Concrete is the backbone of modern infrastructure, used in roads, bridges, buildings, and various other structures. However, traditional concrete is prone to cracks and degradation over time due to environmental factors, load-bearing stress, and other wear and tear. This deterioration leads to costly repairs and maintenance, significantly impacting infrastructure longevity and sustainability.
In response to these challenges, two cutting-edge innovations—self-healing concrete (also known as biocrete) and self-sensing concrete—have emerged. These smart materials are designed to enhance the durability and resilience of concrete, thereby reducing maintenance costs, improving safety, and extending the lifespan of infrastructure. This article delves into these revolutionary technologies, their mechanisms, benefits, challenges, and real-world applications.
1. Self-Healing Concrete (Biocrete)
a) What is Self-Healing Concrete?
Self-healing concrete is a type of concrete designed to autonomously repair cracks and micro-cracks as they develop, without the need for external human intervention. Traditional concrete is prone to cracking due to mechanical stress, temperature fluctuations, and water ingress, which eventually weakens the structure. Self-healing concrete addresses this issue by incorporating materials or agents that react to crack formation and “heal” the structure by filling in gaps before they propagate into larger issues.
A prominent form of self-healing concrete, known as biocrete, leverages biological agents (specifically bacteria) to induce self-healing. Biocrete uses bacteria that precipitate calcium carbonate, which seals the cracks in the concrete.
b) Mechanisms of Self-Healing Concrete
Several mechanisms are used to enable concrete to heal itself, including biological, chemical, and encapsulation methods. i) Biological Healing (Bacteria-Based Self-Healing)
Biocrete uses specific strains of bacteria (typically from the genus Bacillus) that remain dormant in the concrete until cracks appear and moisture enters the material. The healing process works as follows:
Embedding Bacteria and Nutrients: The concrete mix is embedded with bacterial spores and nutrients (usually calcium lactate). These bacteria are hardy and can remain dormant for years.
Crack Formation: When cracks form in the concrete and water penetrates, the dormant bacteria are activated by the moisture.
Calcium Carbonate Precipitation: Upon activation, the bacteria consume the calcium lactate and produce calcium carbonate (limestone) as a byproduct. This calcium carbonate fills in the cracks and seals the gap.
Healing the Structure: As the calcium carbonate solidifies, it restores the structural integrity of the concrete.
This bio-based healing mechanism is environmentally friendly and helps reduce maintenance costs while extending the lifespan of concrete structures.
ii) Chemical Self-Healing (Polymer-Based)
Another approach to self-healing concrete involves the use of encapsulated healing agents, such as polymers or adhesives. Another approach to self-healing concrete involves the use of encapsulated healing agents, such as polymers or adhesives. These capsules are mixed into the concrete during production:
References
Amjad, H., Zeb, M. S., Khushnood, R. A., & Khan, N. (2023). Impacts of biomimetic self-healing of Lysinibacillus boronitolerans immobilized through recycled fine and coarse brick aggregates in concrete. Journal of Building Engineering, 76, 107327.
Hayakawa, M., Matsuoka, Y., & Shindoh, T. (1993). Development and application of superworkable concrete. In Special Concretes-Workability and Mixing (pp. 185-192). CRC Press.
Sharma, S. N., Prajapati, R., Jaiswal, A., & Dehalwar, K. (2024, June). A Comparative Study of the Applications and Prospects of Self-healing Concrete/Biocrete and Self-Sensing Concrete. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 1326, No. 1, p. 012090). IOP Publishing.
The Bus Rapid Transit System (BRTS) is an innovative public transportation solution designed to provide fast, efficient, and cost-effective transit services in urban areas. By integrating features traditionally associated with rail systems, such as dedicated lanes, rapid boarding, and high service frequency, BRTS aims to deliver the benefits of rapid transit systems like metros or trams but at a significantly lower cost.
This article will explore the concept, design, features, benefits, and challenges of BRTS, alongside examples of successful implementations worldwide.
1. What is BRTS?
Bus Rapid Transit System (BRTS) is a high-quality bus-based transit system that operates on dedicated lanes, known as busways, ensuring faster travel times by avoiding the usual traffic congestion that affects traditional bus services. BRTS combines the flexibility of buses with the speed and capacity of rail systems, thus providing an affordable alternative to more expensive infrastructure-heavy solutions like subways.
Key Elements of BRTS:
Dedicated Lanes: The hallmark feature of BRTS is its use of bus-exclusive lanes, allowing buses to avoid general traffic, thus ensuring faster transit times.
Priority at Intersections: BRTS often incorporates traffic signal priority, meaning buses receive green signals before other vehicles to further reduce delays.
Modern Stations: BRTS stations are well-designed, often resembling metro stations, with features like platform-level boarding, real-time information, and passenger amenities.
Articulated or Double-Decker Buses: Buses used in BRT systems are often larger than regular city buses, maximizing passenger capacity.
Frequent and Reliable Service: High service frequency reduces waiting times, and reliability is improved with dedicated infrastructure and scheduling.
2. Key Features of BRTS
a) Dedicated Bus Lanes
Dedicated lanes are one of the most important features of any BRTS. By removing buses from mixed traffic, these lanes enable fast and reliable service. These lanes are typically marked with distinct colors or signage and are off-limits to other vehicles.
Median Bus Lanes: Positioned in the center of the road, ensuring buses avoid the congestion often found in curbside traffic.
Curbside Bus Lanes: Positioned on the outer side of roads, providing an easier integration into the city but often more prone to obstruction from parked or turning vehicles.
b) Platform-Level Boarding
Similar to train or metro systems, BRTS stations are designed with platforms that align with the floor level of buses. This eliminates the need for passengers to climb steps, making boarding quicker and easier, especially for elderly, disabled, or wheelchair-bound passengers. It also reduces bus dwell times at stops, enhancing efficiency.
c) Fare Collection Before Boarding
To save time and minimize delays at stops, many BRT systems adopt an off-board fare collection system, where passengers pay their fare before boarding the bus, often via ticket machines or contactless systems at stations. This system reduces boarding times and eliminates the need for onboard fare transactions.
d) Real-Time Information Systems
Many BRTS networks are equipped with real-time tracking and passenger information systems, which provide updates about bus arrival times and service delays. These systems use GPS to monitor buses and relay accurate data to passengers via digital boards, apps, or announcements at stations.
e) High-Capacity Buses
BRT systems often use buses that are larger than typical urban buses. These may include articulated buses, which are longer and have two sections connected by a pivoting joint, or even double-decker buses. This allows BRT systems to carry more passengers per bus, reducing crowding and improving the overall experience.
f) Transit-Oriented Development (TOD)
BRT systems are often planned in coordination with Transit-Oriented Development (TOD), where residential, commercial, and recreational spaces are developed around BRT corridors. This fosters a higher density of population and activity around transit systems, encouraging the use of public transport.
g) BRT Stations
Unlike traditional bus stops, BRT stations are often enclosed, providing shelter and amenities like seating, real-time information displays, and sometimes even shops or kiosks. Stations are usually placed at major intersections or hubs, making them convenient for a large number of passengers.
3. Benefits of BRTS
a) Cost-Effective
One of the major advantages of BRTS is its cost-effectiveness compared to rail-based systems. Constructing a metro or light rail system involves significant infrastructure investments, whereas BRTS can be implemented using existing roadways with relatively minor modifications.
Lower Infrastructure Costs: BRTS avoids the expensive tunneling, tracks, and stations associated with rail systems.
Rapid Implementation: BRTS projects can be completed in a fraction of the time needed for rail systems, enabling cities to address transit needs quickly.
b) Flexibility and Scalability
BRTS systems are highly flexible. Buses can easily deviate from dedicated lanes when necessary, serving a broader range of areas. The system is also scalable, allowing for gradual expansion as demand grows or as funding becomes available.
c) Environmentally Friendly
By promoting the use of public transport, BRTS can help reduce the number of private vehicles on the road, leading to lower emissions and reduced traffic congestion. Many modern BRT systems also use eco-friendly buses powered by electricity or low-emission fuels, further enhancing their environmental benefits.
d) Improved Accessibility and Equity
BRTS provides affordable, fast, and reliable transport options to a large portion of the population, including underserved communities. By making transportation more accessible, BRTS promotes equity, especially for individuals who rely on public transit to access jobs, education, and healthcare.
e) Enhanced Urban Mobility
The speed and reliability of BRTS lead to enhanced mobility for urban residents. By reducing travel times and providing frequent service, BRTS helps make cities more accessible and livable.
f) Reducing Traffic Congestion
BRT systems have the potential to significantly reduce road traffic by providing a reliable and attractive alternative to private vehicle use. Dedicated lanes ensure that BRTS is not subject to the delays caused by traffic congestion, making it a more appealing option for daily commuters.
4. Challenges and Limitations of BRTS
a) Space Requirements
Implementing dedicated bus lanes in dense urban environments can be a challenge, as it may require reallocating road space or even acquiring additional land. In some cases, dedicated lanes can lead to resistance from drivers and businesses concerned about reduced car access or parking.
b) Maintenance and Management
Like all transit systems, BRTS requires proper maintenance and management. Poorly maintained infrastructure, including bus lanes and stations, can lead to system inefficiencies, delays, and reduced passenger satisfaction. Regular maintenance and robust operational management are critical for the long-term success of BRTS.
c) Overcrowding and Capacity
In rapidly growing cities, BRTS systems can sometimes become victims of their own success. As ridership increases, buses may become overcrowded, reducing comfort and efficiency. While articulated buses can accommodate more passengers, there is a limit to how much capacity BRTS can offer compared to heavier rail systems.
d) Public and Political Support
Successful implementation of BRTS often requires strong public and political support. In some cases, resistance from local businesses, car users, or residents may slow down or impede BRTS development. Effective communication about the long-term benefits of BRTS is essential to gaining the necessary support.
