Poverty is a state of living in which an individual does not have sufficient financial resources to maintain a minimum standard of living. A poor person is one who lacks essential assets to meet their basic human needs such as clean water, sufficient food, education, proper sanitation, et cetera. A threshold has been set which acts as a divider between people who are considered poor and the ones who are not, this threshold is known as the poverty line. In India, poverty can not be understood in isolation, it must be seen from a socio-cultural lens. Caste, which has been the basis of Indian society, plays an integral role in the distribution and perpetuation of poverty.
The caste hierarchy divides society, as well as its resources. Over the years, the upper three varnas have successfully monopolised the community resources, marginalising the fourth Varna and the Dalits. The exclusion of education is probably the most devastating disability that is attached to the Dalit identity, one which leaves no room for socio-economic upliftment. A paper by the World Inequality Database claimed that Indian upper-caste households earn 47% more than the average national income. Furthermore, inequality within castes makes it difficult for the benefits of reservation to filter uniformly.
Post-independence India viewed the future optimistically, armed with political will and constitutional provisions aimed at eradicating caste-based inequalities. Now that we are in the seventh decade of independence, the prospect of an equal and caste-less society seems bleak. Discrimination against Bahujans persists, evolving into covert forms in some aspects while remaining blatantly overt in others. The gradual decline in rights as we go down the caste hierarchy leaves very little at the bottom, where Dalits reside.
Historically, the growth of a feudal society in medieval times is often associated with the emergence of the land-poor, which is a term used to refer to peasants that are landless and rely on zamindars. While the upper castes consolidated their wealth by acquiring land and attaining education, lower castes and Dalits remained landless. With the advent of colonialism in India, upper castes monopolised modern education, and as a result, all the jobs in a colonial economy. Dalits were forced to rely on wage labour in the absence of capital assets and were thus pushed to minimum wage jobs that did not guarantee permanent employment.
Endogamy, which refers to the practice of intra-caste marriages, further solidifies caste and income distinctions. With arranged marriages as the norm, a deeply segmented society continues to pass on its tainted legacy to newer generations. Upper castes employ gatekeepers to maintain an exclusive club of elites that retaliate against any attempt of Dalits to elevate themselves to a better socio-economic position. Due to the work of oppressive forces that are keen on maintaining a regressive social order over centuries, the class has become synonymous with caste, which is an observation by the Mandal Commission. A vitriolic discourse aimed at dismantling the reservation system, a system that ensures representation at multiple levels of education and employment, is pedalled by privileged upper castes to reverse the gains of Dalits. It must be combated with a sustainable movement that emerges from upper castes whose primary aim is to share the platform and privilege in order to build an equal society.
Has it ever happened to you, that when you are speaking about some problem, you have been told, “People have it worse”, “Look at the bright side…” or, “This shall too pass” ? What did it make you feel? Or, is it something you tell yourself? So, why is it something which is not very helpful sometimes. The simple reason, positivity is an emotion, and emotions cannot be forced.
Positivity and optimism are essentials for a satisfying and peaceful life. To be bitter and negative about things, and life in general, not only slowly burn out one from inside, but also have unfavourable effects on their social life and relations. But being over-positive doesn’t always help too. Life has its own share of ups and downs. And it’s not always possible to see the good side, because sometimes, there aren’t any.
According to California based psychiatrist Gayani DeSilva, toxic positivity is “ insincere positivity that leads to harm, needless suffering, or misunderstanding”. Positivity is a healthy practice to have. It can help to sort the thoughts, plan well, and give the energy to face the world with a smile. But bad days are also a part of life. Somedays, it is just too overwhelming to keep a smile on the face, or a bright thought in the mind. Toxic positivity is, when someone fails, or refuses, to acknowledge this. Cheering up a friend? Not listening to what they are actually saying and rather encouraging them to forget it or pointing out the silver linings will not help much in the long run. It will only serve to discourage them to not share their actual, authentic emotions regarding incidents.
When faced with toxic positives on a personal level, people often tend to feel guilty about ‘feeling down’ or not being ‘upbeat’. This happens so, because they get conditioned to believe that the negative feelings are inherently bad. This avoidance and guilt, itself, takes a toll on the mind. That beats the ultimate goal of being positive, to be at peace and happy.
Also, it gets harmful when optimism and positivity shrouds over reality. Positivity should help us grow, rather than giving an illusion that everything is as good as it can be, thus stagnating the personal growth. Constructive criticism, from the inner self and from the well wishers, are not perceived as negative or jealousy. Things and works are not always perfect, and if that can be made better, then it should be tried to make that better. Hence, it won’t do anyone any harm listening to someone pointing out a problem, which can be overcomed.
Acceptance should be within oneself, be it for our own experiences or for someone’s narration of ordeal. Dismissing or downplaying someone’s experience, even unconsciously, in the favour of looking only to the positive outcomes, doesn’t do justice to that person. Instead, the attitude should be listening. Whatever it is. Because they have lived that, and they know what they are speaking of. The essence of sharing should be to let go of the emotional burden, instead of hiding the worse parts out of the fear and shame of judgement.
Even when living it through. The acceptance of the negative parts of an emotional journey helps us to emerge stronger, wiser and more experienced. Positivity can only hold its true meaning when we allow ourselves to be vulnerable to feel down. It’s the same as how we appreciate the beauty of the sun rays after spending a night devoid of it. That is the beauty of emotions, to be able to feel.
Anger is a common, normally healthy, human emotion. But if it goes out of control and becomes destructive, then it can lead to problems—dilemmas at work, in your relations, and the overall state of your life.
Anger is “an irrational state that varies in intensity from mild irritation to intense fury and rage,” according to Charles Spielberger, Ph.D., a psychologist who specializes in the study of anger. Like other emotions, it is accompanied by physiological and biological changes; when you get angry, your heart rate and blood pressure go up, as do the levels of your energy hormones, adrenaline, and noradrenaline.
