Space debris is the combination of natural(meteoroid) and artificial(man-made) particles. Natural debris orbits around the sun and artificial debris orbits around the earth. Hence they are called Orbital Debris. This can be any man-made object in the orbit moving in the earth’s orbit. Such debris includes nonfunctional spacecraft, abandoned launch vehicle stages, mission-related debris, and fragmentation debris.
In this article, we are going to focus on Artificial Debris, the Reason for its cause, and its prevention.
Space debris
What is Artificial space debris?
Any non-functional man-made object in space is called Artificial debris.
They come from
Satellites and spacecraft which are failed.
Satellites whose life has ended.
Rocket dismantle stages during the launch.
Hardware like nuts, bolts, payload covers, etc.
Solid propellant slag.
Cast aways during space activities like human wastes.
Fragments due to battery explosions, collisions, etc.
When two satellites collide they produce thousands of particles that are dangerous and can cause further destruction which makes Earth’s orbit unfit for satellite launches.
Artificial means man-made satellites
The number of satellite and rocket launches as of April 2021 is given below:
Number of rockets launched(excluding failures) since 1957
5560
Number of satellites carried by rockets launched
11139
Number of satellites still in space
7389
Number of satellites still functioning
3170
Let’s have a look at the number of satellites launched only in 2020 and 2021(April)
Satellites launched in 2020
1283
Satellites launched in 2021 (April)
853(65% of 2020)
History
In the year 2009, 19,000 debris over 5 cm in size were tracked.
In July 2013, more than 170 million debris smaller than 1 cm(0.4), around 670,000 debris of 1 to 10 cm in size, and approximately 29,000 larger debris were detected.
By July 2016, nearly 18,000 artificial debris were orbiting the earth.
In October 2019, nearly 20,000 artificial objects including 2,218 were tracked.
The speed with which the debris travel is more than 28,000 kph(23 times the speed of sound).
Have you heard of Kessler syndrome?
NASA scientist Donald Kessler in 1978, proposed that more launches could increase the junk around the earth which results in the chain reaction of collision of objects in space and further making the earth’s orbit unfit for satellites.
This situation would be extreme, but some experts worry that a variant of this could be a problem one day, and precautionary steps should be taken to avoid the problem.
How do they track space debris?
The USA and Russia have set up tracking networks to monitor the orbital space object population. The European Union is also starting to develop its ways to track debris.
Powerful lasers are used to measure the distance of these objects, like radar or sonar. When a laser beam hits the debris and bounces back to Earth, ground crews can measure how long it takes to figure out where they are and where they are going it alerts the ground stations in case of collisions. But usually, laser technology is used to detect the movement of satellites and if the same technique is used to detect the debris then continuous monitoring should be there since debris are found randomly in space.
Detection of objects through laser technology
India’s status on tracking debris
NETRA(Network for space Objects, Tracking, and Analysis)
Till now, ISRO was dependent on NORAD(North America Aerospace Defense Command) data,
which is available in the public domain, to keep track of space debris and monitor our active and passive satellites. However, this global data is not accurate but NORAD keeps accurate data available for those who are members of its network. Therefore, ISRO cannot access the data.
But now, ISRO has decided to set up telescopes and radars in four corners of the country to get accurate data and avoid unwanted collisions of the satellites.
In September 2019, India launched the early warning system NETRA to secure satellites and other assets in space.
Can satellites be protected from space debris?
There are two ways in which the satellites and spacecraft can be protected:
Computer programs can search for possible collisions between large debris. This system is used in the International Space Station to detect. These operations are expensive and can disturb delicate experiments. Space tracking networks can only track objects more than 100 mm in size. Even a 10 mm object can cause big trouble this cannot be called 100% effective.
A debris shield can be designed to provide additional protection for a spacecraft. One way is to increase the thickness of the craft but that can increase the mass of the craft/satellite. Hence, a specially designed shield called the Wipple shield was used. It was made of two thin walls separated by some space. It was observed that this wall was more resistant to debris. The outer layer absorbs a lot of debris energy so that the inner wall is not punctured.
Protection of satellites through shields
Space debris Removal
Removing space junk, especially larger pieces before they fragment is not easy. The best way to do this is retarding the force and deorbiting the junk. When it drops in altitude less than 400 km above the earth it is burnt.
For years NASA, ESA, and other space agencies are studying debris removal technologies. Some of the ideas include the usage of nets to gather junk and robotic arm. Japanese are now developing a type of satellite that uses magnets to catch and destroy the debris. Last year, UK has successfully cast a net around a dummy satellite.
Clearspace one
Clearspace-1 will be the first space mission to remove debris from the Earth orbit, it was planned to launch in 2025. The technology demonstration satellite was first developed by the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne.
Clearspace one
Many countries are trying to invent new technologies to reduce the threat of debris. Russia invented a Self Destroying Satellite. Australian researchers are developing the Hunter-Killer satellite to neutralize space junk. Finland has developed a Wooden Satellite and planning to launch this year.
“I had a job insurance at an insurance company once, and the lady said, ‘Where do you see yourself in five years?’ I said, ‘Celebrating the fifth year anniversary of you asking me this question.”
Mitch Hedberg
When we say ‘a job’, do we only refer to a task that procures income? If you harbour such a myopic perspective, then it would be difficult for you to ace that interview which almost every individual fears. Sitting on that chair, surrounded by one or more interviewers and then confidently framing creative answers to their easy questions which seem difficult due to our nervousness seems so perilous! The thought of not being selected leaves us confused, nervous, and petrified which is why we cock things up and our tongues start shaking! However, what if I tell you that a job is actually an experience to make you smarter, bolder, and strategic with regards to business which should help you have your very own business in the future? What if instead of fearing the loss of one job, you accept the ideology that there are many fish in the sea and there would be other recruiters who would definitely discern your talent, if not the current ones? Don’t shy away. Show your true self to the interviewers. Be honest and confident. Speak what comes to your mind without worrying about vocabulary! Job interviews see ones capability of handling complex situations creatively which is why, they may whack your nerve and create an intimidating atmosphere. But it is you and your hope in the end that everything happens for good! Perhaps you aren’t hired here because some greater opportunity is awaiting you- this method of thinking will automatically create a confident interviewee and your fear or nervousness would die down. Gradually, those interviewers would seem like friends to you and your tone would embrace honesty! However, there can be a negative part to this thought. Just because you know that other good jobs await you doesn’t mean you would completely lose interest in the current interview and recruiters. This thought is only meant to calm an individual down and encourage him to perform his very best without worrying rejection!
So, what exactly is a job? It is the way you handle people. It is an experience of working amazingly under pressure because mostly, people tend to screw themselves under strict deadlines which isn’t the accurate method of having your own business either. You don’t want your customers to wait for a long long time just because working under pressure isn’t your thing! Thus, a job is not a duty that provides income but an experience that helps one become independent. Yes, urgent need for income may be the reason for that former definition of a job but instead of working for money, one must work for work to get efficient results that bear fruit. Money is a sidelined concept that would keep pouring in with the fantabulous consequences of your efforts!
Reason 1
Now that you are working in that company of your choice after practically nailing the interview with the above given thoughts and creative actions, you suddenly receive a new opportunity that sits incredibly with your qualifications and area of interest. It is the spot where you wouldn’t just work for money. However, doing two jobs simultaneously wouldn’t be possible due to clash in timings which means you may have to give up on the current one. You decide to submit the resignation here and wonder why you ever felt nervous for job interviews in the first place. Jobs keep changing and so do your preferences. However there is yet another interview, that final rendezvous with your boss to explain him the reason behind your resignation. You can’t bluntly state that this job doesn’t fulfill your expectations and area of interest anymore which means creating a suitable excuse that seems appealing and digesting to the recruiter.
