Amartya sen, renowned Indian economist, nobel
laureate(1998) contributed in welfare economics
and social choice theory. India has a long and
multifaceted history of argumentation and public
reasoning. In his magnificent book The
Argumentative Indian: writing in Indian culture,
history and identity. Amartya sen provides this
history with a global context. Public reasoning is
fundamental to both democratic politics and
secular constitutional arrangements, and it is no
accident that India, with its extensive traditions of
tolerance and the admission of dissenting voices
in public discourse.
The chapter named ‘ Reach of Reason’ in which
Amartya sen analyze WB Yeat’s ‘The Geneology
of Morals’, Jonathan Glover’s views, Nietzsche’s
scepticism the writer reached reason and
enlightenment process. He advocates the
possibility of reasoning is a strong source of
discipline confidence in a world darkened by
horrible deeds. We can reason about the right way
of perceiving and treating other people, other
cultures, other claims, and different grounds for

3
respect and tolerance. We can also reason about
our own mistakes and try to learn not to repeat
them. For example, the Japanese Novelist and
visionary social theorist Kenzaburo Oe argues
powerfully that the Japanese nation, aided by an
understanding of its own ‘history of territorial
invasion.’
Intellectual enquiry, is needed to identity actions
and policies that are not evidently injurious but
which have that effect for example, famines can
remain unchecked on the mistaken presumption
that they cannot be averted through immediate
public policy. According to Sen, two pillars of
Enlightenment thinking are sometimes wrongly
merged and jointly criticized: the power of
reasoning, and the perfectability of human nature.
In his view, values such as tolerance, liberty and
reciprocal respect have been described as ‘ culture
specific’ and basically confined to western
civilization. He called this is the claim of ‘ cultural
boundary’.
Sen refers to that what Clifford Geertz has called
‘ culture war’, the subject of ‘the reach of reason’
related to another theme, which had been
important in the anthropological literature. He
sures that the other Indian classical authors who

4
emphasized discipline and order rather than
tolerance and liberty, for example Kautilya in the
fourth century BCE( in his book Arthsastra
translatable as ‘ Economics’. But western classical
writers such as plato and st Augustine also gave
priority to social discipline. He adds that the such
classifications based on the substance of ideas,
different from theises based on culture or region.
One consequence of western dominance of the
world today is that other cultures and traditions are
often identified and defined by their contrasts with
contemporary western cultures or example, Indian
religious literature such as Bhagavad Gita or the
Tantric texts, which are identified as differing from
secular writings seen as ‘western’,elicits much
greater interest in the West than do other Indian
writing, including India’s long history of heterodoxy.
He supposes that the Kamasutra, in which western
readers have managed to cultivate an interest.
When it is thus ‘defined by contrast, divergence
with the West becomes central. Take, for example,
the case of ‘Asian values’, often contrasted with
‘western values’.
Sen is showing how other parts of the world
differ from the West can be very effective and can
shore up artificial distinction. We may be left

5
wondering why Gautama Buddha, or Laozi or
Ashokan or Gandhi or sun Yat-sen was not really
an Asian. And we have a question of why did
Maimonides,in fact, get support as well as an
honoured position at the court of the Muslim
emperor who fought valiantly for Islam in the
crusades. Sen cites about the Emperor Akbar, that
‘the tradition of secularism can be traced to the
trend of tolerant and pluralist thinking that had
begun to take root well before Akbar. For example,
in the writings of Amir Khusrau in the fourteenth
century as well as in the ang non-sectarian
devotional poetry of Jabir, Nanak, Chaitanya and
others. He also practised as he preached –
abolishing discriminatory taxes imposed earlier
Muslims, inviting many Hindu intellectuals and
artists into his court, and even trusting a Hindu
general, man singh, to command his armed force.
Akbar made in his defence of a tolerant
multiculturalism concerns the role of reasoning.
Akbar’s analyses of social problems illustrate the
power of open reasoning and choice even in a
clearly pre-modern society.
Akbar was, for example, opposed to child
marriage. He argued that ‘the object that is
intended’ in marriage ‘is still remote’, and there is

6
immediate possibility of injury’. There was good
sense in Akbar’s insistence that a millenial
occasion is not only for fun and festivities. Akbar’s
emphasis on reason and scrutiny serves as a
reminder that ‘cultural boundaries’ are not is
limiting as it’s sometimes alleged (as, for example,
in the view, discussed earlier,that ‘justice’, ‘right’,
‘reason’, and ‘love of humanity’s, western values).
Many features of the European Enlightenment can
be linked with questions that were raised earlier-
not just in Europe but widely across the world.
In the chapter named ‘Secularism and it’s
Discontents’, Sen describes about the Indian
secularism. He says that intellectual scepticism
about secularism is not confined to those actively
engaged in politics. The nature of secularism as a
principle calls for some clarification as well as
scrutiny. Secularism in the political as opposed to
ecclesiastical- sense requires the separation of the
state from any particular religions order. The first
view argues that secularism demands that the
state be equidistant from all religions- refusing to
take sides and having a neutral attitude towards
them. Secondly, view insists that the state must
not have any relation at all with any religion. In
both interpretation, secularism goes against giving