Anger can be induced by both external and internal events. You could be annoyed at a specific person or event, or your anger could be caused by agonizing or thinking about your difficulties. Thoughts of traumatic or infuriating situations can also trigger hostile reactions. Failing to control your temper can begin to a variety of difficulties like stating things you lament, shouting at your kids, abusing your co-workers, posting rash emails, growing health problems, or even resorting to material violence. But not all anger problems are that severe. Instead, your rage might mean losing time pondering about bothering matters, becoming frustrated in traffic.
Controlling your anger doesn’t signify getting annoyed. Instead, it means discovering how to identify, cope with, and display your rage in healthful and productive ways. Anger control is a skill that everyone can acquire. Even if you believe you hold your temper under check, there’s always scope for progression. Wrath is an emotion that can vary from mild exasperation to extreme fury. While numerous people classify violence as a completely “negative emotion,” it can be positive. Resentful reactions may push you to reach up for someone or they may lead you to build convivial change.
Although when left unchecked, hostile reactions can direct to destructive behavior, like shouting at someone or damaging goods. Bitter emotions also may make you retreat from society and transform your rage within, which can affect your energy and welfare. Anger can become unsettled if it’s felt frequently or too deeply or when it’s displayed in harmful forms, which can take a toll physically, psychologically, and ethically. For this purpose, anger control tactics can be useful and can aid you to explore fine means to display your emotions.
Concentrate on the bodily responses of rage: While it may appear unreasonable, harmonizing in the way your body responds while you’re annoyed usually reduces the fiery force of your rage.
Get running: A quick walk or run nearby the block is a fabulous opinion. Physical movement discharges repressed energy so you can approach the circumstances with a calmer front.
Apply your feelings: You can use vision, olfaction, sound, touching, and taste to instantly reduce tension and calm down. You can try hearing your favorite music, relishing a mug of beverage.
Stretch areas of tautness: Rotate your arms if you are tensing them, for instance, or lightly rub your nape and scalp.
Steadily count till ten: Concentrate on the counting to make your rational mind make up with your emotions. If you still feel out of control by the time you reach ten, start counting again.
Acquire adequate sleep: Deprivation of sleep can intensify cynical thoughts and leave you seeming disturbed and gruff. Try to take seven to nine hours of good quality slumber.
Workout frequently: It’s an efficient method to burn-off anxiety and relieves tension, and it can leave you sensing more comfortable and positive during the day. Try to spend at least 30 minutes every day.
Be clever regarding booze and narcotics. Even consuming too much caffeine can make you more irritable and prone to anger.
Despite all your attempts, something will occur that will provoke your fury; and seldom it will be defensible anger. Life will be filled with disappointment, grief, failure, and the random activities of others. You can’t correct that, however, you can improve the approach you let such issues concern you. Managing your hostile acknowledgments can prevent them from causing you even more miserable.
If we look more closely at the word suicide, we can really turn it around to read it as u decide. But have most of us stopped to think the same with our lives too. Whenever faced with an issue we all decide to reach to a very extreme solution, that is ending our lives. No matter how small or big the problem is suicide seems like an easy way out sometimes.
There is always a solution, a answer or a way out to all the problems we face. All we need to do is to look at it clearly but sometimes what happens is that we forget to do it. It is advisable to consult someone and talk about your problems. Just like the saying goes sharing is caring. Sharing our problems can lower the burden sometimes. But most of don’t like sharing our thoughts especially because of the stigma attached towards it by the society. People are scared that they might not fit into society’s perception of a perfect human being, that they are ready to risk their mental health too.
Mental illness is the illness of the brain which an result in the change in the behavior and thinking of a person. It is also just like any other disease that affects our body which can be cured with the proper medicine. One of the most common mental health issues found among people are anxiety disorders and mood disorders. Mental health is a primary component of a human being. And it is high time that we give certain importance to it too, after all we need healthy and sound people as our work force rather than people whos minds are not at the right places
Recently people are coming out of their holes in admitting that they have mental health issues too. Many celebrities have also taken up the issue of addressing the need for wiping out any kinds of stigma around mental health. Lets talk is a frontline campaign for the mental health movement where people are encouraging others to talk about their mental illness and any kinds of problems they face.
Sometimes it becomes so hard to reach out to people because we believe that they cannot help us. But what we think about certain things might not always be true. There is always two sides to a coin. We have to all make sure to have empathy to people rather then being sympathetic. We cannot always find someone willing to talk to. And sometimes we simply cannot tell the difference between a person not suffering from mental illness and one who is suffering from mental illness. Like other diseases its not a visible one under an eye. It is something that can only be cured with a proper approach towards the patient.
Bhagat Singh was an Indian socialist activist who at 23 years of age made him a hero of the Indian independence movement by two acts of dramatic violence against British citizens in India and his executions.
In December of 1928, a UK police officer, John Saunders, shot fatally with Bhagat Singh, and an association, Shivaram Rajguru, in Lahore, British India, a 21-year-old and mistaken Saunders on probation to assassinate James Scott, British police Superintendent. They thought that Scott had caused the death of the famous Indian nationalist leader Lala Lajpat Rai, who ordered the lathi charge in which Rai was wounded, and who had died of a heart attack two weeks later. A shot from Rajguru, a trademarkman, fell to Saunders. Singh was shot several times, revealing eight bullet wounds in the aftermortem study. Chandra Shekhar Azad, another associate of Singh, shot dead a policeman from India, Chanan Singh who tried to persecute Singh and Rajguru while fleeing.
After fleeing, with pseudonyms, Singh and his associates publicly belonged to the death of Lajpat Rai and had made ready posters, but they had changed them in order to make Saunders their intended goals. Singh was continuing for several months longer, and at the time there were no convictions. About the central legislative Assembly in Delhi, Batukeshwar Dutt, which surface again in April 1929, detonated two homemade explosives. You displayed the pamphlets of the gallery below, yelled slogans, and allowed the authorities to arrest them. In the case of John Saunders, the arrest and the consequent attention brought to light Singh’s complicity. After joining defending colleague Jatin Das in a hunger strike, he was forcing better terms for Indian prisoners in prison and resulting in his death from famine in September 1929. Singh received a lot of public sympathy during his awaiting trial. In March 1931, at the age of 23, Singh was convicted and hanged.
