“SUBHASH CHANDRA BOSE” Biography

“Subhas Chandra Bose” was known as Netaji. He was the most prominent leader who are appeared at a time when most required for Indian freedom struggle. He was born on 23rd January, 1897 in the Eastern Indian city of Cuttack in the state of Odisha. His father’s name was janakinath Bose and mother’s name was prabhavati Devi. His father was a prosperous lawyer and mother came from an aristocratic family. Subhash was the ninth in the family of 14 children he was a brilliant student since childhood.

Subash excelled at his studies attaining an overall second position in the matriculation examination he enrolled at the College in 1911 but was sacked out from the same for assaulting Professor Oaten for the latter’s anti-India comments. Subhas then completed his graduation from Scottish Church College at the University of Calcutta attaining a BA in Philosophy in 1918. After passing BA he left India to study in Fitzwilliam College Cambridge from where he matriculated in 1919 following his father’s wish Subash did crack the examination with a 4th rank and secured a job with the Civil Service Department but Subhash refused to work as an administrative officer as he did not she want to serve Britishers he started newspaper named Swaraj at 1923 under the guidance and support of Chittaranjan Das, the spirit of nationalism grieve By leaps And bounds in Subash in the year 1923 super was selected the president of all India Youth Congress and also the secretary of Bengal State Congress Subhash also Rose to the position of the editor for the newspaper forward founded by Chitranjan Das and qualified to the post of the SEO of Kolkata Municipal Corporation his nationalistic attitude and contribution in the Indian struggle for independence did not go well with the British and 1925. He was sent to Prison in mandalay till 1927, coming out of the Prison in 1927, Subhas behind his Political career on a full-fledged note he secured the position of the general secretary of the Congress Party and started working alongside Jawaharlal Nehru in the struggle for independence three years later Subhash Rose to become the mayor of Kolkata in the mid 1930 he travelled extensively in Europe visiting Indian students and European politicians including Benito Mussolini over the years to Boss had gained so much of popularity that he become a leader of national stature Alto the popularity and admiration won him a nomination as a Congress President Neta Ji appeared as a powerful leader in Congress and he was elected president for two consecutive terms but he had conflicts in thought with Mahatma Gandhi because Netaji believed in active measure to gain freedom and independence Mahatma Gandhi was a believer of nonviolence for that reason he left the Indian National Congress and established a separate political party named all India forward bloc Netaji always insisted for complete and conditional Independence for India from the British roll virus All India Congress Committee wanted in phases through a dominant status.

He got married secretly without ceremony or weakness with Emily Schenk. On December 26th, 1937 at the age of 40, they had one daughter named Anita Bose Pfaff. It was in 1944 that Netaji give his motivational speech to Patriots give him blood and he will give them freedom inspired by the highly provocative words people joined him in large numbers for his fight against the British Raj during the Second World War Netaji start the opportunity to take advantage of British weakness and travel to Soviet Union Nazi Germany and imperial Japan seeking Alliance to attack the Indian British government with the support of Imperial Japan Netaji formed Indian National Army Azad Hindi Fauz with Indian prisoners of War and plantation workers from British Malaya Singapore and other parts of southeast Asia soldiers he also formed Azad Hindi government in exile with the support from Japan and regroup and let the Indian National Army in failed military campaigns against the Allies at Impala and Burma. Subhas Chandra Bose died on 18 August 1945 in Taipei Taiwan in a plane crash. “GIVE ME BLOOD AND I WILL GIVE YOU FREEDOM,” Said “SUBASH CHANDRA BOSE”.

Startup Story of Elon Musk

Elon Musk is the result of a combination of talent and dedication. He always gives new discoveries to this world by thinking about how to go from one success to another without thinking about his achievements. Through his Solar City company, he has made solar power available to the public at an affordable price and also provided an opportunity to drive an electric car through Tesla Motors. Not only this, he has also facilitated space travel through his company SpaceX. 


The journey of success we are going to see today is the journey of Elon Musk, the most talented entrepreneur in this world and the hard working man who aims to make all the people of this world live well.

The Birth and Adolescence of Elon Musk

Elon Reeve Musk was born on June 28, 1971, in Pretoria, South Africa. Born into a struggling family, his childhood was very difficult. Elon learned computer programming at an early age, which allowed him to sell his first program when he was 12 years old. He sold a space game called Blaster for $ 500. He briefly attended the University of Pretoria before moving to Canada aged 17 to attend Queen’s University. He transferred to the University of Pennsylvania two years later, where he received bachelor’s degrees in economics and physics. After graduation, Musk traveled to Stanford University to study for his PhD. But he barely started the program before leaving it. 



He deferred his admission after only two days in California, deciding to test his luck in the internet boom that was just getting underway. Elon Musk and his brother Kimbal, started a software company called Zip2 in 1995 using $ 28,000 from their father. Musk became a U.S citizen in 2002. As the website began to grow more detailed and faster, newspaper makers began to explore how it could be used. Musk’s company has signed contracts with local newspaper makers such as The New York Times and Chicago Tribune to start producing online city guides online. But Zip 2 started to get a lot of obstacles. Board was barred from becoming Musk’s CEO. The Board sold the company to CompaQ for $307 million + $34 million in stock options in 1999. Elon received 7%, or $ 22 million. 




Elon Musk started an online banking company called X.com as a co-founder, spending $ 10 million from the sale of Zip2. The next year the dot com bubble was fully formed and all the other tech companies backed out and bought another online banking company, X.com Confinity, and its money transfer services, PayPal. X.com decided to focus on this and renamed the company PayPal. It has grown from thousands of users to over 1 million users in just a few years and is loved by all as an easy online payment system.

