Month: July 2020

Honour Killing

 

‘Honor crimes are acts of violence, usually murder, committed by male family members against female family members, who are held to have brought dishonor upon the family. A woman can be targeted by (individuals within) her family for a variety of reasons, including refusing to enter into an arranged marriage, being the victim of a sexual assault, seeking a divorce — even from an abusive husband — or (allegedly) committing adultery. The mere perception that a woman has behaved in a way that “dishonors” her family is sufficient to trigger an attack on her life.’

‘Honor killings are not new to the rural India especially in the regions of Hariyana, Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan. But then such cases are not just restricted to the rural areas. They are also heard of in our capital and in the southern states like Kerela, Tamil Nadu etc. The Aarushi Talwar Case and the killing of Kuldeep and Monica are speculated to be such killings.

Our country has been very selective about the kind of development she has undergone. On an international level with the nuclear deal, 8% growth rate and the recognition India is enjoying to voice its opinion, it seems that ‘India is shining’. But dig deeper into the dark secrets of this developing nation and we still find rampant killings of young couples by their own family members to save their honor because of the incest committed by the couple. Their crime: living in the same village and getting married.

According to the ‘conservative’ khap panchayat, marriage between people of the same village is considered incest as they are siblings and hence these marriages are not valid. So the panchayat orders the murder of the couple and hangs their body in the village crossing as an example to other straying couples.

In India, with its patriarchal society, women are considered as property and the vessel of family’s honor. And any act which might blot the family’s prestige renders an absolute right to the male members to murder the girl, undo her wrongs and win back the honor.

Such crimes as well as such criminals have been breeding under the political blessings of the political parties mainly interested in the vote banks of these villages and the support of the khap panchayat. 

In order to find a solution for such killings, it is necessary to analyze it from the very core. The solution to this problem mainly lies in the eradication of myths in the minds of people. They need to be educated with the provisions given in the Hindu Marriage Act and what kinds of marriages are actually considered invalid. Khap Pachayats should at last be ripped out of all its power so that it is unable to wrongly influence the naïve people and to instigate them to commit such inhuman acts.

It is time India finally developed in the real sense. Building malls and increasing the standard of living of the common man is not really development. Cases on Honour killing show that more than half of the Indians still lead lives within the strong crutches of caste system and even today youths don’t have the power to make decisions regarding their own lives. To see that even today, people blindly commit such barbaric crimes and consider it as an act of sanctifying the impure shows that India has really not modernized.   Development has to be from the very base, the core. Or else it’s just a hollow wooden structure eaten on the inside by the termites that eventually comes crashing down.

Derailment at its worst

Despite the whole perfection with a good performance history, failed subsequently to reach expected levels of achievement, and ended up stagnating in their career or being hired from the jobs was rated as the worst one. The actual problem will begin with the first step that is posed by transition. Very example , promotion to a senior job, or a move to a new boss, or an unfamiliar challenge.Mild moments of managerial or monetary factors-oriented derailment results from non-adaptation to new challenges of a different context which effects in results in the job assignment requires people to apply a different skill set. But derailed executives fail to notice the need to develop new strengths Taking all the considerable factors into brief observation paradoxically , the same talents that once brought them early success, later lead to great fiascos , flaws and blind spots that seemed insignificant earlier in their careers, suddenly start to matter a great deal.

MODESTY IN THE RESCUE : Being grounded and known to your limits , raising voices when needed results in utmost subtle modesty to avoid the derailment scam that you’re trapped in you require realistic self-assessment, recognition of the need for new strengths, conscious development of a broader set of skills and perspectives that can serve you in the new situation. Derailment is also caused by another related problem. The problem created by success.

Pros and Cons of Longitudinal study

A longitudinal research is an observational research method in which information or data is collected for the same subjects over a period of time. They are often used in the field of psychology. Longitudinal researches can take place over a week, month, year or even years. In some cases, it can last to decades.

