Krishnadevaraya was an emperor of the Vijayanagara Empire who reigned from 1509–1529. He was the third ruler of the Tuluva Dynasty and is considered to be its greatest ruler. He possessed the largest empire in India after the decline of the Delhi Sultanate.he was Born on 17 January 1471 in Hampi and Died on17 October 1529, Hampi Spouse: Tirumala DeviBooks: AmuktamalyadaChildren: Tirumala Raya, Tirumalamba, Vengalamba, RamachandraParents: Tuluva Narasa Nayaka, Nagala Devi
Presiding over the empire at its zenith, he is regarded as an icon by many Indians. Krishnadevaraya earned the titles Kannada Rajya Rama Ramana (lit, “Lord of the Kannada empire”), Andhra Bhoja (lit, “Andhra Scholar King or King Bhoja of Andhra”), Gaubrahmana Pratipalaka (lit, “Protector of cows and brahmins”) and Mooru Rayara Ganda (lit, “King of Three Kings”). He became the dominant ruler of the peninsula of India by defeating the Sultans of Bijapur, Golconda, the Bahmani Sultanate and the Gajapatis of Odisha, and was one of the most powerful Hindu rulers in India.Indeed, when the Mughal EmperorBabur was taking stock of the potentates of north India, Krishnadevaraya was rated the most powerful and had the most extensive empire in the subcontinent.
Jour de la Bastille, the national day of France is commonly known as Bastille Day in English. Every year on 14th July France celebrates her national day. On this day France celebrates the storming of the Bastille as a national holiday. Bastille was a military fortress and prison. The Bastille symbolized the tyranny of the French monarchy especially King Louis XVI.
France used to celebrate this day very enthusiastically but from 2020 this celebration holds back. As in 2020 for the first time since 1945, authorities have called off the annual military parade along the Champs-Elysees in Paris due to the Covid-19 outbreak. Only 2,000 soldiers – half the usual number were gathered at the Place de la Concorde. In 2020 French Macron tweeted “This July, we will pay tribute to those who have put all their strength, all their skills, all their humanity against the virus.”
This year, France celebrated her national day with a traditional national military parade but firework has been canceled due to the pandemic and concerns over the Delta variant. This year the theme of the parade is “Winning the Future” highlighting “the French’s will to overcome health crisis-related difficulties”. The occasion reveals the army’s anticipation role “thanks to high technology (…) able to prevent crisis and imagine fights from the future”. This year, French President Emmanuel Macron wishes to express “The [Nation’s] affection for the army” and pay tribute to the women and men “who chose to fight for France and shown a sense of commitment and availability like no other”.
Fall of Bastille
The Bastille was built in the 1300s during the Hundred Years’ War against the English. It was designed to protect the eastern entrance to the city of Paris. And later used as a French state prison and a place of detention for important persons during the 17th and 18th centuries by the reign of Louis XVI.
During the time of the American Revolution, America and France worked together. France helped America with the aim to end England’s power in the American colonies. A lot of money was spent in the war and consequences were paid by the people of France suffering from starvation, unemployment, and tensions in the country.
In 1789, there was an economic crisis and tensions in France, the people of France were frustrated and angry with the cruel behavior of kings and elites, and clergies. The Bastille was a symbol of the tyranny of king and queen. The revolutionaries, more than 1000 people most of them were craftsmen and store owners of the Paris marched towards the Bastille on 14th July 1789. They demanded that the military leader (governor de Launay) of Bastille surrender the prison and hand over the gunpowder but he refused and due to this crowd become angry. The revolutionaries managed to enter the courtyard and began to try and break into the main fortress. The soldiers started firing and the fight begins. But an interesting or turning point of this fight was when soldiers joined the side of the crowd. And the military leader surrendered the fort to the revolutionary. Governor de Launay was killed, some prisoners were released (only seven prisoners were inside) and Bastille was razed and mixed in the soil. The storming of Bastille led to a series of events that led to overthrew of King Louis XVI and the French Revolution. The people who took part in the storming of Bastilles were considered heroes during the revolution and took the title “Vainequeurs de la Bastille” meaning “winners of the Bastille”.
The date 14th July represents the unity of French people
The date of the fall of Bastille 14 July is celebrated today as the French National Day. In France, it is called the “The National Celebration” or The Fourteenth July”.
The problem has been the supply side,” said Baryomunsi, who is also an epidemiologist. “We have the money but we simply can’t get the vaccine. This is a challenge of access and equity. We have to rely on the western world and the western world has focused on its population. The impression is that people there don’t care about Africans.”
Uganda, which successfully repressed earlier waves of infection, has like other countries across Africa risked significant economic damage by imposing another severe lockdown.
“There was complacency that set in with the population and then a new variant that was much more aggressive,” Baryomunsi told the Guardian. “We have lost many people. The good news is that we have started to bring down infections.”
Dr Matshidiso Moeti, the WHO’s director for Africa, told reporters the continent had just marked its most dire pandemic week ever. “But the worst is yet to come as the fast-moving third wave continues to gain speed and new ground,” she said.
In the seven days to Thursday, the continent recorded 251,000 cases, a 21% increase. So far only 1.6% of vaccine doses administered globally have been given in Africa, and less than 2% of its population vaccinated.