The Board issue, however, was another issue for Elon Musk. He was fired as CEO due to technical issues surrounding the future of management. Again following this issue the company came to the point of being sold. This time the issue for eBay. At that time, a quarter of the transaction on eBay was completed by PayPal. In 2002, the stock traded for $ 1.5 billion, making it a huge sale compared to Internet company standards. Elon received $ 165 million for his 11.7% stake in PayPal. 




It was during this time that Musk began to think about space travel and thought of a miniature experimental greenhouse as Mars Land. Elon decided to start a company when it came to the return flight. He wanted to build a cheap rocket using Vertical Integration and Modular Approach of Software Integration. All of this led to the launch of SpaceX in 2002. This was Musk’s vision of a great vision. He funded the project with $ 100 million from his own network. But the company quickly began to make a profit. NASA awarded a contract to SpaceX to develop the Falcon 9 launch vehicle in 2006 and then raised $ 1.6 billion in 2008. He was, however, bent on meeting a more important need than headlines and profit. 



Tesla Motors is a brand that has made Musk world famous for its similar public idealism. Elon Musk came in as a leading investor in an early management and invested $ 7.5 million. In addition to his reputation, he took an active role in the company and instigated the use of carbon fiber bodies from Tesla Roadster as design in-charge. He subsequently invested further and became CEO of Tesla Motors in 2008. The company’s first car, the Tesla Roadster, has sold 2,500 vehicles in 31 countries. 




Elon Musk came up with the idea for Solar City while thinking about the production side of Energy Equation. In 2006 he and his cousins ​​Lyndon and Peter Rive all co-founded. The company provided the finance, design and installation for the solar panel. They also collaborated with Tesla Motors to construct electric car charging stations. In 2014, Solar City employed 6,000 people. Elon Musk promised to build a Solar City in Buffalo City, New York. The company is now the second largest provider of solar power in the US. Musk is its Largest Share Holder. Elon Musk is still investing in future generations.




In 2013, he proposed a concept called Hyper Loop. Developed a concept for a train to transport people from Los Angeles to San Francisco in just 35 minutes. He calls it the Hyperloop, and he estimates it would cost $ 6 billion to build.

No one has been able to stop Elon from successfully launching the 4th launch of SpaceX. Failures and losses became a major lesson for his future goals. Elon continues to travel towards his goals.

Most Powerful Biography of Dr.A.P.J. Abdul Kalam

Dr.A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, the star of the youth’s hope, is hailed as an unparalleled dawn in the political sky.

Birth and Adolescence of Abdul Kalam  

He was born on 15 October 1931 in Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu, the son of Jainulabdeen Marakayar and Ashiamma. His primary education took place in Rameswaram. He completed his engineering education in Chennai. 

Continuing Works of Abdul Kalam 

Not only did he tell others to dream, he also made it his policy to dream. The dream is not about selfishness. It is about her motherland, which includes the development of others. So he has a lot of work to do in relation to it. He first worked for an airline manufacturing and development company. At that time he developed the jet called “Nandi”. Realizing his uniqueness, the Indian Space Research Organization hired him. At that time, he was also known for his ability to launch satellites and launch missiles. Next he moved from the space company to the field of nuclear research and became successful. He next held the top post in the Indian Ministry of Defense and rose to the position of Scientific Adviser to the Prime Minister of India. Similarly, his work in the field of information and security is immeasurable.

Abdul Kalam Became the President of the Republic 

Among the positions held by Abdul Kalam, his crowning achievement was his position as the President of our Republic of India. Not only was he a good energetic scientist but also a great patriot, the position was only five years from 25.07.2002 to 2007. Although the benefits of this position were immeasurable. The benefits of the 12th President of India and his position are not to be underestimated. 


Kalam Received Titles and Awards 


Abdul Kalam was presented with several awards in recognition of their service. He has received many awards including Von Braun Award, Om Prakash Bass Award, Padma Vibhushan Award, Padma Bhushan Award, Nehru National Award, Indira Gandhi Award and special doctorate degree from various universities. Above all, he is proud to have been awarded the Bharat Ratna, India’s highest award, in 1998.

The Path Paved by Abdul Kalam

Abdul Kalam is the one who realizes that pride comes when knowledge and energy combine. He was exalted and sought to bring his country to the forefront of world history. Abdul Kalam passed away on July 27, 2015. 

Kalam, who has been not only a great leader but also a great volunteer in action, will guide us if we look at his picture and study the lesson and walk in his footsteps.

DR. RAJENDRA PRASAD : the first president of Republic India

 Rajendra Prasad (3 December 1884 – 28 February 1963) was an Indian independence activist, lawyer scholar, and subsequently, the first president of India, 

In Office from 1950 to 1962. he was an Indian political leader and lawyer by training. Prasad joined the Indian national congress during the Indian independence movement and became a major leader from the region of Bihar. A supporter of Mahatma Gandhi, Prasad was imprisoned by British authorities during the salt satyagraha of 1931 and the quit India movement of 1942.

 After the constituent  Assembly 1946 elections, Prasad served as minister of food and agriculture in the central government. Upon independence in 1947, Prasad was elected as president of the Constituent Assembly of India, which prepared the Constitution of India and served as its provisional parliament. 

when India became a republic in 1950, Prasad was elected its first president by the Constituent Assembly. as a president, prasad established a tradition of non-partisanship and independence for the office-bearer. Although a ceremonial head of state, prasad encouraged the development of education in India and advised the Nehru government on several occasions.

ALL ABOUT AUTOBIOGRAPHY

Write in an autobiography the author writes the story of his own life and achievements. It is the successful presentation of personality. It takes its origin in the common human heart to express once-on achievement in the form of writing. The writer may give a full account of his life in detail or he may give only a few anecdotes or events from his life.