Just like any other research, longitudinal research also has some advantages and disadvantages. They are;

  1. ADVANTAGES
  • Effective in determining variables:- Since, longitudinal studies include collecting information in longer period of time, they are able to determine the patterns efficiently.  It is easy for a researcher to know more about causes and effect relationship and make connections in a clear way. These studies are really effective for determining long term changes that have occurred.
  • Powerful than cross sectional :- Longitudinal studies are known to be more powerful than cross sectional studies when it comes to excluding time invariants and unobserved individual differences.
  • Provide meaningful insights:- Longitudinal studies provide meaningful insights that may not be applicable with other researches such as cross sectional and similar studies. The longitudinal study also help the researcher to trace the development over time rather than directly jumping to conclusions.
  • Chronological order of events can be traced:- Longitudinal studies have the ability to identify events. The chronicity of events can be recognized by conducting this type of study especially in the medical field.
  • 2.DISADVANTAGES
  • Time consuming:- Longitudinal research requires huge amount of time. It takes considerable amount of time to collect and organize the data. Moreover, it takes equally amount of time to gather the results. By this time, Participants are more likely to drop out as they get bored. There is less chance that all the participants stay until the entire research ends. Continuity of the research is highly affected because of this factor.
  • Can be expensive:-  One of the main drawback of longitudinal research is that it is not cost effective. The amount of money that needs to be pitched in, is considerably high since longitudinal researches run for a long period of time. Because of this reason, the study consists of small group of people, which makes it difficult to apply the results to a wide population.
  • Require large sample size:- Another main drawback of the study is that it requires a large size of sample. The researcher should have a large number cooperating samples otherwise the research will not work perfectly.
  • Panel attrition:- If the researcher is only depending on the same group of subjects for a research, then there is high possibility that some of the subjects won’t be able to participate for various reasons, such as variations in the contact information, geographic location or even death.
  • Risk of getting unreliable data:-  People are likely to behave differently once they know they are being observed. So, it becomes very difficult to obtain unbiased data. The participants might unknowingly change their qualitative responses over time. This can adversely affect the result of the entire research.

BASICS ABOUT RESEARCH

It is an accepted fact that nothing stays constant forever. The world keeps on changing as the time passes. Every sector of life is thus likely to undergo the process of evolution. All the scientific researches have been conducted to foster the expansion of these sectors, which is necessary and unavoidable. Researches help to get an idea about the current situation of a specific field/area, problem and also how it can be flourished even more. Research makes path for generating new questions. A research is simply defined as a careful and detailed study related to a specific problem or issue using some scientific methods. It is basically a higher form of projects and case studies.

            Research is the process of systematic enquiry that contains collection of data, documentation of important information, analysis and interpretation of the given information or data using suitable methodologies that have been set by the academic disciplines and professional fields. The purpose of conducting research is to get a wide knowledge about a specific topic. It can be applied to both scientific and nonscientific fields. The topic of research can be anything ranging from marketing to medicine.  Depended on the topic the types and characteristics of the research varies. Researches are broadly classified into two; Basic or Fundamental research and applied research. Basic research is done to enhance knowledge. It is a noncommercial research that doesn’t help in inventing anything new. On the other hand, applied research help in analyzing and solving real life problems. These two researches are further divided into three based on the particular features. They are qualitative (non-numerical), quantitative (numerical) and mixed. Depends on the time consumed, target audience and methodology, research can be classified into longitudinal, cross sectional, descriptive, explanatory research and so on.

How Water Shortage Affects Development

Recently, UNICEF (United Nations Children’s Fund) and WHO (World Health Organization) states that 2.6 billion people lack adequate sanitation and around 1.1 billion people lack access to water supply. Myriads of water systems that were able to feed a growing population have come to an end. According to a recent study, it has been estimated that there will be no enough water left for domestic and industrial purpose by 2040. Two thirds of the world population might face huge water shortage by 2025. The shrinking clean water resources and growing demand will create negative implications for millions of people. There are many problems that can cause due to water shortage which ultimately affects the economic and social development of a country. They are;

  • Hunger

         This is one of the basic and unavoidable problem of water shortage. Water is very much essential for farming and grow crops. Shrinking water resources will make it difficult for food production. People can hardly survive without food and water. Water shortage causes starvation to both human beings and animals.

