I am a senior citizen, and in my school days, in different classes, I read that India had freedom because of ‘mainly two families’, which is known to all. However, the historical fact is that millions of people participated in the freedom movement. Of them, many lost their lives, were physically disabled, or suffered in many ways. I am highlighting the Kakori Train Action case, a train ‘robbery’ committed by the revolutionaries of the Indian independence movement against the British Raj on August 9, 1925, in a village called Kakori near Lucknow. I visited the place when I visited Lucknow for some academic activities. My eyes were full of tears as young people were hanged because they were against colonial rule (British rulers). The British rulers came thousands of miles away to exploit Indian resources, including human resources. Anyway, the Kakori Train Action was carried out by ten revolutionaries, including Hindustan Republican Association’s (HRA) revolutionary Ram Prasad Bismil, Ashfaqulla Khan, Rajendra Lahiri, Keshav Chakraborty, Mukundi Lal, and Banwari Lal. Hindustan Republic Association (HRA) was formed 1923 by Ram Prasad Bismil. Later, it was renamed as Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA). Ram Prasad Bismil, Ashfaqulla Khan, Rajendra Lahiri, Chandrashekhar Azad, Sachindra Bakshi, Keshab Chakravarty, Manmathnath Gupta, Murari Lal Gupta (Murari Lal Khanna), Mukundi Lal (Mukundi Lal Gupta) and Banwari Lal were the leading revolutionaries involved in the Kakori Incident. The freedom fighters Ram Prasad Bismil, Ashfaqullah Khan and Roshan Singh were hanged on December 19, 1927 for their involvement in the Conspiracy. On 19 December 19, 1927, Ram Prasad ‘Bismil’ was hanged at Gorakhpur Jail, Roshan Singh at Naini Allahabad Jail, and Ashfaqulla Khan at Faizabad Jail. They were all in their late 20s or early 30s. It is pertinent to mention that Rajendra Nath Lahiri, known simply as Rajendra Lahiri, was hanged in the Gonda district jail on December 17, 1927, two days before the scheduled date. The martyrs are remembered today as symbols of courage and sacrifice. They placed freedom and patriotism above their comfort and lives. I am a senior citizen, and although the British Raj killed them, they are still in the hearts of many Indians today. I offer them my Pronam because we now live in a democratic country and because of the sacrifices made by millions of freedom fighters, including them. Prof Shankar Chatterjee, Hyderabad
The Central Teacher Eligibility Test (CTET) is a national-level examination conducted by the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) to assess candidates’ eligibility for teaching positions in schools. Qualifying CTET opens the door to various teaching opportunities in both government and private schools across India. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the career prospects available after clearing the CTET exam.
Why CTET is Important?
Mandatory Qualification: CTET is a prerequisite for applying to teaching positions in central government schools like Kendriya Vidyalayas (KVs) and Navodaya Vidyalayas (NVs).
Enhanced Credibility: CTET certification adds weight to a candidate’s profile, even in private and unaided schools.
Nationwide Acceptance: The CTET score is recognized by schools across India, providing broader career opportunities.
Teaching Opportunities After CTET
1. Central Government Schools
Examples: Kendriya Vidyalayas (KVs), Navodaya Vidyalayas (NVs), Tibetan Schools, and other schools under the administrative control of the central government.
Roles:
Primary Teacher (PRT) for Classes I-V.
Trained Graduate Teacher (TGT) for Classes VI-VIII (requires additional qualifications).
Benefits:
Competitive salary.
Job security and pension benefits.
Opportunities for professional development.
2. State Government Schools
Many state governments consider CTET scores for recruitment in state-run and aided schools.
Candidates may need to meet specific state eligibility criteria, such as proficiency in the local language.
3. Private and Unaided Schools
Role: Teachers in reputed private schools often prioritize candidates with CTET certification.
Advantages:
Higher chances of selection due to CTET qualification.
Negotiable salary packages in high-ranking schools.
4. Education Departments
Role: Educational officers or trainers for teacher training programs.
Scope: Opportunities to work in curriculum development, teacher training, and educational policy implementation.
5. Special Category Schools
Examples: Schools run by the Ministry of Defence, such as Army Public Schools and Air Force Schools.
Role: Primary and secondary teachers for children of defense personnel.
6. E-Learning and EdTech Platforms
Role: Content developers, online tutors, or subject matter experts in educational technology companies.
Scope: Creating teaching material, video lessons, or conducting live classes.
7. International Schools
Some international schools in India and abroad recognize CTET and prioritize candidates with this qualification for teaching positions.
Non-Teaching Opportunities After CTET
Educational Content Development
Designing teaching aids, lesson plans, and curriculum resources for publishers and educational organizations.
Teacher Training
Assisting in the professional development of teachers by conducting workshops and training sessions.
Education Consultant
Advising schools or educational bodies on curriculum design, teaching methodologies, and assessment practices.
Salary Prospects After CTET
Government Schools:
Primary Teacher (PRT): ₹35,000 to ₹50,000 per month.
Trained Graduate Teacher (TGT): ₹40,000 to ₹60,000 per month.
Post Graduate Teacher (PGT): ₹50,000 to ₹70,000 per month.
Private Schools:
Salaries vary based on the school’s reputation and location, ranging from ₹20,000 to ₹60,000 per month.
EdTech Platforms:
Online tutors or content developers may earn ₹25,000 to ₹75,000 per month, depending on experience.
Career Advancement Opportunities
Promotions:
With experience, teachers can advance to positions like Head of Department (HOD), Vice Principal, or Principal.
Further Qualifications:
Pursue courses like Bachelor of Education (B.Ed.), Master of Education (M.Ed.), or specialized certifications to enhance career prospects.
Research and Higher Studies:
Opportunities to work in educational research or pursue higher studies in pedagogy and child development.
Preparation for Further Exams
CTET qualification also makes candidates eligible to apply for other competitive exams, such as:
State TET Exams: To qualify for state-level teaching positions.
KVS/NVS Recruitment Exams: For higher-level positions in central government schools.
NET (National Eligibility Test): For college and university-level teaching positions.
