Tag: General Awareness

Solid Waste Disposal

The piled up garbage dumps and the landfills as huge as a mountain that we see in our daily life is a clear indicator for us to consider eco-friendly waste disposal methods. Waste disposal and management is a highly ignored subject, as a result of which cities like Delhi produce 9,000 metric tonnes of garbage everyday. 

Efficient waste disposal methods and recycling can lead us to a bright “Zero-Waste-Future”. The eco-friendly methods of waste disposal require proper facilities for disposal of waste along with awareness among the masses.  


E-Waste Management

E- waste refers to obsolete electronic waste and managing these wastes is an emerging task as the number of electronic items are increasing day-by-day. The major problem is that people are not aware of disposal methods for E-waste and separate collection of E-waste is not easily accessible. This leads to dumping of it in the landfill with the normal garbage. It can adversely affect our environment and public health. 

 E-waste like batteries and cartridges have toxic chemicals in them like Lead, Mercury, Hexavalent Chromium etc. The groundwater near the landfill can get polluted with harmful chemicals like Lead. If it is burnt, then it can lead to toxic fumes in the air. 

Eco-friendly waste disposal methods

Firstly, reducing the amount of waste from our households is a crucial step. This can be ensured by some small changes on a daily basis. For instance, using a cloth bag while buying things instead of collecting many small polythene bags. Because these polythene bags bring in more plastic waste inside the house and it again becomes difficult to get rid of it in an eco-friendly manner. 

 

If the provision of two separate garbage collections is available, then the household should use two dustbins. One for the recyclable items and the other for the non-recyclable items. Making a product out of recycled goods takes much less energy than making a product with new items from scratch. If there is a separate hazardous waste disposal site in the vicinity, then the hazardous items like paint cans, tyres, and bulbs should be disposed of there and not mixed with the other wastes. 

Composting is a very easy and beneficial way of waste disposal. Waste from the kitchen like vegetable peels can be used as manure for the plants. Vegetable wastes have nitrogen rich minerals which makes the soil fertile and plants help to lower the greenhouse gases. It can be used for one’s own garden or can be donated as manure for a nearby park. It is one of the best ways for disposal of waste. Similarly, the green wastes such as trimmed grass from the garden can be used to feed the animals. 

The huge landfills are a result of the excess of waste generated. Hence it is important to act responsibly and promote efficient waste disposal methods. Some small steps taken in our everyday life can make an impact on the overall environment.

Confliction of one's mind

We all are well aware of the different conflicts in our minds. They arrive like impatient thunderstorms,  one right after the other. The times when there’s isn’t any hope to hold onto, we may thrive by words that might explain our mental states. Although, we often fail to do so and start drowning ourselves into the darkest depths of nothingness. 

One thing that never gets old in such situations is writing down your rough thoughts somewhere away from the eyes of anyone, and reading it later at a better stage or when you start feeling yourself again. 

WAYS TO CLEAR YOUR MIND

In a generation where social status depicts one’s nature and affects their state of mind, we often find ourselves getting lost in the world which we created for others to see us like. We should be capable of creating a difference between what’s imaginary and real, that not only helps us stay sane but provides a boundary to the inevitable confusions.

When we invariably replay a situation and can’t stop thinking about it, or think how we messed up; the more we delve into it the more that situation seems to tighten the blank spaces in our mind and start congesting it.

It’s normal to get stuck in the past and have a lot many things playing in your mind at the same time, our mind has a tendency to work funnily.

Instead of putting yourself in a self-inflicting pain, try performing the enlisted activities which will probably distract the course of your mind for the time being:

  • reconnect with an old friend
  • play and spend time with your pet
  • don’t force yourself to be productive
  • go easy on yourself and do some pampering
  • cook yourself an elaborate meal
  • watch youtube, movies and listen to an upbeat music
  • take a long drive to nowhere 
  • take a walk in nature
  • go out with a friend and hangout
SELF VALIDATION

We are forced to put ourselves in a position where it’s tough to concentrate on peace of mind, by comparing ourselves to the person who is superior to us. But we need to understand the concept of self-satisfaction and being content in what we already have.
We should stop comparing ourselves to others because we are unaware of the life that they have behind the scenes, or away from the eyes of the world. It’s natural to get inferiority complexes but that shouldn’t mess with one’s mind.
The positive motivation or the rush and drag to push ourselves to a better position is healthy, but if it makes one sulk and questions their existence then it won’t take long into turning toxic and harmful for the mental peace. 
You have had enough of the taunts and opinions that society has for you, you don’t have to necessarily add yours to it too. If not others, make yourself so focused and proud in what you do that even your conflictions think twice to reoccur in your mind. 
“Be who you are and say what you feel, because those who mind don’t matter, and those who matter don’t mind.”
― Bernard M. Baruch

Panchayat system in India

 The Panchayat system is an integral part of India’s democratic structure. A local government is closest to the common citizens and promotes participatory democracy. Mahatma Gandhi believed that India lives in its villages. He cherished the idea of self-sustained villages with effective decentralization of economic and political power through village Panchayats. 

Panchayat means an assembly of five people chosen and accepted by the local people. Traditionally, it was used to settle disputes in the village. The roots of the Panchayat system in India are extremely old. Even during the colonial times, many developments in the direction of local governments can be traced. In 1882, Lord Rippon had established local self-government in India. 



Article 40 of our constitution states that “The state shall take steps to organize village Panchayats and endow them with such powers and authority as may be necessary to enable them to function as units of self-government.”

Several committees were set-up by the Government of India to study the implementation of self-government in rural areas;  Balwant Rai Mehta Committee (1957), Ashok Mehta Committee (1977), GVK Rao Committee (1985), LM Singhvi Committee(1986). 

73rd Amendment

 After the recommendations by a number of committees, the 73rd amendment was passed in 1992. It constitutionally strengthened the power and responsibility of the Panchayat system.  It established a three-tier system popularly known as Panchayati Raj. First was the Gram Panchayat at the village level, followed by the Block Panchayat at the intermediate level, and the district level body known as Zilla Parishad. 

The amendment provided the Panchayat with the responsibility to develop plans for economic development and social justice. The 29 functional responsibilities in the 11th schedule were transferred to the local bodies which includes; rural electrification, poverty alleviation programme, education, agriculture, social welfare, drinking water, women and child development etc. Each state can decide how many of these twenty-nine subjects would be transferred to the local government.  