After his death, Bhagat Singh became a folk hero. “Bhagat Singh did not become famous through his act of terrorism but because, for now, he appeared to vindicate Lala Lajpat Rai ‘s honour; he had become symbolic, the act was forgotten, the symbol was left, and within a couple of months each town and village of Punjab, in a minor measure in northern India, was reverberated in the rest. Jawaharlal Nehru has written about him” Still later in life, Singh, an atheist and socialist, won admirers from the Indian range, both Communist and right-wing nationalists. While many of Singh’s associates, along with many Indian anti-colonial revolutionaries, also took part in daring actions and violent deaths were either carried out or died, few were lionised as Singh in the popular art and literature.
Bhagat Singh, born in 1907 in Chak No. 105 GB, in the village of Banga, in the Lyallpur district of British India’s Punjab province of present day Pakistan. Benjamb Singh was born in 1907. He was born when his father and two oncles, Ajit Singh and Swaran Singh, were released from prison. Hirs and Sikhs were members of his families; some of them were involved in the movement of Indian independence, and some in the army of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. His ancient village was in the Punjab district of Khatkar Kalan near Banga, India.
His family was heavily involved politically. His grandfather Arjun Singh, who had an important influence on Bhagat, was followed by Swami Dayananda Saraswati, the Hindu reformist movement of Arya Samaj. The Ghadar Party led by Kartar Singh, Sarabha, and Har Dayal was its father and its uncles. Ajit Singh was forced into exile because of pending court proceedings against him while in Lahore in 1910, Swaran Singh died after he had been released from prison. Singh did not attend Khalsa High School in Lahore, unlike many Sikhs of his generation. He did not accept the allegiance of his grandfather to the UK government by the school officials. Instead, he was enrolled in Arya Samaj institution Dayanand Anglo-Vedic High School. During his lifetime the Arya Samaj philosophy had a great influence on him.
“MAKE IN INDIA” an initiative taken by the Prime Minister of India on 25th of September in 2014. It was launched with an idea to attract investors from all over the world to invest their money in India. In order to accelerate the growth of the Indian Economy and to enhance the credit cycle this stands to be one of the best initiative one can take. The logo of the Make in India movement has a lion with many wheels. his indicates peaceful progress and way to the vibrant future of the country. A giant walking lion with many wheels represents courage, strength, tenacity, and wisdom.
The movement will help to improve the infrastructure of the economy. It is very effective to establish a global network and a global business . The increase in the competition lets the existing businessmen to enhance their skills and grow their business with innovation and other effective measures. The movement helps in increasing employment and creating jobs. The importance of growing production along with an increase in productivity is major for an economy and with this movement the production and productivity both can be increased thus encouraging Exports that further helps to maintain a Balance of trade.
The movement increases employment oppurtunities and also encourages the youth to encourage their skills.
It will help the country to become self reliant and also the “vocal for local” can be achieved by Make in India movement.
It will help the companies to Improve its brand value and also stand as global competitor worldwide.
It will contribute positively to the growth of Indian GDP and enhance the credit cycle too.
It reduces the Brain drain , that is, if the Indian investors are planning to move out of the country it will discourage them and encourage them to invest in their own country.
This will benefit 25 sectors of the economy including automobiles, pharmacy, hospitality, tourism,IT, textiles, port etc .
Reduction in Imports, since the greater production of goods with better quality will soon replace the foreign products and hence would out-turn in the reduction in imports.
Cost effective , as the production will now be on a large scale and thus there will be Economies of scale thus leading to reduced cost.
With the improvement of technology on such a dynamic basis , Make in India helps to upgrade the technology.
Hence, for reducing unemployment and developing the Indian Economy as a whole it is important to take such decision and also to implement it in the most effective manner. The country would reach heights and this movement can bring laurels for the economy of India.
Covid-19 struck us without a warning and left all educational institutions scrambling to respond to its urgencies. It has also created a need to creatively deal with such unforeseen and once-in-a-century catastrophic events that are being called the ‘new normal’.
Educational institutions deserve appreciation for a quick response to the lockdown restrictions amid the pandemic. Their readiness has resulted in a wave of online classes for learners of every level, ranging from course subjects, co-curricular areas such as fine and performing arts to mental wellness and physical fitness.
Bullying by students, argumentative parents who often peep into classes, and distracted children — these are just some of the challenges teachers face during online classes.
While teachers in private schools primarily complain about online bullying by students during video calls, their government counterparts claim the biggest challenge is reaching students who belong to the economically weaker section.
Students are bored in their homes which often results in them doing mischievous activities for entertainment. They share links of online classes that are sent to them by their teachers. They also tend to create Zoom IDs in random, unidentifiable names and troll teachers. Some switch off their camera and call teachers by their names from these IDs, some use them to send memes to teachers.
Teachers also claim that student’s relatives use the link to log into the class and “see what the teacher looks like, what she teaches and how she speaks”.
As per foreign media reports, Singapore banned some video conferencing applications used for teaching after hackers posted obscene images during classes.
Students who bully teachers, relate it with being cool and laugh it out, in the process what they don’t realize is how much embarrassment the teacher must have felt.
However, with no clue yet on when institutes can reopen, teachers say they are trying their best to get past the hurdles which often means just ignoring undisciplined behavior.
University Grants Commission, UGC has directed all the varsities to start the classes for the new sessions from November 1 onwards, as per the revised academic calendar approved by UGC on Monday. The first-year classes for undergraduate and postgraduate courses can begin in November. The varsities have been asked to wrap up the admission schedule by October 30.
Union Education Minister, Dr Ramesh Pokhriyal Nishank took to his official Twitter handle and made the important announcement. In his tweet, Dr Ramesh Pokhriyal Nishank said, ‘In view of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Commission has accepted the Report of the Committee and approved the @ugc_india Guidelines on Academic Calendar for the First Year of Under-Graduate and Post-Graduate Students of the Universities for the Session 2020-21.’ He also shared the suggested UGC new academic calendar 2020.