You approach his cabin, formally greet him, and ask for a seat to discuss something important. Of course, you don’t begin directly with that departing statement because you want the situation to be under control. Firstly, you give a brief speech regarding your experience with the company and its colleagues, how much you enjoyed and how well your boss behaved. You thank your boss for his co-operation all along and also, for trusting and hiring you. Slowly but steadily, you ask for resignation. However, you don’t reveal directly but gradually that a new job is already out there awaiting you. So, all you say is:
“Firstly, I would like to thank you for hiring and trusting me with this job. I don’t know whether I have worked as per your expectations or not, but I surely have gained profound experience under your guidance. Not to mention, I am lucky to have such co-operative colleagues too who helped me grow. However, I feel that multiple experiences with several other types of people helps one blossom professionally which is why I have decided to look for another job offer wherein a new experience with new set of people would lay new standards to the usual ones in my life. I feel that doing one job offers a single experience which ends up creating a comfort zone from where one refuses to move out, later on. Thus, I want to splash my feet and hands to keep swimming in the pool of jobs! I hope you understand. Thank you once again for the amazing asset of experience! I bade my heartiest farewell and a sincere apology for this sudden decision.”
Reason 2
However, what if the new job offer you received, not only fulfills your area of interest but also provides a higher salary than the one you currently are in? The reason to leave should be as follows:
‘Thank you for trusting and hiring me sir. I have worked very hard for this company considering it close to my heart. I have also gained immense experience in this field with your support. However, I feel that with time, the difficulty level of work must increase to check on the capability of an individual and to escalate his adeptness in handling complex situations which is why, I have applied for a harder job in the same sector making me bid adieu to this company. I say this with a heavy heart but I really want to thank you for giving me a platform to showcase my talents. Of course, this isn’t a beginner’s job in the absolute sense but I definitely accrued considerable experience with you to work with my dream sector that demands more services and experiences. Thanking you once again along with a heartfelt apology.” (Handing the resignation letter)
Reason 3
What if there are certain personal reasons like your close one’s terminal illness? Here, you can reveal the reason directly since you aren’t disregarding the company with a genuine misery which anybody would understand. Reason could be as follows:
“Hello sir, I would like to thank you for hiring and trusting me with this job. This has always been my dream job and I definitely am enjoying it here. However, due to my mother’s sudden terminal illness I am forced to leave this job since handling the house chores and other responsibilities isn’t quite easy for my dad and aging grandma. If work from home would be possible, then I am eager to continue with this job. Thank you once again for your respect, admiration, and jaw dropping co-operation which really helped me improve.”
Reason 4
What if the travelling expense is huge due to the working distance? Frame a reason as follows:
“Working here has been a fantastic experience. Everyone’s a family here encouraging the other to bloom. I find myself grateful to have worked with this company. However, I helplessly am forced to take the decision of leaving this precious job though I would love to keep working here forever! Due to the working distance, I had been staying at a rented apartment right opposite to this building. But relations with the landlord have unfortunately deteriorated which meant me, evacuating that house. There are no other rental apartments near the office, neither am I ready to live as a paying guest. Thus, I have to return home and the travelling distance daily wouldn’t be affordable. Thus with a heavy heart and a genuine apology, I bade farewell. I remain thankful to you for showering me with loads of precious experiences and memories.”
Reason 5
You were working efficiently in a company until the pandemic arrived and made work from home a priority. You are happy working at home too but someone from your family is inflicted by the virus which is making it difficult for you to concentrate on your work since your loved one and his life matters the most. Thus, you decide to resign because one can’t possibly ask for a month’s leave! Since the use of online medium becomes mandatory now, you don’t directly message your boss on Whatsapp to seem casual. Instead, prefer emailing to do the same. Compose a formal email even if you are on friendly terms with your boss because one can’t ignore that employer-employee relationship which demands a decorum. You give the reason as follows:
“Greetings,
Thank you for hiring and trusting me with the responsibilities of this company. Working can’t be more exciting here. However, a jolting situation is forcing me to give up. One of our family members has been inflicted by the deadly virus thereby creating a chaotic situation at home. Of course, I am mentally disturbed with trauma and aren’t able to concentrate on the tasks provided. I don’t wish to compromise with the efficiency and quality of my work and have thus, arrived at the conclusion of demanding a resignation. I understand it to be a harsh move but my mind just wouldn’t remain stable and the responsibilities at home are being shared by all with the absence of one important member. Acknowledging the current situation, I thus want to bid farewell not without thanking you and providing a genuine apology! Below, you will find attached the resignation letter.
Regards,
XYZ”
Reason 6
There are certain other cases though where the boss doesn’t seem motivating or berates, demeans, and pressurizes you into working more than usual. Thus one fine day, the pressure cooker bursts and you decide to quit once and for all because as stated earlier, you don’t have to face sheer domination when there are plenty of fish in the sea. Work with dignity and respect because employees are assets without whom no company can touch the acme of success. You, as an employee are special and must therefore have the courage to free yourself from such demonic clutches and choose the ones who value you. If you are highly talented then there is no stepping back. You don’t have to adjust with the current working environments because your creative determination would definitely fetch you a new platform. This was just a brief note for all the employees who feel that they wouldn’t find a new job and keep tolerating the worst working conditions. Please believe and value yourself. Don’t surrender your honour to a cruel boss and then blame yourself to have a cruel fate. You design your fate so make sure, you choose the right people in it!
Getting back to what reason you would cite to get rid of such a menacing and mentally abusing job. Of course, this too can’t be revealed directly. You have to strategically plan your way out. Most of the people in such situations use any possible excuse, be it a lie. Of course, it has to be a professional lie so that your evil boss falls for it. But if you choose honesty, then your answer needs to be creative and persuasive. One may frame it as follows:
“Hello sir. I have been working since quite a long time and have enjoyed the job. However, I feel demotivated and am experiencing mental trauma because of which I wish to resign. I don’t want to compromise with the efficiency of my work and infuriate you later. In short, I need a break to gather myself. I need some family love to overcome mental instability. If need be, I might visit a psychiatrist to maintain sanity. Of course, you wouldn’t want a sick employee tarnishing your reputation because of stupid errors coming up in major projects. Before you fire me because of company losses, I choose to back off. Thank you for this opportunity and I apologize for this sudden breakdown.”
In short, make sure you include the company losses he would incur with your illness to convince him into expelling you because the meanest of bosses would never want their company to shatter.
Reason 7
At times, people end up quitting due to colleague discomfort. Some colleagues are jealous and thus, try creating hurdles in your work and at a point, you have had enough of it. You decide to give up and look for a comfortable spot that shares a friendly environment. Also, some colleagues are dominant and force you to work for them or perhaps, you are lonely and not a single colleague has extended the hand of friendship towards you which has really made work an uphill task for you. Good colleagues, happy environment, understanding boss, a motivating bond between the staff, and punctual paychecks are essential aspects that inspire you to work harder. But if a certain company is making you compromise with either of these aspects then it will be best to look for other options! Though you may not get that perfect environment everywhere, look for happy atmosphere with a successful group of friends who actuate and act as role models to help you flourish.