Conclusion
Qualifying CTET is a significant milestone for aspiring teachers. It not only opens the doors to rewarding teaching positions in government and private schools but also provides opportunities in diverse educational roles. With the growing emphasis on quality education, the demand for CTET-qualified teachers is set to rise. Those passionate about teaching can look forward to a fulfilling and impactful career.
The Staff Selection Commission (SSC) is one of the most prestigious organizations in India, conducting various competitive exams for recruitment into government departments and organizations. Clearing SSC exams opens the door to secure, respectable, and well-paying jobs in the public sector. This article provides a detailed overview of the job opportunities available after qualifying in SSC exams.
Major SSC Exams and Their Scope
1. SSC Combined Graduate Level (CGL) Exam
The SSC CGL exam is conducted for graduate-level candidates and offers positions in Group B and Group C posts in various government departments.
Job Roles After SSC CGL:
Assistant Section Officer (ASO): In ministries, departments, and organizations.
Inspector (Income Tax, Customs, GST): Enforcement and compliance roles in financial departments.
Sub-Inspector (CBI, NIA): Investigative positions in security and intelligence agencies.
Auditor/Accountant: Roles in offices under the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) or other departments.
Statistical Investigator: For candidates with expertise in statistics and analysis.
The SSC CHSL exam is conducted for candidates who have completed their higher secondary education (10+2).
Job Roles After SSC CHSL:
Lower Division Clerk (LDC): Administrative support roles in various departments.
Data Entry Operator (DEO): Handling data and maintaining records.
Postal Assistant/Sorting Assistant: Managing postal services and sorting operations.
Court Clerk: Assisting judicial officers in courts.
Key Benefits:
Entry into government service at an early age.
Opportunities for further education and promotions.
3. SSC JE (Junior Engineer) Exam
This exam is conducted for candidates with a background in engineering disciplines.
Job Roles After SSC JE:
Junior Engineer (Civil, Electrical, Mechanical): Technical roles in government construction and maintenance projects.
Engineering Assistant: Support in implementing technical solutions in departments like CPWD, MES, and BRO.
Key Benefits:
Lucrative salary and perks.
Involvement in national infrastructure projects.
4. SSC MTS (Multi-Tasking Staff) Exam
The SSC MTS exam recruits for Group C posts suitable for candidates who have passed the 10th standard.
Job Roles After SSC MTS:
Peon, Daftary, Chowkidar: Supporting administrative and operational functions.
Junior Gestetner Operator: Handling duplicating and copying equipment.
Gardener, Gatekeeper: Maintenance and security roles.
Key Benefits:
Easy entry-level jobs in government sectors.
Scope for career progression through departmental promotions.
5. SSC Stenographer Exam
This exam is for candidates proficient in stenography, providing opportunities in Group C and D posts.
Job Roles After SSC Stenographer Exam:
Stenographer in Ministries and Departments: Assisting in documentation and correspondence.
Personal Assistant: High-profile roles assisting senior officers.
Key Benefits:
Direct interaction with senior government officials.
Opportunities to work in prestigious government offices.
6. SSC GD Constable Exam
This exam is for recruitment into paramilitary forces and CAPFs.
Job Roles After SSC GD Constable Exam:
Constable in BSF, CRPF, ITBP, CISF, and SSB: Security and law enforcement roles.
Rifleman in Assam Rifles: Regional security roles.
Key Benefits:
Respectable job in national defense and security.
Adventure and opportunities to serve the nation.
7. SSC CPO (Central Police Organization) Exam
This exam recruits candidates for sub-inspector and assistant sub-inspector roles in police forces and paramilitary organizations.
Job Roles After SSC CPO Exam:
Sub-Inspector in Delhi Police, CAPFs: Crime investigation and law enforcement.
Assistant Sub-Inspector in CISF: Administrative support in industrial security.
Key Benefits:
Hands-on involvement in maintaining law and order.
Prospects for promotions to higher ranks like Inspector or Assistant Commissioner of Police (ACP).
Advantages of Jobs Through SSC Exams
Job Security: Permanent roles in government sectors with stability.
Attractive Salary: Competitive pay scales, allowances, and pension benefits.
Work-Life Balance: Fixed working hours with ample leave provisions.
Social Prestige: High regard for government employees in society.
Career Growth: Opportunities for promotion through departmental exams and seniority.
Preparation Tips for SSC Exams
Understand the Syllabus: Analyze the exam pattern and topics thoroughly.
Practice Mock Tests: Regular practice improves speed and accuracy.
Stay Updated: General awareness and current affairs are crucial for success.
Time Management: Allocate time wisely during preparation and in exams.
Conclusion
Qualifying SSC exams opens doors to diverse career opportunities in the government sector, offering job security, financial stability, and societal respect. Whether you are a graduate, a 10+2 candidate, or have a technical background, there’s an SSC exam tailored for you. With diligent preparation and dedication, a rewarding career in the public sector awaits.
The Street Space Index (SSI) is a concept used primarily in urban planning and transportation studies. It is a measure that assesses the efficiency, accessibility, and utilization of street spaces in cities. The index evaluates how well the street environment accommodates different functions like walking, cycling, driving, and public transport. The goal is to help cities improve the design and use of their streets for more sustainable and livable urban spaces.
Multimodal Transport Integration: The SSI often takes into account various transportation modes—cars, buses, bicycles, pedestrians, etc.—and measures how well these modes coexist and are prioritized in the street design.
Space Allocation: It looks at how much space is dedicated to each mode of transportation and public space (e.g., sidewalks, bike lanes, lanes for cars, parking spots). A high-quality street space prioritizes pedestrians and cyclists over cars, enhancing safety and reducing congestion.
Accessibility and Connectivity: It considers how easily people can access public transport, walkways, or bike paths, and how well-connected the street is to other key areas of the city.
Public Space and Amenities: The SSI may also evaluate the presence of public amenities such as benches, trees, lighting, and street furniture that contribute to the street’s overall livability.
Environmental Impact: The environmental sustainability of street space is also a consideration. This includes assessing factors like green spaces, water drainage, and the presence of nature, as well as the promotion of low-carbon transport options.