Labour Productivity in Agriculture Versus Non-agriculture The National Commission on Enterprises in Unorganised Sector (NCEUS) estimated that in 2004-05 the ‘per worker GDP’ (called ‘labour productivity’) in agriculture was about one-fourth of industrial sector GDP and one-sixth of service sector GDP. The ratio of labour productivity in agriculture to that in non-agriculture has, in fact, been continuously declining since 1983. This implies that the relative economic condition of agricultural workforce (vis-à-vis industrial and service sector workforce) has deteriorated over time. Further, due to limited access of farmers and agricultural workers to employment in high value added non-agricultural activities, a large number of them could not be occupationally mobile and per force remained dependent on agriculture for their livelihood. Employment Elasticity in Agriculture Versus Non-agriculture Employment growth in agricultural and non-agricultural activities for the period 1993-94 to 2004-05 is presented in Table-7.1. Between 1993-94 and 1999-00, agricultural employment witnessed a negligible 0.03 percent growth (i.e. annual average percentage growth). During this period, agricultural GDP increased by 2.9 percent per annum. As a result, the employment elasticity (defined as the ratio of employment growth to the corresponding GDP growth which indicates the employment generated for every unit of income generated or added to the sector) was low at 0.01. However, in the non-agricultural activities, the employment growth was as high as 2.5 percent, GDP growth was 8.1 percent and the consequent employment elasticity was also high at 0.31. The growth rate of real wages in the non- agricultural sector (5.03) also was nearly twice as high as compared to the agricultural sector (2.74). The growth story was similar even during the next quinquennium i.e. 1999-00 to 2004-05 but the situation for the agricultural sector was one of improvement. The employment elasticity in the non-agriculture was 0.65 as against 0.49 in agriculture. But the improvement in the employment elasticity of agricultural sector itself, from 0.01 in 1994-95 to 0.49 in 2000-2005, is significant. Notably, the real wages in agriculture also grew faster than the nonagriculture i.e. 1.46 percent in the former as compared to 0.13 in the latter. These facts are empirically encouraging from the point of view of agricultural development in India
As we by now know well, a large number of poor people directly or indirectly depend on agriculture. Growth in the agricultural sector creates increased demand for basic rural non-agriculture wage goods and services. Many of these goods are mostly produced and consumed locally. A high growth in agriculture has great potential for generating employment and income in the rural non-farm sector. The World Development Report (WDR 2008) argues that agricultural growth is four times as effective in reducing poverty and inequality as growth in non-agricultural sectors. Another UN report entitled ‘Sustaining Growth and Sharing Prosperity’ (ESCAP, 2008) also says that persistent poverty in the Asia-Pacific region are the result of decades of neglect of agriculture. The survey says that close to a third of the region’s poor (i.e. an estimated 218 million), could be lifted out of poverty if average agricultural labour productivity is raised. Growth in agricultural income is therefore regarded as more effective in reducing poverty. You may note that the rate of decline in poverty in India was greater during the relatively higher agricultural growth period of 1980s than during the low agricultural growth period of 1990s. For instance, rural poverty in India declined by 9 percentage point between 1993- 94 and 2004-05 while between 1977-78 and 1987-88, it had declined by 14 percentage points. Inadequate accessibility of food is one of the main causes of poverty, hunger and malnutrition which is widely spread in rural India. Due to malnutrition and hunger, a worker would be physically too incapable to earn enough to feed himself and his family. An increase in agricultural production and productivity would play a key role in reducing poverty by raising agricultural wages and making food and other agricultural commodities affordable to the poor households. However, agricultural growth would be more effective in reducing poverty when supported by adequate investment in human development components such as health and education. The provision of basic education, as well as formal or informal training for developing and upgrading skills, is crucial for farm workers, as they with sufficient knowledge and skills are better able to respond to new technology, market opportunities, and risk
Artificial Intelligence is the intelligence exhibited by machines based on the premise that intelligence is not ‘real’ or human’. It mimics cognitive functions exhibited by humans such as learning and problem-solving.
Artificial intelligence based on Natural intelligence
What is the scope of AI?
Jobs related to AI will increase exponentially in the coming days. It helps to find smart solutions to the problems in various fields in medicine, agriculture, education, security, and so on.
Three stages of Artificial Intelligence. We are near to the second stage.
Applications of AI
Machine Learning includes Deep Learning- Neural network
Vision includes Image & pattern recognition- Facial recognition
Hearing includes Voice and speech recognition
Natural Language Processing(NLP) includes Natural Language Understanding(NLU)- Natural Language Generation(NLG)
Robotics
Expert Systems
We are currently using the following AI-based applications:
Image recognition: Recognizes objects, places, people, and actions in an image.
Speech recognition: Allows humans to use their voices to communicate with the software.
Language translation: Translates a word or sentence from one language to another. Ensure that the translated word is culturally and linguistically correct.
Product analysis: Enables companies to leverage data to reveal user engagement with products or services and tracks the activities, likes, and dislikes of the user.
A/B testing: Determines the version of a webpage and compares two versions and delivers better performance.
Sentiment analysis: Analyze a piece of text to determine the writer’s attitude. It can be categorized as positive, negative, or neutral.
Let’s see few examples of Artificial Intelligence
SIRI: Siri is a popular personal assistant offered by Apple which uses Machine Learning and Voice recognition.
COGITO: It improves the intelligence of customer services by analyzing the human voice emotion and provides real-time guidance.
NETFLIX: Uses predictive technology and provides the user with movie recommendations based on the user’s likes.
Use of Artificial Intelligence in society
“AI is a huge benefit to the society as it enhances the efficiency and throughput while creating new opportunities for revenue generation, cost savings, and job creation.”