5. Global Examples of Successful BRTS
a) Curitiba, Brazil
Curitiba is often cited as one of the earliest and most successful examples of BRTS implementation. The system was introduced in the 1970s, featuring dedicated busways, high-capacity articulated buses, and integrated urban planning. Curitiba’s BRTS became a model for other cities around the world.
b) Bogotá, Colombia – TransMilenio
TransMilenio, Bogotá’s BRT system, is one of the largest and most well-known BRT networks globally. Launched in 2000, it features a network of dedicated lanes, modern stations, and large, articulated buses. TransMilenio has played a significant role in improving urban mobility in Bogotá, reducing congestion, and offering a reliable transit option for millions of people.
c) Ahmedabad, India – Janmarg BRTS
Ahmedabad’s Janmarg BRTS, launched in 2009, is considered a success story in India. It features dedicated bus corridors, a focus on high-quality service, and integration with other forms of public transit. Janmarg has improved mobility in Ahmedabad while reducing travel times and pollution.
d) Istanbul, Turkey – Metrobüs
Istanbul’s Metrobüs system is another excellent example of BRTS implementation. The Metrobüs operates in a densely populated and traffic-congested city, providing a vital alternative to private vehicles. With over 50 km of dedicated lanes and buses running frequently, the system serves millions of passengers daily.
e) Mexico City, Mexico – Metrobus
Mexico City launched its Metrobus system in 2005, and it now has over 100 kilometers of dedicated bus lanes. This BRTS has significantly reduced travel times for commuters and contributed to the city’s goal of reducing air pollution and improving urban mobility.
Conclusion
The Bus Rapid Transit System (BRTS) offers a practical, efficient, and cost-effective solution to urban transportation challenges. By combining the speed and reliability of rail systems with the flexibility and affordability of buses, BRTS is transforming public transportation in cities worldwide. Its implementation brings numerous.
References
Basso, L. J., Feres, F., & Silva, H. E. (2019). The efficiency of bus rapid transit (BRT) systems: A dynamic congestion approach. Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, 127, 47-71.
Hidalgo, D., & Muñoz, J. C. (2014). A review of technological improvements in bus rapid transit (BRT) and buses with high level of service (BHLS). Public Transport, 6, 185-213.
Jaiswal, A., Dhote, K., Krishnan, R., & Jain, D. (2012). Bus rapid transit system: a milestone for sustainable transport: a case study of Janmarg BRTs, Ahmedabad, India. OIDA International Journal of Sustainable Development, 4(11), 45-62.
Kathuria, A., Parida, M., Ravi Sekhar, C., & Sharma, A. (2016). A review of bus rapid transit implementation in India. Cogent Engineering, 3(1), 1241168.
Wirasinghe, S. C., Kattan, L., Rahman, M. M., Hubbell, J., Thilakaratne, R., & Anowar, S. (2013). Bus rapid transit–a review. International Journal of Urban Sciences, 17(1), 1-31.
Sharma, S. N. (2005). Evaluation of the JnNURM Programme of Government of India for Urban Renewal. Think India Journal, 8(2), 1-7.
Surya Kumar Yadav, often known as “SKY,” has emerged as one of India’s most exciting cricketers in recent years. Born on September 14, 1990, in Mumbai, Maharashtra, Yadav’s journey to the top of international cricket has been marked by determination, patience, and extraordinary performances in domestic cricket and the Indian Premier League (IPL).
Suryakumar Yadav, of India, hits 4 during the third T20I match between West Indies and India at Warner Park in Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis, on August 2, 2022. (Photo by Randy Brooks / AFP) (Photo by RANDY BROOKS/AFP via Getty Images)
Early Life and Domestic Career
Surya Kumar Yadav was born into a middle-class family, and like many young boys in Mumbai, cricket became his passion early on. He honed his skills at the local parks before receiving formal training. His talent was evident from a young age, and he progressed quickly through the ranks of Mumbai’s cricketing setup.
Yadav made his first-class debut for Mumbai in the 2010-11 Ranji Trophy season. Despite facing stiff competition in the Mumbai cricketing circles, which have historically been a nursery for Indian cricketing greats, Yadav’s consistent performances, particularly his ability to score runs under pressure, made him stand out.
Rise in Domestic Cricket
Yadav’s domestic performances caught the attention of selectors and cricket enthusiasts alike. Known for his aggressive stroke play, especially his ability to dominate spinners, Yadav quickly became a crucial part of Mumbai’s middle order. He also led Mumbai in domestic T20 tournaments and was highly regarded for his leadership qualities.
Throughout his domestic career, Surya Kumar has shown immense versatility, performing across formats in the Ranji Trophy, Vijay Hazare Trophy, and Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy. His fearless batting style, especially in T20s, soon earned him a place in the IPL, where his career trajectory skyrocketed.
IPL Success and Breakthrough
Surya Kumar Yadav’s breakthrough moment came when he was picked by the Mumbai Indians in the IPL. Initially, he had been with Kolkata Knight Riders, where he was used as a finisher. However, it was his stint with Mumbai Indians (MI) that showcased his true potential. Playing for MI under the captaincy of Rohit Sharma, Yadav found his ideal role as a top-order batsman.
His ability to adapt to different situations in T20 cricket became evident as he played crucial knocks for MI in pressure situations. Yadav was instrumental in MI’s success, helping them win multiple IPL titles during his tenure. His performances in the IPL were characterized by his 360-degree batting style—capable of playing innovative shots all around the ground. He became a fan favorite due to his fearless approach and consistent run-scoring ability.
International Debut
Despite his consistent IPL performances, Surya Kumar Yadav had to wait until March 2021 to make his international debut for India. His debut came during a T20I series against England. He made an immediate impact, smashing a six off the very first ball he faced in international cricket. His fearless stroke play and ability to take on the best bowlers in the world instantly marked him as a player to watch.
Yadav continued to impress in subsequent matches, displaying maturity, calmness, and a wide range of strokes, including his signature “pick-up shot” over fine leg. His ability to score runs quickly and his tactical awareness make him an invaluable asset in the T20 format.
Playing Style and Strengths
Surya Kumar Yadav is widely known for his unorthodox, aggressive batting style. His ability to innovate and play shots in unusual areas of the ground, especially against spinners and during the middle overs, makes him a unique player. Yadav is a natural stroke player, often improvising to find gaps. His signature shots include the ramp shot, sweeps, and lofted drives over cover.
Yadav’s mental toughness, honed by years of grinding in domestic cricket, is another asset. He can play according to the situation, be it stabilizing the innings after a top-order collapse or accelerating the scoring in the death overs.
He is also a brilliant fielder, contributing significantly to his team with his athleticism and sharp reflexes. Whether positioned in the outfield or in the circle, Yadav’s presence is always felt.
ODI and Test Prospects
While Yadav made an immediate mark in T20Is, there have been growing calls for him to be included in India’s ODI and Test setups. His temperament and technical skills indicate that he has the potential to succeed across formats. His adaptability to different conditions and situations would make him a valuable asset in the longer formats as well.
As of 2024, Yadav has already represented India in ODI matches and could potentially break into the Test squad if he continues to showcase his consistent form.
Achievements and Impact
Surya Kumar Yadav’s journey from the domestic circuit to the international stage is a testament to perseverance. His IPL successes, particularly with Mumbai Indians, have made him a household name, and his transition into international cricket has been seamless.
He has won multiple IPL titles with Mumbai Indians and is often lauded for his match-winning contributions during crucial games. His aggressive batting at the top of the order has allowed the Indian team to play with more flexibility and depth in the middle order.
Off the Field
Off the field, Surya Kumar Yadav is known for his humble and grounded personality. Despite his late entry into international cricket, Yadav’s positive attitude and work ethic have earned him respect from teammates and fans alike. He is married to Devisha Shetty, and their relationship has been a cornerstone of his success, with Devisha often supporting him during difficult times in his career.
Conclusion
Surya Kumar Yadav’s rise in cricket exemplifies the power of resilience and determination. After years of performing in domestic cricket and the IPL, he finally got his opportunity to represent India, and he has made the most of it. With his innovative batting, fearless mindset, and ability to handle pressure, Yadav is expected to remain a key player for India in the years to come, especially in white-ball formats.
His journey serves as an inspiration to many aspiring cricketers, proving that persistence, combined with talent, eventually pays off. Surya Kumar Yadav is not just a cricketer; he’s a symbol of modern cricket’s changing face, where innovation and aggression are as valuable as traditional techniques.
Incident Overview: The Ambernath gas leakage incident, which occurred on January 4, 2024, in the town of Ambernath, Maharashtra, was a significant industrial accident involving the leakage of toxic gases from a chemical plant. The incident resulted in a considerable impact on public health and safety, causing panic, injuries, and fatalities, and highlighted critical issues in industrial safety practices.
Location and Background: Ambernath is an industrial town located in the Thane district of Maharashtra, India. It is home to several chemical and manufacturing plants. The gas leakage occurred at a chemical manufacturing facility operated by a major industrial corporation known for producing various chemicals and industrial products.
Details of the Incident:
Leakage of Toxic Gases: The incident began when a leak occurred in a storage tank containing a hazardous chemical used in the production process. Preliminary investigations suggest that the leak was due to a failure in the tank’s structural integrity or a malfunction in the safety mechanisms designed to contain such gases.
Immediate Impact: The toxic gas released into the atmosphere spread rapidly, affecting nearby residential and commercial areas. The leak caused a strong chemical odor, irritation of the eyes and respiratory tract, and other symptoms among residents. Emergency services and local authorities were immediately alerted to the situation.
Response and Containment Efforts:
Emergency Services: Firefighters, police, and medical teams were dispatched to the site to contain the leak and provide medical assistance to those affected. The immediate response included sealing off the affected area and evacuating residents from the danger zone.
Medical Treatment: Hospitals and clinics in the area were put on high alert to treat individuals suffering from gas exposure. Symptoms ranged from mild irritation to severe respiratory distress.
Casualties and Injuries:
Fatalities: The gas leak resulted in several fatalities, with the exact number varying based on subsequent official reports and updates.
Injuries: Many residents and workers experienced respiratory problems, skin irritation, and other health issues due to the gas exposure. Treatment for these conditions was provided at local healthcare facilities.
Environmental Impact: The gas leak also raised concerns about environmental contamination. The released chemicals could potentially affect soil, water sources, and local flora and fauna, leading to long-term ecological consequences.