Members of these bodies are elected directly by the people for a tenure of five years.The State Election Commission has the responsibility for conducting the Pachayat elections. Along with reservation for the Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribes, one-third of the Panchayat positions were reserved for women. 

The Gram Panchayat is headed by the Sarpanch. Other than Gram Panchayat, a Gram Sabha was also established. It was an assembly which consisted of all the voters of the village. 

The 74th amendment focussed on urban local government while the 73rd was for the rural local government. Both the amendments promoted democratic decentralization of power. 

The main objective of the Panchayat system is to strengthen the base of democracy at grass-root level. It gives an opportunity to the citizens to participate in the implementation of rural development policies. 

WHAT THE WORLD'S LONGEST LIVING PEOPLE EAT AND DRINK?

 

THE IKIGAI DIET – A REVIEW

According to the World Health organization’s report, Japan is the country which has the highest life expectancy of the people.  Okinawa, an area in Japan has the highest life expectancy of overall an average. Okinawa is said to be the most affected area in the World War II.  People were affected by hunger due to lack of resources during 1940s. They recovered themselves from the huge destruction and now they have the longest living citizens.

What they actually do? What makes them special in terms of their life expectancy?

Okinawa is a place in Japan where there is no train and people living there either use cycle or prefer to walk while travelling. This is followed by the Japanese people as it is the province, which is managed by the government.

MIRACLE DIET


People in Japan eat a wide variety of vegetables. They consume at least 5 servings of fruits and vegetables. Minimum 7 types of fruits and vegetables on their daily basis. 30% of their calories comes from the vegetables. Their tables consist of colorful varieties of vegetables.
However, their primary food is White rice, which they consume on their daily basis. They also add noodles sometimes to their diet. 
Their foundation for a diet is grains. They rarely eat sugar if they consume sugar it is only cane sugar. Sugarcane has the several benefits on dietary effects as they have antioxidant property. Eating a bit of sugar after meal avoids tooth decay.

STUDIES OF MAKATOO SUZUKI

  • Sugars are less on their diet. i.e. One third of their diet.
  • Salt 7grsms per day.
  • Few calories food intake.
  • Fish 3 times per week.
  • Lot of legumes and beans.


SANPIN-CHA

Sanpin cha  – a mix of green tea and jasmine flowers. In addition to the antioxidant property of green tea, Jasmine has varied benefits such as they strength immune system and relieve stress. Studies says that Jasmine tea reduces blood cholesterol levels. They drink on an average of three cups of jasmine tea.

GREEN TEA & WHITE TEA 

Green tea plays an important role in longevity. It protects from UV damage, promotes good bone health and prevents against bacterial infection.

White tea has a high concentration of polyphenols which prevents aging. It has the greatest antioxidant power with is equal to dozen of fruit juices. 

Drinking either green tea or white tea everyday reduces free radicals in the body which keep the body young.

SHIKUWASA

Shikuwasa, a citrus fruit which is widely found in Ogimi, a village in Okinawa. Shikuwasa juice is taken after diluting it with water. Their taste lies between lime and orange. As all citrus fruits have high levels of nobility which is a flavnoid, consuming nobiletin protects cancer, type 2 diabetes and obesity.

They also contain Beta carotene, vitamin C & B1 and minerals. They are used in many dishes and widely used in parties as they also serve as a cake.

SO EAT LESS, LIVE LONGER!

Calorie restriction is a very effective way to keep your body younger. Eating more calorie rich food makes one to be lethargic and body is unable to digest the food frequently. Though we don’t have any accurate study on calorie restriction based on longevity, but the data increasingly give information on adequate calorie restrictions will be a protective effect against obesity, type 2 diabetes and heart diseases. Mountain 5:2 is his best way, i.e., fasting one or two days every week and eating normally for the remaining five days.

JAPANESE – ANTIAGING SECRET

                       IKIGAI – review on anti aging


IKIGAI – YOUR PURPOSE IN LIFE      

                                                                            

It tells about the secret to a long and happy life, gives  the real meaning of life. Japanese culture which is unique, says that there should be purpose in life and there is no retirement for that.  

THE SECRET

HARA HACHI BU – sayings in Japanese which is repeated before eating, meaning full your belly to the half. They stop eating when their stomach is half filled. The way of serving food is also unique in their culture that is food is served in five cups, initially they will have the feeling like they have more food, but when they eat that they will always feel like half filled. The pleasure of short term like eating snacks is avoided by them.

MENS SANA IN CORPORE SANO –  a sound mind in a sound body. It says the truth that both are mind and body are interconnected and is important for us to keep them active. Physical exercise can help one get out of mental stress. If one exercises regularly his neurons are active in the sense that he is able to adapt to the new environment easily, On the other case, the person who lacks exercise will be lacking inactive state of mind as the connected neurons don’t act accurately as a result the person is unable to adapt the surrounding.

THE STRESS

Research reveals the truth that stress is the primary cause of aging. Stress promotes cellular aging as the cellular structure telomere is affected and Premature aging is acquired by stress as the cells are unable to regenerate. The greater the stress, the greater is the degenerative effect on cells. 

The ancient people had a high dose of cortisol and adrenaline, which comes in the danger moments and makes the body healthy. As Modern humans due to stress we acquire low doses of cortisol flowing constantly throughout the body, which finally results in health problems.

Threats lead to stress, Stress leads to digestive problems. As Prevention is always better than cure, we can avoid stress before that comes into us. We can attain the state of peace by regular practice of exercise, yoga and self care. Change is the process, we need to adapt it for the progress. 

THE SECRET TIPS

Walk at least 30  minutes a day.
Replace digital with real.
Have a healthy diet.
Make a conscious routine
Workout, play and have fun.

THE ATTITUDE

The key element of  keeping the body young is by keeping the mind active. Escaping from difficulties or situations in life will yield nothing productive rather coming out from the cave of comfort and fear will help the brain to train it in a way of differentiating approaching problems.
People who live the longest have two unavoidable traits in common; a positive attitude and a high degree of emotional awareness, i.e., facing challenges with a positive outlook and are able to manage their emotions are on their way to longevity.

‘LIVE LONG, STAY HAPPY, STAY BLESSED’

To whom the world belongs?

Biggest Landowner

Owning a piece of land in the world is a dream for many people. People having their own place for settlement is the daily struggle. Many Country politics are revolving around settlements, refugees and Wars for acquiring other colonies are daily news.
But do you know who own not only a piece of land but multiple countries?