-Anand Sampat(Datmo)
‘Robots and AI will destroy jobs’ is nothing but fiction and not fact. But instead, AI creates job opportunities in the market.
“The unparallel combination of human and machine will become the new normal in the workforce of the future”
– Matthew Lieberman
The presence of Artificial intelligence enhances our lifestyles and creates efficient businesses.
“Machine allows humans to do the most interpersonal and creative aspects of work”
-Chalmers Brown(Due company)
AI platforms will provide real-time insights combined with the explosion of computer power.
“Smart homes will reduce energy usage and provide better security for humans. Marketing will be more targeted and health care will become more effective with smart devices”.
– Naresh Soni
Start-ups using Artificial Intelligence
NEST: Alphabet Nest uses AI to learn a home owner’s habit resulting in a reduction of energy consumption. It adjusts the house temperature according to the weather hence energy consumption can be controlled.
COMFY: Comfy offers services for reducing energy consumption in office buildings.
PG&E: Pacific gas and electric company(PG&E) connected 200,000 solar customers, accounting for one in every four houses with solar rooftops.
AI benefits multiple Industries and society will be benefitted from the use of facial recognition, digital content analysis, accuracy in identifying patterns.
“AI risks are real if we don’t understand the quality of the incoming data and set AI rules which are making granular trade-off decisions at increasing computing speeds”
-Mark Butler
Facial recognition: Facial recognition is a biometric technology used to identify human faces and can be used for security purposes.
Example: Snapchat
Snapchat differentiates between images of objects, pets, sports, and food. It suggests relevant borders and stickers. Identifies your location and suggests location-based filters.
Snapchat filters use Machine Learning and image classification techniques called Convolution Neural Networks(CNN).
Olympiad’s are competitive exams conducted all across the world to compare students performance of similar educational levels. These Olympiads are helpful for children to know about their capabilities .we are living in a world where we need to be exceptionally good at things we are doing , and for that confidence and creative skills are the two pillars. These Olympiads are doing the same thing , they are making you ready to face the world with your unbelievable ideas and thoughts . Olympiad exams helps you to think out of the box as it is held to test your skills .
The term Olympiad is associated with the Ancient Greek Olympic games. Olympiad’s first started in the summer of 776 BC. They started with different games and slowly the modern Olympiad are being held every four years. The first modern Olympiad started on January 1st ,1896 . Olympiads are all about your education .
what type of Olympiads are there ?
The Olympiad exams conducted in many sectors :
International maths Olympiad (IMO)
International science Olympiad (ISO)
English International Olympiad (EIO)
General Knowledge International Olympiad (GKIO)
International computer Olympiad (ICO)
International Drawing Olympiad (IDO)
International Social Studies Olympiad (ISSO)
National cyber Olympiad (NCO)
National science Olympiad (NSO) . etc.,
The Olympiad exams are conducted both in National and International wise . These are alot based on your educational aspects and they conduct these exams based on your age . so, it is easy for you to participate and understand the levels given in the exams . Another important point to be noted is that :the participants of lower grades can participate at any higher level they want to ,if they are selected for that . For this the participant need to prove themselves by submitting any work they did or by proving your level by the questions asked by them. But any higher grade participate is not permitted to participate in the exams held for lower grade participants .
Olympiad exam builds self-confidence in children ,gives the power to tackle more such challenges in the best way possible .
These exams encourage self-learning that goes a long way in students life .It enables to check their progress on a timely basis.
Olympiad exams require students to think creatively .Instead of taking reviews from others ,they will be habituated to see things differently and correct their lacks and to become a successful person in life.
It challenges children to come out of their comfort zone.It in-builds their desire to learn and seek more. It builds positive attitude and pusses their ability to perform well.
These exams helps you to find the better version of you ,as they get you plenty of experiences where you can learn through. These exams gather different regions children at a place whom you meet there ,so you can understand how things are done there .It not only makes knowledgeable but also makes you understand how the world works.
What is a balanced diet? A balanced diet gives your body the nutrients it needs to function correctly. To get the nutrition you need, most of your daily calories should come from:
What to eat for a balanced diet A healthy, balanced diet will usually include the following nutrients:
vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants carbohydrates, including starches and fiber protein healthy fats
balanced diet will include a variety of foods from the following groups:
fruits vegetables grains dairy protein foods Examples of protein foods include meat, eggs, fish, beans, nuts, and legumes.
Food groups in your diet eat at least 5 portions of a variety of fruit and vegetables every day (see 5 A Day) base meals on higher fibre starchy foods like potatoes, bread, rice or pasta. have some dairy or dairy alternatives (such as soya drinks) eat some beans, pulses, fish, eggs, meat and other protein.
Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman, in her budget speech in February 2021, said that the government plans to privatise two PSBs (Public Sector Banks). The government had already privatised 10 banks and merged them into 4. This time, Central Bank of India and Indian Overseas bank are reported to be the probable candidates. Presently, India has 22 private banks.
Many committees had suggested the lower government stake in PSBs below 51% like Narasimhan committee proposed 33% and P J Nayak committee suggested below 50%. RBI is currently working on these suggestions.
Why privatisation?
As compared to private banks, PSBs continue to have high non performing assets. And this situation get worsed after the pandemic as NPA ratio of all commercial banks may increased 13.5% by September 2021. Also government reforms have not been able to improve the financial position of PSBs significantly. Despite this, the government is trying to strengthen the strong banks and minimise the burden upon them.