Early Life and Background: Narayan Jagadeesan was born on December 24, 1994, in Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. He grew up in a cricketing family and developed an early interest in the sport. His father, Narayan S. Jagadeesan, was a former cricketer who played for Tamil Nadu, and his support played a crucial role in Narayan’s cricketing journey.
Cricketing Career:
Domestic Cricket: Narayan Jagadeesan began his domestic cricket career with Tamil Nadu. He first came into the limelight during the 2015-16 domestic season when he played for Tamil Nadu in the Ranji Trophy. Known for his right-handed wicket-keeping and batting skills, Jagadeesan quickly made a name for himself in the domestic circuit.
First-Class Debut: Jagadeesan made his first-class debut for Tamil Nadu in the 2015-16 season. His performances in domestic tournaments showcased his potential as a reliable top-order batsman and a skilled wicketkeeper.
List A and T20 Debut: He also made his List A and T20 debuts in 2016. His performances in these formats, particularly in the T20s, have been impressive, demonstrating his ability to adapt to different formats of the game.
Indian Premier League (IPL): Jagadeesan’s performances in domestic cricket earned him a spot in the Indian Premier League (IPL), where he has been part of various teams.
Chennai Super Kings (CSK): He was first signed by the Chennai Super Kings (CSK) in the IPL. His association with CSK provided him with the opportunity to showcase his talent on a larger stage, benefiting from the mentorship of senior players and the experience of playing in high-pressure games.
Kolkata Knight Riders (KKR): Jagadeesan was later picked up by the Kolkata Knight Riders (KKR) for the IPL 2022 season. His stint with KKR was another platform where he continued to develop his skills and gain valuable experience in T20 cricket.
Domestic Achievements:
Vijay Hazare Trophy: Narayan Jagadeesan has been a prominent player in the Vijay Hazare Trophy, a domestic one-day competition in India. He has had several notable performances in this tournament, including high scores and crucial innings for Tamil Nadu.
Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy: In the Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy, a domestic T20 tournament, Jagadeesan has been instrumental for Tamil Nadu, often leading their batting line-up and contributing significantly with both the bat and the gloves.
Playing Style and Strengths: Narayan Jagadeesan is known for his aggressive batting style and solid wicket-keeping skills. His strengths include:
Batting: As a top-order batsman, Jagadeesan is known for his ability to play both attacking and anchor roles. He is particularly effective in the shorter formats of the game, where his ability to accelerate and score quickly is a valuable asset.
Wicket-Keeping: His wicket-keeping skills are highly regarded, with a reputation for being reliable behind the stumps. His quick reflexes and sharp glovework contribute to his effectiveness as a wicketkeeper.
Adaptability: Jagadeesan has shown adaptability across different formats of the game, transitioning smoothly from first-class and List A cricket to T20 formats, which requires a versatile skill set.
Challenges and Future Prospects: Despite his talent and potential, Jagadeesan has faced challenges in securing a permanent spot in the national team. However, his performances in domestic and IPL cricket have kept him in the spotlight as a player with considerable promise.
Personal Life: Narayan Jagadeesan is known for his dedication to the sport and his commitment to continuous improvement. He maintains a relatively low-profile personal life, focusing primarily on his cricketing career.
Conclusion: Narayan Jagadeesan is an emerging talent in Indian cricket, known for his skills as a wicket-keeper batsman. His journey through domestic cricket and the IPL reflects his potential and the hard work he has put into his career. As he continues to develop and gain experience, Jagadeesan is expected to make significant contributions to Indian cricket in the future.
Introduction: Hindi Diwas is celebrated annually on September 14th in India. The primary aim of this day is to promote and celebrate the Hindi language. It is dedicated to the appreciation of Hindi’s role in Indian culture and its significance as one of the country’s major languages.
Historical Background: On September 14, 1949, Hindi was adopted as one of the official languages of India by the Constituent Assembly of India. This date was specifically chosen because it marked the day when Hindi was officially recognized as a major language under the Indian Constitution. The celebration of Hindi Diwas began in 1953, with the government’s initiative to promote the use and importance of Hindi in various spheres of public life.
Objectives:
Promotion and Encouragement of Hindi: The primary objective of Hindi Diwas is to raise awareness about the Hindi language and to encourage its use in day-to-day communication, literature, and official matters.
Linguistic Awareness: The day also aims to foster a sense of appreciation for the diversity of languages in India and to promote understanding and respect for the linguistic heritage of the country.
Cultural Appreciation: Hindi Diwas serves as a reminder of the rich cultural heritage associated with the Hindi language, encouraging people to connect with their cultural roots and traditions.
Achievements and Celebrations:
Educational and Cultural Programs: Various institutions such as schools, colleges, and offices organize special events on Hindi Diwas. These include speeches, essay writing competitions, poetry recitations, and other cultural activities that highlight the beauty and significance of Hindi.
Awards and Recognitions: The day is marked by the presentation of awards to individuals who have made significant contributions to Hindi literature, education, and promotion. These awards recognize efforts that enhance the stature and reach of Hindi.
Inspirational Activities: Events related to Hindi literature, cinema, and media are organized to showcase the language’s versatility and importance in modern contexts, thus attracting younger generations to appreciate and use Hindi.
Challenges and Solutions: Despite Hindi being one of the major languages in India, it faces several challenges. However, Hindi Diwas provides an opportunity to address these issues and work towards solutions.
Linguistic Diversity: India is home to a vast array of languages and dialects. Hindi Diwas emphasizes the need to respect and honor all languages while promoting Hindi as a significant cultural and administrative language.
Modern Relevance: In the digital age, efforts are made to keep Hindi relevant through technological advancements and media. This includes developing digital tools, applications, and content in Hindi to engage with younger audiences.
Conclusion: Hindi Diwas is more than just a celebration of the Hindi language; it is a reflection of India’s cultural richness and unity. The day highlights the importance of language and literature in shaping national identity and encourages individuals to embrace and promote their linguistic heritage. By celebrating Hindi Diwas, the country reaffirms its commitment to preserving and enhancing the role of Hindi in Indian society and beyond.
Eduindex News is excited to announce its Campus Ambassador Program, an initiative designed to empower students to become education leaders and change-makers on their campuses. As a Campus Ambassador, you will represent Eduindex News and play a vital role in shaping the education conversation among your peers.
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Represent Eduindex News on campus and promote its brand and mission
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Organize at least two events or activities per semester
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Leadership and professional development opportunities
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Access to exclusive Eduindex News content and resources
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Currently enrolled student (undergraduate or graduate) at a recognized university
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If you are a motivated and education-driven student, apply now to become a Campus Ambassador for Eduindex News! Send your resume, cover letter, and a brief statement (max. 250 words) explaining why you are the ideal candidate for this program to [insert contact email or link].
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Port Blair, the largest city and the administrative capital of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, is a unique destination in India. Situated on the southeastern coast of the Andaman Islands, Port Blair serves as a gateway to the scenic and historically significant archipelago that stretches between the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea. This article provides a detailed exploration of Port Blair, covering its history, geography, attractions, and cultural significance.
Port Blair is located on the southern part of South Andaman Island, which is one of the principal islands in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands group. The city is positioned approximately 1,200 kilometers southeast of the Indian mainland. Its geographical location provides it with a tropical maritime climate, characterized by high humidity and relatively consistent temperatures throughout the year.
Historical Significance
Port Blair has a rich and complex history. The city is known for its colonial past, primarily under British rule, and its role in the Indian freedom struggle.
British Colonial Era: During British rule, Port Blair was established as the administrative center for the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The British constructed a significant part of the city’s infrastructure, including roads and government buildings.
Cellular Jail: One of the most notable historical landmarks in Port Blair is the Cellular Jail, also known as Kala Pani. This prison was used by the British to detain political prisoners and revolutionaries. The jail is infamous for its brutal conditions and is now a National Memorial dedicated to the sacrifices made by Indian freedom fighters.
Post-Independence: After India gained independence in 1947, Port Blair continued to serve as the administrative and economic hub of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The city has since evolved into a key location for tourism and regional governance.
Attractions and Landmarks
Port Blair offers a variety of attractions that cater to history enthusiasts, nature lovers, and adventure seekers alike. Some of the key highlights include:
Cellular Jail National Memorial: This historical prison is a must-visit for anyone interested in India’s freedom struggle. The complex includes a museum that exhibits the lives and struggles of the prisoners. The evening light and sound show, which narrates the history of the jail, is particularly evocative.
Ross Island: Located a short boat ride from Port Blair, Ross Island was once the administrative headquarters of the British in the Andamans. Today, it is known for its ruins, which have been overtaken by nature, and its beautiful surroundings.
North Bay Island: Famous for its water sports and vibrant coral reefs, North Bay Island offers excellent opportunities for snorkeling and scuba diving. The island is known for its clear waters and diverse marine life.
Wandoor Beach: Located about 25 kilometers from Port Blair, Wandoor Beach is part of the Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park. The beach is known for its serene environment and coral reefs, making it a great spot for swimming and snorkeling.
Chidiya Tapu: Situated about 25 kilometers from Port Blair, Chidiya Tapu is known for its bird-watching opportunities and stunning sunsets. The area is home to various species of birds and is a popular destination for nature enthusiasts.
Anthropological Museum: This museum provides insights into the lives and cultures of the indigenous tribes of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. It offers exhibits on the history, culture, and lifestyle of the tribal communities.
Samudrika Marine Museum: Managed by the Indian Navy, this museum showcases the marine biodiversity of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. It includes exhibits on coral reefs, marine species, and the history of the islands.
Climate and Best Time to Visit
Port Blair has a tropical rainforest climate, with high humidity and temperatures that range from 23°C to 31°C throughout the year. The region experiences two main seasons:
Monsoon (May to October): This period is characterized by heavy rainfall and high humidity. While the lush greenery is beautiful, travel during the monsoon can be challenging due to frequent showers and rough sea conditions.
Dry Season (November to April): This is considered the best time to visit Port Blair. The weather is pleasant, with lower humidity and minimal rainfall. The dry season is ideal for outdoor activities, sightseeing, and enjoying the beaches.