7
any religion a privileged position in the activities of
the state.
Sen analyzes that the role of secularism in
India, note must taken of its intrinsic
‘incompleteness’, including the problems that this
incompleteness leads too, as well as the
opportunities it offers. Scepticism about Indian
secularism takes many different forms. He
considers it in particular six distinct lines of
arguments such as The ‘ Non-existence’ Critique,
The ‘Favoriticism’ Critique, The ‘Prior identity’
Critique, The ‘Muslim sectarianism’ Critique, The
‘The Anti-modernist’ Critique and The ‘Cultural’
Critique. On the Non- existence Critique, overlooks
how crucial outside perceptions have historically
been to the identity of Indian’s themselves.

A Raisin in the Sun can be considered as a turning point in the American art.
Lorraine Hansberry was the first playwright to create realistic portraits of African-
American life. The play is recognizably autobiographical. Hansberry during her short
period of life has made a remarkable mark on the American theatre. The play
addresses so many issues important during the 1950s in the United States. The 1950s
are widely mocked in modern times as an age of complacency and conformism,
symbolized by the growth of suburbs and commercial culture that began in that
decade. America in the years following World War II roiled growing domestic and
racial tension. The stereotype of 1950s America as a land of happy housewives and
Black people content with their inferior status resulted in an up swell of social
resentment that would finally find public voice in the civil rights and feminist
movements of the 1960s.
A Raisin in the Sun was a revolutionary work for its time. Hansberry creates in
the Younger family one of the first honest depictions of a Black family on an
American stage, in an age when predominantly Black audiences simply did not exist.
Before this play, African- American roles, usually small and comedic, largely
employed ethnic stereotypes. Hansberry however, shows an entire Black family in a
realistic light, one that is unflattering and far from comedic. She uses Black
vernacular throughout the play and broaches important issues and conflicts such as
poverty, discrimination, and the construction of African- American racial identity.
Many people have called Hansberry a visionary and her writing prophetic. She
addressed issues unfamiliar at the time but soon to be at the forefront of discussion.

A Raisin in the Sun explores not only the tension between white and Black
society but also the strain within the Black community over how to react to an
oppressive white community. The play addresses difficult questions about
assimilation and identity. Through the character of Joseph Asagai, Hansberry reveals
a trend toward celebrating African heritage. As he calls for a native revolt in his
homeland, Hansberry seems to predict the anticolonial struggles in African countries
of the upcoming decades and also the inevitability and necessity of integration.
In her portrayal of Beneatha as a fiercely independent, self- assured woman,
determined to succeed in the medical profession, Hansberry addressed feminist
questions ahead of their time in A Raisin in the Sun. Through the character of
Beneatha, Hansberry proposes that marriage is not necessary for women and that
women can and should have ambitious career goals. The feminist theme is enhanced
by the portrayal of the two other women in the play, Lena Younger (Mama) and Ruth.
Mama is the epitome of the self-reliant woman, having worked side by side with her
husband to provide for the family and continuing to be its stabilizing force. Ruth, on
the other hand, seems to hold fairly traditional ideas about motherhood, but she finds
herself, without the counsel of her husband, considering abortion as an alternative to
bringing another child into the world. Thus Hansberry even approaches an abortion
debate, allowing the topic of abortion to enter the action in an era when abortion was
illegal.
A Raisin in the Sun remains important as a cultural document of a crucial
period in American history as well as for the continued debate over racial and gender
issues. The concepts of black beauty, generational conflict, class differences,
feminism and black Americans’ relationship to their African past have discussed
throughout the play. The play also marked the turning point of black artists in

professional theatre. It became a pivotal moment in American cultural history that
opened doors for Black artists, actors, and filmmakers. Thus we can consider A Raisin
in the Sun as a turning point in American art as it addresses so many issues of
importance during the 1950s in the United States.

Covid-19 has forced universities across India, and the world indeed, to suspend physical
classrooms and shift to online classes. In India, while this transition has been smooth for
most private universities, the public ones are still adapting.
As soon as the Covid-19 crisis broke out in India, in Kerala the universities like Kerala
University,Calicut University, MG university all announced the suspension of classes
until March 31. While others waited to see what would happen next, they started
exploring online classes. There are many education startups which got boost during this covid pandemic too.
But as a state like Kerala there are so many Limited conditions that disallow the students
from conducting online mode of education. While technology is enabling, it can also be
limiting, especially in India, and a state called Kerala where we both have and have not
anywhere basic access is a challenge. Not every student has a computer or fast-
streaming internet at home. This leads to issues with attendance and participation in
online sessions. A survey revealed that 100per percent of students were accessing the
materials through the mobile phone where there may not be full data in there phone as
a result they are not able to download material sent by the institute or study online. As a
result around 3 7.5 % students are only studying their online material and 37.5
percentage of students are not able to study the online materials and 25 % of the student
are not even aware of the materials.