According to the suggested calendar, the classes for first-year students oof UGC undergraduate courses and UGC postgraduate courses will start from November 1, 2020, and the exams will be held from March 8, 2021, to March 26, 2021. Earlier UGC had advised that the new academic session of 2020-2021 should begin in September. However, due to the rising number of COVID-19 cases in India, the UGC calendar has been revised. Here is a look at Dr Ramesh Pokhriyal Nishank’s Twitter and important dates of the suggested UGC new academic calendar 2020.
To avoid financial hardship being faced by the parents due to lockdown and related factors, a full refund of fees will be made on account of all cancellation of admissions/ migration of students, up to 30.11.2020, for this very session as a special case.#UGCGuidelines — Dr. Ramesh Pokhriyal Nishank (@DrRPNishank) September 22, 2020
In a separate tweet, the minister also noted that to avoid financial burden being faced by parents due to lockdown and related factors, a full refund will be made on account of all cancellation of admissions/ migration of students, up to 30 November.
Meanwhile, the Supreme Court on Tuesday asked the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) to declare the results of compartment exams as soon as possible and coordinate with the University Grants Commission (UGC) to enable around two lakh students passing out in these exams to apply in colleges in the current academic year.
Financial Modeling deals with the analysis of a company’s performance on applicable financial factors. The certification course of Financial Modeling mostly comes along with MS Excel training. It helps professionals to handle finance models applying Microsoft Excel. MBA students, Risk Analysts, Credit Analysts, professionals of project finance, business analysts, investment bankers and IT professionals are the ones who are eligible for this course.
Financial Modeling is widely used in investment banking, corporate banking, risk departments, etc. There is a wide range of opportunities and roles available after the completion of this course.
– Financial Analyst – Financial Manager – Business Analyst – Market Research Analyst
Why is excel modeling so important?
As a manager, a substantial portion of any MBA graduate’s role is decision – making. Managers are expected to understand complex business processes and provide inputs to the senior management to aid in the process of decision making. While studying these business aspects, managers face numerous challenges on how the different aspects of business are interacting with each other. If these interactions are organized in a structured manner, process understanding is simplified, leading to faster decisions.
Spreadsheet modeling helps in transforming the business decision making process into an organized structure. There are multiple variables that impact any business. Each variable can be individually introduced into the model and the impact of the variable in the overall decision making can be studied.
A financial model is simply a tool (generally built in Excel) to forecast a business’s financial future. It serves as one of the critical inputs for financial analysis and valuation. Knowing how to build an integrated 3-statement financial model and Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) model is a must-have skill for professions like equity research, investment banking and private equity.
The Tiger Shroff song “Unbelievable” is out, and it has literally nothing new to offer. The romantic track has been sung by Shroff, with music and lyrics by Avitesh Shrivastava and DG Mayne, respectively. The music video has been helmed by Punit Malhotra, who had also directed Shroff in Student Of The Year 2.
The video sees Shroff trying to romance a woman, who ultimately falls for him. During this whole act, we also see the actor showing off some of his dance moves, which only slightly elevates the track from what it actually is — a mediocre piece of work.
Nothing about “Unbelievable” is novel. Tiger Shroff’s voice has been heavily auto-tuned, and the video has been partially shot in black-and-white for no good reason. There is no story, the music is derivative and the ‘Hinglish’ lyrics, even more so. The music video of “Unbelievable” has been produced by Big Bang Music and Dharma 2.0.
So I just got off reading this book & I can surely say, I’ve missed out a lot in my childhood, I guess. There’s this girl called Penny Porter, who I can much relate with. Quite of a private kind, 16-year-old schoolgirl, from Brighton, UK. A girl with fair skin, freckles on cheeks & frizzy auburn curls, which according to her were quite disliking features in her appearance. Her hobbies include photography & secretly crushing over the school’s heartthrob “Ollie”.
She’s kind of not-the-very-girly girl, has certain appearance insecurities, but on the contrary, prefers outfits of comfy & chill kinds. I would lie if I say I don’t love her. But most of all the part I could relate is she wrote blogs. Like a blog about herself, like a diary entry kinda stuff. Especially the kinds when she’s stuck in situations or facing a tough time to deal with. Gradually she had gained enough followers online, who she believed would help her cope with the situation.
One who believed herself to be a total walking disaster to perfect moments, and her fate or she, were no behind to prove it right. Her life in the very initial half was full of guilts and embarrassment. But one thing, that stayed constant was her fire brigade to all the wildfires in her life was her BFF “Elliot”.
Yet another lesson she learns in this journey is how to outgrow her childhood school best friend “Megan.” It’s sometimes okay to feel irritated & not the same way once you used to feel in the past. If smth or someone tends to hurt you, or cause you to disrupt your mental stability, or affects you in any way. It’s normal to leave that person. For, every one of us, is a subject to change in some or other phase of life & once or more. Each one of us is evolving in our best forms possible, to support ourselves for betterment. It may or may not bring out a positive effect on everyone out there. But, that’s ok sometimes. It doesn’t matter!
All of us make a circle of friends in this journey, of life. Some might dive thru you, even after all phases of changes you face & others might lose you in this ocean as you continuously hit a string of waves. Some might stay as per your expectations, others might leave out of the blue. I hope you just learn to stay contended with what & whom, you have beside you & cherish them moreover. Because life is too short my friend, don’t forget to appreciate all you are blessed with.
Back to the point now! And of course, at last, “Noah.” Penny’s ‘inciting incident’ right from New York, USA! Who happens to be a YouTube sensation too. A hopeless romantic & genuine guy, who leaves no stones unturned. Taking every opportunity he can, to make her feel special. And for very certain reasons, she has to look the best. All those dark-messy hair, chiseled cheekbones, fair, dark-eyed & all flattering ROCK-GOD-tastic features. A guy with a gloomy past, who finally finds his escape in her. And on the contrary, who makes Penny realize the concept of ‘self – love’ & most importantly makes her accept the way she is.
Moreover, who’s also in a relationship with “Leah Brown”, a chart-topper artist which she realizes later. This turns to call for a lot of turbulence in both their lives. But as we all know of romantic drama novels, will this will settle down too? Or will they break apart because of a couple of misunderstandings?