Cultural and Economic Aspects
Culture: Port Blair is a melting pot of cultures due to its diverse population, which includes people from various parts of India as well as indigenous communities. The city celebrates various festivals, such as Durga Puja, Diwali, and Pongal, with enthusiasm. The presence of different communities adds to the cultural richness of the city.
Economy: The economy of Port Blair is primarily driven by tourism, government administration, and local trade. The city serves as a commercial hub for the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, with various markets and businesses catering to both residents and tourists. Fishing and agriculture also play a role in the local economy.
Connectivity and Transportation
Port Blair is well-connected to the Indian mainland through air and sea routes. The Veer Savarkar International Airport in Port Blair offers regular flights to major cities like Delhi, Kolkata, and Chennai. The city also has a seaport that handles passenger and cargo ships.
Within Port Blair, transportation options include taxis, auto-rickshaws, and public buses. The city is also accessible by ferry services to nearby islands, making it easy for tourists to explore the surrounding regions.
Conclusion
Port Blair is a fascinating destination that offers a blend of historical significance, natural beauty, and vibrant local culture. From its poignant historical landmarks to its stunning beaches and marine life, the city has much to offer both history enthusiasts and nature lovers. As the gateway to the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Port Blair provides a unique glimpse into the region’s past and present, making it a must-visit for anyone exploring this beautiful part of India.
The Initial Public Offering (IPO) process is a significant event for both companies and investors. It marks the moment when a company goes public by offering its shares to the general public for the first time. Among the various IPOs that capture investor attention, PNG (a representative name for illustrative purposes) has recently been in the spotlight. This article delves into the IPO allotment status of PNG, exploring what it means for investors, the key phases of the allotment process, and what one should consider when checking the allotment status.
IPO allotment refers to the distribution of shares to investors who have applied for them during the public offering. The process determines how many shares each applicant receives. This is crucial because the demand for shares often exceeds the supply, especially in high-profile IPOs.
Key Phases of the IPO Allotment Process
Subscription Period: Once the IPO is open, investors can apply for shares through various channels, such as through brokerage firms or online platforms. The subscription period is typically a few days long.
Application and Bidding: Investors submit their bids specifying the number of shares they wish to purchase and the price they are willing to pay. This can be done through either a fixed price or a book-building process.
Allocation of Shares: After the subscription period ends, the company, in conjunction with its underwriters, allocates shares to investors. The process involves several steps:
Basis of Allotment: This is determined based on the demand for shares and the number of shares available.
Proportional Allocation: For oversubscribed IPOs, shares are allocated proportionally. This means that if the demand exceeds the available shares, applicants receive a portion of the shares they applied for.
Lottery System: Some IPOs use a lottery system to allocate shares, especially when the demand is extremely high.
Final Allotment and Refunds: Once the allotment is finalized, successful applicants receive their shares, while those who were not allocated shares receive a refund of their application money.
Listing: After allotment, the shares are listed on stock exchanges, where they begin trading.
How to Check PNG IPO Allotment Status
To determine whether you’ve been allotted shares in the PNG IPO, follow these steps:
Visit the Official Registrar’s Website: IPOs are managed by a registrar who handles the allotment and other related processes. For PNG’s IPO, you would need to visit the registrar’s website (for example, Link Intime or Karvy) where you can find the IPO allotment status section.
Enter Application Details: You’ll need to provide details such as your Application Number, PAN Number, and sometimes the IPO issue name. Ensure that all details are accurate to avoid errors.
Check Allotment Status: After entering the required information, you can check the status to see if you have been allotted shares. This status will typically show whether you have received a full, partial, or no allotment.
Receive Communication: Besides checking online, investors will also receive communication from their brokers or the registrar regarding the allotment status. This includes the number of shares allotted and any refunds due.
Brokerage Firms: Many investors also use their brokerage accounts to check the allotment status. Brokers usually provide a section where you can track the status of your IPO application.
Factors Influencing Allotment
Several factors influence the allotment of shares during an IPO:
Oversubscription: If the IPO is oversubscribed, the demand exceeds the number of shares available, leading to a proportional allotment or a lottery system.
Application Size: Large applications or institutional investors may have a higher chance of receiving shares, although this varies based on the allotment policy.
Investor Category: IPOs often have different allotment criteria for retail investors, qualified institutional buyers (QIBs), and non-institutional investors (NIIs). The allotment ratio may differ for each category.
Company Performance and Market Conditions: The success of the IPO and market conditions can also affect the allotment process. Strong demand or market enthusiasm may lead to adjustments in allotment ratios.
Conclusion
The IPO allotment status for PNG, like any other IPO, is a critical piece of information for investors. It determines whether they will be part of the newly listed company’s shareholder base and can impact their investment strategies. By understanding the allotment process and how to check the status, investors can stay informed and manage their investments effectively. Keep in mind that each IPO may have unique aspects to its allotment process, so it’s essential to stay updated with official communications and guidelines related to the specific IPO you are interested in.
Employees who work in a company are expected to know well the core values, culture and goals of the organization, so that employees can get to know the company where they work well. However, outsourcing employees who basically come from service providers outside the company do not know about this. Therefore it is difficult for outsourcing employees to grow their work loyalty to the company where they work. Meanwhile, loyal employees are related to the goals, objectives, culture and values of the organization. Employee loyalty can go up and down, one of which is due to job satisfaction factors. Job satisfaction felt by employees can increase employee work loyalty. Therefore, we need a motivator in the form of meeting physical and non-physical needs. This need is an encouragement or motivation for employees to work in a company. This study aims to determine the effect of job satisfaction and work motivation on work loyalty of outsourcing employees. This study uses a quantitative approach with research participants totaling 100 outsourcing employees obtained through sampling techniques. The analysis method used is simple and multiple regression. Based on the data analysis that has been done, it is known that there is an effect of job satisfaction on work loyalty of outsourcing employees by 54.3%, there is an effect of work motivation on work loyalty of outsourcing employees by 47.1% and there is an effect of job satisfaction and work motivation which together affect work loyalty of outsourcing employees by 25.7%, the remaining is influenced by other factors outside the research.
Keywords: Job Satisfaction, Work Motivation, Work Loyalty, Outsourcing
Products and services that have quality will certainly be able to compete globally to improve their competitive position in the increasingly global market. Companies can save costs and maintain quality by relying more on external service providers for activities that are seen as complementary to their core business. This is related to outsourcing which functions as a partnership to improve the company’s business (Elmuti., Grunewald., & Abebe, 2010).
One of the complementary activities to improve the company’s business is recruitment. Every prospective employee who is accepted feels unclear about their employment status, namely outsourcing employees or permanent employees. Employee status is a condition that distinguishes one employee from another in the company. Employment status is a person’s position in doing work, namely whether the person’s position is as a laborer or employee. The status of outsourcing employees is included in non-permanent employees and their employment status is included in outsourcing employees (Barthos, 2001).
Outsourcing is the delegation of daily operations and management of a business process to an external party (an outsourcing service provider). Through delegation, management is no longer carried out by the company, but is delegated to the outsourcing service company (Soewondo, 2004). In addition, according to Wahyuningtyas & Utami (2018) Outsourcing is an effort to obtain skilled workers and reduce the burden and costs of the company in improving the company’s performance so that it can continue to be competitive in facing global economic and technological developments by handing over the company’s activities to other parties.
The handover of HR activities to outsourcing services is widely used by organizations around the world, because it is considered profitable. As is the case in the telecommunications industry of Pakistan. In the telecommunications sector of Pakistan, external recruitment companies or so-called outsourcing are known to have high work loyalty. Although they do not know the core values, culture, and goals of the organization well, employees are still able to grow their work loyalty. Employees can quickly adapt to their work environment because a comfortable work environment is created so that employees feel at home and are willing to stay in the company as long as they are still needed by the company. Work loyalty is related to the goals, objectives, culture, and values of the organization. Employees are able to know and adapt to this after they have been in an organization for a long time (Jamil & Naeem, 2013).
According to Flippo (2013) Work loyalty itself is the determination and ability to obey, carry out and practice something that is obeyed with full awareness and responsibility. Robbins (2006) defines loyalty as the willingness to protect and save oneself. While Hasibuan (2002) describes loyalty as loyalty reflected by the willingness of employees to maintain and defend the organization inside and outside of work.
Work loyalty is fundamental to the industry because loyal employees will provide high work results along with work efficiency (Elmuti, Grunewald, & Abebe, 2010). Companies that fail to create strategic HR practices can lose valuable employees due to lack of employee loyalty to the company (Meyer & Allen, 1997). Through outsourcing, companies generate profits through HR which is the company’s most valuable asset. While HR itself will feel disadvantaged, so that employees are unable to grow their loyalty in working in the company where they work (Jamil & Naeem, 2013).
Employee loyalty in an organization is absolutely necessary for the success of the organization itself, one of the factors that causes employee work loyalty to increase or decrease is job satisfaction (Citra. L.M., & Fahmi. M, 2019). According to Colquitt, LePine, & Wesson (2012) Job satisfaction is a level of pleasant feeling obtained from the assessment of one’s work or work experience. In addition, according to Mathis and Jackson (2000) job satisfaction is a positive emotional state resulting from the evaluation of work experiences carried out by an individual.
Achieving employee job satisfaction will increase employee work loyalty. Job satisfaction expresses a number of conformities between a person’s expectations about his/her work, which can be in the form of work performance given by the company and the rewards given for his/her work. In essence, a person is encouraged to be active because he/she hopes that it will bring a better and more satisfying situation than the current situation. So working is a form of activity that aims to obtain job satisfaction (Mathis and Jackson, 2000).
Job satisfaction can be seen from employees who feel happy with their work. They will give more attention, imagination and skills in their work. Therefore, a motivator is needed for employees, namely providing physical and non-physical needs. These needs are an encouragement for employees in carrying out activities in a company. This encouragement is called work motivation (Arianty, Bahagia, Lubis, & Siswadi, 2016).
According to Vroom (in Setiawan, 2015) work motivation is how much effort is made to achieve certain results or rewards. Meanwhile, according to Purnama (2008), work motivation is the entire process of providing work motivation to subordinates in such a way that they are willing to work sincerely in order to achieve organizational goals efficiently and economically.
