Day: June 26, 2021

Education and Inequality

Introduction

Educational inequality is the unequal distribution of academic resources, including but not limited to; school funding, qualified and experienced teachers, books, and technologies to socially excluded communities. These communities tend to be historically disadvantaged and oppressed. Individuals belonging to these marginalized groups are often denied access to schools with adequate resources. Inequality leads to major differences in the educational success or efficiency of these individuals and ultimately suppresses social and economic mobility.

There are some key areas where structural inequalities in educational outcomes can be expected. An example is the process of socialization. How girls and boys are socialized differently from one another can impact upon their educational outcomes in terms of their confidence, performance, and interests. There are many factors that can impact on how well a child does in school and whether he or she pursues post-secondary education. Many of these different factors—but certainly not all.

Many characteristics people have that can impact on the opportunities they have in life (or their life chances) can be divided into ascribed and achieved characteristics. Ascribed characteristics are those features of individuals with which they are born, such as race, sex, and the social class of one’s family. Achieved characteristics, in contrast, are earned or chosen through individual effort, like personal skills and occupational designations. Most life chances are influenced by a combination of ascribed and achieved characteristics. For example, earning a doctorate requires a lot of effort on the part of the individual, but people from middle- and upper-class families are more likely to pursue post-graduate degrees. In this chapter, however, the focus is on ascribed characteristics.

Gender

Gender is a major contributing factor to socialization. The outperformance of boys by girls on recent standardized reading tests was also discussed, which suggests that gender is no longer a barrier to educational achievement for girls—although debates have arisen as to whether the school environment has become feminized to match the learning styles of girls, leaving boys at a disadvantage.

Male disadvantage

In 51 countries, girls are enrolled at higher rates than boys. Particularly in Latin America, the difference is attributed to the prominence of gangs and violence attracting male youth. The gangs pull the males in, distracting them from school and causing them to drop out.In some countries, female high school and graduation rates are higher than for males. In the United States for example, 33% more bachelor’s degrees were conferred on females than males in 2010–2011.This gap is projected to increase to 37% by 2021–2022 and is over 50% for masters and associate degrees. Dropout rates for males have also increased over the years in all racial groups, especially in African Americans. They have exceeded the number of high schools and college dropout rates than any other racial ethnicity for the past 30 years. A majority of the research found that males were primarily the most “left behind” in education because of higher graduation dropout rates, lower test scores, and failing grades. They found that as males get older, primarily from ages 9 to 17, they are less likely to be labeled “proficient” in reading and mathematics than girls were.In general, males arrive in kindergarten much less ready and prepared for schooling than females. This creates a gap that continually increases over time into middle and high school.

In Asia, males are expected to be the main financial contributor of the family. So many of them go to work right after they become adults physically, which means at the age of around 15 to 17. This is the age they should obtain a high school education.Males get worse grades than females do regardless of year or country examined in most subjects.

It has also been suggested that teacher bias in grading may account for up to 21% of the male deficit in grades.One study found that male disadvantage in education is independent of inequality in social and economic participation.

Female disadvantage

Obstacles preventing females’ ability to receive a quality education include traditional attitudes towards gender roles, poverty, geographical isolation, gender-based violence, and early marriage and pregnancy.Throughout the world, there is an estimated 7 million more girls than boys out of school. This “girls gap” is concentrated in several countries including Somalia, Afghanistan, Togo, the Central African Republic and Democratic Republic of the Congo. In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, girls are outnumbered two to one.

Early marriage affects females’ ability to receive an education.”The gap separating men and women in the job market remains wide in many countries, whether in the North or the South. With marginal variables between most countries, women have a lower employment rate, are unemployed longer, are paid less, and have less secure jobs.Young women, particularly suffer double discrimination. First for being young, in the difficult phase of transition between training and working life, in an age group that has, on an average, twice the jobless rate or older workers and are at the mercy of employers who exploit them under the pretext of enabling them to acquire professional experience. Secondly, they are discriminated against for being women and are more likely to be offered low paying or low-status jobs.Discrimination is still very much in evidence and education and training policies especially targeting young women are needed to restore a balance. Although young women are increasingly choosing typically ‘male’ professions, they remain over-represented in traditionally female jobs, such as secretaries, nurses, and underrepresented in jobs with responsibility and the professions.

Remedies

There are a variety of efforts by countries to assist in increasing the availability of quality education for all children.

Education for All Act

The Education For All act or EFA is a global commitment to provide quality basic education for all children, youth, and adults. In 2000, 164 governments pledged to achieve education for all at the World Education Forum. There are six decided-upon goals designed to reach the goal of Education for All by 2015. The entities working together to achieve these goals include governments, multilateral and development agencies, civil society, and the private sector. UNESCO is responsible for coordinating the partnerships. Although progress has been made, some countries are providing more support than others. Also, there is a need to strengthen overall political commitment as well as strengthening the needed resources.

Massive online classes

There is a growing shift away from traditional higher education institutions to massive open online courses (MOOC). These classes are run through content sharing, videos, online forums, and exams. The MOOCs are free which allows for many more students to take part in the classes, however, the programs are created by global north countries, therefore inhibiting individuals in the global south from creating their own innovations

International Day against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking 2021

In this modern world , many people including youths are taking many drugs to get relief from stress. They are saying that , it gives pleasure to them and relives physical and mental stress. But taking drugs may cause social, physical, mental and other job related problems.

International Day against Drug Abuse and illicit Trafficking is observed on June 26 every year in order to create and spread awareness among the people throughout the globe about the problems , to eliminate drug misuse and the issues related to the drugs. Many people are working on it to prevent drug abuse and to save the victims from this evil. It’s main aim is to create an international society free from drug abuse. The problem of drug abuse was recognized by the people throughout the world during the 20th century.

The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) said that, ” Together, we can tackle the world drug problem!” . UN arm fights against the drug abuse and the international crime related trafficking.

International Day against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking : History

In order to achieve the goal of international society free from drug abuse , the United Nations General Assembly on December 7 1987,declared  June 26 as International Day against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking every year. This day is also known for ‘Lin Zexu’s’ who was trying to destroy the opium business, before the initiation of first opium war started in Humane, Guangdong in China.

International Day against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking 2021: Theme

The theme of International day against drug abuse and illicit trafficking is “share facts on drugs , save lives ” . The main focus of this year is to control the misinformation about the usage of drugs by sharing factual data about drugs. Spreading the health issues by taking drugs and solutions to tackle the problem will help us to make a society free of drug abuse.

The UNODC website says that ” Do your part and combat misinformation by sharing the real facts on drugs — from health risks and solutions to tackle the world drug problem, to evidence-based prevention, treatment, and care” .

International Day against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking : Significance

This day helps to share and created awareness among people through social medias and others . It provides the data about the drug abuse and provides solution to how to overcome from it. On this day the United Nations organises many activities to create awareness among the people and it also shows the unity among the activists, doctors ,governments and others.

Every year, there will be a report released by The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) which provides facts and datas about drug abuse round the world and it gives solutions to tackle these problems.

Taking this opportunity, our honorable Prime minister, Narendra Modi took social media platform to encourage the achievements and steps taken by the activists and doctors to achieve their goal of drug free India. He also says that ‘ Drug bring with it darkness, destruction and devastation’.