Owner of 16 Countries

The world’s biggest Landowner is Queen Elizabeth II, who legally owns about 16.6% of the Earth’s land surface. She is the only person on the earth who owns multiple countries.
Queen Elizabeth II serves as the Head of State of United Kingdom, Barbados, Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, Bahamas, Belize, Canada, Grenada, Jamaica, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Solomon Islands and Tuvalu.
These nations are termed as “Commonwealth Realms”. These nations were former British colonies. The British sovereign retains the position she holds in the United kingdom that of the Head of State. As in Britain, this is largely a ceremonial role from day to day.

Many nations have withdrawn from the Queen’s rule before as like that from these 16 current nations, Barbados has announced that it will remove Queen Elizabeth II as the country’s head of state and become Republic by November 2021.
After which Queen Elizabeth II will own 14 Countries in addition to the home country United Kingdom. 

Religion (धर्म)

 धर्म सामाजिक नियंत्रण की सबसे प्रभावशाली शक्तियों में से एक है।  अलग-अलग लेखकों ने धर्म को अलग-अलग तरह से परिभाषित किया है। धर्म किसी भी समाज की मूलभूत संस्थाओं में से एक है।  यह एक सार्वभौमिक प्रणाली है जो हर समाज में पाई जाती है।  धर्म को एक सामाजिक व्यवस्था के रूप में समझा जा सकता है जिसमें  आस्था, पूजा, अनुष्ठान, रीति-रिवाज और की परंपराएं होती हैं।

भारतीय समाज की प्रकृति बहुलवादी है।  भारत धार्मिक बहुलवाद का देश है।  हिंदू धर्म, बौद्ध धर्म, इस्लाम, सिख धर्म, ईसाई धर्म और कई अन्य धर्म प्राचीन काल से भारतीय समाज में एक साथ बढ़ते और बढ़ते रहे हैं।  हिंदू आबादी का सबसे बड़ा खंड लगभग 73%, मुस्लिम लगभग 12% और सिख लगभग 2% हैं।धार्मिक विविधता भारतीय सामाजिक संरचना की एक विशेषता है और यह राजनीति में एक महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाती है।  धर्मनिरपेक्षता को अपनाना जिसमें ‘सभी धर्मों की समानता’ और ‘राज्य धर्म की अनुपस्थिति’ कहावतें शामिल हैं, भारतीय राजनीति की इस वास्तविकता की गवाही देती हैं।
विभिन्न प्रकार के धर्म:
 हिंदू धर्म:

 यह दुनिया के सबसे पुराने धर्मों में से एक है।  हिंदू धर्म की सही उत्पत्ति का पता लगाना बहुत मुश्किल है।  अभिलेखों से पता चलता है कि “सिंधु घाटी सभ्यता” के बाद से हिंदू धर्म अस्तित्व में था।हिंदू धर्म विष्णु, शिव, ब्रह्मा, गणेश, लक्ष्मी, सरस्वती, दुर्गा आदि जैसे देवताओं के अस्तित्व में विश्वास करता है।हिंदू मूर्ति-पूजा में विश्वास करते हैं।  मूर्तियों को भगवान के रूप में माना जाता है और मंदिर वे स्थान हैं जहां मूर्तियों को रखा जाता है।  हिंदू धर्म की अनूठी विशेषता जाति व्यवस्था और विभिन्न देवताओं की पूजा का अस्तित्व है।  रामायण, महाभारत और भगवद गीता हिंदुओं के महान महाकाव्य माने जाते हैं।
बौद्ध धर्म:

 इसकी स्थापना गौतम बुद्ध ने की थी।  बौद्ध धर्म मुख्य रूप से अहिंसा या अहिंसा में विश्वास करता है।  बुद्ध ने कामना को रोकने के लिए आठ मार्ग बताए हैं।  बौद्ध धर्म का अंतिम उद्देश्य व्यक्तियों को ‘निर्वाण’ या ‘मोक्ष’ प्राप्त करने में सक्षम बनाना है।  त्रिपिटक को बौद्धों का पवित्र ग्रंथ माना जाता है।
जैन धर्म:

इसकी स्थापना “महावीर” ने की थी।  जैन धर्म भी अहिंसा को मानता है।  जैनियों के पूजा स्थलों को “बस्ती” के रूप में जाना जाता है जैन धर्म ब्रह्मचर्य में विवाह न करने का संकल्प लेने में विश्वास करता है)।  इसमें कहा गया है कि भौतिक इच्छाओं का त्याग करना चाहिए।  जैन धर्म “सालेखाना” के प्रदर्शन के माध्यम से मोक्ष प्राप्त करने में विश्वास करता है।
इस्लाम:

इसकी स्थापना पैगंबर मोहम्मद ने की थी।  यह एक ही ईश्वर में विश्वास करता है: अल्लाह।  इस्लाम मूर्ति पूजा में विश्वास नहीं करता है।  यह महिलाओं के एकांत में विश्वास करता है।  मुसलमानों के पूजा स्थलों को मस्जिद कहा जाता है।  “मक्का” मुसलमानों के लिए पवित्र स्थान माना जाता है।  हर मुसलमान को दिन में पांच बार नमाज अदा करनी होती है जिसे कलमा कहा जाता है।  रमजान के महीने में हर मुसलमान को रोजा रखना होता है।
ईसाई धर्म:

 इसकी स्थापना ईसा मसीह ने की थी।  “बाइबल” को ईसाइयों का पवित्र ग्रंथ माना जाता है।  ईसाई मूर्ति पूजा में विश्वास नहीं करते हैं।  ईसाइयों के पूजा स्थल को चर्च कहा जाता है।  ईसाई प्रार्थना करने और गरीबों और विकलांगों की मदद करने में विश्वास करते हैं।
सिख धर्म:

इसकी वकालत गुरु नानक ने की थी।  सिख आदि ग्रंथ का पवित्र महाकाव्य।  सिखों के पूजा स्थल को “गुरुद्वारों” के रूप में जाना जाता है।हालांकि अलग-अलग धर्म अलग-अलग सिद्धांतों का प्रचार करते हैं, लेकिन हर धर्म में कुछ बुनियादी विशेषताएं होती हैं।
 