Only small percentage of students can only able to
access the materials about 62.5 percentage of students cant able to access the materials
due to the network connectivity problem and around 12.5 per cent due to the insufficient
data and around 12.5 % is due to the unfavorable home conditions that they have and
12.5% they have stress due to the inability to access the materials on time percent of
them had internet connection good enough for streaming real-time lectures. In the
survey about 75 percentage of students have one to five hours online classes are
conducted and about 12.5 percentage of students have for 10 to 15 hours online classes
are conducted in a week as a result of this this online classes this situation of having
stress for the students is highly because about 75 percentage of the students reported
that they have more stress than the offline classes and only 12.5 per cent of the students
said that they have less stress because maybe these students have good favourable
condition at the home and most of the students reported that they have many stress due
to the unfavorable conditions at the home. Most of the students have opted for the online
mode of classes around 50% is to talk about the online mode only 25% is about the
record class. The teacher cares through the online mode of class and in this scenario 62
percent of students have disagreed and 12.5 percent of students have strongly with the
second because the Teacher cannot ensure the full participation of the student in a class.
Most of the students and parents are also feeling tensions about the online conduct of the

exam because in online conduct of the exam the questions are of objective type with the
students not able to write the full answers and the 62.5 percent of students have told that
they are not preparing the objective type of exams. Another important thing that make
the students keep alive and Happy was that of the bonding with their classmates but this
Covid time has destroyed and or the bonding with the classmates in the online platform
37.5 % of students are reported that they are Adjusting for the time being and 50
percentage of reported that they are not satisfied and the 12.5% is a of said that they
have maybe the students were be a group of students who have high network
connectivity and good technology accessibility. Another survey they reported that the
students reported that 87.5%says that online education destroyed their physical health.
These are evidence from the survey which is given by the students from the different
colleges in Kerala.

It is clear that this pandemic has utterly disrupted an education system that many assert
was already losing its relevance. In his book, 21 Lessons for the 21st Century, scholar
Yuval Noah Harari outlines how schools continue to focus on traditional academic skills
and rote learning, rather than on skills such as critical thinking and adaptability, which
will be more important for success in the future. Could the move to online learning be
the catalyst to create a new, more effective method of educating students? While some
worry that the hasty nature of the transition online may have hindered this goal, others
plan to make e-learning part of their ‘new normal’ after experiencing the benefits first-
hand.

Ceremony is a novel written by Leslie Marmon Silko ( Laguna pueblo). The
Laguna Pueblo is a federally recognised tribe of Native American Pueblo people
in west central New Mexico, near the city of Albuquerque, in the United States.
Part of the Laguna territory is included in the Albuquerque metropolitan area.
The name Laguna is Spanish meaning small lake and it derives from the lake on
their reservation. This body of water was formed by an ancient dam that was
constructed by the Laguna people.
The people of Laguna have a long history of residing in and farming the Rio San
Jose in west central Mexico. Laguna history begins long before the advent of
written records in the Southwest. It is a common misconception that the pueblo of
Laguna began in 1699, at the time of construction of the Mission. However,
research of archaeological sites and an anthropological analysis of the Laguna
oral history have firmly proven that the people have inhabited the area ranging
from 6500 B.C. to the present.
The Pueblo of Laguna has a well established Tribal Law system. The Pueblo of
Laguna have participated as a “weed and seed” tribe. This department of Justice
program studied the enforcement of law and effectiveness of social programs on
Native African lands.
Coming to the novel Ceremony, it remains one of the most profound and moving
works of Native American literature, a novel that is itself a ceremony of healing.
Tayo, a second world war veteran of mixed ancestry, returns to the Laguna
Pueblo Reservation. He is deeply scarred by his experience as a prisoner of the
Japanese and further wounded by the rejection he encounters from his people.
His return to the Laguna Pueblo Reservation only increases his feeling of
estrangement and alienation, a kind of post traumatic stress syndrome.While
other returning soldiers find easy refuge in alcohol and senseless violence, Tayo
searches for another kind of comfort and resolution. Tayo’s quest leads him back
to the Indian past. Only by immersing himself in the Indian past, it’s traditions,
beliefs about witchcraft and evil, and to the ancient stories of his people made
him some relief . The search itself becomes a ritual, a curative ceremony that
defeats the most virulent of afflictions despair. Masterfully written, filled with the
somber majesty of Pueblo myth, Ceremony is a work of enduring power.
Importantly for Tayo’s health, he has returned to his homeland, the place of his
birth and upbringing. From the depths of his physical, psychic, and spiritual