What reason would you cite to leave? Create it as follows:
“Greetings sir. I have always appreciated your versatile manner of handling important projects effectively. You have inspired me to put in not just massive but quality efforts that guarantee fruit. However, I’m afraid I don’t find the same inspiration from my colleagues. I feel that for employees to succeed, a correct set of co-workers is necessary along with an understanding boss because colleagues have the opportunity to learn from each other’s mistakes which can be considered a step towards excellence. Sadly, the atmosphere here doesn’t seem boosting but gloomy because no employee wants to share their views with the other. Friendships are few and far between and the colleagues are almost always like robots burying their heads in laptops. Though the job is quite interesting and has been my deep rooted preference, I am not receiving that amiable nudge to keep going. I don’t receive a few feedbacks from my colleagues neither do they ask for any. This isn’t accurate and would only limit us to single or absolute perspectives hindering our growth. You may say that co-workers don’t matter but they do, with regards to learning something new since every new individual carries some unique perspective which may trigger an amazing idea in the other. In short, sparse interaction between colleagues is making me arrive at the only available option- resignation! Thank you once again for being an amazing boss. I sincerely apologize for this harsh decision but I really need a happy environment to maintain sanity and fetch better results. Please accept my resignation.”
To summarize, the only way to ask for resignations is to emphasize the philosophical aspects as to why you are uncomfortable with that particular environment. Secondly, you highlight the losses that the company would suffer because of your instability and of course, you end on a happy note stating that you enjoyed the work and due to that particular cause are ‘forced’ to take such a step or that you need a ‘break’ so that your boss doesn’t feel offended. You must remember to formally converse with your boss because somewhere in the core of your heart, you’ve got to respect him for hiring you in the first place, even if he is evil. After all, you have definitely been paid and trusted. Taking such points into consideration, you should frame formal speeches.
Also, using business words is essential to sound professional because you aren’t speaking to a friend! For instance, there is a huge difference between the words ‘Resignation’ and ‘Leave’ in business dictionary. ‘Resignation’ means to leave permanently while ‘a Leave’ means to temporarily cease work due to personal reasons. Thus, business English can be complex and isn’t the same as normal English. Thus, when you speak to interviewers for the first time, ensure that you have completed a course in Business English communication skills to sound impressive. As seen in the responses above, I have made use of professional and mature reasons to seem convincing.
If you choose to speak as, “Hi sir. My mom is sick and I have to tend to her. Thus, I am quitting urgently.” This not only makes you sound unprofessional but also as a liar even though you are genuine. That’s exactly why, the choice of words matters a lot. The way you interact, the serious expression you pull, and the creative philosophical reasons you provide make you look professional and genuine. Thus, one must focus on creating a grand impression on the CEO with words, sounding sweet as honey but camouflaging the harsh reality thereby cooling the situation down.
Quick Reference that could help
Thus, I would conclude stating that resignations need to be extremely formal because you don’t want to upset your boss by directly asking for it. That’s exactly why, you begin with a few consoling words to form a brief speech to engage your boss, then cite the problems you have been encountering, and gradually move towards the resignation part. During such a process, there is a possibility of receiving some solutions from your boss who could help eliminate them and if that’s the case, you wouldn’t want to quit. Be professional, be respectful, think about others, frame a formal speech, and reflect deeply over your choice of words!
National Initiative for Proficiency in Reading with Understanding and Numeracy (NIPUN Bharat).
• Under Department of School Education and Literacy, Ministry of Education
• Important step for implementation of the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020.
• Vision: To create an enabling environment to ensure universal acquisition of foundational literacy and numeracy. To ensure that every child achieves the desired learning competencies in reading, writing and numeracy by the end of Grade 3. To be achieved by 2026-27. • Under the aegis of the centrally sponsored scheme of Samagra Shiksha.
• A five-tier implementation mechanism. At the National- State- District- Block- School level in all States and UTs.
• It may emphasise goal setting and accountability for State governments. Guidelines for teacher training, assessment and the creation of printed resources etc.
• NEP 2020: achieve universal foundational literacy and numeracy in primary school by 2025. Target postponed due to academic disruptions caused by Covid19.
• Governor is the nominal executive authority, Chief Minister is the real executive authority.
• Governor is the head of the state ,Chief Minister is the head of the government. Appointment of Chief Minister (Ar 164).
• Does not contain any specific procedure.
• Chief Minister shall be appointed by governor.
• Conventions of parliamentary system – governor has to appoint leader of the majority party in state legislative assembly.
• No party clear majority – governor discretion. In such a situation, the governor usually appoints the leader of the largest party or coalition -seek a vote of confidence within a month.
• The Constitution does not require – person must prove his majority. The governor may first appoint him – then ask him to prove his majority within a reasonable period.
• Person who is not a member – can be appointed as Chief Minister for six months Tenure.
• Theoretically, Chief Minister holds office during pleasure of the Governor.
• Chief Minister remains in office so long as he continues to be the leader of the majority.
• Governor can dismiss him -loses his majority support.
• The State Legislative Assembly can also remove him by passing a vote of no-confidence against him.
Wireless Power Transfer holds the promise of freeing us from the tyranny of power cords. This technology is being incorporated into all kinds of devices and systems.
Wireless Power Transfer holds the promise of freeing us from the tyranny of power cords. This technology is being incorporated into all kinds of devices and systems. Let’s take a look! The Wired Way The majority of today’s residences and commercial buildings are powered by alternating current (AC) from the power grid. Electrical stations generate AC electricity that is delivered to homes and businesses via high-voltage transmission lines and step-down transformers. Electricity enters at the breaker box, and then electrical wiring delivers current to the AC equipment and devices that we use every day—lights, kitchen appliances, chargers, and so forth. All components are standardized and in agreement with the electrical code. Any device rated for standard current and voltage will work in any of the millions of outlets throughout the country. While standards differ between countries and continents, within a given electrical system, any appropriately rated device will work. Here a cord, there a cord. . . . Most of our electrical devices have AC power cords.
Wireless Power Technology Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) makes it possible to supply power through an air gap, without the need for current-carrying wires. WPT can provide power from an AC source to compatible batteries or devices without physical connectors or wires. WPT can recharge mobile phones and tablets, drones, cars, even transportation equipment. It may even be possible to wirelessly transmit power gathered by solar-panel arrays in space. WPT has been an exciting development in consumer electronics, replacing wired chargers. The 2017 Consumer Electronics Show will have many devices offering WPT. The concept of transferring power without wires, however, has been around since the late 1890s. Nikola Tesla was able to light electric bulbs wirelessly at his Colorado Springs Lab using electrodynamic induction (aka resonant inductive coupling).
An image from Tesla’s patent for an “apparatus for transmitting electrical energy,” 1907.
Three light bulbs placed 60 feet (18m) from the power source were lit, and the demonstration was documented. Tesla had big plans and hoped that his Long Island-based Wardenclyffe Tower would transmit electrical energy wirelessly across the Atlantic Ocean. That never happened owing to various difficulties, including funding and timing. WPT uses fields created by charged particles to carry energy between transmitters and receivers over an air gap. The air gap is bridged by converting the energy into a form that can travel through the air. The energy is converted to an oscillating field, transmitted over the air, and then converted into usable electrical current by a receiver. Depending on the power and distance, energy can be effectively transferred via an electric field, a magnetic field, or electromagnetic (EM) waves such as radio waves, microwaves, or even light.
Qi Charging, an Open Standard for Wireless Charging While some of the companies promising WPT are still working to deliver products, Qi (pronounced “chee”) charging is standardized, and devices are currently available. The Wireless Power Consortium (WPC), established in 2008, developed the Qi standard for battery charging. The standard supports both inductive and resonant charging technologies. Inductive charging has the energy passing between a transmitter and receiver coil at close range. Inductive systems require the coils to be in close proximity and in alignment with each other; usually the devices are in direct contact with the charging pad. Resonant charging does not require careful alignment, and chargers can detect and charge a device at distances up to 45mm; thus, resonant chargers can be embedded in furniture or mounted in shelving.