The great drawback of an autobiography is that it can never be complete because it comes to an end before the author’s death. Doctor Johnson preferred autobiography to biography saying that every man’s life is best written by himself. The writer of his own life has the full knowledge of the truth through sometimes he made disguise or suppress it in his writings. From the psychological viewpoint also an autobiography is preferable because the writer knows what are the motives, hopes, and omissions that prompted him to decisive moments in his life. Thus while biography is the product of second-hand knowledge, autobiography is the product of the first-hand experience. R.L. Stevenson says, “There is no truer sort of writing than what is to be found in autobiographies, and certainly none more entertaining”.

An autobiography is a candid narration of events in the author’s life. It may take the form of a confession, apology, self-scrutiny, or a mere delightful account. When it is a mere account of facts without reference to the author’s inner conflicts and motives it is an objective autobiography. When an autobiography reveals the character and inner struggle of the writer and the present a searching analysis of his moods, motives, and fancies, it is subjective. St. Augustine’s confession’s, the earliest example of an autobiography, belongs to the subjective kind. So also Rousseau’s ‘Confessions’ written in the 18th century. Three other important autobiographies appeared in the 18th century. Those of David Hume, Edward Gibbon, and Benjamin Franklin.

Chief characteristic of an autobiography:

  • Truth should be the Hallmark of an autobiography. facts should not be perverted. A true picture of the writer’s personality should emerge from the autobiography. Gandhiji’s autobiography is the best example in this respect.
  • Courage and frankness are the essential virtues of a good writer of an autobiography. The writer should not be secretive and reluctant. Bertrand Russell’s three-volume autobiography is noted for these qualities.
  • The author of an autobiography should be objective in dealing with contemporary events and personalities. Autobiographies of Gibbon and Nehru are good examples of this kind.
  • The author should not be verbose in his description or narration.
  • Self-consciousness is the very essence of an autobiography. An autobiography should not aim at self-effacement as in the autobiography of T.E. Lawrence. Similarly, the author of an autobiography should not indulge in self-clarification.
  • The style should be interesting and even entertaining. A natural felicity of expression and flashes of humor and wit are essential attributes of an autobiography.

Some difficulties an autobiographer faces:

  • He is likely to forget the impressions and emotions connected with the events that happened in the distant past. Sometimes there may be embarrassing episodes he would like to hide or reveal only partially.
  • It is difficult for anyone to be entirely objective while dealing with contemporary persons and events that have affected his personal life and happiness.
  • An autobiographer is likely to omit the details of daily life that are common. This may lead to some falsification.

WHAT IS LITERATURE https://eduindex.org/2021/07/22/what-is-literature/

ADVANTAGES OF EBOOKS https://eduindex.org/2021/07/22/advantages-of-e-books/

“ELON MUSK” Biography

“Elon Musk” is an Entrepreneur, Engineer and Inventor. He was born in Pretoria South Africa on June 28 1971. His father’s name of Errol musk and mother’s name was Maye Haldeman. His father was a British electrical engineer and mother was a British Canadian model. When they divorced in 1980, Elon stated with his father in South Africa.

A few years later she began teaching himself computer programming and sold his first video game at the age of 12. For his undergraduate education he attended the Queen’s University in Kingston Ontario, in 1990. He eventually transferred to the University of Pennsylvania, earning dual degree in physics and economics. In addition to the bachelor’s degrees, he earned in physics and economics, he also holds an honorary doctorate in Design from the “Art Center College of Design” and an honorary doctorate in Aerospace engineering from the “University of Surrey”. He moved to California to attend Stanford for a PhD in applied physics in 1995, but quit within a few of days to pursue his own interest in avenues of technology and entrepreneurship. Later that year, he worked with his brother, Kimbal Musk, to develop the software company”Zip2″, which provided services to high end newspaper clients like “The Newyork Times” and the “Chicago Tribune”. After the successful sale of Zip2 to Compag in 1999, Musk went straight into his next venture an online financial service called “X.com”. Shortly after the company acquired a money transfer service called “PayPal”, through a merger, they began to focus their efforts exclusively on building this Internet payment service.

The Successful off PayPal ID mask to sell his stock in company to eBay for 165 million dollar. Elon Musk has married thirce twice the same woman. His first marriage was to Canadian other Justin Wilson in 2000 they had its children together in 2002. He invested his millions in her third company with in 7 years the company had designed the “Falcon” line of space launch vehicles and the “Dragon line” of multipurpose spacecraft and was making history with their privately funded innovation “SpaveX” received contracts from NASA to create a launch craft to deliver cargo to the International Space Station Tesla Motors was founded with the mission of designing and building electric car musk invested in the company and became its chairman in 2004, a after it Inception taking on an active role in the design of the “Roadster” which won the “Global Green” product award. During the recession when the company was adversely affected he went on to become the CEO and product architect of the company. A role he holds till today. After Designing the initial Concept for “Solar City” Musk remains its biggest shareholder. Today it is the second largest provider of solar energy in the United States with a focus on combating global warming Elon Musk and Justin Wilson divorced in 2008 in 2008 she began dating English actress Tallulah Riley and the two of them got married in 2010. The couple separated in 2012. In 2013 Elon Musk remarried Tallulah Riley really but the couple filed for divorce in 2014 and it was finalized in 2016. On August 12 2013, Musk announced Revolutionary plans for a high-speed travel technology that in theory could replace airplane travel as a faster and cheaper option. His company “SpaveX” is currently working on putting his plants into practice with the design intended to run entirely on solar energy he has envisioned high speed Transportation system known as the Hyperloop it incorporates reduced pressure tube in which pressurized capsules ride on air bearing driven by Linear induction motors and air compressors. Elon Musk for briefly in a relationship with American actress Amber Heard in 2016. But the couples split owing to their conflicting schedules. In July 2017, he announced that first successful test run of Hyperloop has been done in Nevada. He also said that he has got verbal approval to build a Hyperloop from New York city to Washington DC. Elon Musk was heavily involved in the design of Tesla Motors first electric sports car, the “Tesla Roadster” Musk received the 2006 ” Global Green” product design award for this vehicle, presented by Mikhail Gorbachev. “PATIENCE IS A VIRTUE AND I’M LEARNING PATIENCE. IT’S A TOUGH LESSON” Said by “ELON MUSK”.