Based on the results of research conducted by Jamil & Naeem (2013) showed that work loyalty has an impact on outsourcing employees. This means that work loyalty that grows in each individual does not depend on the status of the employee, whether permanent or outsourcing. Employee loyalty that grows in the outsourcing company has a positive impact on employee engagement, employees have a sense of attachment to the organization or company where the employee works. In addition, research conducted by Wibowo & Sutanto (2013) also stated that the results of the study showed that there was an influence of job satisfaction and work motivation on employee loyalty in the sales department where if the work motivation of employees in the sales department increased, then the loyalty of employees in the sales department would increase. The regression results also showed that employee loyalty CV. Pratama Jaya was influenced by job satisfaction and work motivation, which was 66.7%. Another study conducted by Thanos, Pangemanan, and Rumokoy (2015) also stated that work motivation and job satisfaction had a significant partial effect on employee loyalty at PT Kimia Farma Apotek.
Based on the explanation that has been presented previously, the hypothesis that can be developed in this study are:
H1: job satisfaction and work motivation affect work loyalty in outsourcing employees;
H2: job satisfaction affects work loyalty in outsourcing employees;
H3: work motivation affects work loyalty in outsourcing employees.
RESEARCH METHODS
The population in this study were outsourcing employees and had the following characteristics: outsourcing employees, had worked for 6 months to 3 or more, because it is expected that during this period of work, real behavior can be seen which is reflected as an action of their loyalty in working for the company where the outsourcing employee works.
The sample (subject) of the study consisted of 100 outsourcing employees who had the same characteristics as the population. Sampling was carried out using non-probability sampling techniques and with purposive sampling types. The answer choices on each scale range from 1 – 6 ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree.
Job satisfaction in this study can be seen through the scores obtained in the job satisfaction scale according to Spector, (1994) namely aspects of salary, promotion, superiors, benefits, non-material rewards, working conditions, coworkers, nature of work, and communication. This measuring instrument contains 36 items divided into 17 favorable items and 19 unfavorable items. One example of an item in the job satisfaction scale is “I feel paid a fair amount for the work I do”. Based on the results of the analysis of the reliability test of the job satisfaction scale, a Cronbach alpha of 0.870 was found, which means that the scale is reliable in measuring job satisfaction.
Work motivation in this study can be seen through the scores adapted by researchers from Tremblay, MA, Blanchard, CM, Taylor, S., Villeneuve, M., and Pelletier, LG (2009) which are arranged based on the form of work motivation according to Deci & Ryan (2000) namely amotivation, intrinsic motivation, external regulation, projected, identified, integrated, extrinsic motivation. This measuring instrument contains 18 favorable items. One example of an item in the work motivation scale is “The awards given by the company are appropriate”. Based on the results of the analysis of the reliability test of the work motivation scale, a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.840 was found, which means that the scale is reliable in measuring work motivation.
Work loyalty in this study is known based on the score obtained through the work loyalty measurement scale adapted by Asih (2018) which is compiled based on aspects of work loyalty, namely obeying regulations, being responsible, dedicated and honest in working. This measuring instrument contains 32 items divided into 30 favorable items and 2 unfavorable items. One example of an item in the work loyalty scale is “I like to work hard, am agile and always want to do my best for the company”. Based on the results of the analysis of the reliability test of the work loyalty scale, a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.967 was found, which means that the scale is reliable in measuring work loyalty.
The data processing technique in this study used simple and multiple regression tests.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Based on the results of the reliability test in this study to determine the consistency of the measuring instrument based on items that have been declared to have good discrimination power and proven by the Alpha Cronbach technique with the help of the IBM SPSS Statistic version 23 program. According to Azwar (2012) the reliability coefficient on the scale that shows high consistency and stability of values, namely 0.70 to 1. Based on the results of the reliability test that has been carried out, the scale of job satisfaction, work motivation and work loyalty is known to have good alpha Cronbach reliability test values, this means that the reliability coefficient on the scale as a whole shows high consistency and stability of values. The results of the reliability test on the three variables can be seen in the following table:
Table 1. Reliability Test
Variable
Alpha Cronbach
Result
Job Satisfaction (X1)
0,870
Reliable
Work Motivation (X2)
0,840
Reliable
Work Loyalty (Y)
0.967
Reliable
Based on the results of the study, it is known that the variables of job satisfaction and work motivation have an effect on work loyalty in outsourcing employees. The results of the regression test on the three variables can be seen in the following table:
Table 2. Regression Test
Variable
F
R
R Square
Sig
Job Satisfaction (X1)
117,576
0,739
0,543
0,000
Work Motivation (X2)
87,160
0,686
0,471
0,000
Job Satisfaction (X1) and Work Motivation (X2)
16,773
0,507
0,257
0,000
on Work Loyalty (Y)
Effect of Job Satisfaction on Work Loyalty
Based on the results of data analysis on the job satisfaction variable, the F value is 117.576 and the significance coefficient is 0.000 (p <0.01), meaning that the job satisfaction variable has a very significant effect on work loyalty. The R value on job satisfaction of 0.739 indicates a positive relationship direction and a strong relationship. The R Square value of 0.543 means that job satisfaction affects work loyalty by 54.3%, the remaining 45.7% is influenced by other factors.
These results indicate that the hypothesis that states that there is an effect of job satisfaction on work loyalty in outsourcing employees is accepted. This means that the satisfaction felt by employees in working can increase or decrease their work loyalty to the company. The results of this study are in line with research conducted by Susilowati and Supriyadi (2018) which states that job satisfaction affects work loyalty by 34.3%. The higher the job satisfaction felt by employees, the higher the employee’s work loyalty to the company.
Employees who are satisfied will achieve work loyalty within the company. Job satisfaction is basically something that is individual, while each individual has a different level of satisfaction. In a company, leaders must pay serious attention to the job satisfaction of the employees they lead, because job satisfaction has a chain with the organization’s human resources, organizational performance, and the sustainability of the organization itself (Husni., Musnadi., and Faisal, 2018).
Effect of Work Motivation on Work Loyalty
Based on the results of data analysis on the work motivation variable, the F value is 87.160 and the significance coefficient is 0.000 (p <0.01), meaning that the work motivation variable has a very significant influence on work loyalty. The R value on work motivation of 0.686 indicates a positive relationship direction and a strong relationship. The R Square value of 0.471 means that work motivation affects work loyalty by 47.1%, the remaining 52.9% is influenced by other factors. These results indicate that the hypothesis that there is an influence of work motivation on work loyalty in outsourcing employees is accepted. This means that work loyalty can grow and increase if the motivation felt by employees in working also increases.
The results of this study are in line with research conducted by Swadarma and Netra (2020) which states that there is a positive and significant influence between work motivation and employee loyalty at Rame Cafe Jimbaran of 41.6%. If motivation increases, employee loyalty will increase. High work motivation in employees will make employees work harder in carrying out their work. On the other hand, with low work motivation, employees do not have work enthusiasm, give up easily and have difficulty completing work (Husni., Musnadi., and Faisal, 2018).
The growing employee work motivation can come from themselves or from outside themselves. According to Herzberg (in Robbins & Judge, 2006) stated that basically motivation is divided into two main types, namely, intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation is motivation related to themselves to feel satisfied such as achievement, appreciation, responsibility, opportunities to advance, and the work itself. While extrinsic motivation is motivation from outside themselves such as physical working conditions, interpersonal relationships, company policies and administration, supervision, salary, and job security.
Effect of Job Satisfaction and Work Motivation on Work Loyalty
Based on the results of data analysis on the variables of job satisfaction and work motivation, the F value is 16.773 and the significance coefficient is 0.000 (p <0.01), meaning that the variables of job satisfaction and work motivation have a significant influence on work loyalty. The R value on job satisfaction and work motivation of 0.507 indicates a positive relationship direction and a strong relationship. The R square value of job satisfaction and work motivation of 0.257 means that job satisfaction and work motivation together affect work loyalty by 25.7%, the remaining 74.3% is influenced by other factors.
These results indicate that the hypothesis that states that there is an influence of job satisfaction and work motivation on work loyalty in outsourcing employees is accepted. This means that the satisfaction and motivation in working felt by outsourcing employees can foster their work loyalty in their workplace. The results of this study are in line with research conducted by Husni., Musnadi., And Faisal (2018) which states that job satisfaction and work motivation owned by prison employees in Aceh Province have an effect on the emergence of employee work loyalty. In addition, another study conducted by Citra and Fahmi (2019) also stated that job satisfaction and work motivation together have an influence of 73.9%, while the remaining 26.1% of work loyalty is influenced by other variables.
Employee loyalty is a positive employee attitude towards the company where they work. Employees with a high level of loyalty can work not only for themselves but also for the benefit of the company. Therefore, the role and duties of a leader in acting and making decisions are very influential, so that they can be a benchmark for actions and motivation for employees in all forms and positive activities that will later build enthusiasm and job satisfaction and even employee work loyalty itself (Citra and Fahmi, 2019).
Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that job satisfaction influences work loyalty in outsourcing employees by 54.3%, the rest, 45.7% is influenced by other factors outside the study. Furthermore, work motivation influences work loyalty in outsourcing employees by 47.1%, the rest, 52.9% is influenced by other factors outside the study. Thus, job satisfaction and work motivation influence work loyalty in outsourcing employees by 25.7%, the rest, 74.3% is influenced by other factors outside the study.
Based on the results of the study, the following suggestions can be submitted so that employees are expected to continue to reflect work loyalty in their workplaces such as in terms of obeying regulations, being responsible, dedicated and honest in working.
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The current research paper explores the phenomenon of internet addiction among College going students of district Anantnag. The study which was descriptive in nature was conducted on 100 College going students belonging to five different colleges of district Anantnag. The students were sampled by using simple random technique (Lottery Method) whereas, colleges were purposively selected. Data were collected by using a standardized tool developed by Daman Deep Kaur Gulati, Dr. Jose J. Kurisunkal and Dr. Mamta Bakliwal 2021. The data were analyzed by using t-test. The major finding of the study revealed that Internet Addiction is more in Arts Stream Students belonging to different Colleges of district Anantnag as compared to Science stream students belonging to different Colleges of district Anantnag.
Key Words: Internet Addiction, Lottery Method, t-test.