The Qi logo displayed on the Qimini wireless charging plate. Image courtesy of Tektos.
The presence of a Qi logo means the device is registered and certified by the Wireless Power Consortium. When first introduced, Qi charging was low power, about 5W. The first smartphones using Qi charging were introduced in 2011. In 2015, Qi was expanded to include 15W, which allows for quick charging.Only devices listed in the Qi Registration Database are guaranteed to provide Qi compatibility. There are currently over 700 products listed. It is important to recognize that products with the Qi logo have been tested and certified; the magnetic fields they use will not cause problems for sensitive devices such as mobile phones or electronic passports. Registered devices are guaranteed to work with all registered chargers. For more information on Qi wireless charging, check out this article, and for an introduction to and technical evaluation of Qi-compatible transmitter/receiver WPT evaluation boards, click here and here.
The Physics of WPT WPT for consumer devices is an emerging technology, but the underlying principles and components are not new. Maxwell’s Equations still rule wherever electricity and magnetism are involved, and transmitters send energy to receivers just as in other forms of wireless communication. WPT is different, though, in that the primary goal is transferring the energy itself, rather than information encoded in the energy.
WPT transmitter/receiver block diagram. The electromagnetic fields involved in WPT can be quite strong, and human safety has to be taken into account. Exposure to electromagnetic radiation can be a concern, and there is also the possibility that the fields generated by WPT transmitters could interfere with wearable or implanted medical devices. The transmitters and receivers are embedded within WPT devices, as are the batteries to be charged. The actual conversion circuitry will depend on the technology used. In addition to the actual transfer of energy, the WPT system must allow the transmitter and receiver to communicate. This ensures that a receiver can notify the charging device when a battery is fully charged. Communication also allows a transmitter to detect and identify a receiver, to adjust the amount of power transmitted to the load, and to monitor conditions such as battery temperature. The concept of near-field vs. far-field radiation is relevant to WPT. Transmission techniques, the amount of power that can be transferred, and proximity requirements are influenced by whether the system is utilizing near-field or far-field radiation. Locations for which the distance from the antenna is much less than one wavelength are in the near field. The energy in the near field is nonradiative, and the oscillating magnetic and electric fields are independent of each other. Capacitive (electric) and inductive (magnetic) coupling can be used to transfer power to a receiver located in the transmitter’s near field. Locations for which the distance from the antenna is greater than approximately two wavelengths are in the far field. (A transition region exists between the near field and far field.) Energy in the far field is in the form of typical electromagnetic radiation. Far-field power transfer is also referred to as power beaming. Examples of far-field transfer are systems that use high-power lasers or microwave radiation to transfer energy over long distances.
Conclusion While Tesla’s dream of having power delivered wirelessly for everyone’s use is still far from feasible, many devices and systems are using some form of wireless power transfer right now. From toothbrushes to mobile phones, from cars to public transportation, there are many applications for wireless power transfer.
We all are well aware of massive widespread of Covid 19 infection. Keeping that in mind, experts suggested for a complete lockdown again. Also, American Government’s head Health Advisor Dr.Antony Fauci suggested for complete lockdown and rejuvenate health services during that period. Now, Supreme Court also propounded the idea to Central Government, considering the vulnerable conditions of weaker sections of the society. Labours, daily wage workers, sections below poverty line should be given adequate facilities first.
Lockdown is an efficient way to control this pandemic, but our experience from last year’s lockdown was horrible, that’s why government is hesitating to impose complete lockdown again. As we all know that last year many poor people faced problems like lack of food and money, many labours and daily wage workers were migrating from cities to their hometown and many poors died of starvation or lack of access to health services. Our nation’s economy also faced huge fall of GDP. Our country were unstable because of lockdown. Many labours were stucked in cities that increased the number of corona positive patients. After first unlock, these workers rushed to their villages that resulted in huge blast of corona in rural areas that made situation more vulnerable. Many states have imposed lockdown in various ways but of no use. People are not taking it seriously like before. It would be better if state government impose short term lockdown after checking out the condition of the natives.
Supreme court has decided to provide proper facilities to poors before imposing lockdown. If central government take initiative to do so from now, there will be less problems and we’ll overcome this pandemic together.
J.B.S Haldane in his book ” What is Race ” published by UNESCO ,wrote ” Race is a group which shares in common a certain set of innate physical characters and a geographical origin within a certain area .”
A race lives in a definite geographical origin and has some definite innate characteristics.
The term race is a controversial concept for it is understood differently by different people . Race can mean all of humanity , nationality or even group which is mixed in nearly all respects but socially designated as different.
In the past race was considered as a biological concept but Social scientists recognise that there is no such thing as a race based purely on objective biological differences . Hence , races are regarded as social concepts.
Definitions
” A race is a larger , biological human grouping with a number of distinctive , inherited czar sctri which vary within a certain range .” A.W .Green
” A race is a large group of people distinguished by inherited physical differences “ J. Biesanz and M. Biesanz
“A race is a biologically inherited group possessing a distinctive combination of physical trails that tends to breed true from generation to generation ” Hoebel
” A race is short is a group of related inter marrying individual , that is a population which differs from other population in the relative common ness of cert hereditary traits “ L.C . Dunn
“A race is a broad association of persons of similar biological heritage ,who are untied in settlement by common cultural traditions and who in time of conflict seek to claim rights to a better social position on the basis of an inherited quality “ In this definition , race has been biologically interpreted . Sutherland and Woodword
“A race is a large division of characteristics presumed to be biologically inherited and remaining relatively constant through numerous generations .” Paul A.F . Walter .
View by UNESCO
UNESCO arranged a conference of all the prominent Sociologists , anthropologists and psychologists in order to determine a single conception of race .
The judgements given during the conference :-
• Fundamentally , the entire human species has on origin and all men are homo sapiens .
• National groups , religious groups , geographical groups , cultural groups , linguistics groups etc. , are all entirely unconnected with and unrelated to race . These groups do not give indication of any race .
• Distinctions can be made between races on the basis of differences in physical characteristics but not on the basis of cultural characteristics .
• The differences found to exist between the physical characteristics of men are due both to hereditary and to the environment . Differences in heredity arise due to the process known as mutation and in breeding .
• Some races make claims of purity but this is not true . Today pure races cannot be found anywhere in the world . The process of mixing of races originated long back .
• Human races can be classified but these classifications are based solely on physical traits . They have no relation of any kind of mental or intellectual superiority or inferiority .
• The inner capacity for the development of mind and culture is found equally in every race . Hence distinctions between races cannot be based on cultural differences or levels of intelligence . Intelligent people are to be found in all races .
• It is possible that in one nation the degree of racial differences may be greater while in another nation it may be of greater or lesser degree .
• Evidence in support of the fact that the race has no important effect in the social and cultural differences between various human groups has been found in historical and sociological studies . By no stretch of imagination can one conceive of any relation between changes in racial forms and social changes .
• That from a biological viewpoint , mixing of races is deleterious , is an essential incorrect and invalid belief .
Therefore , Race is a group of intermarrying people who are born of common ancestors , possess similar physical traits and a ‘, we feeling ‘ . Inbreeding renders permanent the physical characteristics of the race and due to them one race can be distinguished from another . One major cause of inbreeding is geographical isolation . Besides geographical isolation a race originates due also to mutation , migration , selection and adaptation.
Determinants of Race
How is race determined ?
In the past , race was regarded as a biological concept and so race was determined by physical characteristics .
These physical traits are two types – • Indefinite Physical traits • Definite physical traits.
