permitted intensity, such as the number of residential units per unit of surface or allowed commercial surface. Such regulation enables a level of flexibility in urban development since it permits developers to select which types of development takes place as long as this development abides by density constraints. 

4) Incentive Zoning 

Often part of revitalization or development plans where developers are allowed to build residential, commercial or industrial (manufacturing, warehousing) projects in specific areas through the provision of various incentives such as tax abatement or basic infrastructure (road, utilities, public transport services). 
It is common that more than one type of zoning will be applied to a city, which can lead to some conflicts and discrepancies between stakeholders. The issue is to try to establish a balance between the restrictions imposed by zoning regulations and the dynamic market forces of urban development.

Uses of land 

The use of land in town planning can broadly be classified in to following two categories. 

1) Profit Making Use 

The land which is developed with profit making motives, for e.g. sites developed for offices, residences, industries etc. 

2) Non Profit Making Use 

The land which is developed without any motive of making profit. It includes roads, parks, playgrounds, educational buildings and government offices. The main nonprofit making use in urban area will naturally be the roads.

Benefits of INTERNSHIPS

Internships are referred to a work done by a student or a graduate for a professional experience which is meaningful and related to his/her field of study or career interest. Internships also help students to learn and will also experience of working in co-operative companies. It’s also an opportunity for a student to develop his career and learn a new skill.


      There are different types of internships some of them are

·      Paid internship:-  These types of internships help the students experience a new skill which can also relate to his/her study field, career interest  and get paid money for his/her works.

·      Summer internships: – This internship is most popular. These internships are most help for students to learn and earn in their free time and can spend more time in working for their career.

·      Co-operative education: – This internship is different from other internships. Another type of internship to choose from is a cooperative education program. This internship is a three- way partnership between a student, an employer, and a college or a university. The difference between normal internship and co-operative is length of time.

·      Unpaid internship:- unpaid paid internships provides  a students or a graduate experience of new skill or give experiencing in student’s field of study or career interest. 

·      Externships: – externship is option where he /she is can gain knowledge in a career interest. It’s also shorter than internship more like a day or few weeks.by externship students can experience day to day activities and responsibilities of the job.