US President Donald Trump has said that he will postpone a meeting of Group of 7 nations until fall and called for an expansion of the group’s membership. Mr Trump told reporters that that he has not yet set a new date, but it can take place in September around the time of the annual meeting of the United Nations.
The leaders of the world’s major economies were slated to meet in June in the US. Mr Trump said he considers the G7 an outdated group that doesn’t properly represent what’s taking place in the world. The US President singled out India, Russia, Australia and South Korea as possible additions. The G7 members are US, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, and UK.
Day: May 31, 2020
SpaceX’s Crew Dragon spacecraft successfully takes off for International Space Station
SpaceX’s Crew Dragon spacecraft successfully took off last night from Kennedy Space Center for the International Space Station (ISS), with two NASA astronauts Robert Behnken and Douglas Hurley. The spacecraft is the first to take the American astronauts to orbit from American soil in nearly a decade. The mission marks the first launch of a rocket owned by SpaceX, the commercial space company founded by Elon Musk. US President Donald Trump was present at the Kennedy Space Center to view the rocket launch.
On Wednesday, the planned launch was called off due to bad weather. NASA has assigned Hurley and Behnken–two of its most experienced astronauts. Behnken is the joint operations commander for the Demo-2 mission, responsible for activities such as rendezvous, docking and undocking, as well as activities while the spacecraft is docked to the space station.
He was selected as a NASA astronaut in 2000 and has completed two space shuttle flights. Hurley is the spacecraft commander for the mission, responsible for activities such as launch, landing and recovery. He was selected as an astronaut in 2000 and has completed two spaceflights.
5 Steps to Becoming an Oncology Nurse
If you’re interested in becoming an oncology nurse, you’ll first need to meet the educational and experience requirements.
Nurses are in high demand across the United States, particularly those who specialize in oncology. According to the National Cancer Institute, one-quarter of new cancer cases are diagnosed in individuals between the ages of 65 and 74. While cancer affects individuals of all ages, oncology nurses could become an especially vital part of the healthcare workforce as the baby boomer generation ages and the pool of elderly cancer patients increases.
Oncology nurses are involved in many aspects of cancer diagnoses and treatment, including prevention and early detection, and symptom management. Not only do they serve as a caregiver for their patients, they also educate and provide support for patients’ families and loved ones. Oncology nurses most often work in hospitals, but they can also be employed by home care organizations, specialty medical centers and ambulatory centers.
Despite the difficult nature of the work, many nurses find a career in oncology to be especially rewarding. If you’re interested in becoming an oncology nurse, you’ll first need to meet the educational and experience requirements to position yourself for opportunities in the field.
Here are five steps you can take to begin your oncology nursing career:
Step 1: Receive your Bachelor of Science in Nursing, BSN
The first step to becoming an oncology nurse is to earn your Bachelor of Science in Nursing. You can become an oncology certified nurse with an associate’s degree as well, but earning your BSN will open the door to more advancement opportunities in the oncology field later on.
If you’re already an LPN, you might consider an LPN to BSN bridge program. Some schools, like Herzing University, also offer an accelerated BSN program for students who have a bachelor’s degree in another field.
Step 2: Become an RN
If you’re not a practicing registered nurse, you will have to sit for the NCLEX-RN exam once you earn your BSN. The NCLEX-RN requires you to demonstrate your expertise in the four elements of nursing – providing a safe care environment, coping with the pressures of the position, showing you are committed to preventative medicine and early intervention, and the ability to provide quality care.
Once you pass the exam, you can successfully apply for jobs as a registered nurse and explore positions in the oncology field.
Step 3: Volunteer
If you’re already a nurse and want to branch out into the field of oncology, you can gain hands-on experience by volunteering as a nursing assistant in the oncology unit of a hospital or at a large cancer center. If you’re interested in doing this, reach out to healthcare employers in your area and inquire about their hiring requirements. You can supplement what you learn on the job through online courses and resources, such as those offered by the Oncology Nursing Certification Corporation (ONCC).
Step 4: Get certified
If you want to become an oncology certified nurse, you will have to take the Oncology Certified Nurse (OCN®) nurse exam.