Another thing that grabbed my emotions was the part that, no matter what she always has her family’s back. Of course, the family is highly supportive unlike reality, like w most of us proly, but the thing is what really matters is how one reacts to a certain situation. And most definitely, I’m very impressed by the whole of her family. Not that I’m comparing, but I like the plot, whole of it.
This was yet another teenage romance novels, but TBH it was my first from a foreign author. Or moreover, I might say an English vlogger. For long I’ve been sticking to Indian authors only. Not that am a bookworm or so. But it’s just that I read very occasionally & of very cliché romantic kinds.
This might not be a perfect book review, but I just highlighted my moments of interest here. To me, books are a source of improving my vocab. & at times escape from the real world. But this particular novel, that I’ve been reading past a week now. The story happens to be so engrossing & mesmerizing, it happened to hover on my mind throughout the day. I absolutely loved it, except for the cliché ending. But that’s ok! What’s a romance novel without cliché terminations, right?
I could relate myself to the protagonist up to most extents.Another thing that I love about Penny, was her optimistic thoughts even when she was buried deep under troubles. Would like to highlight a certain part here. On her very last blog she says, ” Do smth that adds happiness to the world, & if you think it doesn’t, just quit performing it.” So my fellow mates, the next time you do something, I will be glad to know if you did this too & so will I. ‘Cause you never know what battles people are fighting through every day, adding pain to them & sins in your bucket does no good to either. So let’s focus on making this world a better place by sharing happiness.
So this was my blog about ‘Girl Online‘. If you did like this review & felt amused as much as I did while framing this review out, don’t forget to check out this spectacular novel ‘Girl Online‘ by Zoe Sugg in that case. I can guarantee you will be amazed by the twists & the hint of humour if you are bored this lockdown.
The formal definition of programming language is “A programming language is a formal language comprising a set of instructions that produce various kinds of output”. In simple words, as we humans have different languages like Hindi, English, Tamil etc to communicate with each other, what if a human has to communicate with a computer? The language that enables us to communicate with a computer is known as Programming language. All computers speak in binary a series of 1 and 0.
If all the computers speak in binary, then why do we code using English alphabet? The answer to this question introduces two new terms, Compiler and interpreter.
Compiler
A compiler is a tool which is used to convert the text of a programming language (called source code) into machine code. It’s the compiler that converts the High Level Language(HLL) to Low Level Language(LLL). What are HLL and LLL?
High Level Language A High Level language is a programming language that enables a programmer or user to write programs/codes in a way such that they are easier to read, write and understand. Such languages are considered as HLL because they are closer to Humal Languages and farther from Machine Languages. Example: C, C++, Java, Python etc.
Low Level Languages Low level programming language is basically a thing that is close to the hardware you are running your code on. A low level language is a type of programming language that contains basic instructions recognized by a computer. Low level code is often cryptic and not human readable.
Two common types of low level programming languages are Assembly language and Machine language.
Assembly Language Assembly language is one step closer to high level language than Machine language. It includes commands such as MOV(move), ADD(add), and SUB(subtract). These commands perform basic operations moving values into memory registers and performing calculations. Assembly language can be converted into Machine language using Assembler.
It’s very hard to understand as low level languages are not human readable.
Machine language Machine language or machine code is the lowest level of computer languages. It contains binary code, often generated by compiling high-level source code for a specific processor. Most developers never need to edit or even look at macine code. Only programmers who build software compilers and operating systems need to view machine code. The basic Hello World program in machine language will be more worst than that of assembly language.
So what does the compiler go through to convert HLL to LLL? There are 6 phases in a compiler. Each of this phase help in converting the high-level programming language to machine code.
These are all the 6 phases that a compiler go through to convert high level language to a machine code.
Interpreter Interpreter is a tool that executes instructions written in high level language. This simply means that an interpreter directly executes a HLL code without converting it into machine code. The compiled programs usually run faster and give precised results than interpreted programs.
Hope this article provides you some basic information about programming languages.
Automation is the technology by which a process or procedure is performed with minimal human assistance. Automation or automatic control is the use of various control systems for operating equipment such as machinery, processes in factories, boilers and heat treating ovens, switching on telephone networks, steering and stabilization of ships, aircraft and other applications and vehicles with minimal or reduced human intervention.
Network automation is the process of automating the configuring, managing, testing, deploying, and operating of physical and virtual devices within a network. With everyday network tasks and functions automated and repetitive processes controlled and managed automatically, network service availability improves. It is the process of using software to automate network and security provisioning and management in order to continuously maximize network efficiency and functionality.
Automation is still green, but when it begins to mature, network admins and engineers will not even need to log into any router or firewall equipment. Of course, automation will not replace human intelligence (our jobs). With the proper automation tool, we will be able to do thousands of tasks per day, something that probably took months before. Automation will give us more time to think about network architecture, design, and plan for its capacity.
Best Network Automation Tools and Software of 2020:
Here are some of the best network automation tools, some are free, and others are paid :
Solarwinds Network Automation Manager(NAM) –
Solarwinds Network Automation Manager (NAM) is an integrated network automation tool designed for highly scalable or enterprise networks. It provides full automation and management from a unified web-based console. (NAM) includes components of various network automation tools and operations management software for all your network deployments.
It includes some features of the Network Performance Monitor (NPM), Netflow Traffic Analyzer (NTA), User Device Tracker (UDT), Network Configuration Manager (NCM), IP Address Manager (IPAM), VoIP & Network Quality Manager (VNQM), and SolarWinds High Availability. The network engineer can configure certain network automation functions on NAM and let the tool monitor the availability, faults, and performance for all nodes and paths in your network.
Its key features include : analysing traffic and bandwidth and find hogs, monitoring and backing-up network devices automatically, deploying network configurations in bulk, automatic subnet discovery and IP scanning and monitoring network performance.
ManageEngine Network Configuration Manager (NCM) by ManageEngine is one of the most comprehensive software for network configuration, change, and compliance management. It supports multi-vendor networks with products from Cisco, NetGear, Fortinet, Juniper, HP, and more.