“Stay away from drugs and live a happy life”

DIGITAL INDIAN CAMPAIGN


Digital India is an umbrella programme that covers multiple Government Ministries and Departments. It weaves together a large number of ideas and thoughts into a single, comprehensive vision so that each of them can be implemented as part of a larger goal.
Each individual element stands on its own, but is also part of the larger picture. Digital India is to be implemented by the entire Government with overall coordination being done by the Department of Electronics and Information Technology (DeitY).


Digital India aims to provide the much needed thrust to the nine pillars of growth areas, namely Broadband Highways, Universal Access to Mobile Connectivity, Public Internet Access Programme, e-Governance: Reforming Government through Technology, e-Kranti – Electronic Delivery of Services, Information for All, Electronics Manufacturing, IT for Jobs and Early Harvest Programmes. Each of these areas is a complex programme in itself and cuts across multiple Ministries and Departments.


The Digital India programme aims at pulling together many existing schemes. These schemes will be restructured, revamped and re-focused and will be implemented in a synchronized manner. Many elements are only process improvements with minimal cost implications. The common branding of programmes as Digital India highlights their transformative impact. While implementing this programme, there would be wider consultations across government, industry, civil society, and citizens to discuss various issues to arrive at innovative solutions for achieving the desired outcomes of Digital India.

Why Do We Dream?

Dreams are hallucinations that occur during certain stages of sleep. They’re strongest during paradoxical sleep, or the rapid eye movement stage, once you could also be less likely to recall your dream. Much is understood about the role of sleep in regulating our metabolism, vital sign, brain function, and other aspects of health. But it’s been harder for researchers to elucidate the role of dreams.

When you’re awake, your thoughts have a particular logic to them. once you sleep, your brain remains active, but your thoughts or dreams often make little or no sense. this might be because the emotional centers of the brain trigger dreams, instead of the logical regions.

Though there’s no definitive proof, dreams are usually autobiographical thoughts that supported your recent activities, conversations, or other issues in your life. However, there are some popular theories on the role of dreams.

The role of dreams – Researchers still don’t entirely agree on the aim of dreams. There are, however, some widely held beliefs and theories.

Dreams as therapists – Your dreams could also be ways of confronting emotional dramas in your life. and since your brain is working at a way more emotional level than when you’re awake, your brain may make connections regarding your feelings that your conscious self wouldn’t make.

Dreams as fight-or-flight training – One of the areas of the brain that’s most active during dreaming is that the amygdala. The amygdala is that a part of the brain related to the survival instinct and therefore the fight-or-flight response.

One theory suggests that because the amygdala is more active during sleep than in your waking life, it’s going to be the brain’s way of getting you able to affect a threat.

Fortunately, the brainstem sends out nerve signals during paradoxical sleep that relax your muscles. That way you don’t attempt to run or clock in your sleep.

Dreams as your muse – One theory for why we dream is that it helps facilitate our creative tendencies. Artists of all types credit dreams with inspiring a number of their most creative works. you’ll have awakened sometimes in your life with an excellent idea for a movie or a song, too.

Without the logic filter, you would possibly normally use in your waking life which will restrict your creative flow, your thoughts and concepts haven’t any restrictions when you’re sleeping.

Dreams as memory aides – One widely held theory about the aim of dreams is that they assist you to store important memories and things you’ve learned, get obviate unimportant memories and type through complicated thoughts and feelings.

Research showsTrusted Source that sleep helps store memories. If you learn new information and sleep thereon, you’ll be ready to remember it better than if asked to recollect that information without the advantage of sleep.

How dreams affect memory storage and recall isn’t clearly understood yet. But dreams may help the brain more efficiently store important information while blocking out stimuli that would interfere with memory and learning.

Why can we have nightmares?

Dreams that assist you deal productively with emotions, memories, and other information could seem very helpful. The occasional nightmare is taken into account by a dream that’s simply more frightening or upsetting. Nightmares tend to be caused by stress, anxiety, or sometimes as a reaction to certain medications.

However, if you’ve got nightmares frequently, you’ll have a sleeping disorder. Regularly occurring scary dreams are often labeled a sleeping disorder if the nightmares:

  • cause you to worry about getting to sleep
  • lead to frequent disruptions of your sleep
  • bring about other sleeping or psychological problems
  • Many people experience occasional nightmares throughout their lives. However, the American Sleep Association estimates only about 5 percent of the population experiences persistent nightmares as a sleeping disorder.

What influences dreams?

Some factors that affect us when we’re awake also can influence our dreams.

Health conditions – One of the most important influences on dreams is what proportion or how little you’re sleeping. Being sleep-deprived for an evening or two (or more) can make parts of your brain far more active once you finally do slip into paradoxical sleep. You’re likely to possess more vivid dreams if you’ve had some restless nights. You’re also more likely to recall those dreams, too.

Being pregnant is additionally a catalyst for vivid dreaming. Increased hormone production affects the way your brain processes thoughts and emotions. This often results in some intense dreams.

Mental health disorders like depression and anxiety, also as manic depression and other mood-related conditions, can trigger intense and sometimes disturbing or negative dreams and nightmares. The medications for these conditions, including antidepressants and antipsychotics, also are related to a better risk of nightmares.

Foods – There isn’t indisputable evidence that certain foods cause wilder or better dreams. But it’s clear that some foods may set the stage for you to recollect your dreams better.

High-carb foods, for instance, can offer you quick energy. But after a short time, they will leave you feeling down. Anything that affects your waking mood is probably going to affect your unconscious mood, too. So, if a sugar crash has you moping around during the day, those feelings could carry over into your sleep.

Also, food that causes you to awaken throughout the night may end in you awakening more frequently within the REM stage. When that happens, you’ll probably remember more of your dreams.

Daily activities – Just as little or interrupted sleep often leads to more vivid dreaming, an honest night’s sleep will hamper the extreme dreams you’ll recall.

A small study trusted Source found that one great way to sleep more soundly is to exercise within the morning. an honest run or other cardio workouts before noon helps set your clock in order that you’re more inclined to nod off faster and spend longer in deep sleep than if you didn’t exercise or if you exercised late in the dark.

Runners and other serious fitness enthusiasts tend to spend less time in dreamy paradoxical sleep, which is one among the lightest stages of sleep. Also, the more effectively you’ll de-stress during the day, the less likely you’ll be to bring stress and anxiety to bed. Which ought to help hamper nightmares and interrupted sleep each night.

How to remember your dreams – One of the explanations dreams are often difficult to recollect is that the brain chemical related to memory — norepinephrine — and therefore the brain’s electrical activity that helps with recall are at their lowest levels when you’re dreaming. In fact, if you’ve got a dream but don’t awaken during the dream, you won’t be ready to commit it to memory. The dreams you remember are those that are ongoing once you awaken.

Two ways to assist recall your dreams is to inform yourself as you’re falling asleep that you simply want to recollect your dream. If that’s your last thought, you’ll be more likely to awaken with a dream still somewhat fresh in your memory.

