A.P.J. Abdul Kalam was an aerospace scientist who joined India’s defense department after graduating from the Madras Institute of Technology.
Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam was born into a Muslim family on October 15, 1931, on the island of Dhanushkodi off the southeastern coast of India. He developed an early fascination with flight by watching birds, which developed into an interest in aeronautics after he saw a newspaper article about a British fighter plane.
Despite his modest beginnings – his dad built and rented boats – Kalam was a bright student who showed promise in science and mathematics. He attended St. Joseph’s College and went on to earn a degree in aeronautical engineering from the Madras Institute of Technology.
His hopes of becoming a fighter pilot were dashed when he narrowly missed out on a spot with the Indian Air Force. Kalam instead joined the Defense Research and Development Organization (DRDO) as a senior scientific assistant in 1958. After moving to the newly formed Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) in 1969, he was named project director of the SLV-III, the first satellite launch vehicle designed and produced on Indian soil.
From 1992 to 1997 Kalam was scientific adviser to the defense minister, and he later served as principal scientific adviser (1999–2001) to the government with the rank of cabinet minister. His prominent role in the country’s 1998 nuclear weapons tests solidified India as a nuclear power and established Kalam as a national hero, although the tests caused great concern in the international community.
In 2002, India’s ruling National Democratic Alliance helped Kalam win an election against Lakshmi Sahgal and become India’s 11th president, a largely ceremonial post. Known as the People’s President, Kalam set a goal of conducting 500,000 one-on-one meetings with young people over the course of his five-year term. His immense popularity led to him being nominated by MTV for a Youth Icon of the Year award in 2003 and 2006.
After leaving office in 2007, Kalam became a visiting professor at several universities. He formed the “What Can I Give Movement” in 2011 with the goal of creating a compassionate society, and in 2012, his efforts to improve healthcare led to the release of a tablet for medical personnel to use in remote areas.
Kalam wrote several books, including an autobiography, Wings of Fire (1999). Among his numerous awards were two of the country’s highest honours, the Padma Vibhushan (1990) and the Bharat Ratna (1997).
Upon returning to civilian life, Kalam remained committed to using science and technology to transform India into a developed country and served as a lecturer at several universities. On July 27, 2015, he collapsed while delivering a lecture at the Indian Institute of Management Shillong and was pronounced dead from cardiac arrest soon afterward.
Kalam was laid to rest on July 30 with full state honors in his native Tamil Nadu. In honor of the scientist and former president, the southeast Indian state government of Tamil Nadu created a “Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Award,” which recognizes exceptional individuals who promote the sciences, students and humanities. The government has also established Kalam’s birthday (October 15) as “Youth Renaissance Day.” Discussion about building a large-scale memorial at his burial site is underway.
A Patriotic person is always on his own country’s side or supports his leaders when they deserve it. They are committed to their nation, care about their security, hold their country’s interest at their goal, and will always want their stability, development, and growth. People have an emotional relationship with their country and so this attachment is often referred to as national sentiment and national pride.
Patriotism was firmly related to a collection of nationalist ideals and is often even used synonymously. But perhaps the key difference between these two concepts would be that the patriot felt proud of his heritage at what it does, and no matter what it does; the nationalist makes it feel proud of his nation. Therefore patriotism creates a feeling of duty while patriotism establishes a sense of arrogance and ignorance, which may even lead to chaos.Although several people think patriotism has to do with laying somebody’s life for their country, that’s more than that. It implies defending the country in every possible way, working for their battlement or willingness to protect their own lives whenever necessary.
No doubt corruption is one of the biggest obstacles in the growth of our nation. From the last 60 years corruption has deeply installed itself in very root of Indian society. Earlier corruption was mostly synonymous with Government officials. But today even the private sector has joined the race. Corruption is defined as lack of integrity and honesty or to use a position of trust for personal benefits. In India for any kind of work that needed to be got done from government officer, he had to be bribed first. It does not matter whether the job was perfectly legal and part of his duty. The corrupt employees went on to amass a large amount of wealth and lead a luxurious lifestyle. This corruption can be seen in every sphere of activity, from the sanctioning of loans to giving licenses or for booking the railway ticket and whether you want admission in a good college, you have to bribe first. Today India has become an aspiring superpower with the fastest growing economy in the world, Indian companies are raking in millions. But sadly this has led to a more devastating form of corruption called ‘corporate corruption’. While the old corrupt employees of the olden days dealt with thousands or lakhs rupees and these modern corporates corrupt eat away millions of rupees. If all this money is put to use for developing the nation, we could easily feed the poor, treat the sick children, provide shelter to everyone, provide free education to deserving kids. Some promising steps to root out corruption have come from government. A number of Investigative journalists through their sting operations and reports have nailed down quite a few high profile officers indulging in corruption. But still a lot more needs to be done. Each one of us can help in rooting out corruption by simply refusing to pay bribes to anyone, no matter how urgent our need is.
Directed by Christopher Nolan The Prestige based on the 1995 novel by Christopher Priest follows the story of 2 rival magicians set at the end of the 19th century London. The magicians Alfred Borden played by Christian Bale and Robert Angier played by Hugh Jackman are bitter rivals who once worked together and were good friends. Their friendship ended when Angier’s wife fails to escape a water tank trick due to a mistake made by Borden while tying her up. Thus began their rivalry as they both started their careers as stage magicians, always finding a way to one up each other. Angier takes the name “The Great Danton” continuing to work with John Cutter a stage engineer played by Michael Cain, Borden takes up the stage name “The Professor” and works with his mysterious partner Fallon.
