Psychology has become one of the most popular and important subjects nowadays. It is the study of the mind and behavior, according to the American Psychological Association. The discipline of psychology is broadly divisible into two parts: a large profession of practitioners and a smaller but growing science of mind, brain, and social behavior. The […]

PSYCHOLOGY — Site Title

Recently, when we look back and check once, we can see many countries delegates like Prime Minister, President, one or the other is visiting India. Boris Johnson, Prime Minister of United Kingdom also planned to visit, but due to pandemic the plan was cancelled. The point here is them not visiting us. The point is why they are visiting us? And why such Global powers are showing Interest on us.

Also, recently India and Us held a 2+2 Ministerial Dialogue, which shows the importance of India for US.

Every country, it maybe USA, Japan, Russia, France, Asia-European Union are trying to be or maintain relationship with India. It can be friendship or enmity, showing interest have any reason behind.

when we look back, India’s prestige is increasing world wide, It’s not that it is popular in ancient times, the growth and popularity of India started long back from Indus Valley Civilization itself. The IVC people used to have trade relationship with Mesopotamia and Egypt.

Its like the International relation that India have with other countries started long back but increased during the 16th century when European countries started to reach India.

In post Independent India, the then Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru linked Indian foreign policy with principles of Panchsheel and Non-alignment.

In late 1940’s India supported Indonesian colonial war to end the Dutch rule. This is why India manages to make a different place on world stage.

one of the major positive that’s attracting the other countries is

• India’s demographic advantage
• India’s strategic location
• Economic factor
• close cultural and religious ties.
• Indian Philosophies

India’s demographic advantage. we have higher number of youth population. Around 62.5%of Indian population belong to the working age group of 15- 59years.

India’s strategic location. As India is covered with water on 3 sides. one side is Pacific ocean, Bay of Bengal, Indian Ocean- can have a route from Mediterranean sea. there is a logic behind this. More than 80% of total maritime oil trade takes place through the 3 narrow passages located in Indian Ocean.

As it’s role as a peace provider. India’s increased defense capabilities helped India in launching the SAGAR i.e., Security and Growth For All.

Economic factor. In an estimate by world economic league, India with 6.8trillion USD will become the 3rd largest economy by 2031.

Also, India is providing development assistance to countries like Nepal, Bhutan, SriLanka, Latin America and Africa. apart from this, India was there when the countries need a help during the time of pandemic, natural disasters etc.

This is the reason why every country is having that respect towards India, as its maintaining friendly cordial relationships with the fellow countries.

COMPREHENSION OF GIVEN PASSAGES

Word ‘comprehension’ means the ability to understand what you listen to or what you read.
The most essential requirement for understanding the passage is to know the meaning of the words used in it.

Types of comprehensive passage

• Factual passage: A factual passage contains 300 to 350 words. It is a detailed description in which some information is added along with a detailed description of physical attributes. A good factual passage describes the reader to compare or contrast the relevant information regarding facts, data, etc.

• Discursive passage: A discursive passage contains a text which is either argumentative or interpretative or persuasive in nature. They may also include opinions or feedback.

Requisite skills of Comprehensive passage

To develop a better level of comprehension one requires certain skills:

• Logical ability
• The ability to infer
• Analytical ability
• Reasoning ability
• Ability to understand the main motive or the idea of the author.
• Reading speed
• Vocabulary power
• Remembering some important information from the paragraph otherwise, we need to refer the paragraph again and again which will consume more time.

PRECISE WRITING

Precis Writing is a summary. It is an exercise of compression. A precis writing is a gist of any passage in as few words as possible.

Guidelines for precise writing

• Closely read the passage, and identify the central idea of the passage. It is vital to identify the general idea of the passage and incorporate it in one’s précis.
• Look-out for the total number of words. If the number is not provided, quickly calculate the number using approximations.
• In order to understand the passage clearly, make sure that you read the passage closely, and give it a couple of reads before you start writing the précis.
• Highlight the most important points in the passage, and make notes. Leave out all non-essential information from the précis.
• Provide an apt heading to your précis.
• Note making is an essential task for writing précis. You should try to arrange the points in most logical order, and ensure the order of thought is the same as the original.
• The three grammatical rules you need to follow while writing a précis are: write it in third person, indirect form and appropriate past tense.
• It is advisable to provide designations of officials rather than names and titles. In case the official designation is not provided, you can use the personal name. Kindly be consistent with the pattern you adopt.
• Make sure you review your rough draft, remove the chinks and ensure that you have made no language related errors.
• Before writing your précis, make sure you have a glance over the original to make sure you have not missed anything.
• Finally, a wise policy would be to count the words of your precis and put them down in a bracket at the end.