What is privatisation?
The transfer of publicly owned or operated organisations to private ownership or operation. It is introduced as a way of enhancing effectiveness and efficiency of the organisation and apart from that reducing the burden on government. Those enterprises running privately are subject to the discipline of the market and hence proved efficient. It also maximizes public interest and welfare.
What are the pros and cons of privatisation? Pros- • It expand the efficiency of bank and provides better services to its customers. • Ensures compliance and risk mitigation. • Continuously upgrading services to keep up with changing market trends. • Reinventing the way of working to attract customers and ensuring superior quality of services. • Reducing burden on the government. Follows stringent norms for loans and dealing with frauds. • Less government interference and function independently. • Profitable and convert loss making ventures into profitable businesses.
Cons- • PSBs cater to all sections of society whereas Private sector banks target mostly the upper strata of society, adversly affecting the poorer sections of society. • Choose to operate only in urban areas where the profit is high unlike PSBs, which emphasis on all and provide modern facilities even in non-profitable areas. • Income variability that may trigger protest around the country. • Due to minimum presence of government in banking sector, private sector banks arbitarily take actions on government welfare schemes.
Privatisation looks like solution for all the problems in banking sector, which is not exactly true. It is vital for banks to penetrate into each strata of society for the nation’s holistic growth. There should be a combination of efficiency and sense of service towards the nation. Only after which banks can develop and prosperity is secured.
As the capital of Canada ‘Ottawa’ is known for its mind-blowing Victorian Architecture. Ottawa was once called ‘Bytown’, but its name was changed to Ottawa in 1854. Situated on the bank of the Ottawa river, there are various astonishing places to visit in Ottawa. If you are planning to visit Ottawa then you must not miss these mesmerizing places in Ottawa. Here are the TOP 10 PLACES TO VISIT IN OTTAWA, CANADA.
1. PARLIAMENT HILL
PARLIAMENT HILL
One of the best places to visit in Ottawa is Parliament Hill (Colline du Parlement). Along with being a good tourist attraction, it is also a workplace for the Canadian Government. This political monument was constructed between 1859 and 1876. Approximately 3 million visitors come to see Parliament Hill every year.
Parliament Hill basically constitutes 3 main blocks: East Block, West Block, and Centre Block. It is built in ancient Gothic-style architecture. You can have a breathtaking view of the city, and the Ottawa river as well, on the top of Parliament Hill. It is located at Wellington St, Ottawa, ON K1A 0A9, Canada.
2. RIDEAU CANAL
The second most astonishing place to visit in Ottawa, after Parliament Hillis Rideau Canal. This canal has a length of 200km, and a depth of 1.6m. This canal is located on Lake Ontario and connects Ottawa with Kingston. The most favorable time to visit this canal is in the season of winter, where the canal entirely freezes and people from all over the world come here for skating and celebrating.
It is undeniably the most memorable phase for any tourist. Rideau Canal’s epic urban skating rink is the biggest skating trail in the world. If you are a skating fan, then you must visit here once in your life. It is located in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
3. CANADIAN WAR MUSEUM
Canada War Museum (Musée Canadien de la Guerre), is yet another famous place to visit in Ottawa. This museum is a huge collection of the past Canadian Military, the museum constitutes over 3 million artifacts of the Canadian military which fought various battles in its past including World War I and World War II.
There are various military vehicles displayed in the museum such as tanks, jeeps, armored trucks, armored vehicles, motorcycles, etc. The most famous of them is Adolf Hitler’s bullet-proof Mercedes Benz limo, which is heavily modified with immense armor plating. It is located at 1 Vimy Pl, Ottawa, ON K1A 0M8, Canada.
4. NATIONAL GALLERY OF CANADA
The National Gallery of Canada (Musée des Beaux-Arts du Canada), is a perfect example of Modern-day architecture. The National Gallery of Canada constitutes the biggest collection of the past. The history of Canada is recorded in this national gallery since the 18th century, there are also certain artifacts that are even older than the 15th century. It is one of the biggest art museums in North America.
The Museum displays the Canadian art development from religious works to the Group of Seven. The museum also contains two fascinating courtyards and an amazing Rideau Street Convent Chapel. The entry to this National Gallery of Canada is absolutely free on Thursdays from 5-8 pm. It is located at 380 Sussex Dr, Ottawa, ON K1N 9N4, Canada.
5. CANADIAN MUSEUM OF NATURE
The Canadian Museum of Nature (Musée Canadien de la Nature), is yet another fascinating museum to visit. It displays the Canadian history of plants and animals from the era of Dinosaurs and even before to the modern-day era. The museum offers 3D movies, guided tours, exhibitions, and workshops for visitors.
The Canadian Museum of Nature is also the National Museum for Natural Science and History. Situated a few distances away from Parliament Hill, this museum was once the main headquarters of the Canadian government. It is located at 240 McLeod St, Ottawa, ON K2P 2R1, Canada.
6. NATIONAL WAR MEMORIAL
The National War Memorial (Monument Commémoratif de Guerre), is built with an aim to honor the Canadian Military Forces, who sacrificed their lives for their country in various wars. A very famous statue called Canada’s Tomb of Unknown Soldier has been built in the National War Memorial to honor the sacrifice of soldiers who served their country in World War I.
It is also among the Top Places to Visit In Ottawa, as rated by the tourists who come to Ottawa. It is located at Wellington St, Ottawa, ON K1P 5A4, Canada.