disease, Tayo recovers his health throughout the course of the novel in a
ceremony of accretion and remembrance. Tayo re-learns how to interact with the
landscape in healthy and holistic ways. In the novel we can see Tayo’s improving
relationship with nature and demonstrate why that relationship is so important to
his health.
Inorder to understand Tayo and his relationship to the landscape in the novel we
should first explore more general Native American perspective on the
environment. Many of the indigenous cultures of North America perceive their
relationship with the natural world. While these Native Americans acknowledge
the uniqueness of each individual, they simultaneously perceive humans as
equal, intimate, and integral parts of the natural world. This perspective contrasts
with the historically predominant Euro American view point of human dominion
and control over the environment, this position asserts that humans are distinct,
separate, and superior to the rest of the natural world. On the other hand, the
dominant Native American attitude towards nature, or mother earth as it is often
termed, strongly supports the conjointment of self with non- self, humans are not
some distinct entity separated from or superior to the organic, physical world.
Many Native Americans, including the Navajo and the pueblo Indians, neither
construct a hierarchy of natural elements or entities, not do they perceive a
“boundary” between humans and the rest of the natural world.
Laguna Relationships with the Land
The Laguna people consider themselves intimately connected to the
environment. In her influential work The Feminine Landscape of Leslie Silko’s
Ceremony, the Laguna critic Paula Gunn Allen contrasts the dominant western
perspective of authority and control with the Laguna Pueblo people’s more
equitable relationship claiming “the earth is being as all creatures are also being :
aware, palpable, intelligent and alive”.
Silko herself collapses any inferred separation between characters and
landscape pointing out that “the land and the sky and all that is within them – the
landscape – includes human beings”. Adding that “interrelationships in the Pueblo
landscape are complex and fragile, ” Silko points to the vagaries of the weather
and the harsh New Mexican desert as primary reasons her Laguna ancestors
had been so aware of, involved with, and curious about their homeland.
“Survival” , Silko claims, “depended upon harmony and corperation not only
among human beings, but also among all things- the animate and less animate,

since rocks and mountains were known on occasion to move”. Because the
Laguna people have lived in the difficult landscape of west- central New Mexico,
they have learned to work together with their surroundings in order to sustain life,
striving to maintain balance and harmony.

The Sound and the Fury, novel by William Faulkner, published in 1929,
that details the destruction and downfall of the aristocratic Compson
family from four different points of view. Faulkner’s fourth novel, The Sound
and the Fury is notable for its nonlinear plot structure and its unconventional
narrative style. William Faulkner’s early work was poetry, but he became
famous for his novels set in the American South, frequently in his fabricated
Yoknapatawpha County, with works that included The Sound and the Fury, As
I Lay Dying and Absalom, Absalom! His controversial 1931
novel Sanctuary was turned into two films, 1933’s The Story of Temple
Drake as well as a later 1961 project. Faulkner was awarded the 1949 Nobel
Prize in Literature and ultimately won two Pulitzers and two National Book
Awards as well. The story is told in four chapters by four different narrators:
Benjy, the youngest Complain son: Quentin, the oldest son : Jason, the middle
son: and Faulkner himself, acting as an omniscient, third- person narrator who
focuses on Dilsey the Compson’s servant.
The chapter April sixth 1928 starts with the morning of good Friday,
the day before Benjy’s narration takes place. Jason Compson IV is in the
Compson house, fighting with his mother and with his niece, Miss Quentin.
Jason thinks back on his family and his own personal history. His sister Caddy’s
marriage to Herbert Head crumbled in 1911, when it became apparent to
Herbert that Caddy’s unborn child was not his. Mrs. Compson refused to take
Caddy in, but Mr. Compson and Dilsey saw to it that the family took in Caddy’s
child, Miss Quentin. Jason assumed control of the household when Mr.
Compson died of alcoholism. Herbert Head had offered Jason a job at his bank,
but rescinded that offer when he divorced Caddy. This retraction left Jason no
choice but to work at the local farm-supply store. Though Mrs. Compson hopes
Jason will own the store one day, Jason is bitter about having lost his bank job

and having been forced to work in the farm-supply store. Now in his mid-
thirties, Jason has grown into a devious and mean-spirited man. He has

concocted an elaborate scheme to pocket the money Caddy sends him to support
Miss Quentin’s upbringing. Mrs. Compson’s poor eyesight and blind love for