“CHARLIE CHAPLIN” Biography

“Charlie Chaplin” was a legendary comic actor filmmaker and composer. He was born at East Street Walworth, in South London on 16th April, 1889. His father’s name was Charles Chaplin Sr. and mother’s name of Hannah Chaplin. His father was a singer and mother was an actress. His childhood was marked by poverty and struggle. His parents did not earn much and hence he started to work.

At a work house at the age of 7 in 1898 his mother was admitted to mental Asylum and his father became a severe alcoholic and he was left to fend for himself. He became a member of the Mel dance troupe,” The Eight Lancashire lads” and toured across the music halls in Great Britain, all through 1899 and 1900. In 1903 he was cast in her first show titled Jim a romance of Cockayne, in which he played the role of a newsboy. From October 1903 to June 1904, he traveled with Saintsbury, and his play where immensely successful. In 1906 he become part of the amateur comedy troupe “Casey Circus”. He performed comedy act with them and soon Rose to prominence when the troupe finished touring in July 1907. Chali was left without a job for a few months and lived with a family in kennington. In 1910 he played the lead role in the sketch Jimmy the fearless which was an immediate success. In 1913 is signed a contract for a period of one year with the New York Motion Picture company which promised him a pay of 150 dollar a week. He acted directed many films. In 1925 his academy award winning film “The Gold Rush” which he directed starred in and produced was released. “The gold Rush” was rated as second greatest playing in history by the critics of the The Brussels World’s Fair, a world world organisation of filmmakers. In 1928 his film “The Circus” was released in this 70 minute silence film he played the role of the Clown it was owner First highest grossing silent flims. Released in 1930 one of his most remembered films “Modern Times” is considered one of his most popular silent film it was selected to be preserved at The Library of Congress U.S and it was ranked 33rd on the American film Institute list of “100 Years… 100 Laughs, as one of the 100 funniest movie in America. He married four times and three of his marriages with Mildred Harris, Lita Grey, and Paulette Goddard ended in divorce. In 1943, he was married his fourth wife Oona O’Neill and the couple had 8 children together they remained together until his death. His last film was “A Countless from Hong Kong” released in the year 1967. He died in Corsier-sur-Vevy, Vaid Switzerland on 25 December 1977, at the age of 88. ” FAILURE IS UNIMPORTANT. IT TAKES COURAGE TO MAKE A FOOL OF YOURSELF” Said by “CHARLIE CHAPLIN”.

“DWAYNE JHONSON” Biography

“Dwayne Johnson” also known by his ring name “The Rock”. He is an actor and former professional wrestler. He was born in Hayward California, U.S. on May 3, 1972. His father’s name of Rocky Johnson and mother was ata Johnson. His father was a professional wrestler and actor.

He lived in New Zealand for a brief period and attended the Richmond road primary school before returning to the United States. where he enrolled at the freedom High School he was an athletic teenager and participated in several Sporting activities he played football and was also a member of the School track and field and wrestling teams. His favourite sport for football and he received a full scholarship from the University of Miami to play defensive tackle how ever an injury dashed his dreams of a football career he graduated in 1995 with a bachelor of general studies degree in criminology and physiology she decided to trained as a wrestler and received his initial training from his father. Dwayne Johnson made his WWF debut as a rocky Mavia in 1996 and won the WWF intercontinental championship from Hunter Hearst Helmsley on Monday Night Raw the next year. He eventually changed his name to “The Rock” he established himself as a successful professional wrestler with several titles under his belt.

His wrestling prowess combined with this product good looks made him very popular among the female fans and so he started receiving of to appear on the small and the big screen. Dwayne Johnson married his longtime girlfriend Danny Garcia on 3rd May 1997 the couple had a daughter Simone Alexandra a few years later. After appearing in a music video he hosted Saturday night live in 2000. He made his Motion Picture debut as the Scorpion King in the opening sequence of the flim “The Mummy Returns” in 2001. The sucess of the movie led to its spin-off ” The Scorpion King” in 2002 in which Johnson played the role of Mathayus. He played the role of Joe Kingman, a divorced father sports comedy film, “The game plan”, in 2007. The movie opened at No.1 at the box office, grossing $22,950,971 in its first weekend in spite of getting negative reviews from critics. He and his wife separated amicably in 2007. In 2009 he appeared in the science fiction film “Race to witch mountain” based on the novel “Escape to witch mountain” by Alexander key this film to opened at No. 1 and become a huge box office hit. In 2011, Dwayne Johnson appeared in the fifth flim of the Fast and the furious flim series, “Fast five”, as Luke Hobbs, a Diplomatic Security Service agent. The flim grossed over $86 million in its opening weekend and became one of Johnson’s biggest commercial hits. He reprised his role as Luke Hobbs in ” Fast & Furious 6″, the sixth installment in The Fast and the Furious franchise, in 2013. He had Vin Diesel, Paul Walker Gina Carno and John Ortiz as co-stars. The film grossed over $780 million world wide, making it No. 50 on the all-time worldwide list of highest-grossing flims. In 2015 appeared in the seventh installment in the fast and The Furious franchise, “Furious 7″. This film too become a blockbuster like the earlier movie in the franchise and also received critical price for the action sequences. ” BLOOD SWEAT AND RESPECT. FIRST TWO YOU GIVE, LAST ONE YOU EARN” Said by ” DWAYNE JHONSON”.