Indefinite Physical traits These traits which are amenable to any measurement are called indefinite physical traits , such as the colour of the skin . Hence they can be described . These traits included :-
• Colour of Skin :- Usually , on the basis of colour of the skin people differentiate between the white , yellow , brown and black races . But it is difficult to distinguish between the microscopic differences in the colour of the skin since the colour of the skin alters with the effect of the climate . Hence , anthropologists do not lay much emphasis on the colour of the skin in trying to discover the race . The following distinctions can be made by the colour of the skins :- Leucoderma as Caucasian Xanthoderma is Monogolian Melanoderm as Negro .
As the skin is subject to change and subtle variation it is difficult to determine race on the basis of colour .
• Texture and the colour of hair :- The texture and colour of hair is another indefinite physical trait of race . There are the three following distinctions of hair on the basis of texture * Leiotrichous ( soft straight hair ) as of the Mongols and Chinese . * Cymotrichous ( smooth curly hair ) as of the inhabitants of India , Western Europe , Australia and North East Africa * Ulotrichy ( thick curly hair ) as of Negroes .
• Structure and the colour of eyes There are three distinctions of the colour of eyes – white ,grey , brown , black and blue . The structure of the orifice of the eye is usually horizontal but at some places diagonal eyes are found as in Southern Europe and North Africa.
Definite Physical Traits Definite physical traits are those which can be measured . It includes the following :-
• Stature :- Different races are distinguished on the basis of differences in stature . Topinard has classified height in the following manner i ) Tall stature ( 170 cm ) or above ii) Above Average stature ( 165cm ) iii) Short Stature ( 160 cm) .
The average height of the Pategonian people is the greatest and of the African bushmen the shortest .
• Structure of Head :- Heads can be classified on three classes according to the ratio of length and width i) Dolichocephalic ii) Meson- cephalic iii) Brachy – cephalic
The structure of the head can be known by its length to its breath . In India the Brachy cephalic is found in Bengal , Meson-cephalic is found in Bihar and Dolichocephalic in Uttar Pradesh.
In the past much importance was attached to the structure of the head in the determination of race but since Boas proved that changes in environment changes the structure of the head ,it has lost much of its effect as a determinant of race .
Structure of Nose :- Nasal index is used to determine the structure of the nose . The nasal index can classify the structure of Nose into three classes i) Leptorrhine ( thin ) mostly found in Punjab . ii) Mesorrhine ( medium ) mostly found in Uttar Pradesh. iii) Platyrrhine ( short wide ) mostly found in Madras , Madhya Pradesh and Chota Nagpur areas of India .
• Perimeter of Chest :- Differences in the chest measurement between people of different races is to be found .
It is impossible to find all the traits of one race in the people of any country . Hence , all races of the world have been intermixed and no race is pure anywhere.
Hence , the concept of Pure Race is a Myth. All existing Sociological and biological evidences point conclude that there is no such things as a ” pure race” Different population groups have been inbreeding for years and categories of race are only the creation of observers, not of nature .
” Human groups have exchanged their genes through mating to such an extent that any attempt to identify ‘ pure races’ is bound to be fruitless “
The concept of Racial Superiority.
The concept of Racial Superiority is a psychological myth . This phenomenon is often interpreted as “racism “. Modern societies consist of people who belong to different racial and ethnic groups . Some of these racial groups are able to live together in harmony and mutual respect but others are in a state of constant antagonism and conflict . The dominant race tries to impose its will on the weaker ones . This domination of one race over another leads to suppression and exploitation .
Some examples of racism , The domination of the western world by European powers during the late 20th century . The partial extermination and subsequent segregation of native American The oppression of Black Americans first as slaves and then as exploited minorities.
“Racism or racialism is set of beliefs , ideologies and social processes that discrimination , exploitation or violent oppression is known as racism “ – Collins Dictionary of Sociology
“ Racism is a phenomenon in which a group that is seen as inferior or different is exploited and oppressed by a dominant group .” – Blauner
The root of racism is said to be the extreme ethnocentric attitudes which are found to be at the root of racism . According to most people their own norms , religion , attitudes , values and cultural practices are right and proper , while those other groups are peculiar , idiotic and sometimes immortal .
The ethnocentric attitudes that are functional for one group may prove to be highly dysfunctional for another group . Under certain conditions , ethnocentric attitudes can take an extreme and aggressive form and can be used to justify the oppression treatment of other racial or ethnic groups. This leads to racism .
Ideology of Racism
“Racism is an ideology based on the belief that an observable , supposedly inherited trait ,such as skin colour ,is a mark of inferiority that justifies the discriminatory treatment of people with that trait “
The ideology of racism supports the existing inequalities by the social process of the “self fulfilling prophecy ”
American sociologist W.I Thomas explained this idea in the form of a simple statement which is popularly known as “, Thomas Theorem ” “If men define situation as real ,they are real in consequences ”
Merton explained further using an example , ” If people wrongly believe that a bank will go bankrupt , they will rush to withdraw their money ” The self fulfilling prophecy is a false definition of a situation but the definition leads to behaviour that makes prediction come true .
Self fulfilling prophecy also causes cases of race relations . The racist ideology of the dominant group defines the minority as inferior and hence considered unfit for higher status jobs , higher education etc.
Root of Racism :-
Simpson and Yinger highlighted four roots of Racism in their classic text
• The doctrine of biologically superior and inferior races • Members of different races have different personalities • That ethical standards differ from one race to another .
J.L.Gillin criticized the theory of Racism and brought forward the objection that Racism is confused with culture and nationality . Modern scientific tests have proved that no race can be consid inferior in any respect and that the conception of racism is completely wrong and unscientific.
It turns out that as an object moves with relativistic speeds a “strange” thing seems to happen to its time as observed by “us” the stationary observer (observer in an inertial reference frame). What we see happen is that the “clock” in motion slows down according to our clock, therefore we read two different times. Which time is correct??? well they both are because time is not absolute but is relative, it depends on the reference frame. Let’s look at the following classic example. There is a set of twins, one an astronaut, the other works for mission control of NASA. The astronaut leaves on a deep space trip traveling at 95% the speed of light. Upon returning the astronauts clock has measured ten years, so yhe astronaut has aged 10 years. However, when the astronaut reunites with his earth bound twin, the astronauthe sees that the twin has aged 32 years! This is explained due to the fact that the astronaut’s twin is traveling at relativistic speeds and therefore his “clock” is slowed down.
Let’s see how we can calculate the time “difference”. The equation for calculating time dilation is as follows:
t = t0/(1-v2/c2)1/2
where: t = time observed in the other reference frame
t0 = time in observers own frame of reference (rest time)
v = the speed of the moving object
c = the speed of light in a vacuum
so in our problem we will let v = .95c, t0 = 10 years and we will solve for t which is the time that the earth bound brother measures.
t = 10/(1- (.95c)2/c2)1/2
t = 10/(1- .952)1/2
t = 10/ .312
t = 32 years (the time the earth bound brother measures)
Now let’s have a closer look at the equation and determine just what impact the speed of the object has on time dilation. We can see that is the velocity is small compared to the speed of light the quantity v2/c2 approaches 0 and the equation simplifies t0: t = t0/1 which is simply t. So at relatively slow speeds (our everyday speeds) time dilation is not a factor and Newton’s Laws are still applicable. Now let’s look at high speeds (close to the speed of light), from the equation that as velocity increases the quantity v2/c2 approaches 1 (but will never quit reach it), causing the quantity(1-v2/c2)1/2 t0 become smaller and smaller….therefore causing the time measured by the other observer t0 become greater thus making our time appear slower (refer back to the example). I know its so confusing!!! read it again, think about it, then study the graph below. As one can see in the graph time dilation starts t0 “show up” between .4c and .5c. Also notice that the closer one gets to the speed of light the greater impact speed has on time dilation (notice how steep the curve gets towards the end)..