Since dream recall is often easily interrupted by even the slightest distraction, you ought to attempt to remember the maximum amount of your dream as soon as you awaken. Don’t get out of bed or believe anything. attempt to grasp whatever images or memories you’ve got of your dream and write them down on a pad next to your bed or on your smartphone.

Top 14 Worst Natural Disasters of India

The Disastrous natural forces include volcano disasters, floods, Tsunami, and Earthquakes, which are a major explanation for casualties within the history of India. Other than Horrible Temple Stampedes like the Amarnath Yatra tragedy, Mander Devi temple stampede and Sabrimala Kerala temple stampede and major train accidents like Karanjadi train crash and Vaibhavwadi train crash, there are many worst Natural Disasters had happened, latest is most disastrous Uttarakhand Flash Floods and recently happened Cyclone Phailin in Orissa coast.

List of Worst Natural Disasters within the History of India

1770 Great Bengal Famine – The Great Bengal Famine was an outsized famine in Bengal during British rule out the amount of 1769-1773. Bengal famine was caused the deaths of 10 million people in Bengal, Bihar, and a few parts of Odisha.

1839 Coringa Cyclone – The Coringa Cyclone was one of the ten big disasters that shook India, struck at a small village of Godavari district in Andhra Pradesh. the good Coringa Cyclone killed around 20,000 people within the ancient city of Coringa.

1894 Third Plague Pandemic – The major plague pandemic came to British India in 1896, killing quite 12 million people in India and China alone. Third Plague Pandemic was initially seen in port cities like Bombay and Kolkata then spread to small towns and rural areas of the many regions of India.

1979 Lahaul Valley Avalanche – Lahaul Spiti valley receives heavy snowfall during the winter season, which causes Avalanches. The Lahaul Valley disaster in March of 1979 buried 200 people under 20 feet of snow, the sole avalanche within the Himalayas and one among the ten deadliest Avalanches in the History of the world.

1998 Malpa Landslide – Heavy rainfall caused, Malpa landslides was one among the worst landslides in India, at village Malpa in Pithoragarh of Uttarkhand. Around 380 people were killed when massive landslides washed the whole village alongside Hindu pilgrims of Kailash Mansarovar yatra.

1999 Odisha Cyclone – The 1999 Odisha cyclone also referred to as super cyclone 05B was the foremost deadliest tropical cyclone within the Indian Ocean and most destructive Indian storm since 1971. It caused almost the deaths of 15,000 people and made heavy to extreme damage.

2001 Gujarat Earthquake – The massive earthquake occurred on India’s 51st Republic Day on January 26, 2001, at Bhachau Taluka of Kutch District of Gujarat. Gujarat earthquake had a magnitude of between 7.6 and 7.7 and killed around 20,000 people.

2002 Indian wave – India’s wave in 2002 in the south region killed quite 1000 people, Most of the deaths occurred in the state of Andhra Pradesh. the warmth was so intense that birds fell from the sky, ponds and rivers dried up.

2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami – The Indian Ocean earthquake and Tsunami occurred in 2004 on the West Coast of Sumatra, killing over 230,000 people in fourteen countries. Indian Ocean Tsunami was one of the deadliest natural disasters in the history of India.

2007 Bihar Flood – The 2007- 2008 Bihar floods are listed because the worst-hit arrives the living memory of Bihar in the last 30 years. Bihar is India’s most flood-prone State, a recurring disaster appears annual basis and destroys thousands of human lives aside from livestock and assets worth millions.

2005 Mumbai Catastrophes – The 2005 Maharashtra floods occurred only one month after the June 2005 Gujarat floods, Mumbai the capital city was most badly affected and witnessed one among its worst catastrophes within the history of India, killing a minimum of 5,000 people.

2010 Eastern Indian Storm – The Eastern Indian storm was a severe storm that struck parts of eastern Indian states, spanning for 30–40 minutes. a minimum of 91 people died in Indian states and Over 91,000 dwellings were destroyed and partially damaged.

2013 Maharashtra Drought – Maharashtra state was suffering from the region’s worst drought in 40 years,worst-hit areas are Jalna, Jalgaon and Dhule also are suffering from famine. many people in Maharashtra are at serious risk of hunger after two years of low rainfall within the region.

2013 Uttarakhand Flash Floods – In June 2013 Uttarakhand received heavy rainfall, massive Landslides thanks to the massive flash floods, it suffered maximum damage to homes and structures, killing quite 1000 people, sources claimed the price might be get up to 5000. Uttarakhand Flash Floods are that the most disastrous floods within the history of India.

10 Most Spoken Languages in India by Number of Speakers

After searching on Google about the ugliest language in India, the search result displays Kannada which may be a language spoken by around 40 million people in South India. First, it had been seen on debtconsolidationsquad.com. India is home to varied major languages. allow us to examine the search and 10 most spoken languages in India.

If you search on Google about the “ugliest language in India” the search result displays is shocking and therefore the answer displayed is Kannada which is one among the oldest languages within the world. it had been first seen on debtconsolidationsquad.com. due to this, there’s an outrage on social media. People are demanding that Google should apologize and take strict action against it. An IT company named Thincnext in Bangalore has started a petition on charge.org to get rid of the search result from Google.

To know more about it read what’s the ‘Ugliest Language in India’ Controversy?

The most pivotal feature of human existence is that the language that helps humans to speak with one another and develop relations between them.

We know that India is that the world’s seventh-largest country by area also because the world’s second-most populous country. The country features a population of quite 1.3 billion people. There are several religions practiced within the country. It consists of diverse languages and cultures and other people speaking different languages are scattered in several parts of the country.

Do you know that 121 languages are spoken by 10,000 or more people in India, which features a population of quite 121 crores, consistent with a census analysis? quite 19,500 languages or dialects are spoken in India as maternal language, consistent with the analysis of a census. allow us to determine the foremost spoken languages and speakers within the country as per the 2011 Census.

  1. Hindi – 52.83 crore speakers

Hindi is that the most speech in India. it’s one of the official languages of the country. consistent with the 2011 census, the amount of individuals who speak Hindi as a maternal language has increased in 2011 as compared to the 2001 census. In 2001, 41.03% of the people speak Hindi as a maternal language, while in 2011 it’s increased to 43.63%. After Mandarin, Spanish and English, Hindi is additionally the fourth most speech within the world. at the present, there are 52, 83, 47,193 Hindi speakers in India. it’s spoken in most the states of the country including Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Uttarakhand, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Himachal Pradesh, and Delhi.

Hindi may be a descendant of the Sanskrit language and is influenced by Dravidian, Arabic, Portuguese, English, Persian, and Turkey languages. Languages spoken in Hindi include Awadi, Braj, and khadi bhasha. Did you recognize that the Hindi word is split into five categories, like Tatsama Ardhatasama, Tadbhav, Deshaj, and Videshi?

  1. Bengali – 9.72 crore speakers

India’s second most speech in Bengali, which is spoken by 9.72 crore citizens i.e. 8.03 percent of the entire population. Bengali is an Indian-Aryan language spoken mostly in South Asia. it’s the foremost prominent language in most of the states, including the Andaman and Nicobar Islands within the northeast of India. Bengali was a secular language of old Indo-Aryans within the beginning and was influenced by Persian and Arabic. This language varies in several states, especially in usage, pronunciation, words, and phonetic form. In India, Bengali is usually spoken within the eastern states of West Bengal, Jharkhand, Assam, and Tripura. This language is additionally spoken within the Middle East, America, Australia, Japan, UK, and Canada. Bengali is additionally a neighborhood of the programs offered by Karachi University.