Environmental laws in india

Either Stable burning in various states accrued the air pollution in Delhi and created a gas chamber around NCR ; SC came upon a committee to observe scenario , Or 4 industries inflicting stream pollution were shut down by Maharashtra pollution board . Everybody has responsive to environmental problems as higher than . The key solution for resilience to environmental issues are provided by government in various legislations , enactments and provisions on environment laws .


In republic of India environmental law is concern with the policy and law for protection of the environment . It aims for achieving carbon free economy through taking measures for reducing climate change. All the acts under this laws are safeguards in ensuring effective management of the environment and its multiple ecosystems . It provides for preventing environmental damage .


Natural resources in the earth were unscathed from millions of years. It were remain pure until the industrialized started . After the industrialization this resources have been exploited in Spain of 100 years only . From 19th century, the environment (air , water and land ) is directly exploited by rapidly growing population at alarming-rates.


environment includes water, air and land and the inter-relationship which exists among and between water, air and land, and human beings, other living creatures, plants, microorganisms and property , as mentioned in section 2 of environmental protection Act of 1986 . Environment is a wide sphere , it consists of social, economically , political , religious dimensions .


Addressed area of environmental laws in India :

1. Quality of water : For the prevention and control of water pollution and to maintain or restore wholesomeness of water in the country the water act of 1974 was enacted. It further provides for the establishment of Boards ( CPCB and SPCB ) for the prevention and control of water pollution with a view to carry out the aforesaid purposes. This act prohibits the discharge of pollutants into water bodies beyond a given standard, it also lays down fine and penalties for non-compliance.

2. Reduction of air pollution and maintaining air quality : The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 (the “Air Act”) is an act to provide for the prevention , protection and abatement of air pollution .It provides for establishment of Boards at the Central and State levels with a view to carrying out the aforesaid purposes.

3. Hazardous Waste management : legislations that directly or indirectly deal with hazardous waste management are the Factories Act, 1948, the Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991, the National Environment Tribunal Act, 1995 and rules and notifications under the Environmental Act.

4. Containment cleanup, damage mitigation : preventing future damage to the environment is undeniably the primary objective of environmental law, mitigating and reducing existing damage is also important. This area most often deals with issues like toxic leaks and oil spills. The central objective of this branch of environmental law is deciding liability, planning an appropriate response, and also determining the best process of investigation and monitoring in the overall clean up process. This area also concerns itself with the study and assessment of risk in the long term, to better mitigate any future accidents and risks.

5. Sustainability of resources : United Nations has put great emphasis on ensuring the sustainability of resources. For this vision , it has advocated the formation of various legal principles and legislation. In this regards concept of environmental impact assessment introduced .

Noble legislations and enactments on environment law in India :


Laws on Forest and wild life protection:
• The Indian Forest Act, 1927 ; The Wildlife Protection Act, 1972; The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 ; The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986; The National Green Tribunal Act, 2010.


Laws on Water pollution :
• The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974.


Laws on air pollution :
• The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 (the “Air Act”)


Laws on hazardous waste management :
• Biomedical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998 ; Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000 ; Batteries (Management & Handling) Rules, 2001 ; Hazardous Wastes (Management, Handling and Transboundary) Rules, 2008 ; E – Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2011 .
Laws on wetlands


Ramsar convention (1971) : This convention was initiated to push for greater conservation and sustainable use of wetlands ; Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2017.
Constitutional provisions on environment laws


Part IVA (Art 51A-Fundamental Duties) of the constitution casts a duty on every citizen of India to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife, and to have compassion for living creatures.


• the Constitution of India under Part IV (Art 48A-Directive Principles of State Policies) stipulates that the State shall endeavour to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country.

environment makes human life possible, and our cultural environment helps define who we are. It is therefore essential that our population and economic growth are environmentally sustainable.

NCC

Introduction

The National Cadet Corps is the youth wing of the Indian Armed Forces with its headquarters in New Delhi, India. It is open to school and college students on voluntary basis as a Tri-Services Organization, comprising the Army, the Navy and the Air Wing, engaged in grooming the youth of the country into disciplined and patriotic citizens.

The soldier youth foundation in India is a voluntary organization which recruits cadets from high schools, higher secondary, colleges and universities all over India. The Cadets are given basic military training in small arms and drill. The officers and cadets have no liability for active military service once they complete their course.

Origin

In 1949, the Girls Division was raised in order to give equal opportunities to school and college going girls. The NCC was given an inter-service image in 1950 when the Air Wing was added, followed by the Naval Wing in 1952. In the same year, the NCC curriculum was extended to include community development/social service activities as a part of the NCC syllabus at the behest of Late Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru who took keen interest in the growth of the NCC. Following the 1962 Sino-Indian War, to meet the requirement of the Nation, the NCC training was made compulsory in 1963. In 1968, the Corps was again made voluntary.

Aim and Motto

The discussion for motto of NCC was started in 11th central advisory meeting (CAC) held on 11 August 1978. At that time there were many mottos in mind like “Duty and Discipline”; “Duty, Unity and Discipline”; “Duty and Unity”; “Unity and Discipline”. Later, at the 12th CAC meeting on 12 Oct 1980 they selected and declared “Unity and Discipline” as motto for the NCC. In living up to its motto, the NCC strives to be and is one of the greatest cohesive forces of the nation, bringing together the youth hailing from different parts of the country and molding them into united and disciplined citizens of the nation.

Skill development

The benefits of joining NCC include receiving basic military training. It develops the students’ interest in three forces – Air force, Army, and Navy. NCC is the first platform that provides opportunities to the cadets to check their efficiency to join the mainstream Indian Defence Services.

The cadets are imparted training in the use of arms, along with communication skills and personality development skills, he said. The NCC helps to develop leadership qualities in students. NCC cadets Indrajith and Yashaswi have been selected for Republic Day parade in New Delhi. The NCC helps to instil confidence.