धार्मिक सांप्रदायिकता की उपस्थिति भी धार्मिक विविधता के हानिकारक पक्ष को दर्शाती है।  यह वास्तव में काफी हैरान करने वाला है कि कोई भी भारतीय धर्म हिंसा और विशिष्टता की वकालत नहीं करता है, फिर भी विभिन्न धर्मों के नाम पर भारत के विभिन्न हिस्सों में अक्सर हिंसा होती है।  हिंदू सांप्रदायिकता, मुस्लिम सांप्रदायिकता और ईसाई सांप्रदायिकता की ताकतों के बीच आक्रामक और जैविक संघर्षों के कारण हम नियमित रूप से मानव जीवन और कीमती संसाधनों के नुकसान का सामना करते हैं।
धर्मनिरपेक्षता की भावना और राजनीतिक संस्कृति के धर्मनिरपेक्षीकरण की प्रक्रिया को अभी तक राज्य में एक बड़ी पकड़ हासिल करनी है।  धार्मिक सहिष्णुता का उपदेश सभी द्वारा दिया जाता है, फिर भी इसका प्रभावी ढंग से पालन और खेती नहीं की जाती है।  इस प्रकार धार्मिक कारक सामाजिक-राजनीतिक विकास की सामंजस्यपूर्ण प्रक्रिया में एक बाधा और हानिकारक कारक के रूप में कार्य करना जारी रखता है।
समाजशास्त्र में, धर्म शब्द का प्रयोग धार्मिक पुस्तकों की तुलना में व्यापक अर्थ में किया जाता है।  यह धर्म को विश्वासों, प्रतीकों, मूल्यों और प्रथाओं की संस्थागत प्रणालियों के रूप में परिभाषित करता है जो पुरुषों के समूहों को उनके अंतिम अस्तित्व के सवालों के समाधान प्रदान करते हैं।
सभी धर्मों में पाया जाने वाला एक सामान्य लक्षण यह है कि वे जीवन के रहस्यों और उलझनों के प्रति भावनात्मक भावनाओं और दृष्टिकोणों के एक समूह का प्रतिनिधित्व करते हैं।  इस तरह के धर्म में सबसे पहले, दृष्टिकोण, विश्वास, प्रतीकों की प्रणाली शामिल है जो इस धारणा पर आधारित हैं कि कुछ प्रकार के सामाजिक संबंध पवित्र या नैतिक रूप से अनिवार्य हैं और दूसरा, इन प्रणाली द्वारा शासित या प्रभावित गतिविधियों की एक संरचना।
भारत धार्मिक विविधताओं का देश है।  दुनिया के सभी प्रमुख धर्म, जैसे: हिंदू धर्म, ईसाई धर्म, इस्लाम, सिख, बौद्ध और जैन धर्म भारत में पाए जाते हैं।  भारतीय समाज पर धर्म की संस्था का अपना प्रभाव है

Cyber bullying (साइबरबुलिंग)

 आज के युवा पहले से कहीं अधिक इंटरनेट के उपयोग से प्रभावित हैं।  वे इंटरनेट और मोबाइल फोन सिस्टम को संचार के दो सबसे बड़े ढांचे के रूप में मानते हैं जो हमारी दैनिक गतिविधियों और पहचान के विकास में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाते हैं।