Ever imagined reading someone’s mind? Well you can do that once you go through the wonderful experience of learning effective communication. Yes, a simple yet complicated study of human behaviour, attitude, personality can be very well assessed through communication. Maybe you feel it absurd talking about communication since it’s a very typical thing we all inhibit as we grow. But, Let me correct you. It’s an art to communicate EFFECTIVELY.
Communication not only means speaking and listening. It’s more about how you present yourself while speaking and how you behave while listening.
It creates an impact on the person you are communicating with. Suppose you have a business meeting going on and you are wearing your pyjamas while presenting your COMPANY. The clients will lose interest on first sight since your clothes are speaking about you . And what if you go to a night club wearing formals, all eyes will be on you. Not because you look attractive, but you went the wrong place, they will think. Of course clubs welcome party wears! Every place has its own demand, you see. It is essential to get into what the situation demands of you.
For an effective communicator, you have to be a good speaker as well as a good listener. You should be able to ADMINISTER one’s thoughts. We will soon return to this point after learning few basics.
Now, When you are in a formal set up, you should know what your business requires you to be like. In a textile business you should have knowledge of cloth materials while in a transport business you should be aware of the routes where your business is operative. The basic motive behind KNOWING YOUR BUSINESS is that it allows you to interact with your clients, employees, suppliers, in a better way. The basic know-how plays an important role in deciding investment plans, employee- pay, expansion and likewise for the company. Similarly if you are an employee/employer of the company, you should be aware of the current trends and evolutions that may bother your business. Actions are to be taken accordingly. Each and every person concerned should be active in terms of knowledge. When you will go for an interview with no idea of what the company offers, the rejection happens before the communication. It is like hitting hammer on your own legs. Not only it creates negative impact about you but also there are chances of you being tricked by people. They may hire you for irrelevant or undesirable work without you knowing an inch about it. Such cases do exist!
However, Being knowledgeable is not sufficient to interact. You should follow the basic etiquettes of a business.
After making a formal appearance, Your body language while presenting matters a lot.
Body language shows how confident you are and what determination you have to turn the world around. Your behaviour should be active and not like the one of a procrastinator. Organisations employ or contract with only those who have the stamina to do something for their welfare. No one recognises a lethargic and frustrated person. You should be a solution provider for their problems and not a problem yourself.
Good posture and attentive behaviour are the ideology to get attraction towards you.
A smile on the face, tight hand shakes, confident walk
These attributes relate to interviews but apply to all businesses where companies deal with the clients on a daily basis. A serious look is not advisable as much a happy face while dealing formally. Weak hand shakes signal the low confidence level of a person. Similar is the case of walking manner. Remember, you are being judged throughout. Nothing gets ignored when it comes to formal interactions.
There are more of such signals that show your nervousness. While shaking hands, if your hands are getting cold, the interviewer will know it and such observations may affect your selections for jobs having specific demands.
Another example can be your movements. If you are clicking a pen while waiting for your turn in the interview or you are changing your postures very often or clicking your fingers; all of these give a direct impression in the interviewers head. Here, your behaviour speaks about you.
On the contrary, if you are too loud while speaking or too frank/cheerful/excited while interacting with that person of authority, it shows your over confidence or other such attitude as may be undesirable for the post you are being interviewed for. Formal set ups admire moderate personality employees-neither too loud in their behaviour nor too lazy.
Having discussed the basics, we now come to the most important and the final stage of our discussion – Administering the thought process
Now that you know the dressing sense, body language and awareness (knowledge) required for effective communication in formal set ups, we now learn how to read the mind of the individual we are interacting with. It is quite a simple task which comes with experience. Ever imagined how such big organisations manage time to interview a number of applicants ? They are the mind readers. They excel at knowing your personality via your thought process. You are asked questions that reflect you. Your way of speech and your answers decide if you are suitable. This is why interviews are often quick as they read you through your words and expressions.
But what does this has for you? You also can read them up. As humans, we interact and communicate on a daily basis. What you need is work upon it. Make your every interaction effective by being attentive and presentable. You will come up with more ideas to communicate through practice. You should be clear in your speech and responsive to others‘. Give time to others’ complete their point and make place for your words on the same hand. This way you get better at understanding point of views.
Through more such assessments you will become able to grasp ideas before people speak up. You will know what the interviewer is going to ask about. Yes, it happens! You too will start to get an idea of the thought process of a person and analyse his personality. These signals are hard to trace in formal set ups, that is why it comes with experience…
To be a good journalist one must possess multiple qualities like integrity, fairness, objectivity and truthfulness which are the key factors for building a powerful story with an impactful narrative. They are ought to be courageous in order to dig deeper into the matter and to comprehend the situation. But, one of the most underrated qualities of a journalist is empathy.
In simple terms empathy means an ability to grasp the emotions and feelings of others. In journalism it has a crucial role to play as it allows the journalist to dig deeper into the story. When we imply an empathetic approach to our work it encourages us to find out the intentions of the event, what thoughts went behind an individual to commit those actions which helps in going one step ahead in reporting. Moreover, if the event involves human impact it progressively helps to explore further. It is recognized as a tool that enables a connection with an individual. Empathy usually does not mean to become a part of the subject circumstances it is allowing the emotions created by those situations, a journalist’s job is to convey the data and meaning with human connectedness. This specific quality opens the conduit of connection which gives the data a soul.
Empathy performs a major role in regulating social relationships. It majorly occupies a central place fulfilling multiple roles and in news production. With this trait it enables to achieve extensive information at an interpersonal level. To inculcate empathy in journalism one needs to understand the party, express their understanding to them, seek confirmation from them if they feel comfortable and understood by the mediator and receive their confirmation. This approach is known as looping which is known is used by conflict mediators. Though, this method should not be misinterpreted in for taking an agreement. It focuses on having a genuine desire to understand better to what matters to the person who is being interviewed.
Empathy helps the presenter to find the right tone for the matter of subject, from reporting lighter stories to tragic stories. Allowing empathy to became a significant part of the process ensures that one has journalistic values of balance, fairness and accuracy. This quality is involved in story making and helps to create authenticity and relates to the news source as an individual. It can be understood by emotional labor. Incase this does not arise naturally it is needed to be performed to accomplish a task. To reach an audience from a very different cultural, social, economic background one must practice empathy in their work. Empathy provides a ground for dealing with emotions of the news protagonist and using it as a means in reporting and also affecting the emotional regulations of a journalist during news production. It is related to perceiving emotions of other people but also the deployment of emotions in the news and engaging the audience. Therefore, Empathy is a central resource in journalistic practice.
Keynesian Economics is a macroeconomic theory that came into existence after the fall of Classical Economics. It was given by John Maynard Keynes in order to understand the Great Depression of the 1930s. His theory focussed on aggregate demand and aggregate supply. This theory was the refutation to the classical economics. Keynes theory of employment was based on the principle of effective demand. According to this, the level of employment in a capitalist economy depends on the effective demand. Unemployment is the result of deficiency of effective demand. Keynes used the term aggregate demand price and aggregate supply price to explain effective demand. Aggregate demand price refers to the amount of money which entrepreneurs expect to get by selling the output. It is basically the expected revenue from the sale of outputs at a certain level of employment. Aggregate supply price on the other hand refers to the proceeds necessary for the sale of output at a particular level of employment. Basically each level of employment is related to a particular aggregate supply price. The determination of effective demand is done by using aggregate demand price and aggregate supply price. The level of employment is determined when aggregate demand price is equal to the aggregate supply price. This level of employment is also the point of effective demand and here entrepreneurs earn normal profits.