NCC is an effective organization designed to mould the youth at their most impressionable age with the aims of developing qualities of character, courage, comradeship, discipline, leadership, secular outlook, spirit of adventure and sportsmanship and the ideals of selfless service among the youth to make them useful .

Learning

Discipline, basic arms training, team ethics, following orders, various kinds of physical activities, sports, tours to remote areas, etc. are some of the things you experience and learn in NCC. These lessons are invaluable and make the journey of learning beautiful.

Link

“JULIUS CAESAR” biography

“Julius Caesar” was a Roman consul. He was born in Rome on 12 or 13 July 100 BC. His father’s name was Gaius Julius Caesar and mother’s name was Aurelia Cotta. His father was a politician after this sudden death of his father in 85 BC all the responsibilities fell on the 16 year old Julius.

At that time there was a civil war going between this uncle Gaius Marius and Lucius Cornelius Sulla. He was nominated to Peete new high priest and got married to Cornelia, daughter of Lucius Cornelius Cinna, Marius biggest ally. Sulla was victorious in the war and his new target was Ceaser. In a bid to save himself from Sulla, Ceaser decided to go to Asia for military service. He came back only after Sulla death he started his career as a prosecuting advocate and studied philosophy temporally in Rhodes. In 69 BC, he was elected the quaestor by the Assembly of people and later as curule aedile in 65 BC. He was elected as pontifex Maximus in 63 BC. In 59 DC elected senior consel of the Roman Republic by the centuriate assembly. He was in desperate need of the consul money and Pompey influence. Thus the informal union, called the first Triumvirate was formed. His discontentment led to the start of the Gallic Wars, in which remaining parts of France and Germania was annexed to Rome. He then waged wars against many other Nations. Altogether, Ceaser conquered 800 cities, subdued 300 tribes, sold a million slaves and had another 3 million killed in action.

Pompey married Cornelia Metalla, the daughter of Caesar’s greatest enemy Scipio. In 50 BC, Caesar was asked by the Senate and Pompey to resign, he refused and in order to avoid prosecution, he fled to Italy by crossing the Rubicon river and civil war broke out he marched his troop to Rome and conquered it in 49 BC and then spent the next 18 months fighting Pompey. Pompey fled to Egypt after being defeated by Caesar frightened that Caesar wood invade Egypt, the young Pharaoch, Ptolemy VIII, had Pompey killed and presented her head as a gift to caeser. After caeser was declared Dictator he established Police Forces, introduced land reforms, abolished taxes and re-established the tribune system. The Roman calendar was according to the movement of the Moon so Caesar changed it according to the sun’s moment just like the Egyptian. Even the Rome had its senate, the real power was with Caesar and they were scared of Rome being governed by a king Caesar did not wish to become the king but the fear of the republicans let the Senate to conspire against Caesar. On the ideas of March Caesar was assassinated by the senator’s. His second marriage was with Pompeia from 67 BC to 61 BC. He got married for the third time to Calpurnia Pisonis in 59 BC. ” IT IS EASIER TO FIND MEN WHO WILL VOLUNTEER TO DIE, THAN TO FIND THOSE WHO ARE WILLING TO ENDURE PAIN WITH PATIENCE” Said by “JULIUS CAESAR”.

A Great Martial Artist ‘Bruce Lee’.

Born – Lee Jun-fan, November 27, 1940 ,San Francisco, California, U.S.

Died – July 20, 1973 ,(aged 32)Kowloon Tong,British Hong Kong.

Cause of death – Cerebral edema ,Resting place Lake View Cemetery, Seattle, Washington, U.S.

Other names – Bruce Lee Siu-Lung, Lee Yuen-cham, Lee Yuen-kam.

Citizenship – United StatesBritish Hong Kong

Occupation – Martial artist,philosopher, actor, director, screenwriter, producer.

Spouse(s) – Linda Emery ​(m. 1964).

About Bruce Lee:

Bruce Lee, the very name breathes enthusiasm and life euphoria in the minds of thousands of action movie lovers. When we talk about action movies today, particularly in the martial arts genre, it is impossible to forget, that Bruce Lee was the one who began it all with movies like The Big Boss (1971), Fist of Fury (1972), Way of the Dragon (1972), Enter the Dragon (1973) and The Game of Death (1978). Gone were the days when action movie lovers would be pleased with the gun fight of Clint Eastwood or the epic chariot races of Charlton Heston. Kung Fu had made its entrance in the world of entertainment, courtesy the silver screen. Bruce Lee was born on 27 November 1940. His father, Lee Hoi Chuen, was Chinese and his Catholic mother, Grace Ho, was of three-quarter Chinese and a quarter German ancestry. Lee and his parents went from the US to Hong Kong when he was three months old. Lee’s father was one of the leading Cantonese opera and film actors at the time.

At the age of thirteen, Bruce Lee took Kung Fu lessons with Yip Man. Having learnt the basics from his father, Bruce showed keen interest in the art and a year later, in 1955, had private training with the man who would later become the President of the Australian Federation of Kung Fu, William Cheung. At this time, the martial artist, Wong Shun Leung, who was consistently involved with dangerous and brutal competitions, had Bruce Lee privately train with him. Both Wong Shun Leune and William Cheung were students of Yip Man in his school at the same time as young Bruce Lee. Despite the advantages of his family’s high social status during his youth in Hong Kong, the neighbourhood where Bruce grew up was dangerous and full of gang rivalry. Bruce Lee evolved in these conditions as a dangerous street fighter. No wonder then that at the high school level at St Francis Xavier’s College in Kowloon, Lee was part of the school boxing team in inter-school tournaments.