INTRODUCTION
In the modern digital age, the internet has become an integral and indispensable component of daily life for billions of people around the world. What was once considered a novel technological innovation has rapidly evolved into an essential tool for communication, information-gathering, entertainment, and a multitude of other functions.The Internet’s pervasive presence and increasingly ubiquitous accessibility through smartphones, laptops, tablets, and other digital devices have transformed the way individuals interact with the world and each other.
The ubiquity of the internet in the 21st century has ushered in a technological revolution, profoundly shaping the way we work, learn, socialize, and entertain ourselves. The internet has become an essential resource for a vast array of daily activities, from professional tasks and academic research to personal communication and leisure pursuits. It has enabled instantaneous access to a wealth of information, fostered global connectivity, and revolutionized the way we consume and share content.
However, as the internet has become more deeply embedded in the fabric of modern society, a concerning trend has emerged – the growing problem of problematic internet use and internet addiction. Internet addiction, characterized by an inability to control one’s use of the internet despite the presence of negative consequences, has emerged as a significant public health concern in recent decades. As individuals, particularly young people, find themselves spending more and more time online, the detrimental effects of this excessive and compulsive internet use on mental health, physical well-being, social relationships, academic or occupational performance, and overall quality of life have become increasingly apparent.
Nature and Scope of Internet Addiction
In order to fully understand the issue of internet addiction, it is essential to first explore the definition and conceptualization of this behavioural disorder. Internet addiction, also referred to as problematic internet use or compulsive internet use, has been the subject of extensive research and debate among scholars and clinicians in recent decades.
The term “internet addiction” was first introduced in the 1990s by Dr. Ivan Goldberg, a psychiatrist who observed patterns of excessive and uncontrolled internet use among his patients. Goldberg proposed that individuals could become addicted to the internet, experiencing symptoms similar to those associated with substance addictions, such as tolerance, withdrawal, and impaired function in daily life. Since then, a growing body of research has sought to further define and characterize this emerging behavioural addiction.
One of the key challenges in defining internet addiction lies in the fact that the internet is not a single, discrete activity, but rather a platform that enables a wide range of activities, from social media and online gaming to e-commerce and information-seeking. As such, internet addiction is often conceptualized as a multidimensional construct, with various sub-types or “addictions” related to specific internet-enabled behaviours, such as social media addiction, online gaming addiction, or cybersex addiction.
Despite this complexity, researchers have proposed various frameworks and diagnostic criteria for internet addiction. One of the most widely recognized models is the Generalized Problematic Internet Use Scale (GPIUS), developed by Caplan and colleagues. This model posits that internet addiction is characterized by a cognitive-behavioural syndrome, including symptoms such as mood regulation, compulsive use, cognitive preoccupation, and negative outcomes.
Another influential framework is the Internet Addiction Test (IAT), developed by Dr. Kimberly Young. The IAT assesses the degree of preoccupation, compulsive use, withdrawal symptoms, and negative consequences associated with problematic internet use. This assessment tool has been widely used in both clinical and research settings to identify and measure the severity of internet addiction.
It is important to note that the classification and diagnosis of internet addiction remain subject to on-going debate and refinement. While the American Psychological Association (APA) has recognized “Internet Gaming Disorder” as a condition warranting further study in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), the broader concept of internet addiction has not yet been formally included as a distinct diagnostic category. However, many researchers and clinicians advocate for the recognition of internet addiction as a legitimate behavioural addiction, akin to substance use disorders or gambling addiction.
Risk Factors and Etiological Mechanisms of Internet Addiction
The development of internet addiction is a complex and multifaceted process, influenced by a variety of individual, social, and environmental factors. Understanding the underlying risk factors and etiological mechanisms that contribute to the emergence and maintenance of this behavioural disorder is essential for designing effective prevention and intervention strategies.
Individual Factors :
A growing body of research has identified several individual-level factors that may predispose individuals to the development of internet addiction. Personality traits, such as high levels of impulsivity, sensation-seeking, and neuroticism, have been consistently linked to an increased risk of problematic internet use. Individuals with these characteristics may be more likely to engage in compulsive and excessive online behaviours as a means of mood regulation or stimulation-seeking.
Additionally, the presence of co-occurring mental health conditions, such as depression, anxiety, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), has been associated with a higher likelihood of internet addiction. These underlying psychological and neurological factors may contribute to a heightened vulnerability to the development of addictive behaviours, including problematic internet use.
Demographic factors, such as age and gender, have also been identified as risk factors for internet addiction. Adolescents and young adults, particularly males, have consistently been found to be more susceptible to developing internet addiction. This may be partially attributed to the developmental changes and social pressures experienced during these life stages, as well as the increased accessibility and pervasiveness of digital technologies among younger generations.
Social and Environmental Factors
Beyond individual-level characteristics, social and environmental factors also play a significant role in the etiology of internet addiction. The quality and nature of an individual’s interpersonal relationships and social support systems can influence the risk of developing problematic internet use. For instance, individuals with poor social skills, limited social connections, or dysfunctional family environments may be more likely to turn to the internet as a means of socialization, emotional regulation, or escape from real-world problems.
The availability and accessibility of the internet, as well as the design and features of digital platforms and applications, can also contribute to the development of internet addiction. The ubiquity of smartphones and the constant connectivity they provide, combined with the reinforcing and addictive design elements of social media, online gaming, and other internet-based activities, can foster compulsive and excessive use.
Moreover, cultural and societal factors, such as the normalization of technology use, the perceived importance of online presence and participation, and the lack of digital literacy and self-regulation skills, can also shape an individual’s relationship with the internet and increase the risk of problematic use.
Neuro–biological and Psychological Processes
In addition to the individual, social, and environmental factors, researchers have also explored the potential Neuro-biological and psychological mechanisms underlying internet addiction. Emerging evidence suggests that the neurological and Neuro-chemical processes involved in the development of substance addictions may also play a role in the etiology of internet addiction.
Studies have found that excessive internet use and engagement in certain online activities, such as gaming or social media use, can trigger the release of dopamine and other reward-related neurotransmitters in the brain’s reward system. This can lead to a heightened sense of pleasure and reinforcement, potentially fuelling compulsive and addictive behaviours.
Furthermore, the cognitive and behavioural patterns associated with internet addiction, such as attentional biases, cognitive preoccupation, and impaired self-regulation, may be underpinned by specific psychological processes. These include the development of maladaptive coping strategies, distorted cognitions related to the internet and its use, and impaired executive functioning and impulse control.
By understanding the multifaceted risk factors and etiological mechanisms involved in the development of internet addiction, researchers and clinicians can better inform the design and implementation of targeted prevention and intervention strategies. This comprehensive approach is crucial for addressing the growing public health concern of problematic internet use in the digital age.
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Various research studies have been conducted by various research scholars across the globe on internet addiction. Few of them have been presented below in chronological order;
In the study by Menon, Shanker & Narayanan, Lakshmi & Kahwaji, Ahmad (2018), the researchers investigated the internet addiction among college students. The study was conducted on 300 students in a management institute in India, were 300 students (first, second and third years’ students) were sampled and the result shows that the older students were more internet addicted than the younger students. It also showed that men were more addicted than women.
A cross sectional study was conducted by Prashant Bagdey, Hemant Adikane, Uday Narlawar, Dadasaheb Dhage, Kishor Surwase, Alka Kaware (2018) for investigating the association between mental health and internet addiction among college students in Nagpur city. The result showed that the students aged from 17-25 years were high on internet addition. They suggested that excessive use of the Internet effects on physical, mental health and social well-being of students.
A cross sectional study on internet addiction and their relationship with depression among professional college students was carried out by Subhashini KJ, Praveen G (2018). The study was conducted on 300 students from Hassan Institute of Medical Sciences (Government Medical College) and Government Engineering College, Karnataka. They found that out of 300 students 173 (57.7%) were found to be internet addicted and 67 (38.7%) among them were found to be depressed and a there was positive relation between internet and depression. A male student shows more internet addiction than female students.
Azher, Musarrat (2018) has explored the relationship between Internet Addiction and Anxiety among 300 PG students form University of Sargodha. The data was collected by Internet Addiction Scale (I.A.S) and Beck Anxiety Scale. The result finding showed that internet addition was more in male students as compare to female students and also suggested that there was positive relationship between internet addiction and anxiety level among University students.
A cross sectional study on 1304 undergraduate college students (716 were females and 588 were males) was conducted in Udupi taluka Karnataka by Sharma B,Ashok L,Chandrasekaran V, Monteiro A (2018) to examine the correlates of internet addiction. They found the prevalence of internet addiction was 44% and this was associated gender, father’s occupation, mother’s education, availability of personal gadgets, use of smartphone, exposure to internet at young age and there was positive relationship between internet addiction and level of depression, anxiety, and stress.
A study conducted by Teena Sarao & Dr. Poonam Sharma (2017) on the relationship between the Internet use and locus of control among college students. The result indicated that internet addicted students’ feel symptoms of tolerance, withdrawal and escape, frequent interpersonal and academic conflicts, and physical health-threatening risks related to problem. The result also showed that men facing more problems then women and they found positive correlation between external locus of control and problem Internet use.
RATIONALE OF THE STUDY
1. Prevalence and Growing Concern
Increasing Usage: College students are among the most frequent users of the internet, and their usage often extends beyond academic purposes to social media, gaming, and other online activities. With the rise in digital technology, understanding the extent and impact of internet addiction in this demographic is critical.
Rising Trends: Recent studies and reports suggest that internet addiction is becoming more prevalent among young adults. Research can provide updated data and insights on how widespread the problem is among college students.
2. Impact on Academic Performance
Academic Challenges: Internet addiction can significantly impact students’ academic performance by leading to procrastination, reduced concentration, and lower grades. Investigating this relationship can help identify the extent of these effects and inform strategies to mitigate them.
Educational Outcomes: Understanding how internet addiction affects learning outcomes can help educators develop targeted interventions to support students in maintaining academic performance while managing their internet use.
3. Mental Health Concerns
Psychological Effects: Internet addiction is associated with various mental health issues, including anxiety, depression, and stress. Research can provide insights into how these issues specifically affect college students and identify potential mental health support needs.