QUALITIES OF GOOD PRECIS

• Objectivity:
   Objectivity means how you are presenting your facts and views without it being biasing your feelings or personal opinions. In stricter terms, precis writing should be a summary of the passage or text given to you. It should not include your personal idea or opinions.
• Clarity:
  A precis is the crisp formation of the passage and it should be as crisp and clear as possible. Clarity is essentially getting your ideas loud and clear without writing it in depth. It should convey what the writer is trying to say. 
• Coherence:
  It clearly means that ideas and views that you have presented should be logical and the interconnection of the ideas should be proper. 
• Correctness:
  There are many mistakes that you should avoid while writing a precis. Many such mistakes include mistakes in figures and dates, the spelling of words, punctuation mistakes, structure and grammar mistakes, and many more. 
• Conciseness:
  Conciseness means that the precis should contain all the information required while not mentioning it in depth. It should not be too long either too short and both of these should not have any impact while writing a precis.
• Completeness:
   It should include as many things as possible and more importantly the facts. In fact, a good one should be able to produce all the facts while being short. A short precis does not mean avoiding important facts. Also, the important thing that you should remember is it should be a summary and not a short description of the passage.
  

Points to Avoid for Precis Writing

• Do not elaborate a lot on a single point.
• Do not use your own interpretation, criticism,  or assumption about the text.
• Do not copy sentences from the original text or use abbreviations.
• Do not break the flow of events and keep the text well connected.

USAGE AND VOCABULARY

Usage is the act of using something. Vocabulary is all about words — the words in a language or a special set of words you are trying to learn.

SHORT ESSAYS

An essay is typically a short, non-fiction piece of writing.

Guidelines for short essays

• Each short essay should be a short essay of approximately 500 words, about 2 typewritten double-spaced pages in length. 
• You must write in full sentences and use proper grammar, punctuation, and spelling. 
• Your essay should answer the assigned question, drawing on the relevant reading assignment. 
• It is very important to deal with what the author says about the question, not simply with what you think.  (However, you may contrast your own opinion with the author’s, offer a critique of her argument, etc.  But this requires that you start by setting out the author’s position.)
• Even though you are dealing with the author’s view about the question, you need to express it in your own words. 
• Extended quotations of the text are inappropriate in an assignment of this length, and even short quotations require your analysis (e.g., you will need to explain what the sentence you have quoted means, how it bears on the question, etc.).
• Misrepresenting the words or ideas of others as your own is plagiarism. 
• You will not receive credit for any essays that contain plagiarism,.
• Moreover, it is course policy that plagiarism will result in a failing grade for the course and the possibility of further administrative sanctions. 
• If you are completely unsure of what the author is claiming or how it bears on the question you have been asked to answer, you should write a brief essay on what the author seems to be claiming, why it does not make sense to you, and what two questions you might ask the author to help you understand his view.
• Short essays are due at the beginning of lecture. 
•  No late reading responses will be accepted.  Of the 4 reading responses assigned, your lowest grade will be dropped from the average. 

Ok……. let’s talk about climate change. What it is? how it is happening? Is it because of humans? Does with have anything to do in this????. let’s know………

First of all…what is climate change???

Climate change is nothing but the change in climate. Ummmm…….sounds a bit odd and confusing but let’s see. “The change in climate means whatever we are seeing daily or sensing or experiencing is changing gradually”.

There maybe many reasons for this change in climatic conditions.

We started breaking CO2 records in 1950, and we haven’t stopped since. So, what maybe the reason????????

Well Scientists say there is a 95% chance that human activity is the cause. We have been burning more and more fossil fuels like oil and coal which release CO2, to power our homes, factories, airplanes and cars. Not only this, there is a lot more of us i.e., the global population has tripled in the past 70years and we are consuming more products from animals that release another pollutant called Methane.

All these gases are released into the air, and when sunlight get’s into the Earth’s atmosphere, some of the heat gets trapped and the planet gets warmer. This is called as “Greenhouse Effect“.

The concern is not about the Earth getting warmer. It’s actually the warmest temperature on Earth since the last ice age, since 10,000years ago.

The UN says that right now our World is about 1 degree hotter than the Pre-Industrial times i.e., around 1800’s. It’s ok if the heat increases by 1.5 to 2 within a century or so. But, the problem is the “SPEED”. The change is heat is happening so fast that the temperature is increasing rapidly within 10-15 years which is not ok. And if we don’t slow down the heat/warming-this would mean CATASTROPHE within our life time and we are already experiencing it.

Some of the effects we can see because of global warming are

• Global rise in temperature
• Ocean warming
• Melting of Glaciers and ice sheets.
• Decrease on snow cover
• Sea level rise.

So, to overcome or reduce all this, back in 2016, world leaders signed “PARIS AGREEMENT”. The big pledge they took is to cap temperatures rising by 1.5 degrees or maximum 2, before the year 2100.So, countries set their own targets on how much CO2 they should emit. But the problem is, even after the agreement, the level of CO2 is increasing rapidly.