  • Inadequate sanitation

Without water, there is no way to have a clean and hygienic atmosphere. Water is very much needed in order to clean our surroundings and the things we use. When people are not given access to clean water, it can lead to many diseases which can be very dangerous at times. People can easily cause disease from an unhygienic environment. It has been noted that nearly 1.6 million people die from diseases caused by lack of access of clean water, inadequate sanitation and pure hygiene.

  • Increased global conflict

Fresh water resources are often shared by two or more countries. Some rivers and lakes will be overlapped between two countries. These countries will have a mutual understanding in the control and usage of water. The water scarcity can thus affect these countries at the same time. There are high chances to have international conflicts between these countries because of water shortage. 

  • Economic slowdown

More than 1.3 million worldwide jobs are heavily depended on water, including, agriculture, mining, and industries that range from paper to pharmaceuticals. Another 1.2 million jobs across world are moderately water depended. They do not use large quantities of water, such as industries that are related to construction, recreation and transportation. In short, 78 percentage of world jobs need water. Shortage of water can adversely affect these jobs which ultimately leads to an economic crisis.

  • Energy shortages

Energy production is one of the world’s largest consumers of water resources. High quantity of water is needed in the production of electricity. Lack of water availability can affect the production of energy. Even though there are alternative energy sources such as wind and solar energy that require far less water to produce energy, it can make only up to a small fraction of energy production.

What is Communication?

Ability to communicate is one of the special characteristics that a human being possess. The roots of communication is as old as the origin of Human beings. Man is created as a social being. Without interactions with other people, one can hardly survive. Communication plays a vital role in a man’s life. It is very important to share and express one’s emotions and ideas to other. Thus communication is an irrefutable element in a man’s life. It is a mesmerizing fact that communication had developed even before the evolution of languages. People of the early period used symbols and signs for communication. Cave and rock paintings were the most common way people used earlier to convey messages. Thus it can also be called as an art.

            Communication is the exchange of ideas and information that happens between two or more people with the help of a medium. It need not be spoken language always. There are myriads of ways where communication can be possible. People use different methods to convey their emotions and ideas. Pictures, posters, graphs and symbols can also be used for communication process. Sometimes even colors and objects also communicate to us. Man has developed a pattern or some customs in the world he lives in, in order to make communication effective. Colors are used to define one’s emotions. Black represent sadness, crime; White represents peace; red represents danger. The objects that we use also communicates something. Chain represents captivity; Flower represents love; crown represents royalty. Thus everything that we see around us communicates something to us in one way or the other. It is thus understandable how complicated the process can be!

Communication with a mass audience was the challenge that humans faced as the time passed. With the evolution of the world, man has invented varieties of techniques and Medias to make this process convenient and simple. Media are just the channel through which communication can be done. It help to convey the messages to a large number of people. Number of media are being introduced just to make the communication effective and easier day by day. These medias are classified basically into two; traditional media and digital media.

Traditional media are also referred to as old media, implying its prolonged existence in the world. The oldest form of traditional media is newspaper which have been prominent for centuries. Newspapers strained off the papyrus and pamphlets and other newsletters. Bill boards, print advertisements like brochures and flyers are other main mediums that come under traditional media. New media comprises of photos, videos, films, text, symbols, graphs, data’s, links, pictographs and charts. Thus it is also referred to as multi media.

Co-Operative Housing Society

A co-operative society is a voluntary association of individuals having common needs who join hands for the achievement of common economic interest. Its aim is to serve the interest of the poorer sections of society through the principle of self-help and mutual help. The main objective is to provide support to the members. Nobody joins a cooperative society to earn profit. People come forward as a group, pool their individual resources, utilise them in the best possible manner, and derive some common benefit out of it. A Co-operative Society can be formed as per the provisions of the Co-operative Societies Act, 1912. At least ten persons above of 18 years, having the capacity to enter into a contract with common economic objectives, like farming, weaving, consuming, etc can form a Co-operative Society. Cooperative Societies Act is a Central Act. However, ‘Cooperative Societies’ is a State Subject (Entry 32 of List II of Seventh Schedule to Constitution, i.e. State List). Though the Act is still in force, it has been specifically repealed in almost all the States and those States have their own Cooperative Societies Act. Thus, practically, the Central Act is mainly of academic interest and as per preamble to the Act, the Act is to facilitate formation of cooperative societies for the promotion of thrift and self-help among agriculturists, artisans and persons of limited means.