In order to sit for the exam, you must have a minimum of one year of experience as an RN and at least 1,000 hours of adult oncology nursing practice prior to your application. The certification exam also requires you complete 10 contact hours of nursing education in oncology or take an elective in oncology nursing before you apply.
Step 5: Continue your education
As you continue on your journey to becoming an oncology nurse, you must keep your nursing license and oncology certification current through continued education. If you are an oncology certified nurse, you will have to renew your certification every four years.
If you are interested in career advancement, you might consider earning a Master of Science in Nursing. This opens up new pathways to a career as an oncology nurse practitioner or a nurse educator as well as various leadership and administrative positions in nursing and healthcare.
What a career as an oncology nurse is like
Herzing University nursing instructor Jessica Kapustin reports a highly fulfilling experience developing long term, meaningful relationships with patients—and stresses the importance of bringing a holistic approach to patient care. You can read her full account of what it’s like to be an oncology nurse.
How much you can make as an oncology nurse
The average salary of a RN is $70,000 per year ($33.65 per hour) according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The average salary of a BSN nurse will lean above average in comparison to nurses with only an associate’s degree. Earning a FNP master’s degree can position you to become an oncology nurse practitioner and step up to the next level.
Herzing University empowers you to become a highly educated and qualified oncology nurse.
Two Contrasting Views of Educational Technology
I’d like to share a couple of videos with you that I have used recently in the courses I teach. I find these videos particularly interesting because they show such contrasting approaches to learning and in particular – for want of a better word – elearning.
This first one is from the early 1950’s and is about something called a ‘teaching machine’ which was created by behavioural psychologist B F Skinner.
As you see Skinner’s teaching machines, though not exactly iPads do look remarkably like what we would recognise as computers. What’s also remarkable is the claims that he makes for them and the reasons why he believes they are effective are remarkably similar to those made by many producers of learning and especially language learning software today.
However, despite the extremely logical reasoning that Skinner expounds I’m sure if you were invited to sit down and use one of these machines for a period of time it wouldn’t hold your interest for very long and like me you probably watch those hard working children with a sense of pity.
Of course it’s easy to look at videos like this with the advantage of hindsight and with a shinny iPad sitting close by and wonder at how they could ever have believed these machines would be effective, but if we look closely at quite a lot of elearning being produced these days, it isn’t long before we realise how similar in many ways it is to the kind of learning materials used on Skinner’s teaching machines. Gapfills, Multiple Choice Questions, True false Questions, etc. but with some multimedia rolled in still seem to be the mainstay of much computer based instruction and even mobile apps, so I’m not surprised to find that many of the teachers who come onto the courses I teach want to know how to use and produce these kinds of materials and to be honest I can see that they do have their place, but I think we should be aiming to do so much more than that with the materials we produce.
Here’s the contrasting video that I like to use.
This clearly shows a completely different approach to the use of technology and for me a much more powerful one. It shifts the role of the computer from being a storage place for predefined information and transforms it into a conduit by which knowledge is shared and constructed through the interaction between people. I think this aspect of computer based learning is the one that most critics of educational technology most often fail to see, unfortunately it’s also this aspect and role of the computer that is most often feared and blocked by educational institutions around the globe, and ironically enough, by governments wishing to suppress the rights of their citizens.
These videos and the methods of education demonstrated within them also highlight some other important points.
In the first video knowledge is clearly seen as residing in the materials of the institution. The students have no part in the creation of the content nor do they have the chance to question the validity and accuracy of the content and the role of the students is simply to learn and remember the content.
They sit in rows obediently working hard with no communication between them and no discussion sharing or collaboration of what they learning.
The second of the videos is almost the opposite of this. The classroom and even the school has become almost unnecessary. The student creates and negotiates knowledge through interaction with multiple sources of information and using multiple channels of communication. The student acts independently and works autonomously much of the time.
In a time when critical thinking, creativity and the ability to evaluate and manage information have become so important, it’s clear to see which kind of student we should be creating within our schools and the way we design and apply out learning tasks and materials will be a key factor in this.