But, one thing to be proud of is some countries like, India, Morocco, Gambia have massive renewable energy projects.

The advice is….. It’s our turn to change all the things that’s happening because of us, to change our ways and shake things up…..or else, climate change is going to do it for us

                                                                     
                        

Vikram Batra belongs to a Hindu
family in Palampur, Himachal Pradesh. He was a son of a government school
principal. He joined the Air Wing of the National Cadet Corps in his college.
From his college life, he was interested in serving the nation. He cleared the
exam of NCC, get the C certificate. After participating in the Republic day
parade, he shared his thought with their parents that he wants to join the
Indian Army.

 

1n 1995, he pursuing MA at
Punjab University and start the preparation for Combined Defense Service Exam.
In 1996, he joined Indian Military Academy(IMA). In 1997, after concluding
training in IMA, he was commissioned as a lieutenant into the 13 JAK RIF. 

In 1998, after undergoing many
training and postings, he finally posted to Sopore, Baramulla District, J&K
.He had many encounters with militants over there. In one operation, Batra was
leading the platoon and had killed all the militants before the morning. In
1999, Batra completed his commando course at Belgaum, Karnataka.

 

In 1999, it was Holi time.
Vikram Batra enjoying his vacation with his fiancée Dimple Cheema. In a
conversation, Dimple said to Vikram Batra that he has to be careful about war.
Then Batra smiled and replied-“I’ll either come back after raising the
Indian flag in victory or return wrapped in it. But I’ll come back for
sure.”

 

He returned to his troop from
his hometown. After few days,13 JAK RIF reached Dras on  6 June 1999. The 18 Grenadiers failed to
capture the peak of Tololing. But 2 RAJ RIF 
captured the peak on June 13, 1999. After the success of that mission, Vikaram
Batra and his platoon were ordered to march from Dras to Tooling. Another
mission was planned to capture point 5140, which was assigned to the 13 JAK
RIF. Under the command of Lt. Col. Yogesh Kumar Joshi,13 JAK RIF found that the
enemy covered some major areas from top to bottom of point 5140. Joshi decided
to attack from the east and south sides by two teams, lead by Lt. Sanjeev Singh
Jamwal, and Lt. Vikram Batra. Both choose their winning signal, Jamwal chooses
“Oh! Yeah, yeah, yeah!” and Batra chooses “Ye Dil Mange
More!”.

 

Artillery fire was used for
covering support of these two assault companies while climbing point 5140. Both
the companies reached their destination on 20 June. Jamwals company had first
captured their objective. It was difficult for Batra to covered the enemy from
the rear side of the hill, but Batra did that impossible task with his 5 team
members and killed 3 enemies single-handedly in close combat. He was injured
but never stopped there, rather lead his troops and captured their objective by
sharing his slogan”Ye Dil Mange More!”.

 

He was promoted as Captain
after capturing point 5140. After the great success of 13 JAK RIF, the troop
moved to Mushkoh Valley under the command of 79 Mountain Bridge. The next task
was to captured point 4875 in the Mushkoh Valley. It was the dangerous mission
ever for 13 JAK RIF till now. They had to protect around 30-40km of the
National Highway from Dras to Malayan. The Pakistani soldiers easily observed
the moment and position of our soldiers, saw the gun positions, army camps from
that peak.  

 

On 4 July, the war began. The A
and C Coys started their operation of capturing point 4875. But in the
meanwhile, Batra was suffered from fatigue and fever.  Although its day time, these two troops were
consolidated their hold on point 4875 after heavy bombarding and machine-gun
attacks, and artillery fire. On 5 July, Pakistani enemies attacked with heavy
fire and accuracy from their position in north point 4875. Area Flat was
captured by 13 JAK RIF on 5 July, that was the key objective of that mission,
without that point Indian Army never succeed in their mission. Unfortunately
within a few hours Pakistani enemies counter-attacked our soldiers and climbed
faster to capture the peak. Captain N.A.Nagappa was lead a troop to fight
against those enemies to acquire the peak. But suddenly he was badly injured.
Pakistani soldiers were climbing faster as Nagappa was injured.

 

Batra observing all those
things lying on the bed went to Mr.Joshi and insisted to let him go. As the
team of Nagappa needed reinforcement, Vikram Batra and his team were ready to
capture the peak 4875 and determined for this in any situation and
circumstances. All the members of 13 JAK RIF wanted to join Batra for the honor
of their battalion despite the orders of their seniors.