If object of the society is creation of funds to be lent to its members, all the members must be residing in the same town, village or group of villages or all members should be of same tribe, class, caste or occupation, unless Registrar otherwise directs. The provision of minimum 10 members or residing in same town/village etc. is not applicable if a registered society is member of another society.

The Statement of Objects and reasons states as follows:

(a) Cooperative Society can be established for purpose of credit, production or distribution.
(b) Agricultural credit societies must be with unlimited liability.
(c) Unlimited society is not best form of cooperation for agricultural commodities.
(d) Unlimited society can distribute profits with permission of State Government.

Introduction

The need for shelter is one of the elementary human necessities in a civilized society. Over the past few decades, housing finance has become an increasingly attractive business proposition for various players in the financial market of the country. Among the various institutional arrangements made by the Central and State Governments for housing development, Co-operative Housing Society plays a dominant role in improving the housing stock. In India, Co-operative housing has emerged as a strong, well-organized and significant movement. Over the years, co-operative housing has grown from strength to strength and presently there are about 92,000 co-operative housing societies spread across the length and breadth of the country. This has enabled it to make a noticeable impact on the housing situation in the country.

Origin of Housing Co-operative society

The origin of the co-operative housing movement in the country dates back to the beginning of the present century.
The first co-operative housing society was set up in the year 1909 in the former Mysore state (now Karnataka) and was known as the Bangalore Building Co-operative Society.

Maharastra also took the initiative in this field by forming a non-official body in the year 1913. This was known as the Bombay Co-operative Housing Association. This association framed a set of model bye-laws which later became the guiding factor for the organizational set up of many housing co-operatives in other parts of the country.

There has been continuous growth in the number of housing co-operatives, their membership and house construction activities. Since 1959-60 and up to March, 2001 the number of registered co-operative housing societies in the country has increased from 5564 to 92000. Their local membership has considerably increased from 0.32 million to 6.60 million and their working capital has also gone up by more than 94 times from Rs.550 million to Rs 52000 millions.

Need For housing Co-operative society

The co-operative sector has an important role to play in housing development in India. The housing co-operatives support the Government in implementing their social housing schemes especially for the rural area. Poor members are able to get houses at a relatively lower cost. They have the facilities to become owners by paying the cost in easy instalments. Co-operative housing estates and townships endeavour to provide modern amenities such as roads, street lights, parks, post office, library, school and recreation centres. Thus, housing co-operatives also facilitate community living.

Some of the important activities of housing co-operatives are discussed
a) Housing Cooperatives and National Development Housing cooperatives have contributed to national development through national housing development in not only quantitative but also in qualitative terms. The housing stock created by housing co-operatives is qualitatively superior to that created by other supply sub-systems catering for lower and middle-income groups. b) Co-operative Housing for the Weaker Section- Members from the more affluent sections of the society are able to construct houses of their own without recourse to co-operative housing. But through co-operative action considerable economy is effected in land development, purchase of building material, technical consultancy, efficient architectucture, planning and providing other
infrastructure facilities like sewerage, water supply, electricity and approach roads to bring down the overall cost of housing so as to be within the reach of poor families.

Conclusion

A Co-operative society is a form of voluntary organization. It enables people to attain effective realization of higher and more prosperous standard of living, better living, better business and better Farming. In essence, Co-operation is self-help made effective by the organization. It naturally relies on honesty and integrity of members for the economic amelioration of the weaker sections of the population. It follows democratic management and solves common problems for all, particularly the housing problem in the country.