Check out my ebookIt’s true that the student in the second video isn’t a language student, and developing linguistic ability is about more than finding and applying knowledge, it also has to do with skills and the practice and development of those skills, but what better way to do this than from the kinds of authentic network building and knowledge building tasks that can help our students become life long learners of far more than language?
The final thing that strikes me about these two videos is how they reflect the kinds of societies that the system of education seeks to create. For me the first is a society of obedient unquestioning worker drones being spoon fed information that will enable them to fulfil their predefined roles. The second is a society in which individuals are encouraged to think, act and explore, to question and to create. I know which I would prefer to live in.
Related links
- How I use social media for my professional development
- Online Teacher Development Works Best – 15 Reasons Why
- Developing your digital study skills
- Temporary Bookmarking
- 10 Teacher Development Task for Web 2.0 Tools
- Creating a personal homepage
- Social Networks and the Web 2.0 Revolution
- Create your own social network 7 steps
- A Tick List of 21st Century Digital Skills for Teachers
DUE PROCESS OF LAW = PROCEDURE ESTABLISHED BY LAW + INHERENT FAIRNESS/JUSTNESS OF LAW
INTRODUCTION –
In these times with the changing world, our constitution has to survive for ages but with changing mentality of the society, our constitution needs alteration. That’s why the meaning and purpose of ARTICLE 21 of constitution has undergone a lot of changes with time and has been interpreted regularly. This doctrine has been deciphered a lot of times in several verdicts of law courts.
There are many things, which are basic and important to the citizens so that they feel secured.
So Article 21 states “ no one shall be deprived of life and personal liberty except procedure established by law”.
This doctrine was derived from US law composition, which says that no one should be divested of their fundamental rights to live and access freedom according to DUE PROCESS OF LAW.
Initially it was not available in the constitution nonetheless after 5th and 14th amendment, this was a part of US constitution. In 19th century, US government traced the doctrine to Magna Carta. Management might not divest any individual after right to living or house under due process of law.
This theory favors the supremacy of courts over constitution and gives judiciary to access the fundamental rights, justice and liberty.
If the honorable Supreme Court finds that any law is not rational, it will be declared invalid and gives precedence over constitution.
NATURAL JUSTICE
In The Constitution of India, nowhere the expression Natural Justice is used. However, golden thread of natural justice perceptively passed through the body of Indian constitution. Preamble of the constitution includes the words, ‘Justice Social, Economic and political’ liberty of thought, belief, worship ,equality of status and of opportunity, which not only ensures fairness in social and economical activities of the people but also acts as shield to individuals liberty against the arbitrary action which is the base for principles of Natural Justice.
In India, the principles of natural justice are firmly grounded in Article 14 & 21 of the Constitution. With the introduction of concept of substantive and procedural due process in Article 21, all that fairness which is included in the principles of natural justice can be read into Art. 21.
The doctrine talks about its relevance, which comes from the due process. Due process talks about the freedom of the citizen to access fundamental right. The doctrine of natural justice tells us about the freedom to be heard and freedom to be heard without any bias or favourism. So both the doctrines are very interrelated in our legal statutes and hence help us to be productive and helpful towards the people.
WHY DUE PROCESSOF LAW WAS DROPPED FROM INDIAN CONSTITUTION?
It was Justice Frankfurter who instructed B.N Rau to drop this doctrine of due process from the draft of constitution as it was measured unfair and imposed an unfair liability on bench. B.N Rau at that time was the leading member of drafting committee.
Later in an interview, Ashok Desai (high-grade advocate of Supreme Court) said that Frankfurter advised this because of his varied view about the doctrine. He further stated that each person will have different view about various aspects and thus will cause chaos and unreason ability.
“After a lot of debates and arguments it was held that, this doctrine was new and freshly liberated, so it is not decent for our democracy.
It was feared that the legal issues might become subjective and political. The members of constituent assembly were afraid about the adoption of this American policy, it will lead to a stream of lawsuit and many cases will be registered after launch of new constitution. They were not set, hence they deleted the clause of due process of law from the draft script and substitution it with Article 21”, which quotes that –
“No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to a procedure established by law”.