Purpose of the Street Space Index:
Urban Planning: The SSI helps city planners identify areas where streets are underutilized or poorly designed. This information can guide interventions to make streets more efficient and inclusive for all users.
Sustainability: It aids in designing streets that promote sustainable transport modes like cycling or public transport and reduce dependency on private cars.
Quality of Life: By improving the design and functionality of street spaces, cities can enhance residents’ overall quality of life, making neighborhoods more pedestrian-friendly and less car-dominated.
In essence, the Street Space Index provides a quantitative and qualitative evaluation of how streets function and how they could be improved to meet the needs of urban communities.
In Urban Planning or Mapping: A street index is a reference list or map that organizes the streets within a particular area. This index allows people to easily locate streets based on their names, numbers, or grid system. It might be included in city maps, directories, or GPS applications, providing a comprehensive list of streets and their locations.
In Finance or Economics: A street index can sometimes refer to a benchmark or index that tracks the performance of a specific set of stocks or financial instruments, similar to the way the Dow Jones Industrial Average or S&P 500 tracks stock market performance. In this sense, “street” could be a shorthand reference to Wall Street or financial markets in general.
In Real Estate: A street index might be used to track property values, trends, or transactions specific to various streets within a city or region. This could be used by real estate professionals or analysts to measure the relative value of properties in certain areas.
In Postal Systems or Directories: A street index might be used in postal codes or address directories, helping individuals or delivery services quickly find specific streets based on postal codes or other identifiers.
If you meant a different concept by “street index,” please clarify, and I’d be happy to provide more specific information.
Gukesh Dommaraju ; commonly known as Gukesh D, is an Indian chess grandmaster and the 18th World Chess Champion. He is the youngest world chess champion in history, third-youngest grandmaster in history, the third-youngest to reach a chess rating of 2700, the youngest to reach a rating of 2750, and is the eighteenth-highest rated player in history with a peak rating of 2794. He is also the youngest Candidates Tournament winner and the youngest World Chess Championship winner beating Ding Liren of China. He has won one team and two individual gold medals at the Olympiad as well as one bronze team medal. He is a silver medalist at the Asian Games.
Gukesh Dommaraju, an 18-year-old Indian chess prodigy, made history on December 12, 2024, by becoming the youngest-ever undisputed World Chess Champion. He achieved this remarkable feat by defeating reigning champion Ding Liren in a tense and closely fought match that ended with a score of 7.5–6.5 in Gukesh’s favor
Hailing from Chennai, India, Gukesh began playing chess at the age of seven. Over the years, he trained under the mentorship of Indian chess legend Viswanathan Anand, who played a crucial role in nurturing his talent. Gukesh’s rise to prominence included several milestones, such as surpassing Anand in 2022 to become India’s top-ranked player—a position Anand had held for 36 years
In 2024, Gukesh won the prestigious Candidates Tournament, becoming the youngest winner in its history. He carried this momentum into the World Chess Championship, where his skill, preparation, and psychological resilience were on full display. His journey to the title also saw him shine in the 2024 Chess Olympiad, where he led India to its first-ever team gold medal
Gukesh’s victory marks a new era for chess, as he not only broke records set by legends like Garry Kasparov but also demonstrated the growing dominance of young talent on the global stage
When it comes to acquiring industrial ice-making equipment, businesses have to balance cost with functionality and reliability. Buying new machines guarantees the latest technology and warranties but comes with a steep price. On the other hand, used industrial ice equipment presents an opportunity for significant savings, provided you do your homework. It’s essential to assess various factors such as machine condition, maintenance history, and compliance with industry standards. Below, we delve into the key considerations to keep in mind when buying pre-owned industrial ice machines.
Assessing the Quality and Condition of Pre-Owned Industrial Ice Machines
Determining the condition of used industrial ice equipment is paramount. Start with a visual inspection to look for signs of wear or damage, which may indicate how well the machine has been maintained. Pay attention to rust, dents, and any other irregularities that could affect the machine’s performance. It’s also important to inquire about any recent repairs or parts replacements. These could either be a sign of good upkeep or indicate potential future problems. Requesting a demonstration of the machine’s operation can provide insights into its functionality and output efficiency. When assessing the quality of used ice equipment, don’t forget to consider the brand and model. Renowned brands often have a reputation for durability and longevity, which can be a promising factor when looking at second-hand options.
Evaluating the Cost-Benefit Ratio: When Does Buying Used Make Sense?
Buying used industrial ice equipment can be cost-effective, but it’s crucial to weigh the immediate savings against long-term costs. Compare the price of the used machine with new models, considering the remaining lifespan and potential needs for repairs or upgrades. Consider the warranty and service agreements available for new versus used equipment. While used ice machines come with a lower upfront cost, the lack of a warranty could result in higher expenses if the machine malfunctions. Examine your business’s operational demands. A used machine might suffice if your ice production requirements are modest or you have backup options. However, if ice production is central to your operations, the reliability of a new machine might justify the extra cost.
Key Features to Look for in Used Industrial Ice Equipment
When searching for second-hand ice equipment, certain features are critical to consider. Capacity should align with your business’s needs, ensuring that you can meet demand without overextending the machine’s capabilities. Efficiency is another key feature. Older ice machines may use more energy and water than newer models, so calculate potential increases in utility costs when evaluating different options. The type of ice produced is just as important. Different industries require specific ice types, like flake, cube, or nugget. Ensure the used machine you’re considering produces the appropriate ice for your purposes.
Regulatory and Safety Compliance of Second-Hand Ice Machinery
Compliance with health and safety standards is essential when purchasing used ice equipment. Check that the machine meets current Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations, as non-compliance can pose health risks and lead to penalties. Look for machines that also adhere to energy standards set by organizations like ENERGY STAR. Compliance not only ensures better efficiency but can also signify that the machine is up to date with current industry standards. It’s advisable to have a qualified technician evaluate the machine for safety hazards such as electrical issues or malfunctioning safety features. Overall, purchasing used industrial ice equipment can offer significant financial benefits if due diligence is taken to ensure quality, longevity, and compliance. By thoroughly examining the machine’s condition, maintenance history, cost-effectiveness, and feature set while keeping regulatory standards in mind, businesses can make a well-informed decision that aligns with their operational needs and budgetary constraints.