Do you know that the anthem of India was written within the Bengali language?

  1. Marathi – 8.30 crore speakers

A total of 8.30 crore people speaks Marathi within the country, which is 6.86 percent of the entire population. Marathi is an Indo-Aryan language that’s spoken because of the official language of the states within the western part of the country, including Goa and Maharashtra. There are about 42 different dialects spoken in Marathi. does one know that there are three genders in Marathi grammar?

Top 10 Countries with the longest Coastline within the World

  1. Telugu – 8.11 crore speakers

Telugu may be a Dravidian that’s widely spoken in India in many nations of the country. This language is especially spoken in Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, and Yanam states. Among the opposite dialects in its speech include the Beraad, Wadaga, Domara, Salavari, Nellore, Comtao, and Kamathi. This language is additionally spoken in many countries including the US, UK, New Zealand, Australia, United Arab Emirates, and South Africa.

  1. Tamil – 6.90 crore speakers

The roots of the Tamil language are related to the Dravidian. Although, it’s the official language of both Singapore and Sri Lanka and is additionally a wide speech in India. 6.90 crore people speak Tamil within the country. does one know that Tamil is remarkably referred to as one of the oldest surviving languages of the world? Its literary tradition has been for quite 2,000 years. Most of the Tamil language is spoken in southern India near the coast of Sri Lanka.

  1. Gujarati – 5.54 crore speakers

Gujarati is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by 5.54 crore people in India. this is often the official language of Gujarat, which may be a state located in northwest India. allow us to tell you that the Gujarati language has evolved from Sanskrit.

  1. Urdu – 5.07 crore speakers

There are about 5.07 crore Urdu speakers in India. Urdu is additionally one of the official languages of the country. it’s listed as a politician language within the states of West Bengal, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Telangana, and Jharkhand. allow us to tell you that Urdu is additionally the official language of Pakistan.

  1. Kannada – 4.37 crore speakers

Like Tamil, Kannada is additionally a Dravidian. it’s spoken by 4.37 crore people in India. does one know that Kannada is one of the oldest surviving languages within the world? This language is additionally spoken outside of India, in places like Australia, the US, and Canada. Many of those speakers also are members of the Indian Diaspora. it’s estimated that there are about 20 different dialects in Kannada.

  1. Odia – 3.75 crore speakers

Odia is that the official language of India and most of the speakers are centered in Odisha state. This language is spoken by 3.75 crore speakers across the country.

  1. Malayalam – 3.48 crore speakers

Approximately, 3.48 crore speakers in India speak Malayalam, which is spoken within the states of Kerala, Puducherry, and Lakshadweep. The roots of this language also are from the Dravidian.

English language – 2,59,678 speakers

With Hindi, the English language is additionally one among the official languages of India’s federal. In some states of India like Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh, English is a political language. From the times of the Malay Archipelago Company within the 1800s, English was taught in schools in India.

HISTORY OF THE OLYMPICS

The games which originated in ancient Greece 3000 years ago. From the 8th century B.C. to the 4th century A.D., the games were conducted every 4 years in Olympia, which was to honor the god Zeus. The first Olympics took place in the year 1896 in Athens. Since the year 1994, the summer and winter Olympics have been held separately and are alternated every two years. The first records of the Olympics states that a cool named Coroebus back in the day of 776 B.C. won the only event held then and was made to be the first Olympics champion. Legend says that Hercules, son of Zeus and the mortal woman Alcmene, found the the games, which by the end of the 6th century B.C. The name of the games come from the location Olympia, which is a very sacred site located near to the western coast of the Peloponnese peninsular region. Eventually over time there were more events and races added into the event.

The pentathlon was introduced 708 B.C. The participation of the Olympics was first only for the male members of society and there were no women events held. Even more specifically, married women were prohibited from participating. The first modern games were hosted at Athens, Greece in 1896. There were about 280 participants and all were males. There were multiple new additions in the sporting events such as Swimming, Cycling, Wrestling, Cycling and so much more. The official symbol of the the modern games which is the five interlocking colored rings =, show the continents which unite to play the games. The continents being North and South America, Asia, Africa, Europe and Australia. The flag features the symbol and flew first at Antwerp,1920. After a few years the winter Olympics starred their debut by introducing a variety of winter sports such as figure skating, ice hockey, bobsledding. After a few years, women were introduced to a few sports and eventually to every sport and now women are leading various sporting categories in the Olympics.

Banking ombudsman


APPOINTMENT & TENURE

(1) The Reserve Bank may appoint one or more of its officers in the rank of Chief General Manager or General Manager to be known as Banking Ombudsmen to carry out the functions entrusted to them by or under the Scheme.

(2) The appointment of Banking Ombudsman under the above Clause may be made for a period not exceeding three years at a time.

5. LOCATION OF OFFICE AND TEMPORARY HEADQUARTERS

(1) The office of the Banking Ombudsman shall be located at such places as may be specified by the Reserve Bank.

(2) In order to expedite disposal of complaints, the Banking Ombudsman may hold sittings at such places within his area of jurisdiction as may be considered necessary and proper by him in respect of a complaint or reference before him.

POWERS AND JURISDICTION

(1) The Reserve Bank shall specify the territorial limits to which the authority of each Banking Ombudsman appointed under Clause 4 of the Scheme shall extend.

1(2) The Banking Ombudsman shall receive and consider complaints relating to the deficiencies in banking or other services filed on the grounds mentioned in clause 8 irrespective of the pecuniary value of the deficiency in service complained and facilitate their satisfaction or settlement by agreement or through conciliation and mediation between the bank concerned and the aggrieved parties or by passing an Award as per the provisions of the Scheme.

(3) The Banking Ombudsman shall exercise general powers of superintendence and control over his Office and shall be responsible for the conduct of business thereat.

(4) The Office of the Banking Ombudsman shall draw up an annual budget for itself in consultation with Reserve Bank and shall exercise the powers of expenditure within the approved budget on the lines of Reserve Bank of India Expenditure Rules, 2005.

(5) The Banking Ombudsman shall send to the Governor, Reserve Bank, a report, as on 30th June every year, containing a general review of the activities of

his Office during the preceding financial year and shall furnish such other information as the Reserve Bank may direct and the Reserve Bank may, if it considers necessary in the public interest so to do, publish the report and the information received from the Banking Ombudsman in such consolidated form or otherwise as it deems fit.

PROCEDURE FOR REDRESSAL OF GRIEVANCE 

GROUNDSOFCOMPLAINT

(1) Any person may file a complaint with the Banking Ombudsman having jurisdiction on any one of the following grounds alleging deficiency in banking including internet banking or other services.