Improve your English

Writing for the sake of writing isn’t writing. You should have a passion to write. That pushes you forward to a greater extent. The interest on writing makes you write the writings that were never written. Don’t make yourself to write, let yourself make you write. There’s a lot of difference between them. It’s like earning to write and writing to earn. What we know is a drop, what we don’t know is an ocean.

Develop a habit of writing because that makes us improve without our knowledge. Write something that happened to you because it tries to bring the coordination between our brain and hands. As the time passes our hand should be faster than our brain. We should think of next sentence while writing the previous. It can even be writing in a dairy.

Start a blog and keep on writing and express what you feel like. Share it to your contacts and ask them to suggest any improvements. Keep on writing and improving by implementing their suggestions and get improvised with your writing.

Writing not only comes from writing. Start reading the different writings. Analyse the way different people write and try to figure out the pattern they try to express themselves. Read and read until you get better in writing.

Write for someone who are looking for writers because that makes you know more about your writing from others. Try to become freelancer and ask for work. Doing work makes you improve. Such work involves lot of research and you will get a chance to know about the unknowns.

Start your journey in facebook groups and Quora groups and make friendship with your mates . Connect with like minded people and that will surely make you know more about the various styles of writing.

WhatsApp Bullying

A few days back, I was casually chatting with my cousin sister discussing about how the pandemic is altering our life. While discussing she cited a very interesting incident which happened to her daughter, Tanaya a couple of weeks back. Tanaya is currently promoted to fifth standard and she has been attending her classes in online mode since June end. My cousin said that they have created WhatsApp group among themselves where they discuss about their ‘school-affairs’. A few days passed by, she noticed that Tanaya was feeling very low and she almost stopped communication with her fellow mates. Distressed, she questioned her if something is bothering her, since it is a very new thing for Tanaya. After a lot of pestering, she opened her unofficial WhatsApp group of their class and she says that she was shocked reading the conversation. She noticed that there were a lot of slangs for fifth standard students. The most oppressive thing that she understood was that Tanaya was completely ignored when she asks or say something, or laughed at or completely victimised her. She was so outrageous that she took the matter up to the Principal and finally after a heated discussion that volunteer parents will be a part of those group and banned the creation of any other unofficial WhatsApp groups. Upon listening, I just saluted her for what she did and how she stood up to it.

WhatsApp is the only source of communication among us right now. That is the platform where everyone, from students to professionals, converse among themselves, trying to keep up with the changing world. That said, now when we all are chatting in a public forum, we usually tend to oversee the boundaries and limitations. Students who have been programmed to attend classes in offline mode were under a lot of restrictions and discipline and so such random conversations were easily avoided. But they have started attending their classes online, where there is no restriction, no rules and especially there is no such ingrained discipline. Well, I have particularly experienced that seeing my cousin’s daughter. Considering her age, it is very well perceived that freedom of such kind in unexpected and very often, such freedom bears its own consequences. They tend to say everything, thinking that it is cool and very often they tend to exhibit groupism. At times, they say something to a particular person, out of ‘longing for acceptance’, without giving it a second thought. This is what constitutes bullying. Repeated avoidance, being laughed at or made mockery of, posting ridiculous and insulting messages as WhatsApp status, sending offensive memes or caricatures in the public groups are some forms of mental harassment in online mode, otherwise known as WhatsApp Bullying.

What I believe is that people, especially such young ones, are going through a massive change. Schools and other such institutions need to understand that just initiating classes in the online mode can make someone ‘educated’ but it will completely erode the ‘mental’ and ‘civilized’ part of our character. Parents and teacher should make them understand that everyone is feeling excluded at this hour and we should take the responsibility of making someone feel inclusive.

While leaving my cousin’s house, Tanaya came to bid me good-bye. I looked at her eyes and remembered about my past too. I smiled, and then left.