7. NOTRE DAME CATHEDRAL BASILICA
NOTRE DAME CATHEDRAL BASILICA
Situated adjacent to the National Gallery of Canada, Notre Dame Cathedral is an astonishing Catholic Basilica. It was built in 1846 and is the biggest and the oldest church still functioning in Ottawa. This church is an excellent specimen of Canadian religious art and culture. It is famous for its interior mahogany carvings by Philippe Parizeau.
It is also famous for the sculpture of apostles, prophets, and evangelists, crafted by Louis Philippe Hébert. It is located at 385 Sussex Dr, Ottawa, ON K1N 1J9, Canada.
8. CANADA AVIATION AND SPACE MUSEUM
Depicting the story from Canada’s first flight to the World Wars to this modern era, the Canadian Aviation and Space Museum, (Musée de l’Aviation et de l’Espace du Canada), is
situated at Rockcliffe Airport. It has a collection of more than 120 military, civilian, and transport aircraft.
The most famous among them is the replica of the famous Silver Dart, which made the first flight in Canada in the year 1909, and the famous Avro Arrow and the Lancaster bomber, which gave their services in World War II. It is located at 11 Aviation Parkway, Ottawa, Canada.
9. PEACE TOWER
PEACE TOWER
The Peace Tower (Tour de la Paix), is the highest point in Ottawa. It is situated at Parliament Hill. From here the breathtaking scenes of the Ottawa city, the Ottawa river, Rideau Canal, the Northern Hills, and the Gatineau can be seen. It is also called the ‘Tower of Victory and Peace.’
The entry to this Peace Tower is absolutely free but you will have to buy the tickets for the entry to Parliament Hill, as Peace Tower is situated in Parliament Hill. It is located at Wellington St, Ottawa, ON K1A 0A9, Canada.
10. ROYAL CANADIAN MINT
Once the Royal Canadian Mint (Monnaie Royale Canadienne), was manufactured mint, back in the year 1908. Now it is a manufacturing hub of hand-made coins and medallions. It also manufactures Olympic Medals. The tour of the Canadian Mint is very amazing, especially on the working days.
Therefore, these are the Top 10 must-go places to explore in Ottawa. I hope you enjoyed the article and made up your mind about visiting Ottawa. Believe me, there are more fascinating places to visit in Ottawa like Diefenbunker, Canada’s Cold War Museum,Canadian Tulip Festival, Byward Market, Dows Lake Pavilion, and many more ….
If you want more Places to Visit in Ottawa, then comment below, we will surely bring a detailed and more elaborated version of this. If you want a detailed blog on the Best Hotels to Stay in Ottawa, then let us know in the comment section below.
Thermal pollution is a real and persistent problem in our modern society. Thermal Pollution may be defined as ‘the excessive raising or lowering of water temperature above or below normal seasonal ranges in streams, lakes, or estuaries or oceans as the result of discharge of hot or cold effluents into such water’. Thermal Pollution is harmful because its increase water temperature in streams, rivers, lakes, or occasionally, coastal ocean waters. Thermal pollution is caused by either dumping hot water from factories and power plants or removing trees and vegetation that shade streams, permitting sunlight to raise the temperature of these waters. Like other forms of water pollution, thermal pollution is widespread, affecting many lakes and vast numbers of streams and rivers in the United States and other parts of the world. A temperature increase as small as 1 or 2 Celsius degrees (about 2 to 4 Fahrenheit degrees) can kill native fish and plants or drive them out in favor of other species, often with undesirable effects.
Definition :-
Pollution, the idea of thermal pollution often doesn’t come to mind. People will first think of things like carbon emissions, personal pollution and waste, and a variety of other changing factors. However, thermal pollution is a real and persistent problem in our modern society. In layman’s terms, thermal pollution is when an industry or other human-made organization takes in water from a natural source and either cools it down or heats it up. They then eject that water back into the natural resource, which changes the oxygen levels and can have disastrous effects on local ecosystems and communities. Thermal pollution is defined as a sudden increase or decrease in temperature of a natural body of water, which may be ocean, lake, river or pond by human influence. This normally occurs when a plant or facility takes in water from a natural resource and puts it back with an altered temperature. Usually, these facilities use it as a cooling method for their machinery or to help better produce their products. Plants that produce different products or wastewater facilities are often the culprits of this massive exodus of thermal pollution. In order to properly control and maintain thermal pollution, humans and governments have been taking many steps to effectively manage how plants are able to use the water. However, the effects are still lasting today.
Causes of Thermal Pollution: – It looks like thermal pollution occurs mainly due to industrial activities, there are geothermal sources as well. These are:
1. Heavy Industries :- Industries such as power, chemical, nuclear & manufacturing are the primary source of thermal pollution. These industries use water as a coolant and discharge it back at an elevated temperature that affects the ecosystem. Water bodies that are near the nuclear power plants get heated due to emissions from nuclear reactors. Warm water decreases the dissolved oxygen content that results in thermal shock causing adverse effects on aquatic life.
2. Domestic & Industrial Effluents :-
Household and industrial effluents that include drainage from hospitals and research institutions too are often discharged with minimum or no treatment. Normally sewage treatment plants operate at a higher temperature and when discharged in natural water bodies the effective temperature increases. Thus, domestic & industrial effluents are one of the main sources of thermal pollution.avement gets quite hot, which creates warm runoffs that get into the sewer systems and water bodies.