Laravel Eloquent is a powerful ORM that simplifies database operations in PHP applications. Understanding Eloquent joins is crucial for developers to create efficient database interactions and craft high-performance applications. In the world of Laravel, Eloquent relationships are a fundamental concept that can dramatically streamline the process of working with database relations. In this article, we will delve into the intricacies of Eloquent joins, exploring their types, use cases, and best practices for optimizing performance and maintainability. Keep reading to become proficient in leveraging Eloquent joins for your Laravel projects.
Advanced Eloquent Join Techniques and Performance Optimization
When working with large datasets, optimizing Laravel Eloquent joins is crucial for improving performance. Subquery joins allow you to filter or sort data before joining, which reduces the volume of data processed. Additionally, indexing foreign keys and frequently used columns can significantly speed up query execution, while query caching can prevent unnecessary repetitive operations.
To further boost efficiency, leverage Laravel Eloquent join capabilities to create more specific SQL queries with raw expressions. While eager loading can be useful, it may lead to memory overhead if overused. Instead, lazy loading can load related models on demand, balancing performance with data availability for smoother application performance.
Exploring the Basics of Laravel Eloquent Relationships
Eloquent relationships in Laravel are syntaxes used to define associations between database tables, allowing developers to define how different models interact. These relationships are defined within the Eloquent model, allowing for methods like hasMany and belongsTo, which simplify retrieval and manipulation of related records without writing cumbersome SQL queries. These relationships serve as the foundation for all types of joins within the framework.
Eloquent also allows eager loading, avoiding the N+1 query problem by preloading related models, reducing the number of queries sent to the database and improving application performance. Developers can use these relationships to write clearer and more fluent code. Eloquent also handles complex scenarios like many-to-many relationships, using pivot tables for easy establishment and operation.
Delving into the Types of Eloquent Joins and Their Use Cases
Laravel Eloquent provides various join operations, including inner, left, right, and cross joins. Inner joins retrieve records with matching values in both tables, ideal for direct relationships between two models. Left and right joins retrieve all records from one table and matching records from another, including null if no match is found.
Left joins are useful for optional relationships like fetching all products and reviews. Cross joins produce Cartesian products between two tables, combining each row of the first table with all rows in the second. Developers must understand these joins effectively to address different application requirements.
Troubleshooting Common Issues with Laravel Eloquent Joins
Eloquent joins are a powerful tool for data management, but they can also present challenges. One such issue is the ‘N+1 query problem’, where an additional query is executed for each primary record to retrieve related records. To minimize this, use eager loading correctly. Column name conflicts can also occur when joining tables with identical column names. To avoid this, use table aliases and select columns explicitly.
Eloquent’s selectRaw method can be used to define output precisely. Incorrect relationship definitions can cause unexpected results or errors. Verify that foreign keys and local keys are properly matched. If inconsistencies arise, review model definitions. Profiling queries can reveal inefficient joins or indexing issues, allowing developers to quickly identify and address performance bottlenecks.
Leveraging Eloquent Join Best Practices for Clean and Maintainable Code
When implementing Eloquent joins, it’s essential to follow best practices, such as consistently naming database tables and columns to follow Laravel’s convention-over-configuration paradigm. Breaking complex joins into scopes can make queries more readable and reusable, promoting a cleaner code structure and easier maintenance. Avoid over-engineering Eloquent relationships, as simplifying them can lead to easier-to-understand and more maintainable code.
Strive for a balance between performance and readability to ensure a codebase is efficient and approachable. Documentation is crucial for maintainable code, especially when dealing with complex join operations and relationships. It clarifies intent and helps fellow developers navigate and extend the codebase confidently.
Overall, mastery of Laravel Eloquent joins can lead to the development of robust and efficient applications. By understanding the different types of joins and their use cases, employing advanced techniques for optimization, troubleshooting common issues, and adhering to best practices, you can ensure that your code remains clean, maintainable, and performant. With the knowledge and tools accessible through Eloquent, Laravel developers are well-equipped to tackle the challenges of database management in their web applications.
Vernacular architecture refers to a style of building that is rooted in local traditions, materials, and construction techniques. It evolves organically over time, reflecting the culture, climate, and lifestyle of the people in a specific region. Unlike modern or formal architecture, which often follows standardized designs, vernacular architecture is deeply connected to its surroundings, embodying sustainable and community-driven practices.
Builders use materials readily available in the environment, such as mud, timber, stone, bamboo, or thatch.
This not only reduces costs but also minimizes the environmental impact.
Climatic Responsiveness:
Structures are designed to adapt to local weather conditions. For instance, thick mud walls provide insulation in hot climates, while sloped roofs are common in regions with heavy rainfall.
Cultural Expression:
Reflects the customs, beliefs, and social practices of the local community.
Ornamentation and layout often have symbolic or ritualistic significance.
Sustainability:
Low environmental footprint due to the use of natural and renewable materials.
Passive cooling and heating techniques reduce reliance on energy-intensive systems.
Adaptability:
Structures are often modified over generations to suit changing needs and lifestyles.
Historical Context of Vernacular Architecture
Vernacular architecture has been practiced since ancient times and varies significantly across the globe. Each region developed its unique style based on:
Geography and Resources: Coastal areas often use shells or coral stones, while mountainous regions rely on stone and wood.
Climate: Hot arid zones feature courtyards and thick walls, while cold regions emphasize insulation and compact layouts.
Cultural Practices: Religious beliefs, rituals, and social structures shape the design and use of spaces.
Examples of Vernacular Architecture Around the World
India:
Havelis of Rajasthan: Intricately carved mansions with courtyards to combat extreme heat.
Kerala Houses: Sloped roofs and verandas suited for heavy monsoons.
Bhunga Houses of Kutch: Circular structures with mud walls, resistant to earthquakes.