(a). non-payment or inordinate delay in the payment or collection of cheques, drafts, bills etc.;

(b). non-acceptance, without sufficient cause, of small denomination notes tendered for any purpose, and for charging of commission in respect thereof;

(c). non-acceptance, without sufficient cause, of coins tendered and for charging of commission in respect thereof;

(d). non-payment or delay in payment of inward remittances;

(e). failure to issue or delay in issue of drafts, pay orders or bankers’ cheques

(f). non-adherence to prescribed working hours;

(g). failure to provide or delay in providing a banking facility (other than loans

and advances) promised in writing by a bank or its direct selling agents;

(h). delays, non-credit of proceeds to parties’ accounts, non-payment of deposit or non-observance of the Reserve Bank directives, if any, applicable to rate of interest on deposits in any savings, current or other account maintained

with a bank;

(i). complaints from Non-Resident Indians having accounts in India in relation to

their remittances from abroad, deposits and other bank- related matters;

(j). refusal to open deposit accounts without any valid reason for refusal;

(k). levying of charges without adequate prior notice to the customer;

(l). non-adherence to the instructions of Reserve Bank on ATM /Debit Card and Prepaid Card operations in India by the bank or its subsidiaries on any of the following:

i. Account debited but cash not dispensed by ATMs

ii. Account debited more than once for one withdrawal in ATMs or

for POS transaction

iii. Less/Excess amount of cash dispensed by ATMs

iv. Debit in account without use of the card or details of the card

v. Use of stolen/cloned cards

vi. Others

(m). non-adherence by the bank or its subsidiaries to the instructions of Reserve Bank on credit card operations on any of the following:

i. Unsolicited calls for Add-on Cards, insurance for cards etc.

ii. Charging of Annual Fees on Cards issued free for life

iii. Wrong Billing/Wrong Debits

iv. Threatening calls/ inappropriate approach of recovery by

recovery agents including non-observance of Reserve Bank

guidelines on engagement of recovery agents

v. Wrong reporting of credit information to Credit Information

Bureau

vi. Delay or failure to review and correct the credit status on

account of wrongly reported credit information to Credit

Information Bureau.

vii. Others

(n). non-adherence to the instructions of Reserve Bank with regard to Mobile Banking / Electronic Banking service in India by the bank on any of the following:

i. delay or failure to effect online payment / Fund Transfer,

ii. unauthorized electronic payment / Fund Transfer,

(o). non-disbursement or delay in disbursement of pension (to the extent the grievance can be attributed to the action on the part of the bank concerned, but not with regard to its employees);

(p). refusal to accept or delay in accepting payment towards taxes, as required by Reserve Bank/Government;

(q). refusal to issue or delay in issuing, or failure to service or delay in servicing

or redemption of Government securities;

(r). forced closure of deposit accounts without due notice or without sufficient reason;

(s). refusal to close or delay in closing the accounts;

(t). non-adherence to the fair practices code as adopted by the bank;

(u). non-adherence to the provisions of the Code of Bank’s Commitments to Customers issued by Banking Codes and Standards Board of India and as adopted by the bank ;

(v). non-observance of Reserve Bank guidelines on engagement of recovery agents by banks;

(w). non-adherence to Reserve Bank guidelines on para-banking activities like sale of insurance /mutual fund /other third party investment products by banks with regard to following:

i. improper, unsuitable sale of third party financial products

ii. non-transparency /lack of adequate transparency in sale

iii. non-disclosure of grievance redressal mechanism available

iv. delay or refusal to facilitate after sales service by banks

(x). any other matter relating to the violation of the directives issued by the

Reserve Bank in relation to banking or other services.

(2) A complaint on any one of the following grounds alleging deficiency in banking service in respect of loans and advances may be filed with the Banking Ombudsman having jurisdiction:

(a) non-observance of Reserve Bank Directives on interest rates;

(b) delays in sanction, disbursement or non-observance of prescribed time schedule for disposal of loan applications;

(c) non-acceptance of application for loans without furnishing valid reasons to the applicant; and

(d) non-adherence to the provisions of the fair practices code for lenders as adopted by the bank or Code of Bank’s Commitment to Customers, as the case may be;

(e) non-observance of Reserve Bank guidelines on engagement of recovery agents by banks; and

(f) non-observance of any other direction or instruction of the Reserve Bank as may be specified by the Reserve Bank for this purpose from time to time.

(3) The Banking Ombudsman may also deal with such other matter as may be specified by the Reserve Bank from time to time in this behalf.

Global chip shortage : An Analysis

Not many industries have suffered the fate of disarray as the chip industry after the advent of the Covid pandemic. Things were not great for chipmakers in 2020 due to the pandemic but instead of seeing any signs of improvement, 2021 has been even worse for the industry so far. There has been a deficit of chip supply as compared to the demand and it’s not just the electronic industry that is going through a rough phase but it’s many other industries as well. Unlike a couple of decades back when chips were mainly present in personal computers and specialized electronic appliances and gadgets. Now chips power the world. One of the worst-hit industries has been the automobile sector. When the first wave of Covid-19 hit the world, global sales of cars had dwindled, and to compensate for this, car manufacturers had lowered their chip orders from the manufacturers. These chips are a requirement for assembling the critical electronics and computers that are inside modern cars. 2021 saw a sudden increase in automobile sales and this caused the disruption in equilibrium of chip supply and many automobile manufacturers started giving large orders and chip fabrication plants like TSMC were unable to cope up with the sudden growth in demand. This parallel demand for chips has increased the backlog and even though the chip manufacturers are operating over time, they have not been able to keep up with the demand. Now even home appliances might face issues with their chip supply.

There is one more important aspect that we have to address and it’s the increased demand for electronics items after the pandemic. As many people were and are still stuck in homes, they are buying computers, consoles, televisions, and various other electronic components. Many companies have not been able t keep up with the demand due to this. Graphics card is one of those elusive items that have suffered a double whammy. Both potential gamers and crypto miners want their hands on the newest graphics card but due to a shortage of chips card manufacturers are not able to keep up with the demand. There have been many cases where individuals and groups are scalping (buying in bulk) these new cards and reselling them at much higher prices.

Basic appliances and car components often use chips manufactured with older technology. For instance, PC and smartphones are using 7nm manufacturing whereas cars manufacturers uses older 32 nm or 14 nm technology because they are comparatively cheaper to manufacture. But due to the shortage in supply, manufacturers are prioritizing their newer chips and it’s getting challenging to allocate resources for older manufacturing processes. Due to this many car manufacturers have scaled-down on the extra amenities in their models.

TSMC (Taiwan Semiconductor manufacturing company) is one of the biggest chip manufacturers in the world. The company produces 60 percent of the world’s chips for automobiles and 92 percent of cutting-edge chips. Recently Taiwan is experiencing its worst drought in over 50 years. A high quantity of water is required to clean the wafers during the manufacturing of the chips. Droughts have only increased the problems in the manufacturing of these chips. There is immense pressure when most of the world’s chips are made in one single building. This also exposes the problem of relying on a single source of manufacturing. Due to globalization and completion, most of the world’s manufacturing shifted to Asia. The issue of chip shortage will most probably remain next year as well. Intel (U.S) is has started to set up two new manufacturing plants in Arizona. This comes at a time when many have realized that a concentrated source of manufacturing is not the most reliable thing and diversification is the only way to deter any future shortages.

PATIENCE IS THE KEY

You’ll end up with whom you are supposed to be,

doing what you love,

living a life you’ve always desired

Everything will fall into place

Patience is the key.