3. Runoff From Paved Surfaces :- Urban runoff discharged to surface waters from paved surfaces like roads and parking lots can make the water warmer. During summer seasons, the pavement gets quite hot, which creates warm runoffs that get into the sewer systems and water bodies.
4. Soil Erosion :- Soil erosion causes the top layer of soil to break and washed away into the natural water bodies. The level of water bodies rises due to consistent soil erosion and sedimentation, which makes it directly exposed to the sunlight. Massive removal of vegetation and trees speeds up the soil erosion process, thus contributing to thermal pollution.
5. Deforestation :- Trees and plants prevent sunlight from falling directly on lakes, ponds or rivers. When deforestation takes place, these water bodies are directly exposed to sunlight, thus absorbing more heat and raising its temperature. Deforestation is also the main cause of the higher concentrations of greenhouse gases, i.e. global warming in the atmosphere.
6. Geothermal Activities :- Natural causes like volcanoes, geothermal vents can trigger warm lava to raise the temperature of water bodies. Lightening can also introduce a massive amount of heat into the oceans. This means that the overall temperature of the water source will rise.
Harmful Effects of Thermal Pollution :-
Specific ecological imbalances occur due to increased water temperature affecting the associated ecosystem. Here are some major effects of thermal pollution.
Reduction in Dissolved oxygen level :- The warm temperature reduces the levels of DO (Dissolved Oxygen) in water. The decrease in DO can create suffocation for plants and animals such as fish, amphibians and copepods, which may give rise to anaerobic conditions. Warmer water allows algae to flourish on the surface of the water, and over the long term, growing algae can decrease oxygen levels in the water.
Changes in water quality :- A high temperature of the water changes the physical and chemical properties of water. When the viscosity of the water decreases, the vapour pressure increases rapidly.
Increase in Toxicity :- The concentration of the pollutant is the factor in the increase in the temperature of water, due to which the poisoning in the water increases the toxicity. Which can increase the death rate of aquatic life.
Interference in Reproduction Rates :-Thermal pollution adversely affects the natural reproductive cycles of fishes and other aquatic organisms. Due to thermal pollution, the temperature gradient of water bodies gets disturbed and affects whole aquatic organisms. Due to thermal shock, mass killing of fishes and other aquatic organisms can occur when there is a very rapid water temperature change.
Control of Thermal Pollution :- There are a number of ways to minimize the harmful effects of Thermal Pollutions.
Cooling Ponds :- Cooling ponds or reservoirs constitute the simplest method of controlling thermal discharges. Heated effluents on the surface of water in cooling ponds maximize dissipation of heat to the atmosphere and minimize the water area and volume. This is the simplest and cheapest method which cools the water to a considerable low temperature. However, the technique alone is less desirable and inefficient in terms of air-water contact.
Cooling Towers :- After using water from water sources for cooling purposes, it is subsequently returned to the water body after passing through the condenser, which is termed as the cooling process. Therefore cooling towers are designed to control the temperature of water to make the cooling process more effective. Cooling towers are mainly used to dissipate the recovered waste heat to eliminate the problems of thermal pollution.
Cogeneration (Combined heat and power; CHP) :- Cogeneration is the use of a heat engine or a power station to simultaneously generate both electricity and useful heat. All power plants emit a certain amount of heat during electricity generation. This can be released into the natural environment through cooling towers, flue gas, or by other means. By contrast CHP captures some or all of the by-product heat for heating purposes, either very close to the plant or as hot water for district heating with temperatures ranging from approximately 80 to 130 °C. This is also called Combined Heat and Power.
Artificial Lake :- Artificial lakes are man-made water bodies that offer a possible alternative. The heated effluents may be discharged into the lake at one end, and the water may be withdrawn from the other end for cooling purposes. The heat is eventually dissipated through evaporation. However, these lakes have to be rejuvenated continuously.
Spray Ponds :- In spray ponds, the water coming out from the condensers pass into the pond through water sprayer nozzles. The fine water droplets dissipate into the atmosphere as its area is maximized and cooled rapidly.
Other Preventive Measures:- Water Recycling Afforestation along with the riverbank Stricter Rules & Regulations Spreading Awareness Use of alternative cooling agent ( fan coolers use air to cool).
Satyajit Ray is a name that is familiar to most Indians. Or is it? Mr. Ray is one of India’s most decorated filmmakers of all time. In fact, he can be credited with bringing Indian cinema to the limelight with his very first movie: Pather Panchali. Martin Scorsese, the director of movies like The Wolf of Wall Street, Taxi Driver and The Irishman said that Pather Panchali was one of the first Indian movies that he had watched, and one that inspired him to make movies. He said the movie was “made by an Indian, for Indians” showcasing the intricate details of life in India. This, he said, helped him realize what Cinema is meant to be. What a target audience is supposed to be, and what story telling is. Ray is also an inspiration for many other directors like Wes Anderson, Christopher Nolan and Quentin Tarantino, who have, on several occasions, said this publicly.
Ray was not just a director, he was also a screenwriter, lyricist, author, essayist, calligrapher, magazine editor, music composer and much more. He was truly a jack of all trades. His works are still read and cherished by readers all over the world, especially ones like the Tales of Feluda, Professor Shanku, etc.
That being said, it is quite unfortunate that today, the man and his works have been forgotten. While people are aware that such a person existed, and that he was a director, they do not know of the extent of his contribution to Indian, or rather the world cinema, and to other forms of art, other than filmmaking.