 

Batra began to climb with 25
members of D Coy at night. When the troop neared the top, they had to climb
vertically, where the visibility was almost zero due to heavy fog. Batra found
a machine gun of Pakistani soldiers and destroyed it with a grenade. Batra
finally located the machine gun post of enemies, but unfortunately, no option
was left without a direct frontal assault in daylight. Under heavy fire from
enemies’ machine guns and grenade launchers, Batra killed 5 Pakistani soldiers
with his AK-47. Batra saw one of his men was shot in this process. With heavy
firing, Batra said his teammate Sub. Raghunath Singh evacuates that injured
soldier. He also said to Singh, “You have a family and children to go back
to, I am not even married”.Batra had continuously given his maximum effort
to drag the soldier to a safe place, suddenly a bullet hit his chest from a
very close distance, and after few seconds another on his head from an RPG.
Batra lies down on that battleground.

 

He was aware of the great
danger of his mission, but instead of all those things, he was never afraid of
death. Vikram Batra was awarded Indian’s highest military honor, the Param Vir
Chakra. His supreme sacrifices for his country will always be memorable.

India is a land of rich heritage, culture, history, and geography. Indian culture is a heritage of social norms, ethical values, traditional customs and belief systems, artifacts, political systems, and technologies that originated in the Indian subcontinent. India is a part of Asia and forms a peninsula which means it is surrounded by 3 water bodies that are ‘The Arabian Sea’, ‘ bay of Bengal’, and ‘Indian Ocean ’. Over the years, numerous styles of art, architecture, painting, music, dance, festivals and customs have developed in India and this wide variety has made the Indian culture unparalleled to which the entire world still looks up to. The cultural heritage of India still flourishes maintaining its original features together along with changes ,a key indicator of its strength.

Salient Aspects of Indian art forms, literature, and architecture from ancient to modern times

There are 3 types of Indian Arts. ‘Performing Arts’ include different types of classical dances that are ‘kathak’, ‘Bharatnatyam’, ‘Manipuri’, etc., music, theatre, and puppets. ‘Visual arts’ include ‘historical architecture’, ‘sculpture’, and ‘paintings’. Literary Arts have a mission to engage readers, support writers, and inspire the next generation with great literature.

In ancient times, art was produced to promote religious activity. From the 2^nd century BC, the Ajanta caves in the Aurangabad district of Maharashtra are the ancient and magnificent caves where we can find the arts of Buddha and other gods and goddesses. Mughal paintings and Rajputana paintings and arts from the 14-16^th century are the most beautiful works done by Indian artists.

Literature engages people with writings in different languages of India like Tamil, Sanskrit, Hindi, etc., expressing shared tradition, cultural experiences, and Indian heritage.

Indian architecture is the greatest artistic glory. Indus valley civilization is the oldest Indian architectural civilization.

 Modern Indian history from about the middle of the eighteenth century until the present

After the death of the most popular Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb in 1707, the Mughal authority weakened. They were unable to rule India as other emperors ruled. The last emperor of the Mughal Empire, Bahadur Shah Zafar (Emperor from 1837-57) was known to be the weakest. He was the son of Akbar shah II.

The history of modern India begins in the middle of the eighteenth century with the beginning of the freedom struggle, which finally concluded in the form of an independent India.

REVOLT OF 1857

The revolt of 1857 was the conscious beginning of the Independence struggle against the colonial tyranny of the British. There are various names for the revolt of 1857 – India’s First War of Independence, Sepoy Mutiny, etc. The revolt began on May 10, 1857, at Meerut as a sepoy mutiny. It was initiated by sepoys in the Bengal Presidency against the British officers. This war of Independence marked the end of rule by the British East India company. Post this, India was directly ruled by the British government through representatives known as Governor-General. Rani Lakshmi Bai of Jhansi, Sepoy Mangal Pandey and many other fighters fought for the India’s first freedom movement.

Formation of Indian National Congress
‘Indian National Congress’, byname ‘Congress Party‘, broadly based political party of India. Formed in 1885, the Indian National Congress dominated the Indian movement for independence from Great Britain.

Formation of Indian National Army
‘Indian National Army’ was formed by Netaji Subhash Bose in 1942.

The Freedom Struggle — its various stages and important contributors/contributions from different parts of the country.

PARTITION OF BENGAL [1905]

Indian nationalism was gaining in strength and Bengal was the nerve centre of Indian nationalism in the early 1900s. Lord Curzon, the Viceroy (1899-1905), attempted to ‘dethrone Calcutta’ from its position as the centre from which the Congress Party manipulated throughout Bengal, and indeed, the whole of India. The decision to partition Bengal into two was in the air from December 1903.

Congress party – from 1903 to mid-1905 – tried moderate techniques of petitions, memoranda, speeches, public meetings and press campaigns. The objective was to turn to public opinion in India and England against the partition.