NCM can help you automate the management of the entire lifecycle of network device configurations. You can automate daily monotonous configuration tasks in bulk. Instead of going one by one, which generally would take a long time, you can apply a new configuration or changes to multiple devices. You can also schedule automatic configuration backups that might be useful in case of rollbacks.
Its key features include : automating new or edit configuration in bulk, network automation using Configlets, configuration backups, configuration change notifications and rollback actions.
Ansible (Tower) –
Ansible by RedHat, the simple automation framework, is definitely at the core of a lot of new networking DevOp solutions. It automates the configuration of servers and provides native support for legacy and open network infrastructure. Ansible is an open-source project built by the community. It is available for Linux/Unix-like OS and Windows.
To automatically configure servers, Ansible uses playbooks, which are ordered units of scripts (written in YAML) that define how a server should work and behave through the Ansible automation tool.
Ansible Tower is the enterprise web-based GUI tool that makes Ansible easy to use. The software is designed to be the central platform for all automation tasks. Ansible Tower helps network teams manage complex deployments.
Its key features include : leveraging the current network CLI commands to automate over 45 different networking vendors, between switches, routers, load balancers, and firewalls, provide automation for software-based controllers (SDN), automate interconnection of hybrid and multi-clouds.
Netmiko –
Netmiko is an open-source Python library based on the Paramiko SSH library. It allows easier management and connection of network devices through SSH. Netmiko improves the library of Paramiko by including support to a wide range of networking vendors and platforms, such as Arista EOS, Cisco ASA, HP Comware7, Juniper Junos, Linux, and more. The tool simplifies and automates the logging to a network device through SSH and executes commands.
Its key features include : establishing an SSH connection to network devices, execute “show” commands and retrieve the results, execute configuration commands, it supports a wide range of vendors and platforms.
NAPALM–
NAPALM (Network Automation and Programmability Abstraction Layer with Multivendor support) is a Python library that can interact with different network devices via a unified API. The software is cross-platform and open-source. It uses different technologies to connect to the network devices, execute configurations, and retrieves the output data. It can support different networking operating systems such as Arista EOS, Cisco IOS, Cisco IOS-XR, Cisco NX-OS, and Juniper JunOS.
Its key features include : connecting to single or multiple devices, executing commands automatically, replace, merge, and compare configurations, discarding or rollbacks configuration, retrieving and audit information.
Truesight Network Automation –
Truesight formerly known as BladeLogic, is now part of the BMC product portfolio. Truesight is an APM with AIOps (Artificial Intelligence Operations) capabilities. It is designed to improve the performance and security of hybrid-cloud environments at a cost-efficient price. TrueSight provides scalable and automated network configuration management capabilities. The software gives full control of the entire configuration across the network, from systems, routers, and firewalls. It can also be programmed to automatically keep track of changes in configuration and apply rollback in case of failure.
Its key features include : service-aware analytics, auto-scans and auto-backups, automatic audits and security compliance checks, patch and image update automation, capacity optimization.
Apstra OS–
Apstra OS (AOS) is referred to as a self-operating network, which automates the lifecycle of leaf-spine network switching. AOS supports multiple switches hardware vendors (Cisco, Juniper, Arista, and more) and operating systems (EOS, Junos, NX-OS, and more).
Apstra comes with a single console to automate your network. It decouples the network (software) from the underlying physical and virtual infrastructure. It works at the management plan to control switches or other devices through their open APIs.
ApstraOS ensures that network elements such as protocols, design, cabling, etc. work continuously. With AOS, you can create, edit, or remove leaf-spine devices, instantly across different network vendors. AOS also comes with closed-loop real-time validation and advanced data analytics.
Its key features include : automated L3 design and deployment with intra-rack virtual networks, operational analytics. Intent-Based Analytics (IBA), built-in Telemetry, NSX-T and vSphere Integration.
NetBrain Automation–
NetBrain is an adaptive network automation platform. It uses a single-pane-of-glass that shows all network data through mapping and visualization. The software also comes with a powerful search engine that allows you to look through all your network elements.
NetBrain performs an in-depth automatic network discovery to collect data from all network devices. It decodes multi-vendor networks and builds a digital representation of the network. The software creates a dynamic map to be used as a UI to all devices and to configure automation tasks. The software improves the device map experience by adding CLI automation and data from third-party network vendors through API.
Its key features include : automaticing network device inventorying, single-pane-of-glass and dynamic maps, viewing device’s CLI at the map-level, automating workflows with Executable Runbooks.
It is really a matter of profound grief that the legendary Kesavananda Bharati whose plea to the Apex Court is considered the “real reason” behind the much acclaimed “basic structure” doctrine propounded in 1973 which clipped the widest power of Parliament to amend the Constitution and simultaneously gave judiciary the authority to review any amendment because of which the case is also known by his name passed away on the morning of September 6 at his ashram named Sri Edneer Mutt in Kerala’s Kasaragod district. He was suffering from breathing and heart ailments and was 79 years of age. He was the head of Jagadguru Shankaracharya Samsthanam Mutt which belongs to the Shankaracharya tradition. The Mutt is believed to have been established by Totakacharya who is one of the four disciples of Adi Shankaracharya.
As grief poured in from all over as soon as news regarding his demise spread, a Kerala High Court lawyer Raghul Sudheesh who had visited the Mutt in 2011 to meet him laid bare his feelings by saying that, “Bharati was revered as a God-like figure. He treated everyone with much affection and care. My stay at the Mutt afforded me the opportunity to experience his hospitality and affection.”
It would be instructive to mention here that Bharati was a Carnatic and Hindustani vocalist and wrote many devotional songs and plays and was also a patron of Kannada art and culture. His Mutt manages many educational institutions. It also runs a Veda Pathasala which imparted lessons in Advaitha and Vedic lessons to many students. In 2018, Bharati was honoured with the Justice VR Krishna Iyer award which made everyone feel proud of him! Very rightly so!