Through his father, Bruce was introduced into films, and by the time he was 18, he had acted in 20 films. While in the United States from 1959 to 1964, Lee abandoned thoughts of a film career in favour of pursuing a career in martial arts. Destiny had different plans for him and the lightning fast moves of Bruce Lee landed him the role of Kato in the TV series The Green Hornet. This led to a host of other television serials like Iron Side (1967) and Here Come the Brides (1969). Lee’s return to Hong Kong landed him in Raymond Chow’s The Big Boss and Fist of Fury, and Lee was a big star overnight. Lee became a god of action cinema with the Warner Brothers’ production Enter the Dragon, but a cruel and inexplicable death snatched him away from his fans six days before the release of this movie.

We remember Lee today as a man who redefined action on the silver screen. We remember his high kicks, his exceptionally fast punches and the spine-chilling fight sequences. ‘Lee, pound for pound, might well have been one of the strongest men in the world, and certainly one of the quickest,’ said Chuck Norris. When a child today watches Jackie Chan or Jet Li and gets excited to throw a punch, no father fails to remind him that these are compared to the master-Bruce Lee. hing Lee has left a unique legacy in the world of sports and cinema, imitated by millions but mastered by none.

Devoted Teacher:

Lee finished high school in Edison, Washington, and subsequently enrolled as a philosophy major at the University of Washington. He also got a job teaching the Wing Chun style of martial arts that he had learned in Hong Kong to his fellow students and others. Through his teaching, Lee met Linda Emery, whom he married in 1964. By that time, Lee had opened his own martial arts school in Seattle.He and Linda soon moved to California, where Lee opened two more schools in Oakland and Los Angeles. He taught mostly a style he called Jeet Kune Do, or “The Way of the Intercepting Fist.” Lee was said to have deeply loved being an instructor and treated his students like a clan, ultimately choosing the world of cinema as a career so as not to unduly commercialize teaching.Lee and Linda also expanded their immediate family, having two children — Brandon, born in 1965, and Shannon, born in 1969.

Mysterious Death:

Most of the people said that he died under mysterious circumstances .On July 20, 1973, just one month before the premiere of Enter the Dragon, Lee died in Hong Kong, China, at the age of 32. The official cause of his sudden and utterly unexpected death was a brain edema, found in an autopsy to have been caused by a strange reaction to a prescription painkiller he was reportedly taking for a back injury. Controversy surrounded Lee’s death from the beginning, as some claimed he had been murdered. There was also the belief that he might have been cursed, a conclusion driven by Lee’s obsession with his own early death.More rumors of the so-called curse circulated in 1993, when Brandon Lee was killed under mysterious circumstances during the filming of The Crow. The 28-year-old actor was fatally shot with a gun that supposedly contained blanks but somehow had a live round lodged deep within its barrel.

“Sundar Pichai” biography

“Sundar Pichai” is the current CEO of Google Inc. He was born on July 12, 1972 in Madurai Tamil Nadu India his father’s name was Regunadha pichai and mother’s name was Lakshmi Pichai. His father worked at an electrical engineer and mother used to be a stenographer before having children. He has one brother Pichai grew up in a middle class home and was a bright student.

He excelled academically at his school, Padma Seshadri Bala Bhavan, and earned a seat in the Indian institute of technology in Kharagpur, one of the most prestigious engineering institutions. In India he did his B tech in metallurgical engineering from IIT Kharagpur and then won a scholarship to study materials science and semiconductor physics from Standard University from where he eventually earned his M.S. He is very good at remembering numbers and could remember every telephone number he dialed when he was young. He initially planned to pursue a ph.D. from Stanford and embark on an academic career. However, he dropped out and joined Applied Materials-a Silicon Valley semiconductor maker as an engineer and product manager he did not work there for long he went on to complete his MBA from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania 2002. Where he was named a Siebel scholar and palmer scholar. Following the completion of his MBA he was appointed as a management consultant at McKinsey & Company. He joined Google in 2004 initially he worked on Google search toolbar as a part of the small team. The toolbar gave users of Internet Explorer and Firefox easy access to Google search. He also worked on other Google products like Google gears and Google pack. The success of Google toolbar gave Pichai the idea that Google should develop its own browser he discussed his idea with his seniors and faced an objection from then CEO Eric Schmidt, who thought that developing a browser would be too expensive affair however Pichai perserved and convinced the co-founders of Google, Larry Page and Sergey. Brin, to launch Google’s own browser. Pichai played a pivotal role in the ultimate launch of the browser, Google Chrome in 2008 Chrome proved to be a great success as it allowed the users to directly access Google search engine.

Pichai played a pivotal role in the ultimate launch of the browser, Google Chrome in 2008, Chrome proved to be a great success as it allowed the users to directly access Google search engine. Pichai became a internationally known figure following the phenomenal success after Chrome which eventually become the number one browser in the world surpassing competitors such as Internet Explorer and Firefox the Chrome also paved the way for a series of other important products like Chrome OS chromebooks and Chromecast. In 2008, Pichai was promoted to vice president of product development in this position he started appearing more often Google presentation and continued rising up the ranks in Google by 2012, he had become the senior Vice President of Chrome and apps in 2013, Andy Rubin the creator of Android left to work on a different project Larry Page then made picture in charge of Android as well his influence continued to increase and he was made the product Chief in October 2014. In 2015, Google formed a company alphabet Inc to serve as a holding company and conglomerate to own the subsidiaries that were previously owned by Google, including a new slimmed down version of Google itself on 10 August 2015 Sundar Pichai was named the CEO of Google. In February 2016 he was awarded 273 328 shares of Google’s holding company alphabet. Which led to a rise in his net worth. These shares were worth $199 million, and this took his holding up to $650 million. He married to Anjali Pichai and they have to kids ” WEAR YOUR FAILURE AS A BADGE OF HONOR”.