However, Viceroy Curzon 1905 formally announced the British Government’s decision for the partition of Bengal on 19 July 1905. The partition took effect on 16 October 1905.

THE SWADESHI MOVEMENT [1905-1908]

The movement popularised the use and consumption of indigenous products. Indians started ditching British goods for Indian products.

Women, students, and a large section of the urban and rural population of Bengal and other parts of India became actively involved in politics for the first time with Swadeshi Movement.

The message of Swadeshi and the boycott of foreign goods soon spread to the rest of the country.

The militant nationalists led by Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal, Lajpat Rai and Aurobindo Ghosh were in favour of extending the movement to the rest of India and carrying it beyond the programme of just Swadeshi and boycott to a full-fledged political mass struggle. For them, the aim was Swaraj.

In 1906, the Indian National Congress at its Calcutta Session presided over by Dadabhai Naoroji, declared that the goal of the Indian National Congress was ‘self-government or Swaraj like that of the United Kingdom or the Colonies.

There were differences in the ideologies with the congressmen who were popularly known by the names Moderates and the Extremists. They had differences of opinion regarding the pace of the movement and the techniques of struggle to be adopted. This came to a head in the 1907 Surat session of the Congress where the party split (the two factions re-joined later).

This period also saw a breakthrough in Indian art, literature, music, science and industry.

It was, perhaps, in the cultural sphere that the impact of the Swadeshi Movement was most marked. The songs composed at that time by Rabindranath Tagore, Rajani Kanta Sen etc became the moving spirit for nationalists of all hues.

In art, this was the period when Abanindranath Tagore broke the domination of Victorian naturalism over Indian art and sought inspiration from the rich indigenous traditions of Mughal, Rajput and Ajanta paintings.

In science, Jagdish Chandra Bose, Prafulla Chandra Ray, and others pioneered original research that was praised the world over.

The Swadeshi period also saw the creative use of traditional popular festivals and melas as a means of reaching out to the masses. The Ganapati and Shivaji festivals, popularized by Tilak, became a medium for Swadeshi propaganda not only in Western India but also in Bengal.

Another important aspect of the Swadeshi Movement was the great emphasis given to self-reliance or ‘Atmasakti’in various fields meant the re-asserting of national dignity, honour and confidence.

Self-reliance also meant an effort to set up Swadeshi or indigenous enterprises. The period saw a mushrooming of Swadeshi textile mills, soap and match factories etc.

One of the major features of the programme of self-reliance was Swadeshi or National Education. In 1906, the National Council of Education was established. The vernacular medium was given stress from primary to university level.

Corps of volunteers (or samitis as they were called) were another major form of mass mobilization widely used by the Swadeshi Movement. The Swadesh Bandhab Samiti set up by Ashwini Kumar Dutt was the most well-known volunteer organization of them all.

SPLIT IN CONGRESS [1907]

The main public leaders of the two wings, Tilak (of the Extremists) and Gokhale (of the Moderates) were aware of the dangers of disunity in the nationalist ranks.

A split was avoided in 1906 by choosing Dadabhai Naoroji as presidentship of INC in the Calcutta session. Also, four compromise resolutions on the Swadeshi, Boycott, National Education, and Self-Government demands were passed. However, the hope of a united Congress was short-lived.

The Extremists wanted to extend the Swadeshi and the Boycott Movement from Bengal to the rest of the country but Moderators opposed.

The Extremists were fumed by the rumours that the Moderates wanted to scuttle the four Calcutta resolutions. This created friction among them which led to the split at the Congress session was held on 26 December 1907 at Surat, on the banks of the river Tapti.
The Indian National Congress split in December 1907. By 1907, the Moderate nationalists had exhausted their historical role. They failed to meet the demands of the new stage of the national movement, even failed to attract the younger generation.

Post-independence consolidation and reorganization within the country.

When the British decided to quit India, the Indian National Congress (INC) and the Muslim League did not come to any conclusion and was unable to make a united front for independence.

For creating a consensus, Britain sent the Cabinet Mission to India. Muslim League did not agree on the proposals of Cabinet Mission, and Jinnah proclaimed “Direct Action Day” on 16th August 1946.

Violence erupted on both sides of the borders.  To stop the violence and to avoid a civil war situation, Congress accepted the partition plan. On 14th August 1947, India got divided into the dominions of India and Pakistan. Later, the Islamic Republic of Pakistan was further divided, and a new dominion of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh was created in 1975.

The Indian Independence Act 1947 made the necessary provision for the independence of India and Pakistan. India chose to become a secular country, whereas Pakistan decided to become an Islamic County. The actual geographic demarcation of the areas between India and Pakistan was entrusted upon by Sir Cyril Radcliffe.

POST-PARTITION OF INDIA AFTER 1947

After independence, the world saw one of the most abrupt and haphazard transfers of people in human history. There were brutal killings, rapes, atrocities in the name of religion on both sides of the border.