This is the first thought that dawns upon my mind every single morning. Every day I remind myself that whatever happens today will happen for a reason. Don’t stress over things that are beyond your control. Rather than resisting and fighting just stop struggling. Unhook yourself from every situation or person or experience that is holding you back.

Recently I read a book by Mark Manson named ‘the subtle art of not giving a f**k’. There is a paragraph in the book which hit me hard and I realized how true it was, ‘When “real traumatic shit” happens in our lives, we begin to unconsciously feel as though we have problems that we’re incapable of ever solving. And this assumed inability to solve our problems causes us to feel miserable and helpless.
But it also causes something else to happen. If we have problems that are unsolvable, our
unconscious figures that we’re either uniquely special or uniquely defective in some way.’

You know what things fall apart, bad things happens and the one who refuses to surrender in those situations is the real hero. There is a lot of stress out there and giving up on yourself will not help in reducing it.

Life is full of challenges. If you surrender then there shall be no opportunity left to grow. You look at your friend’s life and feel that he has it easy but what you don’t know are the struggles he went through to reach at this stage of his/her life. And the struggle does not there, life is an uphill battle it rarely ‘comes easy’. Instead of looking at other’s blessings, one should be grateful for the life they have. There are a lot of people who desire what you have and this thought should be enough to make you feel grateful for everything good in your life.

There will be moments in your life when you feel dejected but those are the moments that make you stronger. When big things fall apart, all you have to do is appreciate the smaller things in life and just be patient. Adopting this outlook won’t stop negative events from occurring, but it may help prevent us from over-emphasising their importance in our lives.

Someone once said, “Patience is waiting. Not passively waiting. That is laziness. But to keep going when the going is hard and slow – that is patience.”

Being patient won’t make life easier but it will definitely guide you and help you find a way out of the tough situations you might face. We have often heard, “God has a plan”, let’s trust the plan for once. Let’s stop overanalyzing things, let’s be at content with what we have and let’s just work towards achieving our personal goals and patiently wait for God’s plan to unfold.

I would like to end it with a Greek proverb, “One minute of patience, ten years of peace.” This should be the motto.  

Book Reviews

Pin on libros

TOPICS OF BOOK REVIEWS:-

* Goodreads

* LibraryThing

* Reedsy Discovery

* LoveReading

* The Millions

* A Promised Land

* Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland

* Luster

* The Tenant of Wildfell Hall

* Uncanny Valley

1. Goodreads:-

Goodreads
Review Styles: star rating, community reviews
It’s impossible not to mention Goodreads when discussing book communities: it’s the Facebook of book reviews — the ultimate social media platform for bibliophiles. If you’ve somehow managed to go this long without stumbling upon this omnipresent site, here’s the run-down: you can use Goodreads to organize, display, and discuss your virtual bookshelf with other users.
Goodreads recommendations are based on your listed interests. You can follow authors and book influencers ranging from Celeste Ng to Bill Gates. This allows you to see all their reviews, which vary from compact one-liners to critical analysis, and watch the new reviews roll in. For a quick verdict, just take a look at the star rating that they give the book.
Also if you like to browse lists, Goodreads compiles the best and most popular books for every genre. There’s also the annual Goodreads’ Choice Awards to celebrate each year’s new releases, where you can cast your vote or peruse the list of contenders to find a new book to read. It’s a site for every kind of reader, with abundant ways to comment and interact

2. LibraryThing:-

LibraryThing
Review Styles: star rating, recommendation, community reviews
This is the OG of all online book catalogues and discussion boards — take a look and you’ll see that it’s an oldie but a goodie. Of course, the basic functions of LibraryThing are rather similar to Goodreads: there are millions of books that readers can add to their lists, as well as review with star ratings.
While the interface harks back to the earlier days of the world wide web, LibraryThing has a secret weapon that’ll appeal to all readers, especially modern ones: their Zeitgeist. This page displays the crème de la crème of the whole site, from the most popular books to the hottest reviews, which is updated constantly. Just a glance shows that the readers here know how to read between the lines and wield their words!
So if you’re hoping to read or share some in-depth literary thoughts with fellow sharp-minded users , LibraryThing is the site to browse. (You can even access it without creating an account!)

3. Reedsy Discovery:-

Reedsy Discovery
Review Styles: star rating, recommendation, editorial reviews, community reviews (video option available)
Now, if you’re searching for some hidden gems to peruse, Reedsy Discovery’s got your back. While our blog features everything from classics to contemporary hits, Discovery’s specialty is indie publications, many of which are accompanied with succinct comments from experienced reviewers. There’s no better way to broaden your horizon!
Moreover, if casual and creative reviews are more your cup of tea, then rejoice: the burgeoning community of readers on Discovery can leave comments, one-line reviews, and video reviews (calling all Booktubers!) on just about any book. It’s a fun and interactive way to geek out over your favorite reads and discover all the coolest new titles you won’t find anywhere else.

4. LoveReading:-

LoveReading
Review styles: staff and guest contributor reviews
Though it’s UK-based, this prolific site caters to audiences around the world. LoveReading is strictly a reviewing site, with a base of staff writers and carefully selected contributors, so you know the reviews are top-notch. The staff often give quite personal reading experiences in their reviews, which make their recommendations very endearing, like they’re from a close friend. They even offer you presents — well, if you think of giveaways as presents!
LoveReading covers books from every genre you can think of. They also have weekly, monthly, and yearly list features to keep you up to date with the latest stellar releases, so you’ll never be in want of something to pore over.

5. The Millions:-

Review styles: professional and guest contributor reviews
In search of reviews that really dive into the themes, metaphors, and overall executions of interesting and highbrow books? The Millions has got you covered.
Written by a collection of seasoned critics, these reviews are speckled with memorable quotes, elegant analysis, and plentiful comparisons to other works — which means extra reading recommendations for you! If contemporary and literary fictions are your go-tos, then The Millions is the site for all your lit nerd needs.

6. A Promised Land:-

A Promised Land_Barack Obama
Nate Marshall on Barack Obama’s A Promised Land (Chicago Tribune)
A book review rarely leads to a segment on The 11th Hour with Brian Williams, but that’s what happened to Nate Marshall last month. I love how he combines a traditional review with a personal essay—a hybrid form that has become my favorite subgenre of criticism.
“The presidential memoir so often falls flat because it works against the strengths of the memoir form. Rather than take a slice of one’s life to lay bare and come to a revelation about the self or the world, the presidential memoir seeks to take the sum of a life to defend one’s actions. These sorts of memoirs are an attempt maybe not to rewrite history, but to situate history in the most rosy frame. It is by nature defensive and in this book, we see Obama’s primary defensive tool, his prodigious mind and proclivity toward over-considering every detail.”

7. Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland:-

Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland
Merve Emre on Lewis Carroll’s Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland (The Point)
I’m a huge fan of writing about books that weren’t just published in the last 10 seconds. And speaking of that hybrid form above, Merve Emre is one of its finest practitioners. This piece made me laugh out loud and changed the way I think about Lewis Carroll.
“I lie awake at night and concentrate on Alice, on why my children have fixated on this book at this particular moment. Part of it must be that I have told them it ‘takes place’ in Oxford, and now Oxford—or more specifically, the college whose grounds grow into our garden—marks the physical limits of their world. Now that we can no longer move about freely, no longer go to new places to see new things, we are trying to find ways to estrange the places and objects that are already familiar to us.”