Japan:
Minka Houses: Wooden structures with sliding panels and thatched roofs, designed for flexibility and climatic adaptation.
Africa:
Zulu Huts: Beehive-shaped structures made of grass and wood, ideal for the subtropical climate.
Adobe Houses: Mud-brick constructions seen in North African deserts, offering excellent insulation.
Europe:
English Cottages: Stone and thatch houses designed for cold weather.
Alpine Chalets: Wooden houses with steep roofs to shed snow.
South America:
Chilean Rucas: Cone-shaped huts made from natural fibers, used by the indigenous Mapuche people.
Amazonian Malocas: Communal structures using palm leaves and bamboo.
Climatic Adaptations in Vernacular Architecture
Hot and Arid Climates:
Thick walls and small windows reduce heat gain.
Courtyards enhance air circulation and cooling.
Whitewashed exteriors reflect sunlight.
Tropical Climates:
Large overhangs and verandas provide shade.
Elevated structures prevent flooding and improve ventilation.
Cold Climates:
Compact layouts retain heat.
Use of insulating materials like wood or thick stone.
Fireplaces and central hearths provide warmth.
Rainy Climates:
Sloped roofs to drain rainwater quickly.
Raised plinths to protect from flooding.
Modern Relevance of Vernacular Architecture
Sustainability:
With growing concerns over environmental degradation, vernacular practices offer insights into eco-friendly construction.
The use of local materials reduces transportation emissions and costs.
Resilience:
Many vernacular techniques are inherently disaster-resistant, such as earthquake-proof Bhunga houses or flood-adaptive stilted homes.
Cultural Preservation:
Reviving vernacular architecture helps preserve intangible heritage and traditional craftsmanship.
Affordable Housing:
Cost-effective construction methods make it suitable for low-income housing projects.
Challenges in Practicing Vernacular Architecture Today
Urbanization:
Rapid urban growth often sidelines traditional practices in favor of modern construction methods.
Loss of Traditional Knowledge:
The decline in skilled artisans and transmission of traditional techniques poses a significant challenge.
Perception Issues:
Vernacular architecture is sometimes viewed as outdated or unsuitable for contemporary lifestyles.
Material Scarcity:
Depletion of local resources, like timber and clay, affects the viability of traditional practices.
Future of Vernacular Architecture
Vernacular architecture is seeing a resurgence, especially in sustainable design movements. Architects and planners are integrating traditional principles with modern technologies to create hybrid designs that meet contemporary needs while respecting the environment. Some notable examples include:
Earthship Biotecture: Combines vernacular earth-building techniques with renewable energy systems.
Green Roofs and Walls: Inspired by traditional vegetative insulation techniques.
Conclusion
Vernacular architecture is more than just a building style—it is a testament to humanity’s ability to harmonize with nature while meeting functional and cultural needs. As the world grapples with climate change and resource scarcity, revisiting these age-old practices can guide us toward sustainable and resilient built environments. Integrating vernacular principles with modern design approaches will not only preserve this invaluable heritage but also provide innovative solutions for a sustainable future.
The Bachelor of Architecture (B.Arch) is a professional undergraduate degree designed for individuals passionate about planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures. With the rapid pace of urbanization, technological advancements, and a growing focus on sustainable development, the demand for skilled architects has grown exponentially. This article explores the scope, opportunities, and career prospects for students pursuing a B.Arch course.
1. Overview of the B.Arch Course
The B.Arch program is a five-year degree course blending theoretical knowledge with practical skills in architecture. It covers diverse topics, including:
Architectural Design and Principles
Building Materials and Construction Techniques
Urban Planning and Landscape Architecture
Sustainable and Green Architecture
Computer-Aided Design (CAD) and Building Information Modeling (BIM)
This holistic approach equips students with the skills to design aesthetically pleasing, functional, and sustainable structures.
2. Career Opportunities After B.Arch
A degree in architecture opens up diverse career opportunities in various domains. Here are some of the prominent career paths:
a. Professional Practice
Graduates can become licensed architects by registering with professional bodies like the Council of Architecture (COA) in India. This allows them to design residential, commercial, or public buildings and work as independent consultants or join architectural firms.
b. Urban Planner
Urban planning involves designing and developing efficient, sustainable cities. Architects with a focus on urban design can work with government bodies, private organizations, or international agencies to address challenges in urbanization and infrastructure.
c. Landscape Architect
Specializing in landscape architecture enables graduates to design outdoor spaces such as parks, gardens, and recreational areas that harmonize with the natural environment.
d. Sustainable Design Specialist
With the growing emphasis on green buildings and energy-efficient designs, architects specializing in sustainability are in high demand to create eco-friendly structures.
e. Academics and Research
Those with a passion for teaching can pursue advanced studies (M.Arch or Ph.D.) and contribute to architectural education and research.
f. Interior Designer
Architects with a flair for interiors can transition into designing functional and aesthetic interior spaces for homes, offices, and public spaces.
g. Real Estate Development
Graduates can work as project managers or consultants in real estate firms, overseeing the design and execution of large-scale residential and commercial projects.
3. Emerging Trends in Architecture
a. Smart Cities and Infrastructure Development
The global push towards smart cities has created significant opportunities for architects to design intelligent, technology-driven urban spaces.
b. Sustainable Architecture
The need for energy-efficient and environmentally friendly designs has led to a surge in demand for architects skilled in sustainable practices and materials.
c. Digital Architecture
Architects are leveraging advanced tools like virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and AI-driven design software to revolutionize how buildings are conceptualized and built.
d. Heritage Conservation
Preserving cultural and historical sites is a growing field that requires architects to balance restoration with modern requirements.
4. Skills Required for Success
To excel in the field of architecture, students should develop the following skills:
Creative Thinking: Essential for innovative and aesthetic designs.
Technical Proficiency: Knowledge of CAD, BIM, and structural analysis tools.
Problem-Solving Abilities: Addressing client needs and environmental challenges.
Project Management: Overseeing budgets, timelines, and resources.
Communication Skills: Collaborating with clients, engineers, and contractors.