Jason have prevented her from detecting his scheme. So far, Jason has stolen
nearly fifty thousand dollars from his sister and niece over the course of fifteen
years. He uses this extra money to play the cotton market and to pay for a
prostitute in Memphis. Caddy is the only one who distrusts Jason and suspects
that he is scheming. At the end of the chapter, Jason sees Miss Quentin go by
with a red tie man. Miss Quentin angrily asks Mrs Compson why Jason behaves
so hostile to her? Then Quentin says that she misbehaves because Jason made
her that way. These events are occurring in this chapter.
The Fourth chapter April Eighth,1928 starts with the Easter Sunday.
Dilsey walks up to the Compson house and manages to get the kitchen up and
running despite the interference of Mrs. Compson and Luster. Luster tells
Dilsey that Jason is angry because someone has broken the window in his room.
Benjy eats his breakfast and whimpers. Jason emerges and testily sends Dilsey
to call Miss Quentin to breakfast. There is no answer from Miss Quentin’s
room. Jason suddenly springs up the stairs, seizes his mother’s keys, and
unlocks Miss Quentin’s door. The window is open and Miss Quentin is gone.
His papers are there, but all his money is gone. Jason calls the police and asks
them to send a deputy to the house. He storms out. Meanwhile, Dilsey takes
Luster, Frony, and Benjy to an Easter service at the local Black church, where
Reverend Shegog gives a boisterous sermon about the life and death of Christ.
When they return to the house, they find that Jason still has not returned. Jason
has gone to see the sheriff to demand help in tracking down Miss Quentin.
At the end of the chapter, Jason comes back to town. Luster
is driving Benjy in the carriage. As they arrive at the cemetery, Luster deviates
from the usual course T.P. used to take, and Benjy begins howling at the
unfamiliar route. Jason comes across Luster and Benjy. He hits Luster across
the head, ordering him never to turn off the route Benjy is used to taking, and
strikes Benjy in an attempt to quiet him. Benjy continues to howl. However, as
Luster drives Benjy home, the familiar façades, doorways, windows, signs, and
trees of the town of Jefferson all appear to Benjy in their ordered place, and he
finally quiets.

The Stone Angel is a novel by Canadian writer Margaret Laurence. The novel was first published in 1964 by McClelland and Stewart This novel is one of the best-known works of Laurence’s series of five novels that is set in the fictitious town named as Manawaka, Manitoba. The Stone Angel narrates the story of Hagar Currie Shipley, presently 90-year-old Hagar struggles against being put in a nursing home, which she sees as a symbol of death. This narrative alternates with Hagar looking back at her life.

Pride

Pride is the most prevailing theme of The Stone Angel is that of pride. Indeed, Hagar’s great pride helps Her to cope with the many difficulties she faces throughout her life. This pride, however, also separates And detaches her from others resulting in several strained relationships which she was unable to mend.As Hagar comes to realize towards the end of the book, most of the problems in her life stem from her excessive pride. Her sense of superiority is behind her ill-treatment of others, her refusal to acknowledge when she is wrong, and her inability to compromise with others or to see their point of view. Her behavior throughout the story leads to the destruction of several long-term relationships that might otherwise have sustained her and enriched her life.

Ultimately, her illusory superiority only leads to her own suffering. This point is emphasized in the scene where she is in the hospital and is visited by Mr. Troy, who sings a hymn about rejoicing for God. Previously, Hagar has been reluctant to pray, as belief in a higher power requires the relinquishing of pride and embrace of humility. Yet at this moment, Hagar is finally moved to tears, made to viscerally realize that it is her pride that has imprisoned her throughout whole life, blocking her from the true purposes of life: love and happiness.

Womanhood

The complicated duties and burdens of womanhood are laid bare over the course of The Stone Angel as the elderly Hagar Shipley reflects on her life. A woman’s options in life are often restricted to marrichildbearing, and the other sorts of “feminine” skills that Hagar learns at finishing school. For her whole life, Hagar is dependent on a man, whether it is her father, her husband, or, later, Mr. Oatley, for whom she works as a housekeeper. The roles of wife, mother, and daughter do not satisfy Hagar. She refuses to be the heiress to her father’s business. She views sexual intimacy with her husband as a chore and burden to bear. Hagar is alienated from her own mothering qualities, having lost her own mother as a new-born. Her emotional rigidity makes it impossible for her to nurture others, at times even becoming apathetic towards her own children. This all contributes to Hagar’s sense of always waiting for something more in life and not knowing who she is.