8. Luster:-

Luster_Raven Leilani
Parul Sehgal on Raven Leilani’s Luster (The New York Times Book Review)
Once again, Sehgal remains the best lede writer in the business. I challenge you to read the opening of any Sehgal review and stop there.
“You may know of the hemline theory—the idea that skirt lengths fluctuate with the stock market, rising in boom times and growing longer in recessions. Perhaps publishing has a parallel; call it the blurb theory. The more strained our circumstances, the more manic the publicity machine, the more breathless and orotund the advance praise. Blurbers (and critics) speak with a reverent quiver of this moment, anointing every other book its guide, every second writer its essential voice.”

9. The Tenant of Wildfell Hall:-

The Tenant of Wildfell Hall
Constance Grady on Anne Brontë’s The Tenant of Wildfell Hall (Vox)

Restoring the legacies of ill-forgotten books is one of our duties as critics. Grady’s take on “the least famous sister in a family of celebrated geniuses” makes a good case for Wildfell Hall’s place alongside Wuthering Heights and Jane Eyre in the Romantic canon.

“[T]he heart of this book is a portrait of a woman surviving and flourishing after abuse, and in that, The Tenant of Wildfell Hall feels unnervingly modern. It is fresh, shocking, and wholly new today, 200 years after the birth of its author.”

10. Uncanny Valley:-

Uncanny Valley_Anna Wiener
Ismail Muhammad on Anna Wiener’s Uncanny Valley (The Atlantic)
Muhammad is a philosophical critic, so it’s always fun to see him tackle a book with big ideas. Here, he makes an enlightened connection between Wiener’s Silicon Valley memoir and Michael Lewis’s 1989 Wall Street exposé, Liar’s Poker.
“Like Lewis, Wiener found ‘a way out of unhappiness’ by writing her own gimlet-eyed generational portrait that doubles as a cautionary tale of systemic dysfunction. But if her chronicle acquires anything like the must-read status that Lewis’s antic tale of a Princeton art-history major’s stint at Salomon Brothers did, it will be for a different reason. For all her caustic insight and droll portraiture, Wiener is on an earnest quest likely to resonate with a public that has been sleepwalking through tech’s gradual reshaping of society.”
Referance Link:
https://reedsy.com/discovery/blog/book-review-sites
https://lithub.com/the-10-best-book-reviews-of-2020/

International Day Against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking

Drug abuse and the illegal trade of drugs have been a huge concern. No matter what steps have been taken, this illegal trade continues to take place undercovers around the world.

It is well known; how injurious drugs are for health. Overconsumption of drugs can cause serious illnesses like cancer, lung or heart disease, and increases the chances of having a stroke. Drug abuse can also affect the mental health of a person and result in mental disorders.

What is Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking of Drugs?

Drug abuse refers to the use of drugs and certain chemicals in amounts that are harmful to the body. Taking drugs in heavy amounts causes addiction, which often leads to illegal buying and consumption of drugs.

The illicit trafficking of drugs refers to the illegal trade of drugs. The question here arises, are there legal drugs? The answer is yes. There are drugs which legal like- nicotine, caffeine, alcohol, and other such drugs that are given on medical prescription. Such drugs bind upon the age, and regulations liking driving and location where it is being consumed.

Different nations have different drugs forbidden by law. Cocaine, marijuana, ecstasy are some of the drugs that are illegal at different places.

What is International Day Against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking?

The International Day Against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking is observed on June 26th every year since 1987, after the United Nations General Assembly decided to see this day to spread awareness about drug-related issues among people. This year’s theme, ‘Share Facts on Drugs, Save Lives’, aims at educating people about the effects of drug consumption, its treatment, and ways to combat misinformation about drugs.

People consume different drugs to create pleasure for themselves. Especially the youth consume it; mostly in peer pressure. Other reasons can also make people opt for drugs like any stress; be it personal or professional. When such drugs are consumed in heavy amounts its results are dangerous. It can even result in death due to the failure of organs. It can also cause hallucinations, reduce memory power, lowered attention, insomnia, and difficulty decision making.

Drug abuse for a long time can even cause depression and anxiety. People who are addicted, even overuse their medically prescribed drugs by buying them from different medical stores.

People commit crimes due to drug abuse as they lose control over themselves and their conscience. There have been cases where people have become ill-tempered and have murdered or attempted to murder people just because of some small argument. Their relationships with their families and friend have been destroyed. They have lost their jobs and are living chaotic life. They get aggressive and violent over time.

It is important to talk to people who abuse drugs and find out the reason for their condition; what made them fall into this trap, and not just push them away. if medical help is required, they can be sent to rehabilitation centers to make them addiction-free and help them live a normal life. things happen around us, but we often tend to ignore such things walk away; without bothering about it as it has nothing to do with us. As responsible people and for the sake of humanity we must try and help such people.  

Agriculture is not farming it’s feeding.

Agriculture is defined as the science and art of soil farming, and this definition emphasizes the primary nature of plant production in agriculture. It is not only a means of livelihood but a way of life. Agriculture is the most fundamental form of human activity and involves not only the cultivation of crops but also the domination of animals. Thus, agricultural land is the most basic of the world’s vast and diverse resources, and it provides food, clothing, and shelter to the human population. It is the main source of food, feed, and fuel. It is the basic foundation of economic development. Agriculture is the backbone of our economy. Agriculture is not only important from an economic point of view, but it has a profound impact on our social, political, and cultural life.

The agriculture industry in India reached a value of INR 63,506 billion in 2020. The agriculture industry represents an important component of the Indian economy both in terms of its contribution to the GDP as well as a source of employment to the majority of the country’s population. This sector is currently showing immense opportunities, with India presently being one of the world’s largest agricultural producers by value. A number of transformations have taken place in this sector over the past few decades. These include – rising penetration of the organized sector, growth in contract farming, agriculture becoming more mechanized, easy loan facilities, rise of exports, use of agrochemicals and high yielding seeds, and an increasing role of the private sector in processing, branding and marketing.

India is the second-largest populated country accounting for 18% of the total world population. With an increase in the population, the need for various agricultural products has increased significantly. This rise has prompted the farmers to adopt enhanced technologies and methods in dairy, fisheries and livestock in order to meet the diversified food needs of the people. Additionally, more than 50% of India’s population is dependent on agricultural products which is further promoting the growth of the market.

Over the past few years, India’s GDP has been growing at a steady pace which has resulted in a rise in the disposable incomes of the consumers. This rise has driven the agriculture market both in terms of the producer and consumer. It has enabled farmers to invest more in advanced agricultural infrastructure such as irrigation facilities, quality seeds, equipment’s, fertilizers, warehousing, cold storage, etc. It has also increased the consumers purchasing power creating a positive impact on the domestic demand of agriculture products. India represents one of the most bio-diverse countries in the world. The country encompasses various types of climatic conditions and soil types suitable for cultivating a large number of cereals, fruits, vegetables, flowers, cash crops, etc. The Indo-Gangetic plain, for instance, represents one of the most fertile lands across the globe. In addition, India also represents the second largest fish producing country in the world. The country has diverse resources ranging from deep seas to lakes in the mountains and more than 10% of the global biodiversity in terms of fish and shellfish species.