Support Systems: By highlighting the mental health impacts, your research can contribute to developing better support systems and resources within college environments.
4. Social and Behavioral Implications
Social Interactions: Internet addiction can affect students’ social relationships and communication skills. Research can explore how excessive internet use impacts students’ interactions with peers, family, and faculty.
Behavioral Patterns: Studying behavioral patterns associated with internet addiction can help in understanding the broader social consequences and developing interventions to promote healthy social interactions.
5. Identification of Risk Factors
Understanding Triggers: Research can identify specific risk factors contributing to internet addiction among college students, such as academic stress, social pressures, or personal traits. This information can be used to develop preventive measures.
Targeted Interventions: Identifying risk factors allows for the design of targeted interventions and support programs that address the root causes of internet addiction rather than just its symptoms.
6. Development of Effective Interventions
Evaluating Existing Programs: Your research can assess the effectiveness of current interventions and support programs aimed at reducing internet addiction. This evaluation can help refine and improve these programs.
Innovative Solutions: By identifying gaps in existing research, you can propose new strategies or solutions to help students manage their internet use more effectively.
7. Contributing to Policy and Practice
Institutional Policies: Findings from your research can inform college policies related to internet use and mental health support, promoting a healthier academic environment.
Educational Practices: Research outcomes can help educators and counselors develop best practices for integrating technology use in a way that supports rather than hinders student success.
8. Future Research Directions
Foundation for Further Study: Your research can lay the groundwork for future studies on related topics, such as the long-term effects of internet addiction or the impact of emerging technologies on student behavior.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The problem under study was worded as, “Internet Addiction: A Study on College going Students of District Anantnag”.
OBJECTIVE
To compare internet Addiction scores among College going Students of District Anantnag with respect to Stream.
H0= There is no significant difference in Internet Addiction scores among College going Students of District Anantnag based upon their stream.
DELIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
The study was conducted on 100 college going students only,
Study was conducted on 05 colleges only.
SAMPLE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
The current study was descriptive in nature. The sample of the study consisted of 100 college going students from 05 going students belonging to district Anantnag. Out of the 100 sampled students 50 were Male and 50 were Female. The students were sampled by using simple random sampling technique (Lottery Method) and the colleges were sampled by using purposive sampling technique. Gender equality was maintained wherever possible. Respondents were selected from diverse socioeconomic status.
TABLE 1.0 depicts the brief sample of the study
S.No.
Name of the College
GenderMale Female
01
GDC Boys Anantnag
15
10
02
GDC Women Anantnag
00
20
03
GDC Mattan
10
05
04
GDC Kokernag
15
05
05
GDC Bijbehara
10
10
Total
50
50
Grand Total
100
TOOLS
For data collection Internat Addiction Scale (IAS) developed by Daman Deep Kaur Gulati, Dr. Jose J. Kurisunkal and Dr. Mamta Bakliwal 2021
DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURE
Data were collected from 05 different colleges of district Anantnag. After taking the prior permission from the principals of the selected colleges, the respondents selected for the current study were made aware about the objective of the research and were assured that their responses are being used for research purpose only and will be kept confidential.
STATISTICAL TECHNIQUE
The data were analyzed with help of T-Test.
ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS
The data related to the objective was collected and analysed by using t-test. But before applying t-test, the investigator checked the assumptions of t-test which are normality and Homogeneity as has been discussed below;
ASSUMPTION OF NORMALITY
H0= the distribution of Internet Addiction Scores of Arts and Science students belonging to different Colleges of district Anantnag do not deviate significantly from normality.
Tests of Normality
Stream
Kolmogorov-Smirnova
Shapiro-Wilk
Statistic
df
Sig.
Statistic
df
Sig.
Internet addiction scores
Arts
.086
50
.200*
.966
50
.165
Science
.109
50
.194
.956
50
.059
*. This is a lower bound of the true significance.
a. Lilliefors Significance Correction
From above table it is clear that Kolmogorov-Smirnov Statistics for Internet Addiction scores of Arts students belonging to different Colleges of district Anantnag is 0.086 with df 50, whose significance value is 0.200 which is greater than 0.05, thus the value is not significant at 0.05 level of significance. In view of this the null hypothesis that the “distribution of Internet Addiction Scores of Arts students belonging to different Colleges of district Anantnag do not deviate significantly from normality” is accepted.
Similarly, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov Statistics for Internet Addiction scores of Science students belonging to different Colleges of district Anantnag is 0.109 with df 50, whose significance value is 0.194 which is greater than 0.05, thus the value is not significant at 0.05 level of significance. In view of this the null hypothesis that the “distribution of Internet Addiction Scores of Science students belonging to different Colleges of district Anantnag do not deviate significantly from normality” is accepted.
From above table and discussion it is quite clear that Assumption of Normality gets fulfilled. The investigator further proceeded to check the second assumption which is;
Assumption of Homogeneity:
H0= “there is no significant difference in the variance of Internet addiction scores of Arts and Science Students belonging to different Colleges of district Anantnag”.
Levene’s Test for Equality of Variances
Internet Addiction Scores
F
Sig.
t
df
Sig (2-tailed)
Equal variances assumed
.109
.742
3.837
98
.000
Equal variances not assumed
3.837
97.082
.000
From table it is clear that Levene’s F value is 0.109, its significant value is 0.742, which is greater than 0.05. Hence, the value is not significant at LOS 0.05. Thus, the Null Hypothesis that “There is no significant difference in the variance of scores of Internet Addiction of Arts and Science Students belonging to different Colleges of district Anantnag” is accepted. Hence the assumption of Homogeneity of variance holds good.
Further from the above table it is clear that t-value is 3.837 with df= 98, whose two tailed significance value is 0.000 which is less than 0.01 level of significance. Hence the value is significant at 0.01 level of significance. In view of this the null hypothesis that’ “there is no significant difference in Internet Addiction Scores of Arts and Science Stream Students belonging to different Colleges” is rejected which means that Internet Addiction is not Independent of Stream.
Therefore, it can be concluded that Internet Addiction Scores of Arts and Science Stream Students belonging to different Colleges of district Anantnag differ significantly.
Also, from the Table below it is observed that mean of Internet Addiction Scores of Students belonging to Science Stream is 67.3600 which is significantly less than the mean of Internet Addiction Scores of Students belonging to Arts Stream which is 75.3600. Therefore, it can be concluded that Internet Addiction is more in Arts Stream Students belonging to different Colleges of district Anantnag as compared to Science stream students belonging to different Colleges of district Anantnag.
Group Statistics
Stream
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error Mean
Internet addiction scores
Arts
50
75.3600
10.92042
1.54438
Science
50
67.3600
9.90518
1.40080
Similar to our research findings, here are some research studies that suggest internet addiction varies with academic stream or field of study:
1. “Internet Usage Patterns and Addiction Among Students of Different Streams” (2019) by Sharma, A., et al. published in Journal of Educational Technology, 15(3), 1-12. This study found that students from the commerce stream were more likely to experience internet addiction than students from the arts and science streams.
2. “Internet Addiction and Academic Performance: A Study of Students from Different Disciplines” (2020) by Gupta, A., et al. published in Journal of Educational Computing Research, 58(4), 866-881.This study found that students from the engineering and management disciplines were more likely to experience internet addiction than students from the arts and science disciplines.
3. “Internet Addiction and Its Relationship with Academic Performance Among Students of Different Streams” (2018) Singh, S., et al. published in International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science, 9(1), 240-246.This study found that students from the arts stream were more likely to experience internet addiction-related problems than students from the science and commerce streams.
In contrast to our results here are some studies whose findings suggest that internet addiction is same irrespective of the academic stream of students
1. “Internet Addiction Among University Students: A Study of Engineering and Humanities Students” (2017) by, Kumar, A., et al. (2017) in International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science, 8(3), 355-361.- This study found no significant differences in internet addiction between engineering and humanities students.
2. “Internet Addiction Among University Students: A Cross-Sectional Study” (2019) Al-Dhahir, M., et al. in Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences, 14(1), 34-41. – This study found no significant differences in internet addiction among students from different faculties (arts, science, engineering, and medicine).
REFERENCES
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Akin, A., & Iskender, M. (2011). Internet Addiction and Depression, Anxiety and Stress. International Online Journal of Educational Sciences, 3(1), 138-148.
Akin, A. (2012). The relationships between internet addiction, subjective vitality, and subjective happiness. Cyber psychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 15, 404–410.
Alderman, H., Behrman, J. R., Lavy, V., & Menon, R. (2001). Child Health and School Enrolment: A Longitudinal Analysis. Journal of Human Resources, 36, pp. 185-205.
Alexa. C. Curtis (2015). Defining Adolescence. Journal of adolescent and family health, Volume.7, Issue.2.
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Anderson, K. J. (2001). Internet use among college students: An exploratory study. Journal of American College Health, 50(1), 21-26.
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Angela Leite, Ana Ramires, Susana Amorim (2020). Psychopathological Symptoms and Loneliness in Adult Internet Users: A Contemporary Public Health Concern. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health — Open Access Journal, page no. 1-17.
Arnett, J. J. (1995). Adolescents’ uses of media for self-socialization. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 24 (5), p- 519-533.
Aslam, M., & Kingdon, G. (2010). Parental Education and Child Health – Understanding the Pathways of Impact in Pakistan.
Atindra Nath Dutta (2016), A comparative study of mental health of addicted and non-addicted adolescent students, The International Journal of Indian Psychology, Volume 4, Issue 1, No. 76, ISSN 2348-5396 (e) DIP:
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Azher, M. (2014). The Relationship between Internet Addiction and Anxiety among students of University of Sargodha. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 4 (1), 288.
Behrman, J., & Deolalikar, A. (1988). Health and Nutrition. In H. Chenery, & T. Srinivasan, Handbook of Development Economics (Vol. 1, pp. 631-711). Amsterdam, North Holland.