Their rivalry continues when they keep trying to one up each other by performing seemingly impossible tricks, their rivalry takes dark turn when Angier sabotages one of Borden’s tricks. Angier replaces a bullet that Borden removed beforehand for a bullet catching trick, Angier plans to kill Borden but Fallon thwarts the attempt. This attempt on Borden’s life though unsuccessful causes him to loose 2 of his fingers and his reputation. Borden decides to make Angier pay by sabotaging one of his famous tricks the disappearing bird, when selected as a volunteer Borden messes with the contraption that hides the caged bird so that it not only kills the bird but injures another volunteer. This in turn diminishes Angier’s reputation as well.
Borden comes up with a new trick to regain his lost reputation, he seemingly teleports between 2 wardrobes almost instantaneously. Angier cant figure out the secret to the transporting man trick, he decides to imitate the trick by hiring a body double to come out the other wardrobe. The imitation is a success but Angier a very egoistical man hates the fact that his body double gets all the cheers. Borden easily sees through the ruse and sabotages Angier again by taking away the padding meant to dampen his fall when he falls through the wardrobe, this cripples Angier and fuels his hatred even more. Hell bent on getting the secret to the trick Angier acquires an encoded diary that belongs to Borden, he gets the key to decode the diary after threating Fallon’s life.
The Diary leads Angier to Nikola Tesla played by David Bowie who he believes to have created a machine for Borden. Angier travels to America hoping convince Tesla to build a machine for him. Angier finds out that the diary was just a distraction planted by Borden with the help of his assistant Oliva played by Scarlett Johansson, Tesla nevertheless decides to try and build such a machine for Angier. After numerous failed attempts Tesla and Angier are about to give-up when Mr. Alley Tesla’s assistant played by Andy Serkis discovers that the machine didn’t completely fail. The machine was cloning the objects placed inside it and transporting them a short distance away. Tesla warns Angier to not use the machine fearing the consequences.
The Prestige gives a tiny glimpse into the rivalry that still makes people think, it talks about the rivalry between Thomas Edison and Nikola Tesla. Its well known now that most of Tesla’s world changing ideas were opposed by Edison for being different.
The movie is definitely a complex one and I have chosen to leave the ending out, giving away the final plot device would make no sense. The end makes you think not just about the story but about emotions and makes you question yourself. This is must watch watch movie for anyone interested in Science Fiction. If you are like one of fans hoping for a crossover between DC and Marvel this movie is the closest we could ever get, we have Hugh Jackman who played the iconic Wolverine, Christian Bale who stared as Batman in a trilogy directed by Nolan himself and Scarlett Johansson who plays Black Widow.
In Conclusion its an amazing movie and definitely worth a watch.
Researchers from the Universitat Politècnica de València (UPVCMT-Motores )’s Térmicos (Thermal Engines) group are developing new, more efficient cooling systems that use solar air conditioning, which will assist in addressing the summer increase in electricity bills Their study results made an appearance in the International Journal of Refrigeration.
“In the last month, the ‘perfect storm’ has occurred in all aspects of the electricity bill. On the one hand, there is the so-called rate change, which is divided into three segments, and on the other, there are consumption peaks in the summer during the hottest days of the year. In these days of high temperatures, air conditioning units and cooling systems consume more electricity, raising the cost of electricity significantly—without going any further, the price of electricity surpassed its annual record last Saturday. Solar air conditioning, while an oxymoron, has the potential to be a solution to this perfect storm, says “José Ramón Serrano”, a CMT researcher.
Solar-assisted thermal storage tank jet ejector cooling system.
Solar air conditioning equipment
Solar air conditioning is the equipment used to cool a space with solar energy. Two main groups are involved, as explained by Serrano: on the one hand, photovoltaic panels are used to produce traditional air conditioners. The problem with these solutions is their low efficiency: barely 10 percent, which means the nearly 1,000W per sqm that we get with the most solar radiation during the summertime, generates only 100W of electricity. “This represents about 300 W of cooling power in a traditional cold unit,” Serrano describes.
Solar thermal cooling systems, on the other hand, are more efficient and versatile. In this case, thermo-solar panels are used in place of photovoltaic panels that warm up a liquid by using surfaces that absorb or concentrate solar rays. These systems are used in the cold winter months in households to heat sanitary water and solar heating systems. The CMT-Motores Térmicos researchers concentrate their efforts on the latter to use them during the summer.
They propose coupling these panels to absorption or ejection cycles, which would allow them to cool the room using the sun’s heat as the source of energy. The 1,000 W per square meter received in these cases can be converted into 500 W of heating power using the thermal oil that flows through the thermo-solar panels. The 500 W can then be converted into 600 W of cooling power via high-efficiency absorption cycles.
“One advantage of using this equipment is that the cooling capability increases in tandem with the solar radiation, which coincides with periods of higher cooling demand,” says Vicente Dolz, UPV professor and CMT-Motores Térmicos researcher.
And how would this allow you to save money on electricity?
A typical household air conditioning unit in the living room has a cooling capacity of around 3,500 W. According to the UPV researchers, these values can be achieved with around 6 m2 of thermo-solar panels coupled to an absorption cycle during the hours of highest irradiation (midday in the summer) to completely replace the traditional air conditioning unit with the absorption cycle.
“A traditional air conditioning unit consumes approximately 1,170 W of electricity to achieve the 3,500 W of cooling power.” The technology that we propose would allow us to eliminate said consumption from our bills while enjoying the greatest level of comfort possible thanks to the combination of solar panels and absorption cycles.
CMT-Motores Térmicos proposed that solution can also be implemented as a hybrid system that provides part of the traditional system’s cooling capabilities or improves its efficiency while also reducing global electricity consumption by providing the solar air conditioning system.
Jeff Bezos will fly on the first passenger flight of his space company Blue Origin, which the company plans to launch on July 20, the billionaire announced Monday.
“I want to go on this flight because it’s the thing I’ve wanted to do all my life,” Bezos said in a video posted to his Instagram.
Bezos’ brother Mark will join him, as will the winner of an auction being held for one of the seats. The highest bid stands at $2.8 million as of Monday morning, five days before the auction closes.