दूसरी ओर, इन तकनीकों का अक्सर नकारात्मक उपयोग किया जाता है। कई लोग इंटरनेट को लोगों को ठगी के लिए उपयोग करते हैं। साइबर बुलिंग एक व्यक्ति को धमकाने के लिए इलेक्ट्रॉनिक संचार का उपयोग है, आमतौर पर डराने या धमकी देने वाले संदेश भेजकर।  आजकल किसी के लिए साइबर बुली का शिकार होना या किसी के लिए साइबर बुली होना इतना आसान हो गया है।  ऐसे कई तरीके हैं जिनसे किसी व्यक्ति को साइबर बुली किया जा सकता है।  उदाहरण के लिए, कोई व्यक्ति नकली फेसबुक अकाउंट बनाकर ऑनलाइन किसी व्यक्ति की पहचान चुरा सकता है और ऐसी चीजें कहना और पोस्ट करना शुरू कर सकता है जो आप नहीं करेंगे या कहेंगे। 
इसके बाद, साइबरबुलिंग विभिन्न रूपों में आती है।  जरूरी नहीं कि इसका मतलब किसी की प्रोफाइल हैक करना या किसी और के होने का दिखावा करना हो।  इसमें किसी के बारे में नकारात्मक टिप्पणी पोस्ट करना या किसी को बदनाम करने के लिए अफवाहें फैलाना भी शामिल है।  जैसा कि हर कोई सोशल नेटवर्क पर पकड़ा जाता है, इससे किसी के लिए भी इस एक्सेस का दुरुपयोग करना बहुत आसान हो जाता है।
 दूसरे शब्दों में, साइबरबुलिंग आजकल बहुत आम हो गई है।  इसमें किसी भी व्यक्ति को हेरफेर करने, परेशान करने और बदनाम करने की कार्रवाई शामिल है।  ये शत्रुतापूर्ण कार्य गंभीर रूप से हानिकारक हैं और किसी को भी आसानी से और गंभीर रूप से प्रभावित कर सकते हैं।  वे सोशल मीडिया, सार्वजनिक मंचों और अन्य ऑनलाइन सूचना वेबसाइटों पर होते हैं।  एक साइबरबुली जरूरी नहीं कि एक अजनबी हो;  यह कोई आपका परिचित भी हो सकता है।
साइबर बुलिंग खतरनाक है
 साइबरबुलिंग एक बहुआयामी समस्या है।  हालाँकि, इस गतिविधि का इरादा एक ही है।  लोगों को चोट पहुँचाने और उन्हें नुकसान पहुँचाने के लिए।  साइबरबुलिंग कोई हल्की बात नहीं है।  इसे गंभीरता से लेने की जरूरत है क्योंकि पीड़ित पर इसका बहुत खतरनाक प्रभाव पड़ता है।
 इसके अलावा, यह व्यक्ति के मन की शांति को भंग करता है।  बहुत से लोग साइबरबुलिड होने के बाद अवसाद का अनुभव करने के लिए जाने जाते हैं।  इसके अलावा, वे आत्म-नुकसान में लिप्त हैं।  उनके बारे में किए गए सभी अपमानजनक कमेंट उन्हें हीन महसूस कराते हैं।
 इसके परिणामस्वरूप बहुत सारी असुरक्षाएं और जटिलताएं भी होती हैं।  उत्पीड़न के रूप में साइबरबुलिंग का शिकार होने वाली पीड़िता को आत्म-संदेह होने लगता है।  जब कोई आपकी असुरक्षा की ओर इशारा करता है, तो वे केवल वृद्धि करते हैं।  इसी तरह, पीड़ित चिंता करते हैं और अपनी आंतरिक शांति खो देते हैं।इसके अलावा साइबर बुलिंग से व्यक्ति की छवि भी खराब होती है।  यह उनके बारे में फैली झूठी अफवाहों से उनकी प्रतिष्ठा को बाधित करता है।  सोशल मीडिया पर सब कुछ जंगल की आग की तरह फैल जाता है।  इसके अलावा, लोग अक्सर विश्वसनीयता पर सवाल उठाते हैं।  इस प्रकार, एक झूठी अफवाह लोगों के जीवन को तबाह कर देती है।
साइबर बुलिंग को कैसे रोकें?
 साइबरबुलिंग की रोकथाम समय की मांग है।  इस पर नजर रखने और इसे खत्म करने की जरूरत है।  साइबरबुलिंग से निपटने के कई तरीके हैं।  हम उन्हें व्यक्तिगत स्तरों के साथ-साथ आधिकारिक स्तरों पर भी लागू कर सकते हैं।
सबसे पहले, हमेशा अपने बच्चों को व्यक्तिगत जानकारी ऑनलाइन साझा न करना सिखाएं।  उदाहरण के लिए, यदि आप अपने घर का पता या फोन नंबर वहां सूचीबद्ध करते हैं, तो यह आपको आसानी से साइबरबुलिंग का संभावित लक्ष्य बना देगा।
दूसरे, अपनी स्पष्ट तस्वीरें ऑनलाइन पोस्ट करने से बचें।  साथ ही सोशल मीडिया पर कभी भी पर्सनल मसलों पर चर्चा न करें।  दूसरे शब्दों में, जानकारी को अपने मित्रों और परिवार के समूह में सीमित रखें।
 सबसे महत्वपूर्ण बात यह है कि कभी भी अपना इंटरनेट पासवर्ड और खाता विवरण किसी के साथ साझा न करें।  यह सारी जानकारी अपने तक ही सीमित रखें।  सतर्क रहें और किसी  लिंक्स पर क्लिक न करें, वे खतरनाक हो सकते हैं।  इसके अलावा, अपने बच्चों को साइबरबुलिंग के बारे में सिखाएं और उन्हें इस बात से अवगत कराएं कि क्या गलत है और क्या सही।
अंत में, जागरूकता ऑनलाइन उत्पीड़न को रोकने की कुंजी है।  हमें बच्चों को कम उम्र से ही जागरूक करना चाहिए ताकि वे हमेशा सतर्क रहें।  इसके अलावा, माता-पिता को अपने बच्चों की ऑनलाइन गतिविधियों की निगरानी करनी चाहिए और उनके उपयोग को सीमित करना चाहिए।  सबसे महत्वपूर्ण बात यह है कि साइबरबुलिंग को बिना देर किए तुरंत सूचित किया जाना चाहिए।  इससे आगे की घटनाओं को रोका जा सकता है।

जलवायु परिवर्तन

 जलवायु परिवर्तन क्या है और यह आपको कैसे प्रभावित करता है?

जलवायु परिवर्तन से तात्पर्य पृथ्वी की पर्यावरणीय परिस्थितियों में परिवर्तन से है।  यह कई आंतरिक और बाहरी कारकों के कारण होता है।  पिछले कुछ दशकों में जलवायु परिवर्तन एक वैश्विक चिंता का विषय बन गया है।  इसके अलावा, ये जलवायु परिवर्तन पृथ्वी पर जीवन को विभिन्न तरीकों से प्रभावित करते हैं।  ये जलवायु परिवर्तन पारिस्थितिकी तंत्र और पारिस्थितिकी पर विभिन्न प्रभाव डाल रहे हैं।  इन परिवर्तनों के कारण, पौधों और जानवरों की कई प्रजातियां विलुप्त हो गई हैं।
अविश्वसनीय स्रोतों या जानबूझकर गलत सूचना के कारण बहुत से लोग नहीं जानते कि यह वास्तव में क्या है, जिसके कारण जलवायु परिवर्तन के बारे में कई मिथक हैं।  इन पृष्ठों में, हम विषय को एक उद्देश्य, वैज्ञानिक दृष्टिकोण से देखते हैं, जलवायु परिवर्तन के कारणों और परिणामों पर चर्चा करते हैं और इससे कैसे निपटा जाना चाहिए।
 सबसे पहले, हमें दो अवधारणाओं को स्पष्ट करना होगा जिन्हें अक्सर समानार्थक शब्द समझ लिया जाता है: जलवायु परिवर्तन और ग्लोबल वार्मिंग।  हालाँकि, उनके बीच एक महत्वपूर्ण अंतर है, यह देखते हुए कि यह ग्लोबल वार्मिंग है जो जलवायु परिवर्तन का कारण बनती है।  जैसे-जैसे ग्रह का तापमान स्वाभाविक रूप से अधिक बढ़ता है, जलवायु बदलती रहती है।
हालांकि यह निश्चित है कि पृथ्वी स्वाभाविक रूप से गर्म हो गई है और अन्य युगों के दौरान ठंडी हो गई है, ऐसे चक्र हमेशा बहुत धीमे रहे हैं, लाखों साल लगते हैं, जबकि अब, केवल 200 वर्षों की अवधि के भीतर, हम उस स्तर तक पहुंच रहे हैं जो अतीत में लाया था  विलुप्त होने के बारे में।
जलवायु परिवर्तन के कारण और परिणाम