“Procedure established by law means that a by-law that is accordingly sanctioned by legislature or the concerned party is effective if it has been committed in a correct procedure”.
Thereafter this phrase (procedure established by law) was adopted in our Indian constitution.
B.R Ambedkar wanted this phrase“ due process of law) to be used but Sir Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer said that in future when we have to introduce social legislations, this part will create problem.
So that’s why procedure established under came into action.
“Due process of law doctrine not only checks if there is a law to deprive the life and personal liberty of a person but also see if the law made is fair, just and not arbitrary.
If Supreme Court finds that a law is not fair and just and discovers that it is infringing the rights, it will be declared invalid”.
The liberal interpretation of this policy was made after 1918 in India.
CASELAWS –
• MANEKA GANDHI CASE (1978)
“Supreme Court overruled its previous stance and it held that Article 21 seeks to provide full and complete liberty to the individual and inherently encloses the principle of natural justice”.
The court also held that the procedure established by law within the meaning of Article 21 must be right and fair and should not be harmful, offensive and arbitrary.
It also is also relative to the doctrine of Audi Alterum Partum (It is the policy that no one ought to be judged deprived of a unbiased hearing in which every party is given the chance to answer to the proof in contradiction to them).
• A.K GOPALAN V/S STATE OF MAHARASHTRA
The plaintiff was stopped somewhere by the officials. It was later alleged that he was restrained and that infringes his right to personal liberty, which comes under Article 21.
Supreme Court said that the right to personal liberty could only be infringed if –
• Physically restraining someone
• In case of coercion
In this particular case, the judgment was passed that this is not a case of infringement of personal liberty.
• LOCHNER V/S NEW YORK (17TH APRIL 1905)
“Lochner, a baker was condemned of interrupting the New York Bakeshop Act, which forbidden bakers from working extra than 10 hours a day and 60 hours a week. The Supreme Court smacked down the Bakeshop Act, ruling that it breached on “right to contract.” The Supreme Court got this “right” from the Due Process Article of the 14th Modification; a change that many think outdid jurisdictional power”.
• Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (26 Jun 1978) –
“Allan Bakke, a white person was disallowed entry in the University of California Medical School at Davis twice on different times. The medical school agreed 16 spots for minority applicants in an effort to address unjust minority omission from medical school. Bakke took the matter to the court about his omission from the Medical School as he stated that his exclusion was entirely the outcome of his race. The Supreme Court ruled that the university’s usage of firm racial allocations were unlawful and not only ordered the university to permit Bakke, but also said that race might be used as one of numerous aspects in the admissions procedure. Justice Lewis F. Powell, Jr. in his view stated that the strict usage of racial quotas disrupted the equal protection article of the 14th Amendment”.
• Mapp v. Ohio (19 Jun 1961) ―
Police got information that a shelling suspect may be located at Dollree Mapp’s house in suburban Cleveland, Ohio. When police inquired to investigate her home, Mapp denied if the police produced a permit. The police used a piece of paper as a bogus permit and got entry to her house unlawfully. After examining the home minus to find any bombing suspect, police noticed some sexual materials and detained Mapp under state law that banned the ownership of X-rated stuffs. Mapp was condemned of owning disgusting things and encountered up to seven years in jail before she filed her case on the reason that she had a right to keep the stuff. The Court said that the proof gathered from an illegitimate quest would be eliminated from her hearing. This came under the safeguarding confidentiality by exercising the Due Process Clause.
CONCLUSION –
DUE PROCESS OF LAW =
PROCEDURE ESTABLISHED BY LAW + INHERENT FAIRNESS/JUSTNESS OF LAW
Due process is the legal obligation that the state must respect all legal rights that are owed to a person. When a government damages a person without following the course of the law, this means there is a due process violation, which offends the rule of law.
Due process has also been frequently interpreted as limiting laws and legal proceedings (see substantive due process) so that judges, instead of legislators, may define and guarantee fundamental fairness, justice, and liberty. That interpretation has proven controversial. The interpretation of due process is sometimes expressed as a command that the government must not be unfair to the people or abuse them physically.
It says that the law must be fair and just and should follow the procedure of law
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