Source: Self

Longitudinal Research

A longitudinal research is an observational research method in which information or data is collected for the same subjects over a period of time. It is a type of correlational research that includes looking at variables or samples over an extended period of time. In correlational research is a non-experimental study based on describing relationships among variables and making predictions. They are often used in the field of psychology. Longitudinal researches can take place over a week, month, year or even years. In some cases, it can last for decades. The data of longitudinal study can either be quantitative or qualitative. In this research, the survey respondents are observed over a period of time ranging from weeks to even years to observe any noticeable changes in them or in their behavior. In a longitudinal research, same variables are being observed over the study period.  These researches are effective to study the changes that happen over a period of time.  A longitudinal research can be applied in various fields. There will be myriad of reasons why a researcher may want to conduct longitudinal study. The Terman Study of the Gifted, also known as the Genetic Studies of the Genius, is the oldest and longest running longitudinal studiy in the world. The study, which began in 1921, was aimed to observe the development and characteristics of gifted children over the lifespan. It was conducted by Lewis Terman.

There are mainly three types of longitudinal study. They are Panel study, Cohort study, and Retrospective study.

  1. Panel study– They are a particular type of study in which there will be samples of individuals from a huge population. This study is conducted at specified intervals for a longer period of time. The collection of data is often called as waves. One of the important characteristics of panel study is that data is obtained from the same individual at different points in time. Some of the major panel studies include Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging, The Berlin Longitudinal Study, Panel Study of Income Dynamics etc.
  • Cohort study– Cohort is another type of longitudinal study that samples a cohort (a group of people who have experienced a common event in a given point of time). Specifically cohort studies recruit and follow individuals who share a common characteristic such as demographic similarity or a particular occupation. In this study, selecting a group of people will be based on a specific event such as birth, historical experience or geographic location. Usually, these studies adopt a purely observational approach.
  • Retrospective study– Retrospective is a form of longitudinal study that makes use of already existing data, which exists because a similar type of research had been conducted recently. This study involves looking to the past by checking historical information such as medical reports. The researcher use administrative database that already exists while conducting a retrospective study.

U.S records over 1150 new coronavirus deaths for a second day

United States deaths from the novel coronavirus rose by more than 1150 for a second day on Wednesday 22nd July, including a record one-day rise in fatalities in Alabama, California and Nevada, according to a Worldometer.

The United States has not seen back to back days with over 1150 deaths since May end. Weeks after cases began to surge, more than 20 states are now seeing fatalities also rise.

Positivity rates are at alarming levels in numerous states, hospitalizations are soaring, and more than 1205 Deaths rose by on Wednesday to a total of over 146,183 after climbing 1165 on Tuesday. Total cases are nearing 4.1 million.

One hard hit New Jersey, Florida and Texas county is storing bodies in refrigerated trucks after Covid-19 deaths doubled in the span of a week.

Amazon in talks to buy 9.9% stake in Reliance retail arm

Amazon Inc is in talks to buy a 9.9% stake in the retail arm of Indian conglomerate Reliance Industries Ltd.

Amazon wants a preferred, strategic stake in Reliance Retail for JioMart, according to various sources.

Jio Mart, the E-commerce venture of Reliance’s retail arm, was launched in May and poses a formidable challenge to Amazon.com’s local unit and Walmart Inc’s Flipkart.

Earlier this year, Amazon India launched a program to add small local shops on its platform after India went into a lockdown to curb the spread of the corona virus outbreak.

Reliance, controlled by Asia’s richest man, Mukesh Ambani, has raised around $20 billion since late April for its digital arm, including from Alphabet Inc’s Google and Facebook Inc.

Earlier Google has become the latest high-profile firm to back India’s Reliance Jio Platforms. The search giant is investing $4.5 billion for a 7.73% stake in the top Indian telecom network.

Facebook invested $5.7 billion in Reliance Jio Platforms, which has amassed more than 400 million subscribers in less than four years of its existence, in April this year for a 9.99% stake in it. Facebook is the largest minority stakeholder in Jio Platforms.

Education Disparity

Inequality in education is linked to the major problems in the society. The need for studies to be done to find ways of overcoming these inequalities is very inevitable. The means of mitigating these inequalities are important for the entire world. This is something of great interest due to the fact that children need quality education which is a pillar for a guaranteed future. Equality in education will to a large extent, guarantee every human being a better position in the society. Causes of inequality in education range from poor government policies, capitalistic nature of society to poor management of education systems. This paper is very important as it brings out major causes of inequality and how they can be addressed.