To put things in perspective, he was the petitioner in the leading case titled His Holiness Kesavananda Bharati Sripadgalvaru and Ors. Vs. State of Kerala and others AIR 1973 SC 1461 : (1961) 4 SCC 225 popularly known as “Fundamental Rights” case in which the Supreme Court ruled that the basic structure of the Constitution is inviolable and cannot be amended by Parliament. Kesavananada was the Chief of the Kerala Mutt. He filed a writ application under Article 32 of the Constitution.
It must be mentioned here that the Apex Court held in this case that there is no wrong in treating the Preamble as a part of the Constitution. The Court held that Parliament cannot while amending the Constitution, destroy the basic structure of the Constitution. The Apex Court in this case overruled its decision in Golak Nath v. State of Punjab AIR 1967 SC 1643, and held that Parliament has power to amend the Constitution including the provisions relating to the Fundamental Right but has no power to amend the basic structure of the Constitution. It also clarified that a constitutional amendment is not law within the meaning of Article 13.
When a question arose in this case for the relationship among Preamble, Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy, the Supreme Court held that they are part of the same constitutional scheme and form a part of the Constitution. They are complementary and supplementary to each other and are closely related. The Apex Court also upheld the validity of all the three Constitutional amendments – 24th, 25th and 29th which were under challenge.
It cannot be lightly dismissed that the petition of Kesavananda Bharati was heard by a 13-member Bench which is the largest-ever Bench in the history of the Supreme Court till now! The historic case till now remains the longest heard before the Apex Court. It was heard for 68 working days between October 31, 1972 and March 23, 1973.
Be it noted, the Supreme Court then had 16 Judges and yet the then Chief Justice SM Sikri had constituted a 13-Judge Bench which is the largest-ever till date. The judgment was pronounced on April 24, 1973. It was historic also because 11 of the 13 Judges wrote separate judgments.
It must be borne in mind that by a wafer thin majority of 7:6, the Apex Court ruled that the party in office with its brute majority in Parliament could not amend the basic features of the Constitution which famously came to be known as the ‘basic structure doctrine’ and it is followed till date. Those thirteen Judges consisted of Chief Justice SM Sikri, JM Shelat, KS Hegde, AN Grover, AN Ray, P Jagmohan Reddy, DG Palekar, HR Khanna, KK Mathew, MH Beg, SN Dwivedi, AK Mukherjee and YV Chandrachud. JM Shelat and AN Grover, JJ and KS Hegde and AK Mukherjea, JJ delivered judgments jointly. The judgment was written in 595 pages.
Needless to say, Kesavananda Bharati had challenged the Kerala’s state government two land reform Acts meant to restrict the management of religious properties. It was on March 21, 1970 that Bharati had moved the Apex Court challenging the Kerala government’s takeover of land owned by the mutt as per the land reforms Act of 1969. It may be recalled that following the enactment of the law, the Mutt had lost its property and was struggling for financial resources.
As it had turned out, the veteran barrister MK Nambiar who was the father of KK Venugopal who is currently the Attorney General of India had introduced Kesavananda to jurist Nani Palkhivala and he had helped Kesavananda to file the petition in the Apex Court. In his petition, Kesavananda had sought enforcement of rights guaranteed under Article 25 (Right to practice and propagate religion), Article 26 (Right to manage religious affairs), Article 14 (Right to equality), Article 19(1)(f) (Freedom to acquire property) and Article 31 (Compulsory acquisition of property). He had prayed that provisions of the Kerala Land Reforms Act, 1963 (Act 1 of 1964) as amended by the Kerala Land Reforms (Amendment) Act 1969 (Act 35 of 1969) be declared unconstitutional, ultra vires and void.
No doubt, this Kesavananda Bharati case had become a watershed moment in the constitutional jurisprudence of the country and it shall always be remembered in the days to come! The then PM late Mrs Indira Gandhi was so miffed at this judgment that she made sure that those Judges who had decided against the government would not be able to become the Chief Justice of the top court. Sanjay Hegde who is a senior Supreme Court lawyer very rightly pointed out that, “Kesavananda doctrine swung against the government by the narrowest of majorities of 7:6 with Justice HR Khanna signing against the government in favour of the doctrine. It foreshadowed the coming of the Emergency because soon after the judgment, Justices KS Hegde, AN Grover and JM Shelat were superseded for the post of Chief Justice of India and Justice AN Ray who was junior to them was appointed to the post.”
As we all know, Justice KS Hegde, Justice AN Grover and Justice JM Shelat had ruled against the government due to which they were superseded while Justice AN Ray had favoured the government and so he was promoted. This certainly tarnished severely the image of the government and posed a big question mark on the independence of the judiciary most seriously for the first time ever which cannot be ever forgotten!
Truth be told, even though Kesavananda Bharati may have lost the landmark case just like a battle is lost but seen in hindsight, he has still won the war as his case became the most landmark case which shall always be written in golden letters in the pages of history! It is true that the Apex Court in this landmark case endorsed the power of the government to amend any part of the Constitution but a rider was also simultaneously added in the words that “It should not infringe upon the basic structure of the Constitution.” In other words, this clearly implies that Parliament could not do as it pleases with the Constitution by amending whatever it wanted to amend.
Interestingly enough, the Apex Court in this notable case did not give any exhaustive list of what would constitute the basic structure of the Constitution. This was left open-ended. This truly enhanced the power of the Apex Court to intervene anywhere in any such case where it felt that the basic structure of the Constitution was being challenged. This also explains why it is so fondly remembered always!
To put it succinctly, Chief Justice SM Sikri considered the following features as to constitute the basic structure:
1. Supremacy of the Constitution
2. Republican and Democratic forms of Government
3. Secular character of the Constitution
4. Separation of powers between the legislature, the executive and the judiciary
Justice JM Shelat and Justice AN Grover held that the basic structure was not a vague concept. They maintained that the basic features could only be illustrative and could not be catalogued. They considered the following features to constitute the basic structure:
1. The Supremacy of the Constitution
2. Republican and Democratic form of Government and Sovereignty of the country
3. Secular and Federal character of the Constitution
4. Demarcation of power between the legislature, the executive and the judiciary
5. The dignity of the individual secured by the various freedoms and basic rights in Part III and the mandate to build a Welfare State contained in Part IV
6. The Unity and the Integrity of the Nation.
Justice KS Hegde and Justice AK Mukherjee attributed the following as basic features:
1. Sovereignty of India
2. The Democratic character of our polity
3. The Unity of the country
4. The essential features of the individual freedoms secured to the citizens.
5. The mandate to build a Welfare State and egalitarian society.
But they also said that these limitations are only illustrative and not exhaustive.