जलवायु परिवर्तन का मुख्य कारण ग्लोबल वार्मिंग है, जिसके भौतिक, जैविक और मानव प्रणालियों के साथ-साथ अन्य प्रभावों पर कई नकारात्मक परिणाम होते हैं।
ग्लोबल वार्मिंग ग्रीनहाउस प्रभाव के कारण होता है, एक प्राकृतिक प्रक्रिया जिसके द्वारा वातावरण सूर्य की कुछ गर्मी को बरकरार रखता है, जिससे पृथ्वी को जीवन की मेजबानी के लिए आवश्यक परिस्थितियों को बनाए रखने की अनुमति मिलती है।  ग्रीनहाउस प्रभाव के बिना, ग्रह का औसत तापमान -18ºC होगा।
समस्या यह है कि दैनिक मानवीय गतिविधियाँ ग्रीनहाउस प्रभाव को अधिकतम करती हैं, जिससे ग्रह का तापमान और भी अधिक बढ़ जाता है।
इन जलवायु परिवर्तनों का पर्यावरण पर नकारात्मक प्रभाव पड़ता है।  समुद्र का स्तर बढ़ रहा है, ग्लेशियर पिघल रहे हैं, हवा में CO2 बढ़ रही है, जंगल और वन्यजीव घट रहे हैं, और जल जीवन भी जलवायु परिवर्तन के कारण परेशान हो रहा है।  इसके अलावा, यह गणना की जाती है कि यदि यह परिवर्तन जारी रहा तो पौधों और जानवरों की कई प्रजातियां विलुप्त हो जाएंगी।  और पर्यावरण को भारी नुकसान होगा।
ग्रीन हाउस गैसें

कार्बन डाइऑक्साइड, मीथेन, नाइट्रोजन ऑक्साइड, एचसीएफसी: मुख्य रूप से बिजली उत्पादन, परिवहन, हीटिंग, उद्योग और निर्माण में जीवाश्म ईंधन के जलने के कारण होता है।  इसके अलावा पशुधन, कृषि (मुख्य रूप से चावल की खेती), अपशिष्ट जल उपचार और दूसरों के बीच लैंडफिल के कारण होता है।
भूमि पारिस्थितिकी प्रणालियों और वनों की कटाई का विनाश
वनों की कटाई जलवायु परिवर्तन के सबसे महत्वपूर्ण कारणों में से एक है।  जंगल और वर्षावन ख़तरनाक गति से गायब हो रहे हैं।  पिछले 10 वर्षों में, उन्होंने कम से कम 13 मिलियन हेक्टेयर को नष्ट कर दिया है।
जनसंख्या वृद्धि

मानव जनसंख्या बेतहाशा बढ़ रही है।  आज, बमुश्किल २५० साल बाद, हम ७.७ अरब से अधिक हैं और २०५० तक कम से कम २ अरब तक बढ़ते रहेंगे।  बढ़ती हुई जनसंख्या को अधिक से अधिक संसाधनों की आवश्यकता है, जो सभी उत्पादन प्रक्रियाओं से ग्रीनहाउस गैस उत्सर्जन में वृद्धि को गति देता है।
जलवायु परिवर्तन के परिणाम

 वैश्विक तापमान में वृद्धि विनाशकारी परिणाम लाती है, जिससे मानव सहित पृथ्वी के वनस्पतियों और जीवों का अस्तित्व खतरे में पड़ जाता है।  सबसे खराब जलवायु परिवर्तन प्रभावों में ध्रुवों पर बर्फ के द्रव्यमान का पिघलना शामिल है, जो बदले में समुद्र के स्तर को बढ़ाता है, बाढ़ पैदा करता है और तटीय वातावरण को खतरे में डालता है जिसके माध्यम से छोटे द्वीप राज्यों के पूरी तरह से गायब होने का जोखिम होता है।
 जलवायु परिवर्तन अधिक हिंसक मौसम की घटनाओं, सूखे, आग, जानवरों और पौधों की प्रजातियों की मृत्यु, नदियों और झीलों से बाढ़, जलवायु शरणार्थियों के निर्माण और खाद्य श्रृंखला और आर्थिक संसाधनों के विनाश की उपस्थिति को भी बढ़ाता है, खासकर विकासशील देशों में।
अगर हम कुछ नहीं करते हैं और चीजें अभी की तरह चलती रहती हैं तो भविष्य में एक दिन आएगा जब इंसान पृथ्वी की सतह से विलुप्त हो जाएगा।  लेकिन इन समस्याओं को नज़रअंदाज करने के बजाय हम इस पर काम करना शुरू कर देते हैं तभी हम पृथ्वी और अपना भविष्य बचा सकते हैं।हालांकि इंसान की गलती ने जलवायु और पारिस्थितिकी तंत्र को काफी नुकसान पहुंचाया है।  लेकिन, फिर से शुरू करने और पर्यावरण को नुकसान पहुंचाने के लिए हमने अब तक जो किया है उसे पूर्ववत करने का प्रयास करने में देर नहीं हुई है।  और अगर हर इंसान पर्यावरण में योगदान देना शुरू कर दे तो हम भविष्य में अपने अस्तित्व के बारे में सुनिश्चित हो सकते हैं।

Rights of Married Women in India

 Today, in a world that is increasingly becoming more well-connected and informed, women seem to be left behind as they are often denied the same access and privilege of information that men have. As a consequence, many women are trapped in situations wherein knowing their legal rights would aid them to overcome their difficulties. Hence, all women, especially married women, must know the rights that they have to prevent their own exploitation.

First and foremost, a wife has the legal right to live in the matrimonial house, even after the husband dies. Even if the house is not owned by the husband, belongs to his parents, or is a rented apartment. In case of separation, she can stay at the marital house until an alternative is arranged for her or she goes to her parental house. There isn’t any directive in the Hindu Marriage Act (HMA), 1955 that a married woman cannot stay at her parental house. She can lawfully stay, if and when she wants to.

Secondly, according to the 2005 amendment of the Hindu Succession Act (HSA) 1956: a daughter, whether married or not, has equal rights to inherit her father’s property as her brother. A woman has equal legal rights to inherit her husband’s property as other heirs. She can inherit it only if the husband hasn’t prepared a will or hasn’t excluded her from the will. If a husband remarries without dissolving the first marriage, the rights to the property belong to the first wife.

Thirdly, a woman can report domestic violence under the Protection of Women Under Domestic Violence Act (D.V. Act), 2005. This act criminalises physical, emotional, sexual, economical and other forms of ill-treatment. She can claim protection, maintenance, custody, compensation and continue to live in the same house.

Fourth, the Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1971 gives a woman full autonomy to abort a child without the permission of the husband. The upper limit of getting a child aborted has been raised to 24 weeks.

Fifth, Section 13 of HMA 1955 gives women the legal rights to file for a divorce without the consent of the husband. The divorce can be filed on the grounds of adultery, cruelty, desertion, thrown out of marital home, mental disorder etc. Section 13B of the Act allows divorce by mutual consent.