Memory and the Past

The novel consists of alternating passages from a past and a present, both of which exist within Hagar’s Mind. She is either remembering or perceiving the world around her with an old woman’s suspicious  Eyes which give her observations their special twist and colour. It opens with Hagar recalling the stone Angel in her rich and racy inner prose, the prose of thoughts readers are expected to believe are addressed To them. And then Hagar describes the cemetery and suddenly switches to the present. From this Beginning until about the last quarter of the book, The Stone Angel maintains parallel chronological patterns, the present following sequentially the last days of Hagar’s life, and the flashbacks following, Also sequentially, the course of her life as it appears in her memories. Hagar’s journey through her own memories is painful and burdensome though she wishes she could change the mistakes of her past, she cannot. Towards the end of the novel, Hagar at last accepts the permanent and unchangeable nature of the past, knowing that to continue lingering in memory and shut out her present moment will only lead to spiritual “defeat.”

Resentment

Hagar resents what she perceives to be interference from other people and deliberate attempts by them to control her or to thwart her will. As a young and unmarried woman, she wishes to become a schoolteacher, but her father vetoes the idea, trying to push her into managing the accounts for the store he owns. Whereas her father sees an opportunity for Hagar, she sees only a short-sighted attempt by him to ruin her career plans for his own personal gain. She marries Bram Shipley partly out of resentment, as she knows her father believes Bram to be an unsuitable and unworthy husband. When Hagar insists on marrying him, her father cuts her off without a cent and changes his will so that she will inherit nothing. Jason Currie thus develops his own resentment towards his daughter, whom he refuses to see for the rest of his life. The resentment of these characters stems from their pride and need to be right, which end up isolating them from their family.

  Leslie Marmon Silko is an American writer. A Laguna Pueblo Indian woman, she is one of the prominent figures in the First Wave of the Native American Renaissance. She is a widely known novelist and a poet, her career is significantly distinguished by making people aware of ingrained racism and white cultural imperialism, and a commitment to support women’s issues. The clash of civilizations is a continuing theme in the modern Southwest and of the difficult search for balance that the region’s inhabitants encounter. Silko explains that the Laguna view on the passage of time is responsible for this condition, stating, “The Pueblo people and the indigenous people of the Americas see time as round, not as a long linear string. If time is round, if time is an ocean, then something that happened 500 years ago may be quite immediate and real, whereas something inconsequential that happened an hour ago could be far away.”

Ceremony is a novel by her which was published in 1977.  The book is constructed through a series of flashbacks, epic poetic retellings of traditional Indigenous stories, moments of immediacy and hallucinations. The title is highly significant as it shows the inclination to the oral traditions and ceremonial practices of the Navajo and Pueblo people. The Laguna Pueblo is a federally recognized tribe of Native American Pueblo people in west-central New Mexico. The people of Laguna have a long history of residing in and farming along in west-central New Mexico. Laguna history begins long before the advent of written records in the Southwest. The Pueblo of Laguna has a well-established Tribal Law system.

The novel reveals the story of Tayo who is an injured man returning World War II veteran of mixed Laguna-white ancestry following a short stint at a Los Angeles VA hospital. He is returning to the poverty-stricken and dispossessed Laguna reservation, and he suffers from “battle fatigue”. He is haunted and worried by memories of his cousin Rocky who died in the struggle during the Bataan Death March of 1942. Initially he found liberation in alcoholism so that he could forget his pain and distress. His Old Grandma and medicine-man Betonie help him through native ceremonies to develop a greater understanding of the world and his place as a Laguna man.

Ceremony has been called a Grail fiction, wherein the hero overcomes a series of challenges to reach a specified goal. Silko’s writing skill in the novel is deeply rooted in the use of storytelling that passes on traditions and understanding from the old to the new.

Ceremony gained immediate and long-term acceptance when returning Vietnam war veterans took to the novel’s theme of coping, healing and reconciliation between races and people that share the trauma of military actions. She explores several other important aspects through Tayo’s struggles with alcoholism and healing after returning from World War II , the Pueblo myths, and the interactions between these two stories.

The purpose of ceremonies is the transformation of someone from one condition to another as in Tayo’s case the transformation from diseased to healing. Ceremonies are ritual enactments of myths which incorporate the art of storytelling and the myths and rituals of the Native Americans.  They are important for Tayo’s identity construction as one can see through his mental development after his experience with Betonie and the ceremony.

“Healing” means the revival of the self and the return to the roots and marking one’s origin.  One important part of the process of healing is rejecting witchery. Tayo is perplexed in between multiple worlds that is between Laguna culture and white culture, and between witchery which is seen as a force opposite to creativity. Tayo rejects witchery when he refuses to drink alcohol his friends offer him. He does not only refuse to drink alcohol, he also distances himself from his old friends and a life full of violence. The search for the Laguna culture and its rituals also helps him to deal with turning away from witchery. He respects the rituals of his culture by being open for the ceremonies which is another important aspect for his healing. Tayo is being taught spirituality by Betonie, this way he internalizes the Laguna culture. It is important that the Laguna community, e.g. his aunt, who tells Tayo to go to Betonie, helps Tayo with his healing, because that way Tayo can overcome the alienation he feels caused by him being half-breed. Betonie also helps Tayo to recover through ceremonies which relate Tayo’s American identity to his Laguna identity and therefore combines his past with his present. The fact that Tayo learns more about and experiences ceremonies is another important aspect which leads him to healing, because he learns about his culture.