But why is it so? Why is it that such a legend has been forgotten by the majority with the passing of time? The answer lies in the question. The passing of time. As time passed, cinema evolved. New movies came into existence, and the masterpieces by Satyajit Ray faded into the background.
Even then, they never ceased to exist. The works by Mr. Ray is well known among film enthusiasts, and they still try to promote the movies, especially the Apu Trilogy (viz. Pather Panchali, Aparajito and Apur Sansar).
Ray made sure to leave an impact on the world before he left it and the medium he chose for that was cinema. For his contributions to cinema, and his portrayal of India in the global stage, he was awarded an Honorary Academy in 1992.
This is not to understate his achievements in other fields of work that he engaged in. Ray excelled in all the fields he tried out, even leaving his marks in the fields of Magazine editing and calligraphy.
Ray can be considered as the best filmmaker India has produced till date, and it’s rather unfortunate that while many parts of the world remember his legacy, India has forgotten it.
Recently, an anthology titled RAY was released, based on 4 of Satyajit Ray’s short stories, namely Bipin Chowdhury’r Smritibhrom, Bahurupi, Barin Bhowmik-er Byaram, and Spotlight. Also, his first ever movie, in fact the entire Apu Trilogy has been renewed and is available in a leading OTT platform. Hopefully, these help to bring this legendary filmmaker, the man who told the story of India through a visual medium throughout the world for the first time, back to the forefront, and help get the recognition he deserves from the Indian audience.
Ajay Devgan’s latest film BHUJ: The pride of India trailer was released on Monday. It’s basically based on the Indo-Pakistani war of 1971. The Indo-Pakistan war is one of the most glorious moments in Indian history. The Indo-Pakistan war bears witness to the bravery and courage of the Indian army and the Indian civilians who helped them in so many ways. So, let’s take an overview of those proudest moments.
INDO-PAKISTAN WAR 1971
BRIEF OF INDO-PAKISTAN WAR of 1971:- The 1971 Indo-Pakistani war was a military confrontation between the Indian and Pakistani army during the Bangladesh Liberation War. It is one of the shortest wars in history, lasting only 13 days. During the war, the Indian and Pakistan armies clashed simultaneously in the eastern and western areas. The confrontation started when the Pakistani army launched its “CHENGIZ KHAN” operation and carried out air strikes on 11 Indian air stations.
CASUALITIES AND LOSSES:- India had lost between 2500 and 3843 soldiers and between 9851 and 12000 soldiers had been wounded during the confrontation. Naval planes, frigates and several aerodromes in West India were also damaged during the war. While up to 9,000 Pakistani soldiers were killed, 25,000 soldiers were violently wounded and 93,000 civilians, Razarks and soldiers were captured. India also destroyed the two destroyers of Pakistan, a minesweeper, a submarine, three patrol ships and seven gunboats. The main Pakistani port facilities in Karachi and various airfields were also destroyed during the clashes. A part of all these about 3 lakh to 3 crore civilians of Bangladesh was killed by Pakistani military and razarks.
RESULT OF THE WAR:- The war ended when the eastern command of the Pakistani army signed the instrument of surrender with the Indian army on 16 December 1971 in Dhaka. As a result, the eastern Pakistan was declared as an independent nation named Bangladesh. But due to the brutality of the Pakistani army and Razakars, approximately 8 to 10 million people from Bangladesh fled and became a safe haven in India.
AWARDS AND HONOURS:- The courageous Indian soldiers who fought valiantly on the battlefield were honored by the “PADAM VIR CHAKRA”. PADAM VIR CHAKRA award recipients as follows:-
Former Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi was also honored by the Bangladeshi government by posthumously awarding Bangladesh Swadhinata Sammanona on 25 July 2011.
Each time we read and hear the stories of the Indo-Pakistani war, it is given like a grumble. The Indo-Pakistani war is one of the proudest moments in Indian history that demonstrates to the world that we are no less than anyone else. I hope you all feel equally proud reading this blog as I feel about writing and researching about it. Finally greet all the soldiers that protect us without blinking. Have a good day and Happy Reading.
[If there are some mistake and misinformation in the blog so sorry about it and tell us to comment. All the information is taken from trusted sources. Thank you]
Map making is a tedious and difficult job. So there has always been plagiarism in the map-making industry.
So,to avoid this cartographers came up with a master-plan-Paper towns.
For example A is map-making company,so A will mention a made-up town’s name in their map,if B Map-making company trys to copy from A company,they’d be caught because the town doesn’t exist.
Over the years there have been many paper towns,Argleton,Agloe,moat lane etc.
But a very interesting thing happened with one of the paper town-it became a real town.
The town was Agloe.
Agloe is situated in Roscoe,New York
Agloe the invention of Lindberg and his assistant, Ernest Alpers; its very name was a mix of their initials (OGL and EA).They sold their maps to Esso company.
But then agloe featured in the maps of another company called Rand mcNally.
Esso thought Rand mcNally had fallen into their trap and sued them for plagiarism.But the Rand mcNally said that agloe was actually a real town.
How did that happen?
Actually in late 1950s the locals of Roscoe opened a general store and named it ‘THE AGLOE GENERAL STORE’,since the they saw the place marked as Agloe in the Esso maps.
Thus Agloe became a real town.
Eventually, the store ran out of business. Agloe was last seen in Google maps in 1990s,but now it has been deleted.