Sixth, Section 125 of IPC gives a married woman the legal right to seek maintenance from her husband for a lifetime. If the marriage fails, the HMA of 1955 provides women with the legal rights to claim maintenance of herself and her children from the husband during (interim maintenance) and after divorce (permanent maintenance). The amount of maintenance doesn’t include Stree Dhan and is set up by the court on the basis of the husband’s financial and living status (includes up to 25 percent of it).

Seventh, Dowry Prohibition Act 1961 prohibits the dowry system. A woman can report against her parental family or the in-laws for exchanging dowry. Any case of cruelty she faces from her in-laws on account of dowry can be reported under Section 304B and 498A of IPC that criminalises dowry harassment. The Section criminalises the dowry harassment of the bride in the form of cruelty, domestic violence (physical, emotional or sexual harassment), abetment to suicide and dowry death. Marital rape hasn’t been criminalised in India yet, but forced sex can be reported under the Domestic Violence Act and Dowry Harassment.

Lastly, The Guardian and Wards Act of 1890 gives equal custodial rights and duties to both the parents. However, if the child is below five years of age, the mother has superior rights. A woman has the right to take the child along with her while leaving the marital house without any court order. A woman can claim the custody of her children after divorce or separation, regardless of whether she is employed or unemployed. She can always claim maintenance from her husband.

Hence, the law provides more than adequate grounds for women to claim their dignity and be independent in the true sense. It is now society’s job to help them be aware and cognizant of these rights so they can be exercised.

Right to Life

Article 21, or the Right to Life, says that no person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law. This article protects the right of life and personal liberty not only from executive action but also from the legislative action. This right extends to citizens as well as non-citizens.

The Supreme Court has held that Part III of the constitution should be given widest possible interpretation and a fundamental right is not necessarily that one, which is specified in an article. Even if it is not specified in an article, but if it is integral part of a named fundamental right or partakes the same basic nature and character as that of a fundamental right.


The interpretation of the Article 21 by the Supreme Court has opened a new chapter of human rights jurisprudence. In several cases, the court has held the following as implied fundamental rights, though not all of them have been specifically mentioned. These all are called Implied Fundamental Rights.


  1. Right to Speedy Trial
  2. Right to Travel Abroad
  3. Right to Dignity
  4. Right to Privacy
  5. Right to Clean Environment
  6. Right to Livelihood
  7. Right to marriage
  8. Right against torture
  9. Right against Bondage
  10. Right to legal aid
  11. Right to Food

In the same way, Supreme Court has also held that Freedom of speech and expression guaranteed under Article 19(1) includes the right to know, right to information and right to reply. It must be noted here that


  • Right to life does not include Right to Die or Right to get killed i.e. mercy killing.
  • Capital Punishment has not been held violative of Article 14, 19 and 21
  • Hanging as a mode of execution is also fair and just as per supreme court.
  • The Supreme Court has held that right to live also include Right to live with dignity.
Procedure established by law versus due process of law

This article in the original drafted constitution used the words “no person is to be deprived of his life or liberty without due process of law”. The drafting committee changed it to “No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law” giving the reason that liberty should be qualified by the word personal, so that unnecessary interpretation may be avoided. The expression “Procedure established by law” is more definite phrase and this phrase finds the place in the Japanese Constitution of 1946. It implies that life and personal liberty of a person cannot be encroached upon arbitrarily without the proper sanction and provision of law.

Rape as violation of right to life

Right to life includes the right to live with human dignity. Women also have the right to life and liberty. Their honour and dignity cannot be outraged or violated. They also have the right to lead an honourable and peaceful life. In Bodhisattawa Gautham v. Subhira Chakroborthy, it was held that rape is a crime not only against the person, but also against the entire society. It destroys the entire psychology of a woman and pushes her into deep emotional crisis. It is crime again basic human rights and it violates right to life.

Changes in the National Food Security Act

 The NITI Aayog recently circulated a discussion paper on a proposed revision in the National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013. The NFSA provides a legal right to persons belonging to “eligible households” to receive foodgrains at subsidised price– rice at Rs 3/kg, wheat at Rs 2/kg and coarse grain at Rs 1/kg — under the Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS). These are called central issue prices (CIPs). A revision of CIPs is one of the issues that have been discussed. The other issues are updating of the population coverage under the NFSA, and beneficiary identification criteria.

Under sub-section (1) of Section 3 of the Act, the term “eligible households” comprises two categories — “priority households”, and families covered by the Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY). Priority households are entitled to receive 5 kg of foodgrains per person per month, whereas AAY households are entitled to 35 kg per month at the same prices. Under Schedule-I of the Act, these subsidised prices were fixed for “a period of three years from the date of commencement of the Act”. While different states began implementing the Act at different dates, the deemed date of its coming into effect is July 5, 2013, and the three-year period was therefore completed on July 5, 2016.

However, the government has yet not revised the subsidised prices. The government can do so under Schedule-I of the Act, after completion of the three-year period. To revise the prices, the government can amend Schedule-I through a notification, a copy of which has to be laid before each House of Parliament as soon as possible after it is issued. The Act has prescribed the coverage under “eligible households” — 75% of the rural population and up to 50% of the urban population. On the basis of Census 2011 figures and the national rural and urban coverage ratios, 81.35 crore persons are covered under NFSA currently. This overall figure has been divided among the states and Union Territories, based on the NSSO Household Consumer Expenditure Survey 2011-12. In its discussion paper, the NITI Aayog has suggested that the national rural and urban coverage ratio be reduced from the existing 75-50 to 60-40. if this reduction happens, the number of beneficiaries under the NFSA will drop to 71.62 crore (on the basis of the projected population in 2020).

To make these changes in the law, the government will have to amend sub-section (2) of Section 3 of the NFSA. For this, it will require parliamentary approval.

Besides the Food Ministry and the NITI Aayog, discussions on the proposed revisions include the Chief Economic Adviser and top officers of the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation. According to sources, several meetings have been held under the chairmanship of Prof Ramesh Chand, Member, NITI Aayog, to review the population coverage criterion. If the national coverage ratio is revised downward, the Centre can save up to Rs 47,229 crore (as estimated by the NITI Aayog paper). However, the move may be opposed by some of the states.