The appreciation of the Laguna culture is essential for his healing. He still needs a spiritual ceremony after the white man’s medicine, which indicates that he needs to experience his old and his new culture. When Tayo covers the deer’s dead body at the deer-hunting, which is a gesture performed out of respect, he shows that he initiated Laguna myths, because Laguna mythology connects all living creatures. Through his connection with his lover Ts’eh, Tayo is able to move forward in his healing, not only in body, but also in his spirit as he connects to the divine feminine within himself. After all of these experiences Tayo’s dreams no longer haunt him, because he learns to deal with his past and he is able to link the American to the Laguna culture .The cattle function as spirit guides, which leads him to healing because through them he learns to forgive himself for the drought.

Throughout the novel Silko delves into the complexities of being caught between multiple world views and cultures. She focuses on the importance of blending the cultures, showing how Tayo can only regain health when he chooses how to identify, and by creating his own world that bridges the gap. Through Ceremony Silko invites the reader to take a look at the witchery within everyone, and points out the steps one can take to create healing and wholeness.

 A major
problem in the whole world right now is the excessive use of available
resources. We are continuously using the natural irreversible resources up to
the level of our own satisfaction without planning for the future. What we need
to understand is that we are not using what our ancestors left for us rather,
we are taking away what belongs to our future selves. We have to keep in mind
the consequences of our actions on the future generation and therefore, choose
a path that is sustainable enough.

Sustainable
development is a method for such a careful and planned development. It means
that availability of resources for the future generation which will allow them
to have a average quality life, at least as good as what the current generation
is enjoying.

The basic
aim of this development is to make sure that the future generation does not
suffer for the actions taken by us today. They get to live a life as
comfortable as us.

At the same
time, we should also focus on the economic growth. This is why the term
‘sustainable’ is used. The preservation of the world should be our prime focus
along with rapid growth of our economy. A path is only sustainable if the stock
of the capital assets is constant or rises with time.

The term
‘sustainable development’ was introduced by the International Union for the
Conservation of Natural Resources (IUNC) 1980 in their World Commission
Strategy report. According to them, sustainable development refers to the
development that meets our own needs without compromising with the needs of the
future generation.

AIMS

·       Sustainable use of resources without
the taking anything away from the future generation

·       Prevent further damage to our support
system – environment

·       To conserve the biodiversity and
other resources for long-term needs

WAYS TO
ACHIEVE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

1.RESTRICT
THE USE OF RENEWABLE REOURCES

Renewable
resources should be extracted on a long-lasting and appropriate basis. What we
have started to do is extract them as much as we can with the hopes of making
profits without calculating if it is even needed or not.

2.SUBSTITUTE
NON-RENEWABLE WITH RENEWABLE RESOURCES

Non-renewable
resources like natural gas, oil, coal must be substituted with the renewable
ones. Non-renewable resources are something that cannot be made by the man. At
the rate that we are using these, it is definite that one day they will be
extinct, and nothing will be left for the future. Therefore, we need to
understand that only a certain amount of these resources must be used, and
majorly renewable resources should be used.

3.BECOME
INPUT EFFICIENT

The
technology that we are using right now must be used in a way that it produces
more of the input for renewable resources and not just consume them. It will
help to increase the production of renewable resources and eventually
non-renewable ones will be preserved.

4.POLLUTION
AND POPULATION CONTROL

The
extremely increasing pollution has already done enough damage to the ozone
layer as we all know. A very important part of the environment has already
started degrading because of our actions. This must be taken as a lesson by us
and we should keep a heed on our activities. Also, the increasing percentage of
human population is leading to an excessive use of resources and this needs to
be controlled.

When a piece of jewellery’s displayed in a shop, surrounded by hundreds of other designs all dazzling you at the same time, it can be hard to pick out the right thing. Take that process online and on the best websites, you’re presented with a curated selection of pieces tailored to your budget and style preferences — all in a few clicks.

We’ve scoured the web to find the best collections on easy-to-use websites that make it that bit simpler to pick up a unique design that you won’t see everyone else wearing.

Many people browse through popular ecommerce stores and search engines to find whatever they are looking for. While there are some disadvantages to buying products online, there are many more advantages and benefits.

Here are the top 5 benefits of buying jewellery online:

1. Convenient

As we all know, shopping online is convenient. You can easily visit your preferable brand’s website, find the product you want without getting out of your time. Lets take an example of a ring, you want some L Shaped Nose Rings, you can easily get it via online shopping. It’s also convenient because you don’t need to wait for the store to open. If you work irregular hours or are very busy, then you probably don’t have the time to visit the store. It allows you to buy things without hurting your schedule.