In an estimate, about 80 lakh people were forced to migrate across the border to a new place. Also, around 10 lakh people were killed during Partition in religious violence.

India created a department of rehabilitation for the resettlement of refugee in various refugee camps.

PRINCELY STATES ISSUE

The Sardar Patel assumed additional charge of the newly created states department in Jun 1947 with V.P. Menon as its Secretary.

In its first step, Patel appealed to the princes whose territories fell inside India to join the Indian Union in at least three subjects which can affect the common interests of the country, namely, defence, foreign affairs and communications.

There were 565 princely states at that time. Integration of the princely states of Hyderabad, Junagadh, Jammu & Kashmir and Manipur proved more difficult than the rest.

History of the world

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

The Industrial Revolution was a period of major industrialization and innovation during the late 1700s and early 1800s. The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain and quickly spread throughout the world.

The era saw new changes in chemical manufacturing, iron production, textile production, as well as across many other industries. The rapid development of steam power and water power were two of the core driving factors of the industrial revolution. It was a turning point in human history, changing how products were produced and the overall standard of living for a vast majority of the population.

WORLD WAR I AND II

World war I started in 1914 and ended in 1919. World war II started in 1939 and ended in 1945. Both wars became the major attack for humanity.

The world war II was the most deadliest war of all time. In 1945, US dropped Atom bombs on the two trading centers i.e. Hiroshima and Nagasaki of Japan. This led to the loss of lakhs of civilians and soldiers.

COLONIZATION AND DECOLONIZATION

Colonialism is a political-economic fact whereby different nations discovered, conquered, settled, and exploited large zones of the world. Decolonization is about “cultural, psychological, and economic freedom” for Indigenous people with the goal of achieving Indigenous sovereignty — the right and ability of Indigenous people to practice self-determination over their land, cultures, and political and economic systems.

Capitalism, Socialism and Communism

‘Capitalism’ is defined as a system of governance where the government has to play various roles including administrative functionalities, and the facilitator of capitalism and the private players own and control the assets for private gain based on the laws of the country. It treats labors as human capital that is free to work for income and may further invest his money to generate more capital.

Effects of capitalism on society:
1. Capitalism ensures economic growth as it empowers both manufacturers and consumers and keeps money in rotation.
2. It ensures the accessibility of goods and services on a competitive price and helps to improve the standard of living in the country.
3. Capitalism paved the wave for LPG reforms in the world and provided opportunities for the labour force to opt for global employment opportunities, which have further shrunk the global boundaries.

‘Socialism’ is a politico-economic ideology which beliefs in the public ownership of means of production and distribution based on a plan formulated by a central authority.
Effects of socialism in society
1. Helps in creating a welfare society where all the basic needs of people (food, clothes and shelter) are fulfilled by the State on very affordable prices.
2. Providing employment is the State’s responsibility. Thus, everyone gets a job based on his/her capabilities, education and skills.
3. Establishes the supremacy of the State, thus, making them arbitrary.
4. Lack of check and balance on the bureaucracy leads to increased corruption in society.

‘Communism’  can be defined as the ideology which leads to a classless society based on the equal rights for everyone, irrespective of the class they belong to (the labour or the bourgeoisie), on the means of production.
Effects of communism in society
1. The ideology of communism supports a society without rulers, but until it is achieved all the power will lie with the dictator government so formed, which will further lead to their oppression. For example, the Rule of Hitler and the event of the holocaust.
2. In communist nations, the difference between the official claims and societal realities is vast. The dictator government controls the flow of information and every sort of communication channel which cut-offs the society with the outer world.

Salient features of Indian Society, Diversity of India

Indian society is a pluralistic society with a complex social order characterized by a multitude of ethnic, linguistic, religious, and caste divisions. National unity and integrity have been maintained even through sharp economic and social inequalities have obstructed the emergence of egalitarian social relations. It is this synthesis which has made India a unique mosque of cultures. Thus, India present seemingly multicultural situation within in the framework of a single integrated cultural whole.

The following are the features:
1. The multi-ethnic Indian society
A society with the co-existence of a wide variety of racial groups is a Multi-ethnic society. India is home to almost multiple racial profiles like Nordic, Dinaric, Proto-Australoid, Mongolian, etc.
2. Multilingualism- salient feature of Indian society
India is home to many native languages, and it is also common that people to speak and understand more than one language or dialect, which can entail the use of different scripts as well.
India’s 2011 census documents that 121 languages are spoken as mother tongues, which is defined as the first lan­guage a person learns and uses.
3. Multi-religious society
India is a cradle of world religions whose ancestors have preached and practiced almost all major religions of the world giving rise to worldly beliefs, practices, rites, rituals, ceremonies, and institutions. In India, hindus, muslims, sikhs and christians live.
4. Caste system in Indian society
The social division of society in India is peculiar. Unlike many other civilizations in the world where the society was divided into race, ethnicity, or clans, Indian society is broadly divided into a hierarchy of caste.