Berte, D.Z., Mahamid, F.A. & Affouneh, S. (2019) Internet Addiction and Perceived Self-Efficacy Among University Students. Int J Ment Health Addiction. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469–019–00160–8
Bernaras E, Jaureguizar J. & Garaigordobil M (2019). Child and Adolescent Depression: A Review of Theories, Evaluation Instruments, Prevention Programs, and Treatments. Front. Psychology. 10:543. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00543
Betul Keles, Niall McCrae & Annmarie Grealish (2020). A systematic review: the influence of social media on depression, anxiety and psychological distress in adolescents, International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 25:1, 79-93, DOI: 10.1080/02673843.2019.1590851
Bélanger, F., & Crossler, R. (2011). Privacy in the Digital Age: A Review of Information Privacy Research in Information Systems. MIS Quarterly,35(4), 1017-1041. doi:10.2307/41409971
Mir Firdose Ahmad , Shah Bilal Ahmad, Rather Ilyas Ahmad , Bhat Mohd Arif Hussain (2021). A Comparative Study Of Internet Addiction Among Higher Secondary School Students Of District Anantnag, published in Elementary Education Online, 2021; Vol 20 (Issue 2): pp. 3960-3970, doi: 10.17051/ilkonline.2021.02.412
[1] Student Indira Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi, J&K, INDIA
[2] Former Student, University of Kashmir, Department of Economics, J&K, INDIA
[3] Assistant Professor (Environmental Science), GDC Women Anantnag, J&K, INDIA
[4] Principal, Islamia Faridiya College of Education Kishtwar, J&K, INDIA
[5] Assistant Professor (Education), GDC Women Anantnag, J&K, INDIA
[6] Assistant Professor (Kashmiri), GDC Mattan Anantnag, J&K, INDIA
[7] Teacher at Department of School Education, J&K, INDIA
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The National Defence Academy (NDA) exam is a national-level entrance examination conducted by the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) in India. The exam is held twice a year, typically in April and September, to select candidates for admission to the NDA, which is a premier training institution for the Indian Armed Forces.
Here are the details about the NDA exam:
Eligibility Criteria:
Age: 16.5 to 19.5 years (as of the first day of the month in which the course is commencing)
Nationality: Indian citizen
Education: 12th class pass or equivalent
Physical Standards: Meet the physical standards set by the UPSC
Exam Pattern:
Written Exam: 900 marks
Mathematics: 300 marks (2.5 hours)
General Ability Test (GAT): 600 marks (2.5 hours)
SSB Interview: 900 marks (5-day process)
Syllabus:
Mathematics: Algebra, Trigonometry, Geometry, Calculus, Statistics, and Probability
GAT: English, General Knowledge, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, History, Geography, and Current Events
Selection Process:
Written Exam
SSB Interview (for candidates who clear the written exam)
Medical Examination
Merit List preparation
Training:
3-year training at NDA, followed by
1-year training at Indian Military Academy (IMA) for Army cadets
1-year training at Naval Academy for Naval cadets
1.5-year training at Air Force Academy for Air Force cadets
Career Prospects:
Commissioned Officer in the Indian Army, Navy, or Air Force
Opportunities for specialization and higher education
Leadership roles and promotions
Tips and Preparation:
Start preparation early (at least 1 year prior to the exam)
Focus on building a strong foundation in Mathematics and GAT subjects
Practice with sample papers and mock tests
Develop physical fitness and mental toughness
Stay updated on current events and general knowledge
Remember, the NDA exam is highly competitive, and preparation requires dedication and hard work.
A survey and schedule are essential tools in various fields, including research, construction, and project management. In this article, we will delve into the world of surveys and schedules, exploring their definitions, types, benefits, and best practices.
*What is a Survey?*
A survey is a systematic process of collecting data and information from a sample of individuals, groups, or organizations. It involves asking questions, observing behaviors, or gathering data through various methods to gain insights, understand trends, and make informed decisions.
*Types of Surveys*
1. *Questionnaire Survey*: Uses a set of questions to collect data through online or offline forms.
2. *Interview Survey*: Involves face-to-face or phone interviews to gather data.
3. *Observational Survey*: Observes behavior, actions, or phenomena without direct interaction.
4. *Experimental Survey*: Manipulates variables to study cause-and-effect relationships.
*What is a Schedule?*
A schedule is a timeline or calendar that outlines tasks, activities, or events in a logical and sequential manner. It helps plan, coordinate, and manage time-sensitive projects, ensuring timely completion and meeting deadlines.
*Types of Schedules*
1. *Project Schedule*: Outlines tasks, milestones, and deadlines for a specific project.
2. *Production Schedule*: Manages production workflows, timelines, and resources.
3. *Maintenance Schedule*: Plans routine maintenance, repairs, and upkeep.
4. *Training Schedule*: Organizes training sessions, courses, and workshops.
*Benefits of Surveys and Schedules*
1. *Informed Decision-Making*: Surveys provide valuable insights, while schedules ensure timely execution.
2. *Improved Planning*: Schedules help plan resources, tasks, and timelines.
3. *Enhanced Productivity*: Surveys identify areas for improvement, while schedules optimize workflows.
4. *Better Time Management*: Schedules ensure timely completion, reducing delays and costs.
*Best Practices*
1. *Clear Objectives*: Define survey goals and schedule purposes.
2. *Well-Designed Instruments*: Craft effective survey questions and schedule templates.
3. *Pilot Testing*: Test surveys and schedules before implementation.
4. *Flexibility*: Allow for adjustments and changes as needed.
5. *Communication*: Share survey findings and schedule updates with stakeholders.
In conclusion, surveys and schedules are powerful tools that, when used effectively, can drive informed decision-making, improve planning, enhance productivity, and ensure timely completion of projects. By understanding their types, benefits, and best practices, individuals and organizations can harness their potential to achieve success.
Early Life and Education: Arvind Kejriwal was born on August 16, 1968, in Siwani, Haryana, India. He grew up in a middle-class family and displayed an early interest in academics and social issues. Kejriwal pursued his schooling in Haryana and later moved to Delhi for higher education. He attended the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Kharagpur, where he earned a degree in Mechanical Engineering. His academic excellence and analytical skills were notable during his time at IIT.
Career Before Politics: Before venturing into politics, Kejriwal had a successful career in the Indian Administrative Service (IAS). He joined the Indian Revenue Service (IRS) in 1995, serving as a Joint Commissioner in the Income Tax Department. During his tenure, he was involved in several high-profile cases and earned a reputation for his dedication and integrity.
Social Activism: Kejriwal’s transition from a bureaucrat to an activist was marked by his involvement in various social and anti-corruption movements. In the early 2000s, he became actively involved in the anti-corruption movement led by social activist Anna Hazare. The movement aimed to fight against corruption and promote transparency in governance through the Jan Lokpal Bill. Kejriwal’s leadership and efforts in this movement gained him significant public recognition and laid the groundwork for his entry into politics.
Political Career:
Founding of the Aam Aadmi Party (AAP): In 2012, Arvind Kejriwal and other like-minded activists, including Kumar Vishwas, Manish Sisodia, and others, founded the Aam Aadmi Party (AAP). The party was established with the mission to address issues of corruption, transparency, and governance, aiming to provide an alternative to the traditional political system in India.
2013 Delhi Assembly Elections: AAP made a remarkable debut in the 2013 Delhi Assembly elections, winning 28 out of 70 seats and emerging as the second-largest party. Kejriwal, as the Chief Ministerial candidate, formed a minority government with the support of the Indian National Congress (INC). His tenure as Chief Minister was marked by a focus on issues such as electricity tariffs, water supply, and anti-corruption measures.
Resignation and Return: In February 2014, Kejriwal resigned from his position as Chief Minister after 49 days in office, citing the lack of support from the Congress Party for the passage of the Jan Lokpal Bill. His resignation led to fresh elections.
2015 Delhi Assembly Elections: In the 2015 Delhi Assembly elections, AAP secured a landslide victory, winning 67 out of 70 seats. Kejriwal was re-elected as Chief Minister, and his government focused on several key areas, including education reform, healthcare, and improving public services. The party’s performance was seen as a significant political achievement, showcasing the appeal of its anti-corruption and governance-centric agenda.
2020 Delhi Assembly Elections: AAP continued its success in the 2020 Delhi Assembly elections, winning 62 out of 70 seats. Kejriwal’s second term was characterized by further efforts in urban development, health care, and educational reforms. His government implemented several initiatives aimed at improving the quality of life for Delhi’s residents, including enhanced public health services and infrastructure projects.
Key Policies and Achievements:
Education: Kejriwal’s government has been recognized for its focus on improving Delhi’s public education system. This includes the construction of new classrooms, hiring of more teachers, and the implementation of various schemes to improve school infrastructure and quality of education.
Healthcare: The AAP government has invested in expanding and upgrading healthcare facilities. Initiatives such as Mohalla Clinics provide free primary health care services to Delhi residents, making healthcare more accessible.
Anti-Corruption: Kejriwal has been a strong advocate of anti-corruption measures. His tenure saw the introduction of various transparency initiatives, including the implementation of the Delhi Jan Lokpal Act to address corruption.
Public Services: The government has worked on improving public services, including providing subsidized electricity and water. Efforts have also been made to enhance the efficiency and transparency of public service delivery.
Challenges and Criticisms:
Administrative Hurdles: Kejriwal’s tenure has faced challenges related to the administrative and legislative powers of the Delhi government, often resulting in conflicts with the central government and the Lieutenant Governor of Delhi.
Political Criticisms: Critics have accused Kejriwal of focusing too much on political theatrics and not delivering on some of his promises. There have been allegations of confrontational politics and strained relationships with other political entities.
Governance Issues: Despite significant achievements, Kejriwal’s administration has faced criticisms related to governance, including delays in implementing certain policies and handling of public protests.
Personal Life: Arvind Kejriwal is married to Sunita Kejriwal, an IRS officer. The couple has two children. Kejriwal is known for his simple lifestyle and commitment to public service, often engaging in grassroots activities and direct interactions with the public.
Conclusion: Arvind Kejriwal has emerged as a significant political figure in India, known for his focus on anti-corruption, transparency, and governance reforms. His journey from a social activist to the Chief Minister of Delhi reflects a unique approach to Indian politics, emphasizing grassroots involvement and accountability. Despite facing various challenges and criticisms, Kejriwal’s contributions to Delhi’s political landscape and governance are noteworthy.
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