1. Variety

Most physical jewellary shops have a limited array of products. They can only hold so many items, and there are often many policies affecting the availability of products. For example, there might be a certain item that is only available to those versions of the business that exist in the mall. Online buying allows you to find many products that you wouldn’t be able to find in a physical store.

1. Better Prices

Most of the times, people get confuse on where to buy body jewellery. Cheap deals and better prices are available online, because products come to you direct from the manufacturer or seller without middleman being involved. Many online jewellery shops offer discount coupons and rebates as well. Apart from this, online shops are only required to collect a sales tax if they have a physical location in our state, even if we buy from a store across the world.

1. Price comparisons

Comparing and researching products and their prices is so much easier online. Also, we have the ability to share information and reviews with other shoppers who have firsthand experience with a product or retailer.

1. No Crowds

If you are like me, you hate crowds when you’re shopping. Especially during festivals or special events, they can be such a huge headache. Also, it tends to be more chaotic when there are more crowds out and this sometimes makes us feel rush or hurried. Grumpy, annoying, and smelly people also annoy me when I’m out shopping. Plus, parking becomes a huge issue. All of these problems can be avoided when you shop online.

Covid-19 has forced universities across India, and the world indeed, to suspend physical
classrooms and shift to online classes. In India, while this transition has been smooth for
most private universities, the public ones are still adapting.
As soon as the Covid-19 crisis broke out in India, in Kerala the universities like Kerala
University,Calicut University, MG university all announced the suspension of classes
until March 31. While others waited to see what would happen next, they started
exploring online classes. There are many education startups which got boost during this covid pandemic too. 
But as a state like Kerala there are so many Limited conditions that disallow the students
from conducting online mode of education. While technology is enabling, it can also be
limiting, especially in India, and a state called Kerala where we both have and have not
anywhere basic access is a challenge. Not every student has a computer or fast-
streaming internet at home. This leads to issues with attendance and participation in
online sessions. A survey revealed that 100per percent of students were accessing the
materials through the mobile phone where there may not be full data in there phone as
a result they are not able to download material sent by the institute or study online. As a
result around 3 7.5 % students are only studying their online material and 37.5
percentage of students are not able to study the online materials and 25 % of the student
are not even aware of the materials.

Only small percentage of students can only able to
access the materials about 62.5 percentage of students cant able to access the materials
due to the network connectivity problem and around 12.5 per cent due to the insufficient
data and around 12.5 % is due to the unfavorable home conditions that they have and
12.5% they have stress due to the inability to access the materials on time percent of
them had internet connection good enough for streaming real-time lectures. In the
survey about 75 percentage of students have one to five hours online classes are
conducted and about 12.5 percentage of students have for 10 to 15 hours online classes
are conducted in a week as a result of this this online classes this situation of having
stress for the students is highly because about 75 percentage of the students reported
that they have more stress than the offline classes and only 12.5 per cent of the students
said that they have less stress because maybe these students have good favourable
condition at the home and most of the students reported that they have many stress due
to the unfavorable conditions at the home. Most of the students have opted for the online
mode of classes around 50% is to talk about the online mode only 25% is about the
record class. The teacher cares through the online mode of class and in this scenario 62
percent of students have disagreed and 12.5 percent of students have strongly with the
second because the Teacher cannot ensure the full participation of the student in a class.
Most of the students and parents are also feeling tensions about the online conduct of the

exam because in online conduct of the exam the questions are of objective type with the
students not able to write the full answers and the 62.5 percent of students have told that
they are not preparing the objective type of exams. Another important thing that make
the students keep alive and Happy was that of the bonding with their classmates but this
Covid time has destroyed and or the bonding with the classmates in the online platform
37.5 % of students are reported that they are Adjusting for the time being and 50
percentage of reported that they are not satisfied and the 12.5% is a of said that they
have maybe the students were be a group of students who have high network
connectivity and good technology accessibility. Another survey they reported that the
students reported that 87.5%says that online education destroyed their physical health.
These are evidence from the survey which is given by the students from the different
colleges in Kerala.

It is clear that this pandemic has utterly disrupted an education system that many assert
was already losing its relevance. In his book, 21 Lessons for the 21st Century, scholar
Yuval Noah Harari outlines how schools continue to focus on traditional academic skills
and rote learning, rather than on skills such as critical thinking and adaptability, which
will be more important for success in the future. Could the move to online learning be
the catalyst to create a new, more effective method of educating students? While some
worry that the hasty nature of the transition online may have hindered this goal, others
plan to make e-learning part of their ‘new normal’ after experiencing the benefits first-
hand.