Keynes also criticized the idea of excessive saving, unless it was for a specific purpose such as retirement or education. He saw it as dangerous for the economy because the more money sitting stagnant, the less money in the economy stimulating growth. Instead, he focussed more on investment and highlighted it’s role in determining the level of employment in the economy. According to him, aggregate demand function depends on the consumption function and investment function. A fall in any of these two functions result in unemployment. Thus it is the aggregate demand function which is the effective element in the principle of effective demand. Keynesian economics focuses on demand-side solutions to recessionary periods. The intervention of government in economic processes is an important part of it. Keynesian theorists argue that economies do not stabilize themselves very quickly and require active intervention that boosts short-term demand in the economy.
Keynes also reformulated the Quantity Theory of Money. He criticised the classical idea of money being neutral. According to him money is the link between the present and the future. The Keynesian theory emphasises that the price level is in fact a consequence of aggregate demand or expenditure relative to aggregate supply rather than of quantity of money.
The multiplier effect was developed by Keynes’s student Richar Kahn. According to Keynes’s theory of fiscal stimulus, an injection of government spending eventually leads to added business activity and even more spending. This theory proposes that spending boosts aggregate output and generates more income. The magnitude of the Keynesian multiplier is directly related to the marginal propensity to consume. Keynes and his followers believed individuals should save less and spend more, raising their marginal propensity to consume
Online Education is a very flexible learning system that allows students to study solely via the internet on their own computer at home, or wherever they see fit.
Basically, student-teacher face to face meetings are not required, allowing students to study anywhere in the world.Online learning involves courses offered by postsecondary institutions that are 100% virtual, excluding massively open online courses (MOOCs). Online learning, or virtual classes offered over the internet, is contrasted with traditional courses taken in a brick-and-mortar school building. It is the newest development in distance education that began in the mid-1990s with the spread of the internet and the World Wide Web. Learner experience is typically asynchronous, but may also incorporate synchronous elements. The vast majority of institutions utilize a Learning Management System for the administration of online courses. As theories of distance education evolve, digital technologies to support learning and pedagogy continue to transform as well.
Offline Education–
Also referred to as traditional training. Offline Education means a student needs to go in a school, in a classroom, and attend a class face to face with a teacher. offline learning requires you to physically travel to a training centre or a school and be present at fixed hours, online learning allows you to study wherever you want, whenever you want. Offline learning is sometimes described as a proactive type of learning that can work forward on the basis of evaluating the static data sets that it has at its disposal. Because there is no continual influx of information, the program and its human operators can benchmark the results of the training set and apply them to future phases of operation. Some experts call offline learning a form of eager learning, which means that the system is working proactively to make decisions, as compared to lazy learning where the machine learning program’s work may be event driven.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Online Learning
Benefits of Online Education
Disadvantages of Online Education
Location doesn’t matter
Isolating
Flexible hours
No competition
Time saving
No interpersonal skills development
Cheaper
Limited topics
Convenient
Must have self discipline
Class recorded
Advantages and Disadvantages of Offline Learning
Benefits of Offline Education
Disadvantages of Offline Education
Individualised monitoring
Fixed location
Structured & disciplined setting
Fixed schedule
Face to face interactions
Study materials
Interpersonal skills development
Dependency on the teachers
Competitive atmosphere
Transport & Accommodation
Is Online just as effective as Offline Learning?
There is no definite answer to this question. Only because, the efficiency of a class, being online or offline, all depends on one’s motivation and drive to success.
As we saw previously online learning requires a lot of self discipline. You need to get up, open your laptop and be there during class without anyone always reminding you to be there.
If you don’t want to join the online class, the teacher won’t come for you. But you’ll get behind real quick. That’s where self-discipline comes in.
Just as in an offline setting, online learning requires you to do homework, research, group assignments and turn in papers on time. So nothing new here.
What will be different though in an online course, is the use of digital learning technology such as videos, interactive white boards, games and other online study material you can access anywhere, anytime, with a laptop, tablet or mobile phone.
Also the opportunity to engage with more day-to-day resources as additional study resources and integrating it into your habits, such as social media and shows in the language you’re learning.
Through digital learning resources, engagement with the class activities is increased, students have more fun interacting with the lessons and as a consequence will learn better and faster, than in traditional learning.
Which study is better, online or offline?
Again, this question is difficult to answer, as everyone’s situation is different. One might prefer a type of learning rather than the other according to their needs and availabilities.
If you have a training center close to your location, prefer to travel and study in another place than your hometown, then offline learning is absolutely fine.
If you prefer to stay home, need more flexible hours, don’t have the budget for a far away school or just learn better with digital technologies, then online learning is a great option.
A constellation is an area on the celestial sphere in which a group of visible stars forms a perceived outline or pattern, typically representing an animal, mythological person or creature, or an inanimate object. In 1922, the International Astronomical Union (IAU) formally accepted the modern list of 88 constellations, and in 1928 adopted official constellation boundaries that together cover the entire celestial sphere.Any given point in a celestial coordinate system lies in one of the modern constellations.
Top 10 Largest Constellations
Hydra
1]Hydra(Water Snake)– Hydra, the water snake, is the largest constellation in the sky. It lies in the southern celestial hemisphere, stretched across 102.5°. It occupies an area of 1303 square degrees in the night sky. The constellation lies in the second quadrant of the southern hemisphere (SQ2) and can be seen at latitudes between +54° and -83°.
Virgo
2]Virgo(Virgin)– Virgo constellation lies in the southern sky. Its name means “virgin” in Latin. The constellation is represented by the symbol ♍. Virgo is the second largest constellation in the sky, occupying an area of 1294 square degrees. It is located in the third quadrant of the southern hemisphere (SQ3) and can be seen at latitudes between +80° and -80°. . The brightest star in the constellation is Spica, Alpha Virginis, with an apparent magnitude of 0.98.
Ursa Major
3]Ursa Major(Big Bear)– Ursa Major constellation lies in the northern sky. Its name means “the great bear,” or “the larger bear,” in Latin. Ursa Major is the largest northern constellation and third largest constellation in the sky, occupying an area of 1280 square degrees. It is located in the second quadrant of the northern hemisphere (NQ2) and can be seen at latitudes between +90° and -30°.
Cetus
4]Cetus(The Whale)- Cetus constellation is located in the northern sky. The constellation was named after Cetus, the sea monster from the Greek myth about Andromeda. In the myth, the princess was sacrificed to the monster as punishment for her mother Cassiopeia’s boastfulness. Cetus is the fourth largest constellation in the sky, occupying an area of 1231 square degrees. It lies in the first quadrant of the southern hemisphere (SQ1) and can be seen at latitudes between +70° and -90°.
Hercules
5]Hercules- Hercules constellation is located in the northern sky. It was named after Hercules, the Roman version of the Greek hero Heracles. Hercules is the fifth largest constellation in the sky, but has no first magnitude stars. It occupies an area of 1225 square degrees in the sky. The constellation lies in the third quadrant of the northern hemisphere (NQ3) and can be seen at latitudes between +90° and -50°.
Eridanus
6]Eridanus (River)- Eridanus constellation lies in the southern hemisphere. It represents the celestial river that runs from Cursa (Beta Eridani) near Rigel in Orion all the way to Achernar (Alpha Eridani) in the far southern sky. Eridanus is the sixth largest constellation in the night sky, occupying an area of 1138 square degrees. It is located in the first quadrant of the southern hemisphere (SQ1) and can be seen at latitudes between +32° and -90°.Achernar, the constellation’s brightest star, is the ninth brightest star in the sky.