“I wasn’t even expecting him to say that he was going to be on the first flight,” Mark Bezos said in the video. “What a remarkable opportunity, not only to have this adventure but to do it with my best friend.”
Jeff Bezos takes a look at the New Shepard rocket booster on the landing pad after a successful NS-15 flight and landing in April 2021.
New Shepard is designed to carry up to six people on a ride past the edge of space, with the capsules on previous test flights reaching an altitude of more than 340,000 feet (more than 100 kilometers). The capsule has massive windows to give passengers a view, spending a few minutes in zero gravity before returning to Earth.
Jeff Bezos opens the hatch of the New Shepard capsule after a test flight in April 2021.Blue Origin
The rocket launches vertically, with the booster detaching and returning to land at a concrete pad nearby. The capsule’s return is slowed by a set of parachutes, before softly landing in the desert.
“To see the Earth from space, it changes you,” the Amazon CEO said. “It’s an adventure; it’s a big deal for me.”
A person sitting in a moving bus is at rest with respect to a fellow passenger but is in motion with respect to a person outside the bus. The concepts of rest and motion have meaning only with respect to some reference frame. To understood rest and motion we need a convenient fixed reference frame.
FRAME OF REFERENCE: If we imagine a coordinate system and the position of an object is described relative to it, then such a coordinate system is called frame of reference.
POINT MASS To explain the motion of an object which has finite mass, the concept of “point mass” is required and is very useful. Let the mass of any object be assumed to be concentrated at a point. Then this idealized mass is called “point mass”.
It has no internal structure like shape and size. Mathematically a point mass has finite mass with zero dimension. Even though in reality a point mass does not exist, it often simplifies our calculations. It is to be noted that the term “point mass” is a relative term. It has meaning only with respect to the king of motion.
Example: To analyse the motion of Earth with respect to Sun, Earth can be treated as a point mass. This is because the distance between the sun and Earth is very large compared to the size of the Earth.
TYPES OF MOTION
LINEAR MOTION An object is said to be in linear motion if it moves in a straight line.
Examples: An athlete running on a straight track. A particle falling vertically downwards to the Earth.
CIRCULAR MOTION Circular motion is defined as a motion described by an object traversing a circular path.
Examples: The whirling motion of stone attached to a string. The motion of a satellite around the Earth.
ROTATIONAL MOTION: If any object moves in a rotational motion about an axis, the motion is called ‘rotation’. During rotation every point in the object transverses a circular path about an axis, (except the points located on the axis).
Examples: Rotation of a disc about an axis through its centre. Spinning of the Earth about its own axis.
VIBRATORY MOTION If an object or particle executes a to-and-fro motion about a fixed point, it is said to be in vibratory motion. This is sometimes also called oscillatory motion.
Examples: Vibration of a string on a guitar. Movement of a swing
Great people are those who have the state of having, owing and controlling when situations become worse.
It is high time to come to believe that we are created with a great capacity to carry a custom made dream.
We all may be tall or short, smart or weak, rich or poor, bright or dull, but we can still accommodate our dream as all things are possible for those who believe in themselves.
SELF HELP IS SEEKING YOU IN YOU IN YOUR HARDSHIPS:)
TRAIN YOUR MIND, BODY, SOUL!
Update yourself, learn new skills for your future vision, Meditation makes positive vibes around you so, do it regularly. Set tasks for the day, Change the habit which you thought to change many times but you couldn’t. Exercise regularly, Stay fit Stay strong, Eat healthy foods and drink plenty of work when makes way for the healthy body. Never ever take your health as granted as it is very important in today’s situation say for example pandemic and other sort of problems which we face now-a-days due to lack of health. Tomorrow is not a promised one.
Always surround yourself with the good vibes because it may give hand at once when you are being felt stressed. Many people are unable to understand the truth that they are not surrounded by positive things. When they become aware that they don’t indulge in others things and so on, they get solitary. Behind everything there is a reason, lets try to understand that and move on.
Love yourself. Only is this is done we can love others also with kind hearted person. Count your blessings, Do not compare yourself with anybody as it gives way for either pride or lower discriminative state of mind when affects you to the worst. Have a good state of mind. Forgiveness is the wonderful thing which can also be adopted.
Personality development is updating yourself in the environment. Keep yourself in learning everything and every skills as it may help you to be safe in the environment surrounded by the people. It is like to be safe before the storm comes.
Promoting our state of mind in the psychologically, emotionally, mentally, physically strong. It helps to promote us both personally and professionally. Make a routine from morning to night as this will promote your best to the rest of your life.
Loving ourselves is not being self indulged, it is the art of taking care of ourselves as nobody can accommodate with us for every time.
This is one from my personal experience. I have completed my Bachelor’s in Business Administration from St.Joseph’s College of Commerce, Bangalore. I have been having a tough time finding internships or jobs from which I can earn something decent. I am glad that I at-least got a platform to express this. Thank you so much Eduindex News and WordPress. I have been interning here and writing articles for gaining internship experience for the past one month. I have applied to a lot of places in Bangalore. The fields where I have applied are Marketing, Content Writing. I have a lot of interest in content writing. I would love to earn money by writing small contents or small blogs.
What I want to express through this article is simple. I just want everyone who is of my age 21, to know, that whatever opportunity you get to intern, I say intern, not whether you earn money or not, but to intern, then grab it like it is a jackpot. It will add up to your experience, it will add up to your struggle which you have been facing finding an internship. I have been very grateful to this platform where I wrote articles, gained internship from Hariyali via Internshala. It is not about earning always, it is all about gaining experience and facing struggles. Today, I do not have any internship or any job, and I am constantly applying to everywhere for earning atleast something. Life is a lot more difficult out there and only now, I realize what my parents had struggled during their time that today, they have succesful businesses. Internships and jobs require a lot of skills which we lack. I also would love to give you one suggestion. There are a lot of free certificate courses on stock markets, digital marketing, from many many websites. Start applying and learning through them. It is a great experience which none of the colleges will ever teach you. It will also add up to the resumes when you make them for applying to new jobs.