5. Job Market and Salary Prospects
The architecture field offers lucrative salary packages, which vary depending on experience, location, and specialization:
Entry-Level: ₹3–6 lakhs per annum in India or $40,000–$60,000 globally.
Mid-Level: ₹6–12 lakhs per annum or $60,000–$90,000 globally.
Senior-Level: ₹12–25 lakhs per annum or $90,000–$150,000 globally. Experienced architects and those working in niche fields like sustainable design or urban planning often command higher salaries.
6. Future Prospects
The B.Arch course offers a promising future due to:
Increasing urbanization and the demand for infrastructure development.
Growing awareness of climate change, driving the need for sustainable architecture.
Expanding real estate and construction industries worldwide.
Government initiatives like the Smart Cities Mission in India and global green building movements.
7. Higher Education and Specialization
After completing a B.Arch degree, graduates can pursue advanced studies to specialize in areas such as:
Master of Architecture (M.Arch) in Urban Design, Landscape Architecture, or Interior Design.
Certifications in sustainable design or advanced software like BIM.
Ph.D. programs for academic and research careers.
8. Challenges in the Field
While the scope of architecture is vast, it comes with challenges:
Meeting client expectations while adhering to budget constraints.
Keeping up with evolving technologies and building regulations.
Balancing aesthetics with functionality and sustainability.
Handling competition in a saturated market.
9. Conclusion
The B.Arch course is a gateway to a fulfilling career for those with a passion for creativity, design, and problem-solving. With growing urbanization and the focus on sustainable development, architects are increasingly playing a pivotal role in shaping the future of our built environment. The wide-ranging opportunities in professional practice, research, and academia make B.Arch a highly rewarding career choice.
Flash drought is a rapidly developing drought phenomenon characterized by a sudden onset and rapid intensification of dry conditions over a short period, typically weeks to months. Unlike traditional droughts that develop slowly over years, flash droughts emerge quickly due to a combination of factors, including weather anomalies and land-atmosphere interactions. These events can cause significant agricultural, hydrological, and ecological damage due to their abrupt nature.
Key Characteristics of Flash Drought
Rapid Onset: Flash droughts can develop within a few weeks, often catching farmers, water managers, and policymakers off guard.
Meteorological Drivers:
High Temperatures: Heatwaves and above-average temperatures increase evapotranspiration rates.
Low Precipitation: Sudden declines in rainfall or prolonged dry spells exacerbate moisture deficits.
Land-Atmosphere Interaction:
Soil Moisture Loss: Rapid depletion of soil moisture due to high temperatures and lack of precipitation.
Vegetation Stress: Plants face water stress, affecting growth and crop yields.
Short Duration: Typically lasts a few weeks to several months but can have lasting impacts, particularly in agriculture.
Causes of Flash Drought
Climate Variability: Changes in atmospheric circulation patterns can disrupt normal weather, leading to reduced rainfall.
Human Activities: Land use changes, deforestation, and over-extraction of water resources exacerbate the risk of flash drought.
Natural Cycles: Phenomena like El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) influence rainfall patterns and temperature anomalies.
Impacts of Flash Drought
Agricultural:
Damage to crops due to sudden water stress.
Reduced yields, particularly in rain-fed agriculture.
Economic losses for farmers.
Ecological:
Stress on aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems.
Increased vulnerability of wildlife to habitat degradation.
Hydrological:
Rapid depletion of reservoirs and groundwater.
Reduced streamflow and water availability for human and industrial use.
Socioeconomic:
Food insecurity due to crop failures.
Increased costs for irrigation and water management.
Climate Models: Advanced modeling techniques are employed to predict flash drought risks based on temperature and precipitation forecasts.
Indices:
Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI)
Evaporative Stress Index (ESI)
Soil Moisture Deficit Index (SMDI)
Mitigation Strategies
Improved Forecasting: Investing in meteorological services to provide early warnings.
Water Management:
Promoting efficient irrigation techniques.
Storing water during wet periods for use during drought.
Agricultural Practices:
Using drought-resistant crop varieties.
Adopting conservation agriculture practices to retain soil moisture.
Policy Interventions:
Developing drought preparedness plans.
Subsidizing crop insurance for farmers.
Examples of Flash Drought Events
2012 United States: A flash drought severely impacted corn and soybean crops, causing billions in economic losses.
2019 Southeast Asia: A rapid drought affected rice production, leading to food shortages.
2022 Europe: Unseasonably high temperatures and low rainfall caused sudden agricultural stress in parts of Western Europe.
Conclusion
Flash droughts represent an increasing challenge in the context of climate change. Their rapid onset and severe impacts demand robust monitoring systems, adaptive strategies, and sustainable resource management. By understanding their drivers and effects, societies can better prepare for and mitigate the risks associated with these sudden drought phenomena.
As urbanization accelerates worldwide, cities are increasingly vulnerable to disasters and the adverse effects of climate change. Rising sea levels, extreme weather events, and resource shortages threaten urban infrastructure, economies, and populations. Building resilience—the ability of a city to anticipate, prepare for, respond to, and recover from adverse events—is crucial for ensuring sustainable urban development. This article explores strategies to make cities resilient against disasters and climate change.
Understanding Urban Resilience
Urban resilience encompasses a city’s capacity to:
Minimize risks and vulnerabilities.
Absorb, recover, and adapt to adverse conditions.
Maintain functionality despite disruptions.
The concept of resilience is holistic, addressing physical infrastructure, social systems, governance, and environmental sustainability.
Strategies to Enhance Urban Resilience
1. Adopting Climate-Smart Urban Planning
Cities should incorporate climate change scenarios into their urban planning processes. This includes:
Zoning regulations to prevent development in high-risk areas such as floodplains and coastal zones.
Promoting mixed-use development to reduce travel demand and associated emissions.
Implementing green infrastructure like parks, wetlands, and green roofs to manage stormwater and reduce the urban heat island effect.
2. Investing in Resilient Infrastructure
Robust infrastructure systems can withstand disasters and adapt to changing climatic conditions. Key measures include:
Designing flood-resistant buildings and elevated roadways.
Strengthening existing infrastructure against earthquakes and other hazards.