Salient features of Diversity in India

India as a nation is a classic example of it as despite having multiple geographical, religious, linguistic, cultural, and racial diversities, India has always stood up as an integrated nation.

Role of women and women’s organization, population and associated issues, poverty and developmental issues, urbanization, their problems and their remedies.

Women in India have played a major role in various spheres of life over the past many centuries, but their acceptance in these spheres has been a crucial issue. Thus, the involvement of women in social, political and economic scenarios has brought in a major change in the terms of equality.

Gender Equality:
With equal opportunities for all genders, multiple women have been an inspiration for young girls to dream and aspire to become big.
Women in political spheres:
Several women leaders have actively participated in the Indian freedom struggle, occupied important positions in the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha, state legislatures; women also have acquired the position of the Prime Minister and President of the country. Indira Gandhi was the first women prime minister of India.
Economic roles:
The neglect of women’s economic roles results in the exploitation of women workers, unequal wages, higher employment, etc., though are a cause of concern.
Social Issues:  
A National Commission for women (NCW) has been set up with an intention to establish an equal and just livelihood for women by making legal and constitutional amendments for women in India

Population

The current population of India is 1,342,528,871 (1.34 billion) people and it is the second most populous country in the world, while China is on the top with over 1,415,489,506 (1.41 billion) people. Out of the world’s 7 billion people, India represents almost 17.85% of the world’s population.

Poverty and development issues

Development deals with the alleviation (or the eradication) of poverty. Poverty is inter-related to other problems of underdevelopment. 
Types of poverty
1. Absolute poverty
2. Relative poverty
3. Situational Poverty
4. Generational poverty
5. Rural Poverty
6. Urban Poverty
Remedies of poverty in India
1. Population control
2. Increase in employment
3. Equal distribution of income
4. Regional poverty
5. Problem of distribution
6. Fulfillment of minimum needs of poor
7. Development of Agriculture

Urbanization

The population residing in urban areas in India, according to the 1901 census, was 11.4%, increasing to 28.53% by the 2001 census, and is now currently 34% in 2017 according to The World Bank. According to a survey by UN, in 2030 40.76% of country’s population is expected to reside in urban areas.
Remedies of urbanization

1. Rapid Mass Transport (RMT) for better transportation system.
2. Reform of the urban water sector.
3. Efficient use of urban land – Scientific town planning & Sustainable development of urban planning needed.
4. Long term strategic urban planning with the overall regional planning perspective.
5. The environmental sustainability of urban development.
6. Investment in new urban infrastructure assets and maintenance of assets.
7. Need to strengthen urban governance
8. To strengthen the ‘soft infrastructure’
9. Improvements of urban utilities such as water and sewerage NUHM (National Urban Health Mission) for better urban public health.
10. Need to fulfill the basic needs of the urban poor.
11. Migration needs to be regulated
12. Smart city concept if implemented effectively
13. Provision of Urban Amenities to Rural Areas (PURA)
14. Population control 
15. Innovation needed to control pollution  and waste handling
16. Rurbanization: Provide like urban facilities in rural areas or make rural areas smart is called rurbanization.

Effects of globalization on Indian society.

Globalization is a process of increasing interdependence, interconnectedness and integration of economies and societies to such an extent that an event in one part of the globe affects people in other parts of the world.

• Impact of Globalization on Indian Culture
  a. Homogenization versus Glocalization of culture
  b. Revival of culture
• Impact of Globalization on Women in India
  a. Positive impact of Globalization on women
  b. Negative impact of Globalization on women
  
  

Social empowerment, communalism, regionalism & secularism.

Social empowerment is understood as the process of developing a sense of autonomy and self-confidence. It also involves acting individually and collectively to change social relationships and the institutions and discourses that exclude poor people and leads to an increase in poverty.

Communalism is a philosophical notion and causes competition, ferocity, and tension among different communities. It manifests as an expression of the superiority of one’s community combined with intolerance of different communities.

Regionalism is a psychic phenomenon. It is built around an expression of group identity, as well as loyalty to the region. It presupposes the concept of development of one’s region without taking into consideration the interest of other regions. It prohibits people from other regions to be benefitted from a particular region.

Salient features of world’s physical geography.

• Geomorphology (the study of the earth’s surface features)
• Glaciology (the study of glaciers)
• Coastal Geography (the study of the coastal regions)
• Climatology (the study of climates and climate change)
• Biogeography (the study of the geographic patterns of species distribution)

Distribution of key natural resources across the world; factors responsible for the location of primary, secondary, and tertiary sector industries in various parts of the world (including India).