Internships have a very important role to play in our life. No matter how big or small an internship is, it will surely give us some experience about what the outer life is, how difficult it is to earn even small amounts. I feel it is a responsibility of every person who is of my age, 21, and who is either finishing their under graduation, to keep searching for good online courses and for good internships where your interests lie. Good online courses add up to your resumes, and so does good internships. It will give you the extra added advantage over others to fetch a good job when you apply for it. If college is able to provide you with good internships, it is one of the best ways to get one, I had applied to various companies from college, but due to low marks, or don’t know which criteria, could not fetch a good job or internship. But, from my own experience, I would like to say to you that no matter how big or small internship or job we get, whether in college or through acquintance or from anywhere we apply, just grab it, do not miss it and grab it to gain experience, it might give you wonders in the future.
Forest is an important natural resource.It is most important natural habitat for wild life.It is also utilized by farmers for commercial and recreational purposes.Many herbivores find shelter and carnivores their prey in the forest.Besides this,forest plays most important role from commercial point of view.Forest based cottage industries,such as bee keeping,bamboo mat and basket making provides small scale industry to the tribal people.Sal is a most important source for timber industries.It also provides raw materials for pulp and plywood industry.
Green plants of the forests are food producing organisms and are primary producers of the “food chain”.These foods are stored in the form of fruits,nuts,seeds,nectar and wood.Therefore,forest serves as an energy reservoir, trapping energy from sunlight and storing it in the form of a biochemical product.
Forest plays a most important role in keeping the atmospheric balance by consuming CO2 and releasing O2,the latter which is essential for animal life.So removal of plants and trees would disturb the composition of natural air.An acre of forest absorbs four tonnes of carbonic acid gas and recycles eight tonnes of oxygen into environment.
If a forest is cut down,energy stored in the wood is lost and also most of the nutrients of the system are lost.Such deforestation leaves a poor soil which can support agriculture for only a short time, because the harvesting of the first few crops removes the remaining nutrients and renders it useless.Deforestation causes soil erosion.
The reduction of forests later affects rainfall and thereby restricts the availability of a most important natural resource,the rain water.In natural forests,the tree roots bind the soil and about 90 percent of the water falling on the forests is retained either in humus or in the plant tissue.The forest thus acts as a soaking device and plays a vital role in the hydrological cycle.
Conservation of forests
Following measures should be adopted to conserve forests:
⭐A tree removed from the forest for any purpose must be replaced by a new tree.Thus tree felling should be matched by tree planting programmes as early as possible.
⭐ Afforestation should be done in areas unfit for agriculture,along highways and river banks around play grounds and parks.
⭐ Maximum economy should be observed in the use of timber and fuel wood minimising by the wastage.
⭐The use of firewood should be discouraged and alternative source of energy for cooking such as biogas,natural gas,etc.,should be made available.
⭐Forest should be protected from fire.Modern fire fighting equipment should be used to extinguish accidental forest fire.
⭐Pests and disease of forest trees should be controlled by fumigation and aerial spray of fungicides and through biological method of pest control.
Based on the direction of flow,the Peninsular rivers are divided into the west flowing and East flowing rivers.
East flowing rivers 🏞🌊:
Mahanadi🌊🏞 :
🌟It originates nera Sihawa in Raipur district of Chattisgarh and flows through Odisa. 🌟It’s length is 851km. 🌟Seonath, Telen,Sandra and Ib are its major tributaries.
🌟Paika, Birupa, Chitartala, Genguti and Nun are is distributaries. 🌟The Mahanadi empties its water in Bay of Bengal.
Godavari 🏞🌊:
🌟Godavari is the longest river(1,465 km) with an area of 3.13 lakh km^2 among the Peninsular rivers . It is also called Vridha Ganga. 🌟It flows through the states Telangana and Andhra Pradesh. Purna, Penganga, Pranitha, Indravathu, Tal and Salami are its major tributaries. 🌟Kolleru, a fresh water lake is located in the deltaic region of the Godavari.
Krishna 🌊🏞:
🌟It Originates from a spring at a palace called Mahabaleshwar in the Western Ghats of Maharashtra. 🌟It’s length is 1,400 km and an area of 2.58 lakh Sq km. 🌟Bhima, Peddavagu, Musi, Koyna and Thungabhadra are the major tributaries of this river.
Kaveri 🏞🌊:
🌟It originates at Talakaveri, Kudagu hills of Karnataka. 🌟It’s length is 800 km. The river Kaveri is called Dhakshin Ganga or Ganga of South. 🌟Harangi, Hemavati, Kabini, Bhavani, Arkavathy , Noyyal, Amaranthi etc are the main tributaries of the river Kaveri. 🌟In Karnataka the river bifurcates twice ,forming the sacred islands of Srirangapatnam and Sivasamudram. 🌟In Tamilnadu, it continues through a series of gorges until it reaches Hogenakkal Falls.
West flowing rivers🌊🏞 :
Narmada 🏞🌊:
🌟It rises in Amarkanatak Plateau in Madhya Pradesh at an elevation of about 1057m and flows for a distance of about 1,312km, it covers an area of 98,796 Sq km and forms 27 km long estuary.
🌟It is the largest among the west flowing rivers of Peninsular India. 🌟It’s principal tributaries are Burhner, Halon, Haran, Banjar, Dudhi, Shakkar, Tawa, Barna and Kolar.
Tapti🌊🏞 :
🌟It is one of the major rivers of Peninsular India with the length of about 724km and covers an area of 65,145 Sq km. 🌟It is one of only the three rivers in Peninsular India that rum from east to west – the others being the Narmada and the Mahi.