“SWAMI VIVEKANANDA” biography

“Swami Vivekananda” earlier he was known as “Narendra”. He was an Indian Hindu Monk and the chief disciple of the 19th century Indian mystic Ramakrishna. He born on January 12, 1863, Calcutta, Bengal Presidency, British India. His father’s name of “Vishwanath data” and mother’s name of “Bhuvaneshwari Devi”. He was born in Kayastha family. His father was an attorney at the Calcutta High court And his mother was a devout housewife. He was the six of his ten siblings.

He acquired his preliminary education in 1871 at the age of eight from Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar Metropolitan institution. Narendra completed his graduation in 1884 in arts the Presidency College, Calcutta. Narendra met Ramakrishna in 1881 at Dakshineswar. During this time Narendra was undergoing a time of spiritual crisis it was his famous question to Ramakrishna “have you seen God” Ramakrishna did not convince Narendra completely at the first go. But after noticed some great virtue of Ramakrishna, he become a frequent visitor to Ramakrishna after the tragic death of his father he becomes closer to Ramakrishna and received help to move out of the spiritual crisis situation in 1885. Ramakrishna was diagnosed with throat cancer then Narendra took great care of his master and nurse him with utmost devotion and love. Before renouncing body Ramakrishna made Narendra the leader of a new monastic order post the death of Ramakrishna. Narendra along with his young disciples began to live at Baranagar. In 1887, he took the formal vows of sannyasa, thereby assuming new names.

Narendra came to be known as Swami Vivekananda. In 1888, to Profess the message of Ramakrishna to the world Swami Vivekananda resolved to embark on a journey extensively exploring India in the initial years. He walked on foot, lived on alms and led a life of a wandering Monk. By this time he understood that the masses required to kinds of knowledge one which allowed them to improve their economic condition and the second which help them to build faith and strength and their moral sense to accomplish. His goal of bettering the life of the masses Swami Vivekananda are aimed at initiating an Organisation. In 1893, he travelled abroad for the first time to be a part of the world’s parliament of religion at the Parliament, Swami Vivekananda become known as the ” orator of divine right” and ” Messenger of Indian wisdom to the Western world”. Then he travelled in the Eastern part of us and London to spread the message of Vedanta upon returning to India in 1897, he initiated Ramakrishna Mission, and organisation which propagated the teaching of practical Vedanta and commenced various forms of social service. In 1898, Swami Vivekananda acquired a huge property at Belur which become a permanent abode of the monastery and monastic order. The place became known as Ramakrishna Math and waopen to all men. Swami did not married at all he died at Belur Math Bengal Presidency British India on 4th July 1902 the age of 39. “Awake and do not stop until the goal is reached”. Said by Swami Vivekananda.

“Albert Einstein” Biography

“Albert Einstein” is the father of “Modern Physics”. He was born in Ulm Kingdom of Wurttemberg, German empire on March 14, 1879. His father name was Hermann Einstein and Mother’s name was Pauline Koch. He was born into a Jewish family his father was a scientific utility salesman electrician and mother was a housekeeper in 1880 the family moved to Monica in 1894.

When Einstein was 15 and his family moved to Italy first to Milan and a few months later to Pavia. Albert attended a Catholic
elementary school in Munich from the age of 5, for three years. At the age of 8, he was transferred to the Luitpold Gymnasium, where he received advanced primary and secondary school education. The twelve year old Einstein taught himself algebra and Euclidean geometry. After Graduation, Einstein spent two years in search a
teaching job but didn’t find finally he got to a job as an assistant examiner at the Federal office for intellectual property the patent office. Einstein and Mileva Maric married in January 1930. They had three children
Lieseri Einstein, Hans Albert Einstein, and Eduard Einstein. In 1905, he completed twelve-year-olds which was entitled “A New Determination of Molecular Dimensions”. For the work, he was awarded a Ph.D. by the
University of Zurich. In 1905, he came up with his revolutionary works, which were focused on the photoelectric effect, Brownian motion, the special theory of relativity, and the equivalent of matter and energy. In 1945 he published his groundbreaking papers the paper provided
information on the photoelectric effect Brownian motion Special, Relativity, the equivalence of matter and energy this papers doubt Einstein to the Limelight and he became instantly famous and was
recognized as the leading scientist.

In 1988 he was appointed as a lecturer at the University of Bern. How were Einstein quit this position as well as the one he was holding at the patent office to take up profile of docent at the University of Zurich. In 1911 he become a full-time Professor at the Kari-Ferdinand University in Prague.

Einstein separated from his wife Mileva. In 1915 Einstein applies need as the President of the Golf german physical society that he held two years during this time Einstein also attended membership at the Prussian Academy of Sciences their divorce was final on 14 February 1919 he married Elsa Lowenthal, in 2nd June 1919. He invited officially by the mayor of New York in April 2 1921 and delivered several lecturers at the Columbia and Princeton University. Then he moved to Washington DC after that he visited in many countries including Singapore, Caylon, Japan, America, Belgium to serve his Lecture. Suddenly a new law had been set in Germany according to which Jews could not hold any official positions including teaching at the universities not only was Einstein’s work targeted he himself was on the list of assassination targets of the Nazis with a $5,000 bounty on his head. Einstein found his temporary shelter in England. Then he made the decision to permanently stay in the United States and does applied for citizenship Einstein gained citizenship in the US in the year 1940 Einstein in his later years was even offered the position of president of Israel but he declined the same stating that he had neither the attitude nor the experience in 1921 he received the Nobel Prize in physics in 1929 Einstein was presented with the Max Planck medal of the German physical society in Berlin. The chemical element Einstein was named for him. He died at Princeton New Jersey, United States on 18 April 1955, at the age of 76. “ A PERSON WHO NEVER MADE A MISTAKE NEVER TRIED ANYTHING NEW”.