Natural resources are material and constituent formed within environment or any matter or energy that are resulting from environment, used by living things that humans use for food, fuel, clothing, and shelter. 

Factors responsible for the location of primary, secondary, and tertiary sector industries

1. Raw material: Availability of natural resource that can be used as raw material.
2. Technology: To turn the resource into an asset with value.
3. Power: To utilize the technology.
4. Labour: Human resource in the area who can function as labor to run the processes.
5. Transport : Road/rail connectivity.
6. Storage and warehousing.
7. Marketing feasibility.
8. Characteristics of land and soil.
9. Climate.
10. Precipitation and water resources.
11. Vulnerability to natural resources.

Important Geophysical phenomena 

In our natural environment, various forms of disasters occur in severe intensity. All disasters threaten the humans or societies and had their impact from one decade to another.

Disasters can be categorized as

1.Natural Disasters such as Volcano, Tsunami, Earthquake; landslides
2.Human Made Disasters
3.Human Induced Disaster
4.Natural Disasters

Earthquake
Earthquake is a vicious tremor, rolling or hasty shock on surface of earth’s crust, sending out a sequence of shock waves in all directions from its place of source which is known as epicenter.

Tsunami

Tsunami is devastating natural disaster and immensely affects the economic and living conditions of region where it hits.

Volcano

A volcano is type of vent or smokestack which transmits molten rocks called as Magma from depth to earth surface. 

Cyclones

A Cyclone is described as geophysical phenomenon on the surface of planet and atmospheric system of low barometric pressure accompanied by strong winds that revolve counter-clockwise in northern hemisphere and clockwise direction in southern hemisphere.

Nikhat Zareen young girl of Telangana (born June 1996) has recently won the gold medal in Istanbul, Turkey where World Boxing Championship (2022) was recently held. It is pertinent to mention that on 19 May 2022, Zareen won the gold medal in the 52 kilograms, Flyweight category at the Women’s World Championship defeating Thailand’s Jitpong Jutamas. Zareen became the fifth Indian women’s boxer to win a gold medal at the World Championships, joining Mary Kom, Laishram Sarita Devi, Jenny R. L., and Lekha K. C. (en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikhat_Zareen).

She has shown us the path to success by doing hard labour. I had the opportunity to listen to her interview on India Today TV. According to her, some of her relatives were not happy that she should continue boxing because of socio-cultural reasons and complained also. But her footballer father always supported her in boxing by wearing short dresses and also her mother did. Thus, it is evident that when someone is in good work/mission, a few persons whether friends or relatives or ‘so-called well-wishers’ will try to block the person’s carrier. In this context, I wish to mention one line of a poem from a legendary personality Gurudev Rabindranath Tagore.  In 1905 Tagore wrote Jôdi Tor Dak Shune Keu Na Ase Tôbe Ekla Chôlo Re (“If no one responds to your call, then go your own way alone”), which is commonly known as Ekla Chôlo Re. Many people including sportspersons said me about this poem. Anyway, Nikhat Zareen has shown the young Indian girls, to continue sports and games without any botheration. She is also good in study  (completed her B.A.). Also, I had the opportunity to listen to her English conversation on TV. She with a wonderful accent with awesome communication skills lucidly presented.

 Zareen was born on 14 June 1996 to Mohammad Jameel Ahmed (a football player) and Parveen Sultana in Nizamabad city of Telangana. She completed her primary education at the Nirmala Hrudaya Girls High School in Nizamabad. Zareen was introduced to boxing by her father, who trained her. Later on, Nikhat was inducted into the Sports Authority of India in Vishakhapatnam to train under Dronacharya awardee, I.V. Rao in 2009. A year later, she was declared the ‘golden best boxer’ at the Erode Nationals in 2010.

Many great personalities including our Prime Minister congratulated her. According to her, she was excited when her favourite actor Salman Khan of Bollywood congratulated her. She earlier had won many awards inter alia of which are: Women’s Junior and Youth World Boxing Championships (2011), Youth World Boxing Championships (2014), Nations Cup International Boxing Tournament (2014),  16th Senior Woman National Boxing Championship (2016), Thailand Open International Boxing Tournament (2019), Strandja Memorial Boxing Tournament (2019), Strandja Memorial Boxing Tournament (2022). It glaringly reflects that almost every year she had won an award.

 Before conclusion, it may be mentioned here that during the interview on India Today TV  she expressed that her dream is to excel in Commonwealth Games (2022) and then the Olympics which will be held in 2024.  

All Indians feel proud and happy about her outstanding achievement and performance.  My personal salute to her in college and university days I was a player and played hockey at the national level and wish her very good luck.  

Prof Shankar Chatterjee, Hyderabad