🌟The major tributaries are Vaki, Gomai, Arunavathi,Aner, Nesu, Buray, Panjhra and Bori. 🌟It outfalls into the Arabian Sea through the Gulf of Cambay.
A startup is a young company founded by one or more entrepreneurs to develop a unique product or service, bring it to market and make it irresistible and irreplaceable for customers.
Startups are rooted in innovation, addressing the deficiencies of existing products or creating entirely new categories of goods and services, thereby disrupting entrenched ways of thinking and doing business for entire industries.
FACTORS THAT BOOST THE SUCCESS OF A STARTUP
•Expertise of Founder in Domain– An organisation is an artificial person and the founder is the one who determines whether it will survive or not. The founder needs to ensure that he/she has acquired adequate skills and knowledge about the domain and should not just step into it without any prior experience in the specific field. The more experience is held by its founder, more are the chances of its success.
•Passionate and Supporting Team– An organisation needs support of its members. A leader or a manager is nothing without his/her followers or sub-ordinates respectively. They need the support to create wonders. If an organisation is able to find such passionate and supporting employees, then the startup will definitely be able to crate a goodwill in no time.
•Committed and Hard Working Employees– Employee is that asset of an organisation that converts other assets into money. Capital is of use without Human Capital. Committed and Hard working employees don’t work for money but work for the belonging towards organisation. They give their best for success of organisation.
•Innovation– A market where the demand and requirements of consumers changes drastically, a new business needs to bring something new and out of the box that leaves a favorable impact on mind of customers to create a customer base.
•Not letting go even a small opportunity of Growth– A new organisation should grab each opportunity to show its uniqueness. Every opportunity have only two results either success or a learning that can act as a base for future success.
Water pollution (or aquatic pollution) is the contamination of water bodies, usually as a result of human activities. Water bodies include for example lakes, rivers, oceans, aquifers and groundwater. Water pollution results when contaminants are introduced into the natural environment. For example, releasing inadequately treated wastewater into natural water bodies can lead to degradation of aquatic ecosystems. In turn, this can lead to public health problems for people living downstream. They may use the same polluted river water for drinking or bathing or irrigation. Water pollution is the leading worldwide cause of death and disease, e.g. due to water-borne diseases.
Water pollution can be classified as surface water or groundwater pollution. Marine pollution and nutrient pollution are subsets of water pollution. Sources of water pollution are either point sources or non-point sources. Point sources have one identifiable cause of the pollution, such as a storm drain or a wastewater treatment plant. Non-point sources are more diffuse, such as agricultural runoff.] Pollution is the result of the cumulative effect over time. All plants and organisms living in or being exposed to polluted water bodies can be impacted. The effects can damage individual species and impact the natural biological communities they are part of.
Introduction :-
Water pollution occurs when unwanted materials enter in to water, changes the quality of water and
harmful to environment and human health . Water is an important natural resource used for drinking
and other developmental purposes in our lives . Safe drinking water is necessary for human health all
over the world. Being a universal solvent, water is a major source of infection. According to world
health organization (WHO) 80% diseases are water borne. Drinking water in various countries does
not meet WHO standards 3.1% deaths occur due to the unhygienic and poor quality of water.
Discharge of domestic and industrial effluent wastes, leakage from water tanks, marine dumping,
radioactive waste and atmospheric deposition are major causes of water pollution. Heavy metals that
disposed off and industrial waste can accumulate in lakes and river, proving harmful to humans and
animals. Toxins in industrial waste are the major cause of immune suppression, reproductive failure
and acute poisoning. Infectious diseases, like cholera, typhoid fever and other diseases gastroenteritis,
diarrhea, vomiting, skin and kidney problem are spreading through polluted water. Human health is
affected by the direct damage of plants and animal nutrition. Water pollutants are killing sea weeds,
mollusks, marine birds, fishes, crustaceans and other sea organisms that serve as food for human.
Insecticides like DDT concentration is increasing along the food chain. These insecticides are harmful for humans.
Objective of the study :-
The main objective of the project work is role of water in our life. How important it is. Controlling city pollution by water pollution.
Definition of water pollution :-
Water is typically referred to as polluted when it is impaired by anthropogenic contaminants. Due to
these contaminants it either does not support a human use, such as drinking water, or undergoes a
marked shift in its ability to support its biotic communities, such as fish. Natural phenomena such
as volcanoes, algae blooms, storms, and earthquakes also cause major changes in water quality and
the ecological status of water.
Prevalence :-
Water pollution is a major global problem. It requires ongoing evaluation and revision of water resource policy at all levels (international down to individual aquifers and wells). It has been suggested that water pollution is the leading worldwide cause of death and diseases.] Water pollution accounted for the deaths of 1.8 million people in 2015. The organization Global Oceanic Environmental Survey (GOES) consider water pollution as one of the main environmental problems that can present a danger for the existence of life on earth in the next decades. One of the main concerns, is that water pollution, heart phytoplankton who produce 70% of oxygen and remove a large part of carbon dioxide on earth. The organization proposes a number of measures for fixing the situation, but they should be taken in the next 10 years for being effective.
Water pollution in India and China is wide spread. About 90 percent of the water in the cities of China is polluted. In addition to the acute problems of water pollution in developing countries, developed countries also continue to struggle with pollution problems. For example, in a report on water quality in the United States in 2009, 44 percent of assessed stream miles, 64 percent of assessed lake acres, and 30 percent of assessed bays and estuarine square miles were classified as polluted.