The past studies show that inequality in education is something which is virtually everywhere around the world. Inequality in education can be linked to the low rate of development in the society. Social problems faced in different parts of the world also point to a certain degree, the inequality in education. Education inequality brings with it problems which governments and nations have tried to solve but in vain.

There are a number of issues which play a major role towards the promotion of inequality in education. For instance, tribal and racial lines used in the provision of education have been a major cause of inequality. This has brought about disparity between individuals who get quality education and those are sidelined in the process. In some countries with different races, education is provided in a manner which is unequal. This is manifested when one gender is favored in terms of the education at the expense of the other.

Another important thing is with the provision of education to the disabled children and individuals the less fortunate within in the society. In the provision of such education, individuals with disabilities are often sidelined. This has become one of the outstanding causes of inequality with the kind of in education that is being provided. When the disabled are not given the education they do require, it becomes very hard for them to have equality in education compete on equal basis with the normal people. Inequality in education has been noted in very many parts of the world and hence it is necessary to come up with appropriate solutions. It is only when education has been is provided equally on equal basis to all when, can societal goals and other developments tends get to be easily realized.

Right to Marry

The three most important events of human life are equally devoid of reason: birth, marriage and death. ~ Austin O’Malley

Definition of marriage:

The dictionary defines marriage as “The legal union of a man and woman as husband and wife.” The definition of marriage can be looked at from a legal perspective. A legal dictionary defines marriage as “the state of being united to a person of the opposite sex as husband or wife in a legal, consensual, and contractual relationship recognized and sanctioned by and dissolvable only by law.” Legally, marriage is a binding contract between the two parties that joins together their possessions, income, and lives.

Marriage Under Personal Law


Marriage, according to the Hindu Law,

Marriage is a body for the performance of religious duties. It is deemed as a holy union in Hindu Law. It is also considered to be an union of flesh and flesh and blood and blood. It is a religious sacrament and not a civil contract.

Marriage, according to the Muslim law:

Quran states “every person must marry”. Quran asserts that marriage is the only way to satisfy one’sdesire. Marriage (niqah) is defined to be a contract which has for its object the procreation and the legalizing of children.

The European Convention on Human Rights:

The ECHR states that all men and women, who have reached the age at which they can legally marry, have the right to get married and to start a family.

The European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) sets out a list of fundamental rights and freedoms which are believed to be common to all people. The ECHR lists these rights in numbered’ Articles’.

Article 8 of the ECHR concerns an individual’s right to respect for their private and family life.

Article 12: Right to marriage

Men and women of marriageable age shall have the right to marry and to found a family, according to national laws governing the exercise of this right.

Indian Perspective:

right to marry in India


The right to marry is a component of right to life under Article 21 of Constitution of India which says, “No person shall be deprived of his life and personal liberty except according to procedure established by law”. 

Kerala has the highest literacy rate in India. Yet when a girl decided to convert to another religion and marry by her own choice, it became a matter of debate for the entire nation.

In the bizarre case of Hadiya, she converted to Islam and got married to a Muslim man. Hadiya was 25 years old when she got married . On 24th May 2017, the Kerala High Court annulled the marriage of Hadiya (previously known as Akhila) and Shafin Jahan.

Her father has filed a petition before Kerala High Court as he claimed that she was allegedly coerced into adopting Islam as her religion and might be trafficked to Syria.

The Kerala High Court, after admitting the petition filed by her father, granted Hadiya’s custody to her parents. Absurdly, while rendering this order, Kerala High Court observed that “we are not satisfied that it is safe to let Akhila free to decide what she wants in her life.”

Later on the High Court’s decision was challenged by Hadiya’s husband, who filed a special leave petition in the Supreme Court, that ordered an NIA probe in the matter. 

On November 27th 2017, the apex court took Hadiya’s testimony in open court and freed her from her father’s custody. The Supreme Court allowed Hadiya to continue her studies in a Salem college and to live with her husband. 