Developing energy-efficient systems powered by renewable energy sources.
3. Strengthening Early Warning Systems
Timely information about impending disasters can save lives and reduce damage. Cities should:
Deploy advanced monitoring technologies for weather and environmental changes.
Develop community-based alert systems that ensure everyone, including marginalized groups, receives warnings.
Conduct regular emergency drills to improve preparedness.
4. Enhancing Community Participation
A resilient city relies on the active participation of its citizens. Strategies to empower communities include:
Establishing climate adaptation policies aligned with global frameworks like the Paris Agreement.
Encouraging multi-stakeholder collaborations between governments, businesses, and civil society.
Case Studies of Resilient Cities
1. Rotterdam, Netherlands
Rotterdam is a global leader in urban resilience. Its innovative water management system, including flood barriers, floating buildings, and water plazas, demonstrates the city’s commitment to combating sea-level rise.
2. Sendai, Japan
Sendai’s reconstruction after the 2011 earthquake and tsunami showcases a model for disaster resilience. The city emphasized community engagement, robust infrastructure, and sustainable energy systems.
3. Medellín, Colombia
Once plagued by violence and poor infrastructure, Medellín transformed into a resilient city through inclusive urban planning, such as its famous cable cars and green corridors.
Conclusion
Making cities resilient to disasters and climate change is no longer optional; it is a necessity. The integration of innovative planning, robust infrastructure, community involvement, and sustainable practices can enable cities to thrive in the face of adversity. Governments, urban planners, and citizens must collaborate to build cities that are not only safe and sustainable but also adaptable to an uncertain future.
Investing in urban resilience today will pay dividends in securing the wellbeing of future generations.
References
Acuti, D., & Bellucci, M. (2020). Resilient cities and regions: planning, initiatives, and perspectives. Climate Action, 763-774.
Greenwalt, J., Raasakka, N., & Alverson, K. (2018). Building urban resilience to address urbanization and climate change. In Resilience (pp. 151-164). Elsevier.
Jabareen, Y. (2013). Planning the resilient city: Concepts and strategies for coping with climate change and environmental risk. Cities, 31, 220-229.
Khan, A., Carlosena, L., Khorat, S., Khatun, R., Das, D., Doan, Q. V., … & Niyogi, D. (2023). Urban cooling potential and cost comparison of heat mitigation techniques for their impact on the lower atmosphere. Computational Urban Science, 3(1), 26.
Orsetti, E., Tollin, N., Lehmann, M., Valderrama, V. A., & Morató, J. (2022). Building resilient cities: climate change and health interlinkages in the planning of public spaces. International journal of environmental research and public health, 19(3), 1355.
Sharma, S. N. (2018). Review of National Urban Policy Framework 2018. Think India Journal, 21(3), 74-81.
Are you passionate about storytelling, eager to investigate compelling issues, and interested in building a career in journalism? Eduindex News, a leading online news portal, is offering an exciting internship opportunity for budding journalists. This internship is a golden chance to gain hands-on experience in the dynamic world of journalism while honing your skills in writing, editing, and reporting.
About Eduindex News
Eduindex News is a well-established online news platform that focuses on delivering insightful and balanced coverage of global events, educational developments, and socio-economic trends. Known for its emphasis on credible journalism, Eduindex News serves as a reliable source of information for readers worldwide. The platform covers a diverse range of topics, including education, culture, politics, technology, business, and more.
Why Choose the Eduindex News Internship?
Eduindex News provides a unique learning experience tailored to prepare interns for the competitive field of journalism. The internship is structured to equip candidates with essential industry skills and foster professional growth. Here are the highlights:
Real-World Experience:
Interns will work on live projects, including news reporting, feature writing, and investigative journalism.
You’ll have the opportunity to pitch story ideas and collaborate with senior journalists.
Skill Development:
Enhance your skills in content creation, research, editing, and multimedia reporting.
Learn how to use professional tools for writing, video editing, and graphic design.
Mentorship:
Gain mentorship from seasoned journalists and editors at Eduindex News.
Learn the nuances of journalistic ethics, news analysis, and audience engagement.
Portfolio Building:
Publish your work on Eduindex News, allowing you to build a professional portfolio.
Showcase your skills to potential employers with bylines under your name.
Networking Opportunities:
Connect with industry professionals and fellow interns to expand your network.
Flexible Work Environment:
This internship offers remote work options, enabling candidates to contribute from anywhere.
Internship Roles and Responsibilities
As an intern at Eduindex News, you’ll be expected to perform various roles, including:
Researching and writing news articles, editorials, and opinion pieces.
Conducting interviews with subject matter experts and sources.
Fact-checking and ensuring the accuracy of published content.
Collaborating with the editorial team to plan and execute news coverage.
Assisting in multimedia projects such as video reporting and podcast production.
Promoting published articles through social media and other digital platforms.
Eligibility Criteria
Eduindex News welcomes applications from students and recent graduates in journalism, mass communication, or related fields. Candidates should meet the following criteria:
Strong command of the English language.
Excellent writing and editing skills.
A keen interest in current events and news reporting.
Basic knowledge of digital media tools and platforms.
Ability to meet deadlines and work under pressure.
Duration and Stipend
The internship duration ranges from 1 to 6 months, depending on the candidate’s availability and performance.
A certificate of internship will be provided upon successful completion. Exceptional interns may also be considered for full-time roles at Eduindex News.
How to Apply?
To apply for the journalism internship at Eduindex News, follow these simple steps:
Prepare your resume highlighting your skills and achievements.
Write a cover letter explaining your interest in journalism and why you wish to intern at Eduindex News.
Submit 2-3 writing samples or links to published work (if available).
Send your application to editor@eduindex.org with the subject line “Internship Application – Journalism.”
Testimonials from Previous Interns
“My internship at Eduindex News was a transformative experience. I learned the ins and outs of journalism and got the chance to publish my work. The team was incredibly supportive!” – Aditi Sharma
“Eduindex News helped me develop the confidence to pursue a full-time career in journalism. The mentorship and real-world exposure were invaluable.” – Ramesh Kumar
Conclusion
An internship at Eduindex News is more than just a learning experience—it’s a stepping stone to a successful career in journalism. Whether you dream of being a news reporter, editor, or media strategist, this opportunity will help you build the skills, knowledge, and network required to achieve your goals.