Reason :-
The causes of water pollution include a wide range of chemicals and pathogens as well as physical parameters. Contaminants may include organic and inorganic substances. Elevated temperatures can also lead to polluted water. A common cause of thermal pollution is the use of water as a coolant by power plants and industrial manufacturers. Elevated water temperatures decrease oxygen levels, which can kill fish and alter food chain composition, reduce species biodiversity, and foster invasion by new thermophilic species. Water pollution is measured by analysing water samples. Physical, chemical and biological tests can be conducted. Control of water pollution requires appropriate infrastructure and management plans. The infrastructure may include wastewater treatment plants. Sewage treatment plants and industrial wastewater treatment plants are usually required to protect water bodies from untreated wastewater. Agricultural wastewater treatment for farms, and erosion control at construction sites can also help prevent water pollution. Nature-based solutions are another approach to prevent water pollution.Effective control of urban runoff includes reducing speed and quantity of flow. In the United States, best management practices for water pollution include approaches to reduce the quantity of water and improve water quality.
TYPES OF WATER POLLUTION:-
1. SURFACE WATER POLLUTION :-
Surface water pollution includes pollution of rivers, lakes and oceans. A subset of surface water
pollution is marine pollution.
Water pollution from human activity, including oil spills and also presents a problem
for freshwater resources. The largest petroleum spill that has ever occurred in fresh water was caused
by a Royal Dutch Shell tank ship in Magdalena, Argentina, on 15 January 1999, polluting the
environment, drinkable water, plants and animals Chemical contamination of fresh water can also
seriously damage eco-systems.
In industrialized areas rain can be acidic because of dissolved oxides of sulfur and nitrogen formed
from burning of fossil fuels in cars, factories, trains and aircraft and from the atmospheric emissions
of industry. In some cases this acid rain results in pollution of lakes and rivers.
2. GROUNDWATER POLLUTION:- Groundwater pollution (also called groundwater contamination) occurs when pollutants are released to the ground and make their way down into groundwater. This type of water pollution can also occur naturally due to the presence of a minor and unwanted constituent, contaminant or impurity in the groundwater, in which case it is more likely referred to as contamination rather than pollution. The pollutant often creates a contaminant plume within an aquifer. Movement of water and dispersion within the aquifer spreads the pollutant over a wider area. Its advancing boundary, often called a plume edge, can intersect with groundwater wells or daylight into surface water such as seeps and springs, making the water supplies unsafe for humans and wildlife. The movement of the plume, called a plume front, may be analyzed through a hydrological transport model or groundwater model. Analysis of groundwater pollution may focus on soil characteristics and site geology, hydrogeology, hydrology, and the nature of the contaminants. Pollution can occur from on-site sanitation systems, landfills, effluent from wastewater treatment plants, leaking sewers, petrol filling stations or from over application of fertilizers in agriculture. Pollution (or contamination) can also occur from naturally occurring contaminants, such as arsenic or fluoride. Using polluted groundwater causes hazards to public health through poisoningor the spread of disease.Different mechanisms have influence on the transport of pollutants, e.g. diffusion, adsorption, precipitation, decay, in the groundwater. The interaction of groundwater contamination with surface waters is analyzed by use of hydrology transport models.
3.CHEMICAL POLLUTION :- dustrial and agricultural work involves the use of many different chemicals that can run-off into water and pollute it.Metals and solvents from industrial work can pollute rivers and lakes. These are poisonous to many forms of aquatic life and may slow their development, make them infertile or even result in death.Pesticides are used in farming to control weeds, insects and fungi. Run-offs of these pesticides can cause water pollution and poison aquatic life. Subsequently, birds, humans and other animals may be poisoned if they eat infected fish.Petroleum is another form of chemical pollutant that usually contaminates water through oil spills when a ship ruptures. Oil spills usually have only a localised affect on wildlife but can spread for miles. The oil can cause the death of many fish and stick to the feathers of seabirds causing them to lose the ability to fly.
4.MARINE POLLUTION:-
ne common path of entry by contaminants to the sea are rivers. An example is directly discharging
sewage and industrial waste into the ocean. Pollution such as this occurs particularly in developing
nations. In fact, the 10 largest emitters of oceanic plastic pollution worldwide are, from the most to
the least, China, Indonesia, Philippines, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Egypt, Malaysia, Nigeria, and
Bangladesh,[15] largely through the rivers Yangtze, Indus, Yellow, Hai, Nile, Ganges, Pearl, Amur,
Niger, and the Mekong, and accounting for “90 percent of all the plastic that reaches the world’s
oceans.
Large gyres (vortexes) in the oceans trap floating plastic debris. Plastic debris can absorb toxic
chemicals from ocean pollution, potentially poisoning any creature that eats it. Many of these longlasting pieces end up in the stomachs of marine birds and animals. This results in obstruction of
digestive pathways, which leads to reduced appetite or even starvation.
There are a variety of secondary effects stemming not from the original pollutant, but a derivative
condition. An example is silt-bearing surface runoff, which can inhibit the penetration of sunlight
through the water column, hampering photosynthesis in aquatic plants.
IMPACT IN HUMAN HEALTH
:-
There is a greater association between pollution and health problem. Disease causing
microorganisms are known as pathogens and these pathogens are spreading disease
directly among humans. Some pathogens are worldwide some are found in well-defined
area]. Many water borne diseases are spreading man to man Heavy rainfall and floods are
related to extreme weather and creating different diseases for developed and developing
countries [10% of the population depends on food and vegetables that are grown in
contaminated water [Many waterborne infectious diseases are linked with fecal pollution of
water sources and results in fecal-oral route of infection]. Health risk associated with polluted
water includes different diseases such as respiratory disease, cancer, diarrheal disease,
neurological disorder and cardiovascular disease Nitrogenous chemicals are responsible for
cancer and blue baby syndrom]. Mortality rate due to cancer is higher in rural areas than
urban areas because urban inhabitants use treated water for drinking while rural people
don’t have facility of treated water and use unprocessed water. Poor people are at greater
risk of disease due to improper sanitation, hygiene and water supply . Contaminated water
has large negative effects in those women who are exposed to chemicals during pregnancy;
it leads to the increased rate of low birth weight as a result fetal health is affected
Poor quality water destroys the crop production and infects our food which is hazardous for
aquatic life and human life [Pollutants disturb the food chain and heavy metals, especially
iron affects the respiratory system of fishes. An iron clog in to fish gills and it is lethal to
fishes, when these fishes are eaten by human leads to the major health issue Metal
contaminated water leads to hair loss, liver cirrhosis, renal failure and neural disorder.