Choice of religion is a personal choice of a person. If the court does not allow a person to freely choose his religion, it amounts to a violation of his or her fundamental right as guaranteed under the Constitution of India.

At 18, a woman in India can vote, marry, have a child, take up a job and drive. Then why there is so much of fuss when a Hindu decided to convert to Islam. Why is the right to freedom of religion veiled under the garb of ‘love jihad’. Denying Hadiya her right mocks the notion of adulthood.

India has a diverse culture, and religion and caste are an integral part of our society. Society still frowns on inter-caste marriages. India still largely follows the ancient and rigid structure of the caste system.

Conclusion


Legally, every young person has right to marry and to enter into a marriage contract.arriage is the foundation of a family as well as social relations. A couple owes a great responsibility to the family and society.Right to marriage is provided under human right charter that to under the heading of” Right to have family”.

In Indian Constitution this right not expressly mention. But it is interpretated under Article21 .Right to marry is universal right .It is available to all persons. Marriage right is recognized at international level .Marriage right is mentioned under various covenant . Indian constitution provides for right to marry but it is not fundamental right.

History of Series of evolution of cinematography


 Pinhole images: Pinhole photography on the other hand is the capturing of those images and shapes using no lens. A tiny hole replaces the lens. Light passes through the hole and an image is formed in the back wall of the camera. The image is of course upside down because light travels in straight lines
and therefore crosses at the aperture (hole). If an outdoor scene is seen, the sky is at the bottom and ground at the top.
Objects reflect light in all directions, and that rays from the top of an object, when passing through a hole, will produce the lower part of an image.
This is how first image was invented.  Camera obscura effect
The term camera obscura (“dark room”) was coined by Johannes Kepler (1571-1630). At this time, the term had come to mean a room, tent or box with a lens aperture used by artists to draw a landscape. The lens made the image bighter and focused at a certain distance. Thus this type of camera differed from the pinhole camera obscura used by Frisius in 1544. In the 1620s Johannes Kepler invented a portable camera obscura. Camera obscuras as drawing aids were soon found in many shapes and sizes. Both artists and painters used them. During the 19th century several large scale camera obscuras were built as places of education and entertainment.
The meniscus lens, superior to the bi-convex lens, improved the quality of the projected images.  The magic lantern
The magic lantern, a projector with a future that would inevitably become one of the most famous and entertaining inventions in history.
he magic lantern was the forerunner of our current day slide projector and overhead. It however, was without motion. Void of fluidity yet electrifying and
exhilarating in it’s presentation, this little tin box with a chimney was only one of many vital components that make up the art of seeing pictures “move”.
And they all have their special place in the story, and history of cinematography.  The phantasmagoria In the last 18th century The Phantasmagoria shows were often held in old run-down monasteries and chapels to add to the effect. The dark and somber surroundings were ideal for special effects much like those created through Dolby surround sound and darkened theatres of today. Showmen used waxed
sheets to catch images from “moving” lanterns on wheels and smoky rooms allowed images to float and “hang” in the air.  Persistence Of Vision
The first modern steps toward motion pictures were those taken in the direction of the study of persistence of vision. The investigation of this subject appears to have been conducted on a serious note by Peter Mark Roget in 1824. Roget presented a scientific paper detailing his studies and called it `Persistence of Vision with Regard to Moving Objects’. The phenomenon itself was not only known in the 19th century. When digging deep into the history of any subject we can be
astounded at what we find. In 1832 Joseph A. F. Plateau and Simon Ritter von Stampfer in Vienna, Austria, independently of one another, discovered an identical method for creating the illusion. They used flat disks which were perforated with a number of evenly spaced slots. Around the rim of the disk were an equal number of hand-drawn figures. Each figure showed successive phases of movement. Holding the device with the figures facing a mirror, the viewer spun the disk and looked through the slots. The figures reflected in the mirror appeared to move. Plateau’s device, the phenakistoscope, and Stampfer’s, the stroboscope, led to the invention of more elaborate devices using the same principle, such as the zoetrope.  Photography One of the most important constituents in the discovery of motion pictures was the photograph.