I recently read ‘Born a crime’ by Trevor noah.I’ve been watching Trevor Noah for a long time now.He is a stand up comedian ,and often talkes about racism in his work, but here we really get to see its spread and depth.
Summary: The book basically tells us about life during apartheid[1] .Trevor Noah is born to a white man and black woman,and that was a crime during apartheid.He speaks about the abuse their family suffered at the hands of his alcoholic stepfather,his struggle being ‘coloured’ ,poverty,and most importantly his mother.
“Where most children are proof of their parents’ love, I was the proof of their criminality.”-Born a crime.
Two things that Trevor has talked the most in the book is
Racism
His mom
And both of them surprised me.
1) Racism
This book showed layers of racism and how the colour of your skin wasn’t the only thing that would constitute the importance of your race.
For example Chinese people were classified as black.But since the Englishmen wanted the develop good relations with the Japanese, they were given the honorary ‘ ‘white’ status.
“I always like to imagine being a South African policeman who likely couldn’t tell the difference between Chinese and Japanese but whose job was to make sure that people of the wrong color weren’t doing the wrong thing. If he saw an Asian person sitting on a whites-only bench, what would he say?
“Hey, get off that bench, you Chinaman!”
“Excuse me. I’m Japanese.”
“Oh, I apologize, sir. I didn’t mean to be racist. Have a lovely afternoon.”
And by the way they had a whole different perspective of what racist behavior is.They didn’t apologize for being racist,they apologizd for aiming their racism at the wrong person.
Trevor says the was was considered ‘white’ by black people and ‘black’ by white people.But that wasn’t it,there were many divisions among the black themselves. He says that his biggest tool was languages.His mother taught him English and many other languages,he himself picked up a few by listening.
“I became a chameleon. My color didn’t change, but I could change your perception of my color.
If you spoke Zulu, I replied to you in Zulu. If you spoke to me in Tswana, I replied to you in Tswana. Maybe I didn’t look like you, but if I spoke like you, I was you.”
Racism has so many layers,its crazy.This book navigated through it like butter.For the first time we get to see how it is to be stuck in a cycle.
And this whole system was created to keep black people in a cycle.I knew what apartheid was in defination,but we get to see it in true sense.
It was illegal to be mixed (to have a black parent and a white parent), but it was not illegal to be colored (to have two parents who were both colored). So my mom moved me around the world as a colored child. She found a crèche in a colored area where she could leave me while she was at work. There was a colored woman named Queen who lived in our block of flats. When we wanted to go out to the park, my mom would invite her to go with us. Queen would walk next to me and act like she was my mother, and my mother would walk a few steps behind, like she was the maid working for the color.
He says how a lot of people don’t have the most basic block of improvement ie.opportunity.
“People love to say, “Give a man a fish, and he’ll eat for a day. Teach a man to fish, and he’ll eat for a lifetime.” What they don’t say is, “And it would be nice if you gave him a fishing rod.” That’s the part of the analogy that’s missing.”
Then there’s the hood[2] .The hood is basically a more poorer parts of the society. Like slums in Mumbai.The people of the hood were taught how to fish,but they weren’t given a fishing rod.
These people couldn’t get higher education since they couldn’t afford it.if they got a decent manual Job,they would often get fired on suspicion on stealing.They would have to come back to the crime they were surrounded by.
Although Trevor wasn’t originally from the hood,we feels he belongs there due to their sense of community.
2) Patricia Nombuyiselo Noah.(Mother)
Patricia—this woman is EPIC. .She is 30 years ahead of her time.If you follow Trevor, you’ll know he often talks about how badass a his mom was.Now– I truly understand.
When Trevor said that his parents were an interracial couple,I thought Trevor was probably not a planned child and it for brave of their parents to keep him.well I was surprised to know that he was in fact a planned child.His mother wanted a child and she knew that Trevor’s dad was the man she wanted her child with.She knew the consequences so did Trevor’s dad,Robert, but he agreed anyway.She told him he doesn’t need to be involved in Trevor’s life of he doesn’t want to.But Robert decided to stay.They obviously never got to live together due to apartheid laws.
One of my favourite and most amusing Patricia’s-rebellion stories is when she gets married to boyfriend, Abel and they have a kid.
They go to visit his village Tzaneen for the first time.
“Tsnoga culture,I learned was extremely patriarchal.We’re talking about a world where women have to bow when they greet a man.
Men were not allowed in the kitchen.As a nine year old boy,I thought this was fantastic. At my house my mom was forever making me do the chores–wash the dishes, sweep the house.
My mom thought the whole ‘bowing to men tradition’ was absurd.
Patricia Noah stayed at no one kitchen,she was a free spirit.She didn’t refuse to bow,she overdid it.
My mom would go down and cower,grovelling in the dirt like she was worshipping a deity,and she would stay down for like a really long time,long enough to make everyone uncomfortable.”
Throughout the book,the things that she does,I wouldn’t have the guts to do today inspite of living in much more advanced society. Its obvious how she played a very important role in Trevor’s upbringing.
This book touches many other topics such a masculinity and what it means to Trevor.
Despite of dealing with many heavy topics, ‘born a crime’ is actually pretty humorous. One of the very funny things was when he was talking about this time in hood,he said many people sold things that were obviously stolen (from white people) but no one really feel anything because apparently all ‘white people have insurance’ . No guilt.
This is definitely a book everyone should read.I myself am not a big fan of biographies, but I think this was one of the best books I’ve read so far.
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