Bacterial diseases :- Untreated drinking water and fecal contamination of water is the major cause of diarrhea. Campylobacter jejuni spread diarrhea 4% to 15% worldwide. Fever, abdominal pain, nausea, headache are major symptoms of diarrhea. Good hygienic practices and use of antibiotics can prevent this disease. Disease cholera is caused by the contaminated water. Vibrio Cholerae is responsible for this disease. This bacterium produces toxins in digestive tracts. The symptoms of this disease are watery diarrhea, nausea, vomiting and watery diarrhea leads to dehydration and renal failure. Anti- microbial treatment is used to get rid of this disease. Shigellosis is a bacterial disease caused by Shigella bacteria. It affects the digestive tract of humans and damages the intestinal lining. Watery or bloody diarrhea, abdominal cramps, vomiting and nausea are symptoms and it can be cured with antibiotics and good hygienic practice. Salmonellosis infects the intestinal tract. Salmonella bacteria are found in contaminated water and it results in inflammation of intestine and often death occurs. Antibiotics are prescribed for this disease.
Viral diseases :- Hepatitis is a viral disease caused by contaminated water and infects the liver. Jaundice, loss of appetite, fatigue, discomfort and high fever are symptoms of hepatitis. If it persists for a long time it may be fatal and results in death. Vaccine is available for hepatitis and by adopting good hygienic practice; one can get rid of this disease Encephalitis is inflammatory disease spread by bite of infected mosquitoes. Culex mosquito lays their eggs in contaminated water. Most people don’t show any symptoms but some symptoms are headache, high fever, muscle stiffness, convulsions however in severe cases coma and paralysis results. No vaccine is available for this disease Poliomyelitis virus is responsible for poliomyelitis. Sore throat, fever, nausea, constipation and diarrhea and sometimes paralysis are symptoms of poliomyelitis. Vaccine is available for this disease Gastroenteritis is caused by different viruses including rotaviruses, adenoviruses, calciviruses and Norwalk virus. Symptoms of gastroenteritis are vomiting, headache and fever. Symptoms appear 1 to 2 days after infecting. Sickness can be dangerous among infants, young children and disabled.
Parasitic diseases :- Cryptosporidiosis is a parasitic disease caused by the cryptosporidium parvum. It is worldwide disease and symptoms are diarrhea, loose or watery bowls, stomach cramps and upset stomach [28]. Cryptosporidium is resistant to disinfection and affects immune system and it is the cause of diarrhoea and vomiting in humans Galloping amoeba is caused by the Entamoeba histolytica and affects stomach lining. This parasite undergoes cyst and non-cyst form. Infection occurs when cyst found in contaminated water and it is swallowed. Symptoms are fever, chills and watery diarrhea According to WHO, diarrheal case jootes are about 4 billion and results in 2.2 million deathsGiardiasis is caused by Giardia lamblia. Cells of intestinal lining may become injure. Giardia is resistant to wintry temperature and disinfectant. Sometimes it is known as travelers’ disease. People suffering from giardiasis have symptoms bloating, excess gas, watery diarrhea and weight loss .
The curious mind of man invented various means to record his observations and experiences. As time progressed, alphabets of various languages came into existence and literature , was produced. One field on which the teachers would lay thrust was the art of writing beautifully and they would ensure that their students would master the art of flowing handwriting. So the students were required to write with a reed ‘kalam’ on wooden plank or takhti for as long as the first five years in the early years to master the art of calligraphy. They would invariably had to write something on their takhtis everyday and show it to the teacher to get appreciation as’good’. Contrary to all this, children these days are introduced to phones, computers, laptops as even before they are able to learn to speak clearly. As students reached the sixth class, they were allowed to use pen holders into which nibs could be inserted and students had to dip their pens into inkpot to write on their notebooks having four lines. It was followed by fountain pen which could hold ink but it too had one disadvantage. While refilling the pen, sometimes the ink would spoil the hands or smudge the paper .The spilled ink would, then be wiped out with a handkerchief or a piece of cloth. The students were required to write cursive and fluent exercises, often on four lined pages for days and weeks with the result that as time passed, most of the students developed flowing handwriting with a distinctiveness of their own having proper length and space between the letters and the words. Then came the ball point pens and gel pens which did not require any bottle of ink for their use .So many people gravitated towards these pens for writing exercises or signing documents. One of the advantages of the ball point pens and gel pens is that they could be thrown out after use. When one writes on paper, there is something and personal comforting the mind and the soul. Thus, putting pen to the paper is a satisfying experience for the writer. One feels elated and uplifted to see his good handwriting. Writing letters in good and flowing handwriting using words pregnant with meaning was what every young man would aspire to impress his beloved and friends. At school ,calligraphy competitions used to be organized frequently and those who wrote beautifully were honoured and profusely appreciated. But now a days, both young and the old are so busy in their phones, ipads, desktops/laptops that they have little time and inclination to write in ink. Most people don’t take pride in owning pens of internationally famous brands. They simply type messages on the phone and post them on the social sites. But it must be remememberd that pen is not going to lose its importance. Taking time to write letters or invitation using a pen is relaxing and tactile process. With e-mail and text becoming the primary source of communication tool but emails may get overlooked or deleted without much thought but a well and beautifully written letter itself has power to demonstrate love, care, effort and time it took for the composer to write it. There is something in the act of pouring thoughts out on paper, the scritch-scratch of the fountain pen and the romantic blue, black, blue-black or green ink that covers the paper, which is quite personal. The intimate act of sitting down to write a letter to a friend as opposed to the gesture of sending an email, a text or a tweet transfers the communication into a more thoughtful and meticulous enterprise. The act of writing itself is cathartic and it requires a hard work to communicate and wrestle with ideas to form letters with greater attention to uniformity in look, shape, height etc of letters to convey ideas.But in the wake of modern technology and texting of messages and emails, many people don’t use pen for purposes other than putting down their signatures on documents and elsewhere.But it must be remembered that pen is not going to lose its relevance in the times to come.Shorthand came and became obsolete; type writers met the same fate, similar may be the fate of desktops and laptops in the years to come as these gadgets may be replaced by some more advanced technological inventions but pen will continue to rule the world and prove that it is more powerful than all these things.All the people should cultivate the habit of writing letters and messages in ink.Parents too should encourage their children to write’birthday’wishes and ‘thanks’ notes in flowing handwriting. We should also wish our relatives and friends by writing handwritten letters as sending a handwritten note conveys much more closeness than a typed one on the social sites can. It simply means sending a part of yourself to your friend or relatives.