Don’t miss this chance to kickstart your journalism journey with one of the most dynamic platforms in the industry. Apply now and make your mark in the world of news and media!
Rupnagar, 9th December 2024: IIT Ropar successfully hosted the Sheet Metal Forming (SMF) 2024 conference, attracting a large gathering of national and international delegates. The event featured eminent speakers from IITs and prominent industry partners, including Auto form, Electropneumatics & Hydraulics, Altair, Tata Steel, Tata Technologies Ltd., Ford India, Felss System GmbH, and JBM Auto Ltd. SMF 2024, the flagship conference of the Sheet Metal Forming Research Association (SMFRA), provided a platform for researchers and developers from India and abroad to present and exchange ideas on metal forming technologies.
The conference commenced on December 5th with an inaugural ceremony. Prof. Anupam Agrawal, from the Department of Mechanical Engineering at IIT Ropar and Organizing Secretary of SMF 2024, welcomed the attendees, including speakers, SMFRA members, scholars, and industry guests. Prof. Rajeev Ahuja, Director of IIT Ropar, conveyed his best wishes for the success of the conference. This was followed by an address by Dr. Prabhat K. Agnihotri, Head of the Department of Mechanical Engineering and Chairman of the conference. Chief Guest Dr. Santosh Kumar, Vice President, Jindal Stainless Ltd., delivered the Rasquinha Memorial Lecture, sharing insights on the latest advancements and challenges in the field of sheet metal forming. Prof. K. Narasimhan, Secretary of SMFRA and Professor at IIT Bombay, highlighted the key challenges in metal forming for academia and underscored the importance of the SMF conference series in bridging academia and industry. The ceremony concluded with a vote of thanks by Prof. Navin Kumar, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Ropar, and Co-Organizing Secretary of SMF 2024.
The event was supported by Platinum Sponsors Auto Formand Electropneumatic & Hydraulics (I) Pvt. Ltd., along with Silver Sponsor Altair Engineering India Pvt. Ltd.
Day 1 of the conference showcased presentations by leading researchers, professors, and industry leaders on the latest advancements in sheet metal forming. Day 2 included technical sessions on diverse topics, such as lightweight metal forming, hot forming for lightweight construction, and challenges in skin panel forming. Attendees had the opportunity to engage with experts and exchange ideas on cutting-edge research in sheet metal forming.
SMF 2024 featured a panel discussion on day 2, moderated by Mr. Avinash Khare, Consultant at Tool Maker’s Facility, India. The panel included distinguished experts such as Prof. Hariharan K. (Associate Professor, IIT Madras), Mr. Prashant Kulkarni (Regional Manager, Altair Engineering India Pvt. Ltd.), Dr. Rahul Kumar (Tata Steel), and Prof. Ekta Singla(Associate Professor, IIT Ropar).
SMF 2024 aimed to provide insights into the future of metal forming research and promote knowledge-sharing among experts. The biennial event concluded successfully, with SMF 2024 Organizing Secretary Prof. Anupam Agrawal and Co-Organizing Secretaries Prof. Navin Kumar and Prof. Ekta Singla—receiving widespread appreciation for their efforts. The conference ended on Day 2 with a valedictory address by Prof. Anupam Agrawal.
The Department of School Education and Literacy, Ministry of Education, Government of India has been implementing a rolling programme of sample based National Achievement Survey (NAS) aimed at classes III, V, VIII and X with a cycle period of three years. The last National Achievement Survey (NAS) was held on 12th November, 2021.
In pursuance of the recommendations of the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, National Assessment Centre, PARAKH (Performance Assessment, Review, and Analysis of Knowledge for Holistic Development) has been setup by the Ministry of Education under the National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) and has been entrusted with the responsibility of carrying out the next round of NAS, hereafter referred to as PARAKH Rashtriya Sarvekshan 2024. The survey will be held on 4th December, 2024 across the country and will help to assess the competencies developed by students at the end of foundational, preparatory and middle stages (i.e., Students currently in 3rd, 6th and 9th Grades) and help to take remedial measures. The instrument development, testing, finalization of the test items and survey tools have been developed by PARAKH, NCERT. However, the administration of the test in the sampled schools will be done by CBSE in collaboration with the respective States/UTs.
The PARAKH Rashtriya Sarvekshan is a baseline study to understand the achievement of the stage specific competencies at the end of foundation, preparatory and middle stages as per NEP 2020. It will cover the entire spectrum of schools i.e., Government Schools (Central Government and State Government), Government Aided Schools and Private schools across the country. It is expected that around 23 lakh students of approximately88 thousand schools spread out in 782 districts across 36 States and UTs will be covered in the PARAKH Rashtriya Sarvekshan 2024. Students of Grades 3, 6, and 9 will be assessed in the subjects, Language, Mathematics, the World Around Us, Science and Social Science. The Test would be conducted in 23 mediums of instructions covering Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Konkani, Malayalam, Manipuri, Marathi, Nepali, Oriya, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Santhali, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu, Bodo, English, Mizo, Garo & Khasi.
For smooth and fair conduct of the survey 94878 Field Investigators, 75,565 Observers, 3128 District Level Officers and 180 State Nodal Officers from 36 States and Union Territories have been appointed. Also, 782 Board Representatives along with 38 National Level Observers have been appointed in the districts for monitoring the overall functioning and ensuring fair conduct of the Survey. All the personnel have been provided extensive training regarding their roles and responsibilities.
A National Steering Committee has been constituted for conduct of PARAKH Rashtriya 2024 headed by Secretary, Department of School Education and Literacy, Ministry of Education. A Portal https://ncert.nic.in/parakh/rashtriyasarvekshan.php has been launched to enable coordination with various key functionaries for smooth conduct of PARAKH Rashtriya 2024. National, State and District Report cards for all Stages covered under the survey will be released and placed in public domain.
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