On the other hand, if the rural-urban coverage ratio remains at 75-50, then the total number of people covered will increase from the existing 81.35 crore to 89.52 crore —an increase of 8.17 crore. This estimate by the NITI Aayog is based on the projected 2020 population, and, according to the paper, will result in an additional subsidy requirement of Rs 14,800 crore.

Soil Degradation

The problems of our time include climate change, loss of biodiversity, lack of drinking water, poor sanitation and the depletion of fuel wood supplies due to unsustainable rates of use. All of these are significant, but it could be argued that land degradation is the most pressing environmental and social problem facing society today, particularly affecting the world’s poor. 

It is estimated that an area equal to the size of China and India combined is now classified as having impaired biotic function (damaged ecosystem structure) as a result of poor land management resulting in soil loss. As populations expand, and as social and cultural changes occur, greater and greater demands are being made on larger areas of landscape and soil. In MEDCs where there has been a relatively long tradition of agriculture (agriculture on an industrial scale) there exists, within the agricultural culture, a knowledge of land management that aims for sustained soil fertility and strives to avoid soil erosion. However even in MEDCs there are occasions when climate and intensive agriculture conspire to bring about unprecedented levels of soil erosion. 

Two types of processes can give rise to soil degradation: 


• Processes that take away the soil (erosion). This mainly occurs when there is no vegetation on the soil. Wind and water can then simply take the soil away. 
• Processes that make the soil less suitable for use. In these processes various chemicals end up in the soil and turn the soil useless in the long run. 


Examples of human activities that lead to soil degradation are: overgrazing, deforestation and unsustainable agriculture. Overgrazing occurs when too many animals graze in the same area. Overgrazing of grasslands leaves bare patches where roots no longer hold the soil together. When this is combined with the action of rain and wind the bare patches become bigger and soil is removed from the area. This happened on a huge scale in the Sahel area in Africa (just south of the Sahara desert) in the 1970s and 1980s. In many African countries the wealth of a man is measured by the number of cattle he has (quantity not quality is important) — this leads to very high stocking levels and overgrazing becomes a problem. This was then exacerbated in the 705 and 80s when a long dry period strongly reduced the growth of the vegetation which was subsequently eaten by cattle. The soil particles were no longer kept in place by roots and were blown away by the wind. This resulted in the death of most of the cattle and, later on, in a terrible famine. As soil formation is a very slow process, it will take many years for the Sahel region to recover. In wet climates it is often rain water that takes the soil particles away, especially when the rain water is flowing down slopes. 


Overcropping depletes soil nutrients and makes the soil friable (dry and susceptible to wind erosion). This reduces soil fertility as no nutrients are being returned to the soil. If the crop fails then the soil surface again becomes susceptible to erosion. This is especially true in dry regions where crop failure can lead to removal of topsoil by wind. During the 1930s, the American Mid West suffered a major period of wind erosion known as the ‘Dust Bowl’. Through overuse of the land an area about twice the size of the United Kingdom, from Nebraska through to Texas, was affected by severe wind erosion. The winds moved soil and dust many thousands of kilometres. 


Deforestation is the removal of forest. This can be done in different ways, ranging from careful removal of some of the trees to complete removal of all vegetation. Of course, the more vegetation is removed, the more the soil will be prone to erosion. As most forests are in relatively wet areas, the erosion will mainly be due to water. Deforestation can have a massive effect on soil erosion, especially in tropical regions. The leaves of forest trees both deflect and slow down the progress of rain drops. This helps to stop them explosively removing soil particles. The root systems of forests help to bind the soil together and give it stability, while also absorbing large quantities of water from the soil directly. The absorbed water is eventually returned to the atmosphere via transpiration. 


Unsustainable agricultural techniques are techniques that cannot be applied over a long period of time without decrease in productivity or increased inputs of chemicals like fertilizers or energy. Urbanization and paving of land in cities for human settlements that result in run-off is also a major factor contributing to soil degradation. The scale of the problem is self evident. Hence, soil conservation methods, sustainable farming techniques and eco-friendly lifestyles are a must to conserve the soil that provides for us and sustains our planet.

Upcoming Elections in India

In the new year 2021, as India comes out of a year of lockdown and paused public life, it is going to, by degrees, go back to the pre-coronavirus normalcy. This involves conducting regular elections as well. We can’t expect the new elections to be as difficult to organise and conduct as the Bihar elections of 2020, but elections in a pandemic are yet a new phenomenon and it has to be observed how their handling can impact their results.

This year, we have legislative assembly elections in Assam, Kerala, Puducherry, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal (in April) and later Jammu and Kashmir. There are also a few bye-elections scheduled. Politicians have already begun campaigning aggressively for all these elections – large crowds in West Bengal attend rallies as the top contenders have a fight of ideologies, and Assam sees an increase in the wages of the tea-growers in light of the upcoming election. The field has gotten even more competitive as E. Shreedharan, also known as the ‘Metro Man’ of India, has joined the BJP in light of the upcoming Kerala elections.


The public and media discourse has also greatly moved on from other political challenges and the coronavirus debates to this – and so have the priorities of the political leaders. Even in the union budget of 2021, there was a major allocation of funds to these states for highway projects and other things. Now the only thing left to see is how these very unpredictable elections turn out for all the political actors involved.

Cognizable and non-cognizable offences

Often, in the coverage major trials, we hear the legal terms cognizable and non-cognizable offences. But legal knowledge of the average Indian is average at best and it prevents us from understanding our rights and privileges. Hence, everyone should know what these terms mean.

Under section 2(C) of the CrPC, a cognizable offence is an offence in which a police officer may arrest a person without a warrant issued by a magistrate. Section 2(I) details the converse, i.e., a non-cognizable offence in which a police officer has no authority to arrest without a warrant.

It can be checked whether an offence is cognizable or not by checking the first schedule of the code. However, they are also classified by gravity of the offence – serious offences like rape and murder punishable with imprisonment for not less than 3 years are considered cognizable, and less serious offences like nuisance punishable with imprisonment for less than 3 years are considered non-cognizable.

There are some exceptions to this rule, wherein offences related to marriage and perjury are punished with more than 3 years of imprisonment despite being non-cognizable, and cognizable offences like outraging modesty of women being punished with less than 3 years of imprisonment. 

Every citizen must know which offences he can be arrested with or without a warrant for and the rights he has that the constitution bestows upon him. It only helps us to contribute to making the criminal justice system more accountable, transparent and efficient.