One of the most well-known and respected industrialists in India, Ratan Naval Tata is the Chairman of Tata Sons and Tata Group. At the age of 73, Tata heads one of the country’s largest conglomerates which comprise nearly 100 firms with revenues totaling about USD 67 billion. He is also the chairman of major Tata companies such as Tata Steel, Tata Motors, Tata Teleservices. Power, Tata Consultancy Services, Tata Tea, Tata Chemicals, and The Indian Hotels Company.
Tata was born on December 28, 1937 in Mumbai, in one of the richest families. His great grandfather was Jamsedji Tata, founder of the Tata group. As a young boy, Tata had a disturbed childhood after his parents split. He was raised by his grandmother, Lady Navajbai in the lap of luxury at Tata Palace. America held a special fascination for the Tata scion and he went to Cornell University to study architecture and structural engineering. Later he pursued a management course from Harvard University.
A member of a prominent family of Indian industrialists and philanthropists, he was educated at Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, where he earned a B.S. (1962) in architecture before returning to work in India. He gained experience in a number of Tata Group businesses and was named director in charge (1971) of one of them, the National Radio and Electronics Co. He became chairman of Tata Industries a decade later and in 1991 succeeded his uncle, J.R.D. Tata, as chairman of the Tata Group.
Success is the best revenge, and Ratan Tata is the best example of this line. Once upon a time, Tata group launched his car Tata Indicom in 1998, it was the dream project of Ratan Tata, and he gave a lot of hard work to establish this car, but Indica car fails in the market, and due to this car, TATA motors is in low profit.
Ratan Tata partnership members give advice to Ratan Tata that he should sell his company to get lost money. Ratan Tata did not want to sell his company, but he has no other option left, so he goes to Ford company to sell his company. The headquarter of the Ford company is in America.
With Ford company Ratan Tata and his partners meeting 3 hours. Ford company chairman William Clay Ford Jr. show rude behavior with Ratan Tata. He said to Ratan Tata that if you don’t have any knowledge of this business so why you invest so much money in this indigo car? We just to do a fever to buy your company. These lines hurt Ratan Tata very much, and he takes flight and comes back without selling his company. Ratan Tata does not forget what William Clay Ford Jr. said to him. After that, Ratan Tata decided that he would not sell his company to anyone.
Revenge took by Ratan Tata: Ratan Tata gives all his energy and hard work to stand Tata motor, and his hard work is a success. Tata motor cars selling very fast in the market and earn too much profit. On the other side, the Ford company is going in loss. At the end of 2018, Ford company is in the stage of shutting down. At this time, Ratan Tata proposes Ford company that he will buy Ford luxury cars Jaguar and Range Rover and gave too much money for those cars. William clay ford is in huge loss due to these two cars Range Rover and Jaguar, and he will happily accept the proposed of Ratan Tata. William clay ford will go to the head office of Ratan Tata company with his partners. The past is repeating the same, but the person and place are changed.
In a meeting, the owner of companies decided that 9300 crore rupees Jaguar and Range Rover, are part of the Tata motor company. At this time, William clay ford repeats the line that he says in the past with the few changes he says to Ratan Tata, you can give me a favor to buy Range Rover and Jaguar Cars.
Today Jaguar and Range Rover are part of the Tata motors company and grow with colossal profit day by day. If Ratan Tata wants to shut the mouth of William clay ford in the meeting as remembering his past, he will do it, but he doesn’t do that because Ratan Tata was not in the intoxication of success.
In year 2000, he was honored with Padma Bhushan by the government of India. He was also conferred an honorary doctorate in business administration by Ohio State University, an honorary doctorate in technology by the Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok, and an honorary doctorate in science by the University of Warwick. Tata has a personal fortune of GBP 300 million and owns less than 1% of the colossal group. Over two thirds of Tata Group is owned by charitable trusts that finance good causes.
Tata set a perfect example of generosity and leadership during the 26/11 attacks. Unarmed he stood all alone outside the Taj hotel and supervised the activities to help the victims. He showcased his humane gesture by personally visiting the families of all the 80 employees who were killed or injured. He left no stone unturned to provide relief to the victims and even asked the families and dependents as to what they wanted him to do.
His also steered plan to provide cheap and clean drinking water and helped a few Pune-based designers develop a sub-Rs 1,000 water purifier, Swach. Design Directions Private Limited took more than three years to make this 560-mm unit for purifying water.
A bachelor in real life, Tata loves privacy and shuns media spotlight. He has only CDs, books and dogs for company. The business baron drives himself to work in an unremarkable Tata sedan.
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