Justice P Jagmohan Reddy observed that the mere fact that the essential elements constituting the basic structure could not be enumerated exhaustively was no ground to deny their existence. In his view, a Sovereign, Democratic, Republic, Parliamentary Democracy and the three organs of the State constituted the basic structure.
Justice Khanna by way of example held that the democratic government could not be changed into dictatorship or hereditary monarchy nor the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha be abolished. Likewise, the secular character of the State could not be done away with. But the right to property was not the basic structure or framework of the Constitution.
Needless to say, this has been used on many occasions by the Apex Court in many cases to strike down the respective Constitutional amendments that the Supreme Court felt had violated the basic structure of the Constitution. This alone explains why none other than Upendra Baxi who is an eminent jurist and a Professor of Law in University of Warwick and former Vice Chancellor of Universities of South Gujarat and Delhi very rightly terms in his enlightening and enriching editorial titled “A constant irritant to power” in ‘The Indian Express’ dated September 16, 2020 this ‘Kesavananda Bharati’ case in the opening para itself as “I call the judgment the second most important text after the Constitution of India.” Very rightly so!
The Apex Court also made it clear in this case that the power to amend under Article 368 does not include the power to completely abrogate Constitution and replace it by an entirely new Constitution. It would certainly not be an exaggeration to say most vocally that “This case is the mother of all cases and the true protector of our Constitution as it severely restricts the power of the Government to tamper with the basic features of the Constitution!” Kesavananda Bharati may have died physically but what he has done by his case by being the petitioner will forever be remembered by all those having even a basic understanding of the Constitution. No denying it!
We all,at some point of our life may have experienced nightmares. But what exactly is the sole cause of nightmares…..?
Nightmares are usually disturbing, scary and are remembered unlike the normal dreams we have. Nightmares are even more common in children. But many adults experience nightmares as well. They are vividly realistic. And what do I mean by ‘vivid’ ? Something which is actually entwined with your thoughts,or any past occurrences experienced before.
Photo by Craig Adderley
When can one possibly get nightmares?
Nightmares are usually experienced by one during a period of something called the REM sleep. Humans are the only animals or mammals which are able to sleep on their back.Also,we humans have the ability to sleep in complete unconsciousness. Meaning we can sleep without any further complications. Mind you not every animal has the ability to do that .In fact the phenomenon is quite rare. Now,the REM sleep. REM basically means Rapid Eye Movement. It is the one of the 4 stages of sleeping. This is usually the period when we get our dreams. So if you sleep,suppose at 10:00 pm,then the REM sleep ,i.e your dreams are experienced around 3 to 5 am. So…why don’t we move during our sleep? Actually we do. We do move during our sleep, but when your sleep period enters the REM sleeps, two enzymes or chemicals,namely GABA, and glycine make our body ‘slow down’. And what am I implying by this term? Basically,when you sleep,your body is not particularly working,and even if it did,it would be due to your dreams. To save this energy,rather than wasting them on just some stupid movements,your body makes the organs to slow down a bit. Including your muscles, respiration etc. One can also say that your body is ‘temporarily’ paralysed. But this can also be traumatic because then,one might experience something called ‘sleep paralysis’. What is sleep paralysis? It is a condition where your brain or your eyes are conscious, but your body is still in the stage of REM sleep. And why should this be a problem? People who have experienced sleep paralysis describe it with something like, ‘ A person sitting on your chest and clamping your mouth with the worst nightmares in front of you’. What does the above statement mean? You see,suppose you are in the period of REM sleep,your body paralysed,which also includes your lungs,i.e your breathing levels are a bit slower and steadier than usual. In fact,there is a disorder,where people tend to forget breathing in their sleep,resulting in choking and even death in some cases. Anyways,now that you are conscious,your breathing still continues to have the result of the REM sleep. Which makes you feel like you are choking. People recommend that curling your toes has visibly lessened the discomfort,but that only limits till the first or the second stage of sleep paralysis. Sleep paralysis can last as short as 10 minutes and as long as 2 hours as well. This often results in post traumatic conditions and one may even develop a fear to sleep.
Okay,back to our concept of nightmares. Nightmares are a consequence of higher levels of metabolism. 1.Metabolism(metabolism is basically a process where your food is converted into energy (ATP). What may be the possible reason for this to happen? Well, remember the times when you have a craving for some night snacks? That may be one of the most common reasons for metabolism levels to be higher. When this happens,your brain waves get triggered and ultimately resulting in nightmares.
2.One of the reasons for nightmares can also be extreme stress and depression. 3.Intake of certain supplements could also be the reason for such circumstances. For example, medications of poor pressure, antidepressants etc.
Photo by Pedro Figueras
4. Nightmares can also be a result of certain sleep disorders like insomnia(inability to sleep,often resulting in dozing in some embarrassing positions..)
5. Anxiety can also be the cause of nightmare
6. People with trauma may also find themselves in similar situations.
7. Nightmares often include your worst fears,like falling of the cliff being the most common.
These can be some of the reasons which may cause nightmares. Again,not the word ‘may’. These are some of the known reasons but they mostly depend upon our bodily conditions and our brain cells.Nightmares can usually be prevented or avoided by planning a committed and efficient diet plan also keeping in mind to not eat snacks constantly. Because this might not turn out to be that good for your liver which has to metabolize the food constantly. Also,try to keep yourself in a calm state. Oh yes,it’s not gonna be as easy as it sounds. But let’s just give it a try? Please?
Eduindex News 
You must be logged in to post a comment.