The establishment of rural banking and credit system has also played a pivotal role in the growth of the agriculture industry. The transformation of agriculture from subsistence to commercialization requires investment on the farm along with the use of modern inputs. With the availability of credit, the constraint on certain inputs like seed, fertilizer, pesticides, hired labor, etc. has been reduced.

INDIA AND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 4.0 Part-1

The industrial revolution is the advancement in manufacturing processes. The industrial revolution began in Europe in the 17th century. It was the first Industrial Revolution.  With the advancements in machines and manufacturing processes, Industrial revolution 2, 3 and 4 came into existence.

Industrial Revolution 2.0 started just after the first industrial revolution. It was also coined as Technological Revolution. The area of influence of the Industrial Revolution 2.0 was mainly Britain, America and parts of Germany.

The third industrial revolution began with the era of computers. With the widespread use of computers, and the capability to do superhuman things, Industrial revolution 3.0 started. Industrial revolution 3.0 stated the use of programming logic controllers. It also laid foundations for Industrial revolution 4.0.

The industrial revolution, also coined as “smart factory”, is the dependency of machines and smart reality at the more ease and comfort with more increase in production. In essence, industry 4.0 is the trend towards automation and data exchange in manufacturing technologies and processes which include cyber-physical systems (CPS), the internet of things (IoT), industrial internet of things, cloud computing, cognitive computing and artificial intelligence.

Industrial Revolution 4.0 consists of different aspects viz.

1.Internet of Things

2.Smart Sensors

3.Advanced robotics

4.Big Data Analytics

5.3D Printing

6.Augmented reality

7.Cloud computing

8.Location Detection

1.Internet of Things

The ability to transfer data over a network without requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction is known as the Internet of Things.

In simple language, when things communicate with each other over a common network, it is known as the Internet of things. In the consumer market, IoT is synonymous with home automation, home security and systems that can be controlled with devices related to that ecosystem like smartphones.

2. Smart sensors

Smart sensors are a major part of the Internet of Things. They are equipped with a digital interface, and they perform self-diagnosis by monitoring internal defects for evidence of faults.

The most important feature of a smart sensor is the ability to communicate, which can be done by displaying the data directly to the user and transfer it over a wired interface wirelessly.

3.Advanced robotics

Advanced robotics is the use of sensors that allow a robot to interact with the real world. The concept of creating machines that can operate autonomously dates back to classical times, but research into the functionality and potential uses of robots did not grow substantially until the 20th century. Throughout history, it has been frequently assumed by various scholars, inventors, engineers, and technicians that robots will one day be able to mimic human behaviour and manage tasks in a human-like fashion. Today, robotics is a rapidly growing field, as technological advances continue; researching, designing, and building new robots serve various practical purposes, whether domestically, commercially, or militarily.

4. Big Data Analytics

Big Data analytics is the process of collecting, organizing and analyzing large sets of data (called Big Data) to discover patterns and other useful information. Big Data analytics can help organizations to better understand the information contained within the data and will also help identify the data that is most important to the business and future business decisions.

5. 3D Printing

3D printing covers a variety of processes in which material is joined or solidified under computer control to create a three-dimensional object, with the material being added together (such as liquid molecules or powder grains being fused), typically layer by layer.

6.Augmented reality

Augmented reality (AR) is one of the biggest technology trends right now, and it’s only going to get bigger as AR ready smartphones and other devices become more accessible around the world. AR let us see the real-life environment right in front of us. Perhaps the most famous example of AR technology is the mobile app Pokemon Go, which was released in 2016 and quickly became an inescapable sensation.

7.Cloud computing

In its most simple description, cloud computing is taking services (“cloud services”) and moving them outside an organization’s firewall. Applications, storage and other services are accessed via the Web. The services are delivered and used over the Internet and are paid for by the cloud customer on an as-needed or pay-per-use business model.

8.Location Detection

Several technologies can provide real-time information about the location of devices, and hence the location of users of the devices. The types of devices that can be located include mobile telephones, laptop computers, personal digital assistants and gaming consoles. There are many location detection technologies, such as the global positioning system (GPS)

Read more about India and Industrial Revolution in next part, INDIA AND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 4.0 Part-2.

RACISM IN THE FORM OF COLORISM

Our country has a history of being ruled by the whites, i.e. the Portuguese, the Dutch and French traders, the Mughals, the British. They were relatively fairer than the rest of the Indian population. This succession by the white people left behind the desperate desire of looking fair. Indians felt that only the light skin people can attain power, dignity and respect as they were the master race. The racial prejudice in our country has taken the form of colorism. The basic definition of colorism means that differentiating or classification of a person from another on the basis of the skin tone or complexion. Discrimination against the members of the same race due to their dark skin complexion is called colorism. The black people are generally considered of a lower status and they are included in the lowest strata of the society while the fair is considered the noble and intellectual. In our Indian society, the complexion of a person is given a lot of importance, fair people are believed to have positive impacts and the dark has negative impacts. This is how the stereotypical mindsets of the Indians work. The black is now hated upon, it is highly condemned by the people worldwide. 

Racism and colorism are very closely related to each other. People with a lighter skin tone were considered as a rich of an upper-caste while people with a dusky skin tone is considered as a poor of a lower caste. Due to the color discrimination, the black people face problems all over the world. It brings down their morale, enthusiasm, self-efficiency to a great extent. They fear the world outside, the voices of the black people go unheard. They do not receive the right amount of appreciation, instead they face constant hatred and are subjected to brutality. The black people face harassment be it in either a physical or virtual form on any online platform. They are bullied not only on the basis of their color, but also on the basis of the structure of their lips or any facial attribute. The black color is the least preferred color in the entire human race. They are denied access to educational institutions, workplace or employment services, social services etc. There is no system which would act as a protection shield against the brutal and the inhumane bullying. The crime rate against the black has evidently increased, but people choose to be silent about it. If the same crime had been done to a white, then the public and the law would have done their best to win justice.

The social media and the advertising agency contribute to a great extent in favoring the notion of colorism. It is well known that the people would prefer a lighter skin tone than a deeper one and they would try their level best to reduce the tone of their skin color using any artificial means. People tend to follow the social media, their role models and hence in a despair to look fair. There are numerous cosmetic brands and skin lightening industries which came up as a solution to their consumer’s needs. In 1975, the “Fair and Lovely” cream was launched by Hindustan Unilever. This brand added a lot to the theory of colorism. It had become an indispensable requirement in the life of the young girls. It denoted that the deep complexion was not acceptable by the society anymore and how the dark people prove to be a disappointment. Only the fair people could achieve success and lead a happy life. Such fairness cream commercials promote the concept that how fairness is the only means of achieving success, dignity, honor and respect. Such products created an obstacle in the society by differentiating people on their skin tone. There was no actual appreciation of the natural beauty and color anymore. It led to the formation of biasness on the preference on the skin tone and color. Colorism really brings down the level of self-esteem and confidence in life of the people which in turn creates a confined status.