Pegasus
7]Pegasus – The Pegasus constellation lies in the northern hemisphere. Pegasus is the seventh largest constellation in the sky, occupying an area of 1121 square degrees. It is located in the fourth quadrant of the northern hemisphere (NQ4) and can be seen at latitudes between +90° and -60°.
Draco
8]Draco (Dragon) – Located in the northern celestial hemisphere, the constellation represents Ladon, the dragon that guarded the gardens of the Hesperides in Greek mythology. The name Draco means “the dragon” in Latin. Draco is the eighth largest constellation in the night sky, occupying an area of 1083 square degrees. It lies in the third quadrant of the northern hemisphere (NQ3) and can be seen at latitudes between +90° and -15°.
Centaurus
9]Centaurus (Centaur)– Centaurus constellation is located in the southern hemisphere. It represents the centaur, the half man, half horse creature in Greek mythology. Centaurus contains two of the top ten brightest stars in the sky: Alpha Centauri and Beta Centauri. Centaurus is the ninth largest constellation in the sky, occupying an area of 1060 square degrees. It lies in the third quadrant of the southern hemisphere (SQ3) and can be seen at latitudes between +25° and -90°.
Aquarius
10]Aquarius (Water Bearer)– Aquarius constellation is located in the southern hemisphere. It is one of the 12 zodiac constellations. The constellation’s name means “the water-bearer” (or “cup-bearer”) in Latin and its symbol is ♒, which represents water. Aquarius is the 10th largest constellation in the sky, occupying an area of 980 square degrees. It is located in the fourth quadrant of the southern hemisphere (SQ4) and can be seen at latitudes between +65° and -90° The brightest star in the constellation is Beta Aquarii, also known as Sadalsuud, with an apparent magnitude of 2.87.
In Telecommunications, 5G is the fifth generation technology standard for broadband cellular networks, which cellular phone companies began deploying worldwide in 2019, and is the planned successor to the 4G networks which provide connectivity to most current cell phones. 5G networks are predicted to have more than 1.7 billion subscribers worldwide by 2025, according to the GSM Association. Like its predecessors, 5G networks are cellular networks, in which the service area is divided into small geographical areas called cells. All 5G wireless devices in a cell are connected to the Internet and telephone network by radio waves through a local antenna in the cell.
In telecommunications, 5G is the fifth generation technology standard for broadband cellular networks, which cellular phone companies began deploying worldwide in 2019, and is the planned successor to the 4G networks which provide connectivity to most current cell phones. 5G networks are predicted to have more than 1.7 billion subscribers worldwide by 2025, according to the GSM Association. Like its predecessors, 5G networks are cellular networks, in which the service area is divided into small geographical areas called cells. All 5G wireless devices in a cell are connected to the Internet and telephone network by radio waves through a local antenna in the cell.
HOW DOES 5G WORK?
5G network architecture illustrating 5G and 4G working together, with central and local servers providing faster content to users and low latency applications.
A mobile network has two main components, the ‘Radio Access Network’ and the ‘Core Network’.
The Radio Access Network – consists of various types of facilities including small cells, towers, masts and dedicated in-building and home systems that connect mobile users and wireless devices to the main core network.
Small cells will be a major feature of 5G networks particularly at the new millimetre wave (mmWave) frequencies where the connection range is very short. To provide a continuous connection, small cells will be distributed in clusters depending on where users require connection which will complement the macro network that provides wide-area coverage.
5G Macro Cells will use MIMO (multiple input, multiple output) antennas that have multiple elements or connections to send and receive more data simultaneously. The benefit to users is that more people can simultaneously connect to the network and maintain high throughput. Where MIMO antennas use very large numbers of antenna elements they are often referred to as ‘massive MIMO’, however, the physical size is similar to existing 3G and 4G base station antennas.
The Core Network – is the mobile exchange and data network that manages all of the mobile voice, data and internet connections. For 5G, the ‘core network’ is being redesigned to better integrate with the internet and cloud based services and also includes distributed servers across the network improving response times (reducing latency).
Many of the advanced features of 5G including network function virtualization and network slicing for different applications and services, will be managed in the core. The following illustration shows examples of local cloud servers providing faster content to users (movie streaming) and low latency applications for vehicle collision avoidance systems.
Example of a local server in a 5G network providing faster connection and lower response times
Network Slicing – enables a smart way to segment the network for a particular industry, business or application. For example emergency services could operate on a network slice independently from other users.
Network Function Virtualization (NVF) – is the ability to instantiate network functions in real time at any desired location within the operator’s cloud platform. Network functions that used to run on dedicated hardware for example a firewall and encryption at business premises can now operate on software on a virtual machine. NVF is crucial to enable the speed efficiency and agility to support new business applications and is an important technology for a 5G ready core.
When a 5G connection is established, the User Equipment (or device) will connect to both the 4G network to provide the control signalling and to the 5G network to help provide the fast data connection by adding to the existing 4G capacity.
Where there is limited 5G coverage, the data is carried on the 4G network providing the continuous connection. Essentially with this design, the 5G network is complementing the existing 4G network
5G Configuration:-
Advantages of 5G Networking:-
High resolution and bi-directional large bandwidth shaping.
Technology to gather all networks on one platform.
More effective and efficient.
Technology to facilitate subscriber supervision tools for the quick action.
Most likely, will provide a huge broadcasting data (in Gigabit), which will support more than 60,000 connections.
Easily manageable with the previous generations.
Technological sound to support heterogeneous services (including private network).
Possible to provide uniform, uninterrupted, and consistent connectivity across the world.
Disadvantages of 5G Networking:-
Technology is still under process and research on its viability is going on.
The speed, this technology is claiming seems difficult to achieve (in future, it might be) because of the incompetent technological support in most parts of the world.
Many of the old devices would not be competent to 5G, hence, all of them need to be replaced with new one expensive deal.
Developing infrastructure needs high cost.
Security and privacy issue yet to be solved.
Conclusion
5G will be able to sustainably satisfy the requirement of the 1000-time traffic growth. 5G will provide users with fiber-like access data rate and “zero” latency user experience. 5G will be capable of connecting 100 billion devices.
The Mauryan contribution to art and architecture was significant. Ashoka is known to have built 84,000 stupas to commemorate various events of Buddha’s life. According to Megasthenes, Pataliputra’s grandeur matched that of the cities of Persia. Ashokan edicts were inscribed on stone pillars that were made of single columns of polished sandstone and had capitals on their top. The best preserved of all Ashokan edicts stands at Lauriya Nandangarh (Bihar). This thirty-two feet tall column has an almost fifty ton seated lion capital placed on its top, an engineering feat worth admiring. The bull capital from Rampura is also another fine example of Mauryan sculpture. The most famous capital is the one at Sarnath, which shows four lions and the Dharmachakra. You must be familiar with this as this has been adopted as the national emblem of the Republic of India. Besides pillars, few Mauryan figures have also come to light. The most well known of these is the Yakshi from Didarganj. The beauty of these figures lies in the exactness of their workmanship and in the fact that they. appear to be made from one single stone. Like the pillars, these figures are polished with a unique surface gloss (now called Mauryan polish). You will be amazed to know that despite all these centuries this gloss has not lost its shine. Besides the language that has been used in nearly all the inscriptions and Prakrit which appears to have become the lingua franca of the country and in the Brahmi script the earliest known Indian script.
Another noteworthy aspect of Mauryan architecture is the rock cut caves. The Lomash Rishi (with its impressive entrance) and the Sudama caves are examples of such architecture. These caves cut from solid rock were provided by Ashoka for non-Buddhist monks. These caves marked the beginning of the rock cut architecture which was patronised by later rulers too. His rock edicts were inscribed in the local language and the local script
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