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A disorder involving excessive body fat that increases the risk of health problems.Obesity often results from taking in more calories than are burned by exercise and normal daily activities.

Addiction to rich food can lead to obesity.It is defined as an excessive accumulation of fat in the body.It will lead to increased health problems.Lethargy, sluggishness and difficulty in carrying out the activities of daily living are some of the adverse effects of obesity.The causes of obesity are unhealthy dietary habits,lack of physical activity,genetic susceptibility, endocrine disorders and some medicines.

Prevention of obesity

In order to avoid obesity,we can make dietary and lifestyle changes,some of which are listed below:

⭐ Eat plenty of food rich in fibre such as fruits and green leafy vegetables.Intake of steamed and oil free foods like idli,idiyappam and putti is recommended.

⭐Nuts, whole grains,seasonal fruits and vegetables can be consumed.

⭐ Eating fish twice a week helps to prevent formation of blood clots in arteries,as it contains omega-3 fatty acids.

⭐Eat less red meat(mutton, beef) and fried foods(chips, samosas) because they raise the blood cholesterol levels.

⭐Milk and milk products (ghee,butter,cheese) are a good source of calcium,but excessive amount of creamy,fatty milk leads to obesity.

⭐ Avoid high calorie fast foods like pizzas,burgers and french fries.

⭐ Reduce dietary sugars(sweets,sugary drinks, chocolates) and salt(pickles,pappads) in the diet.

⭐Cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption should be avoided.

Physical activities

⭐ Reduce or limit the time of watching television, using computer and playing video games.

⭐Increase physical activity to burn calories which in turn enhances optimal blood circulation.e.g.Walking an hour every day,playing outdoor games, jogging, running, cycling, swimming or dancing.

⭐Aim for ideal weight by following appropriate dietary habits and adequate physical activity.

The online racial abuse of some England players following Sunday’s Euro 2020 final defeat by Italy has been described by the team’s manager Gareth Southgate as “unforgivable” and “just not what we stand for.”Marcus Rashford, Jadon Sancho and Bukayo Saka were targeted on social media after they missed penalties in the 3-2 shootout defeat at Wembley Stadium.”For some of them to be abused is unforgivable,” said Southgate, who was speaking at a virtual press conference on Monday. “Some of it has come from abroad, we have been told this, but some of it is from this country.

“We have been a beacon of light to bring people together and the national team stands for everybody. We felt the energy and positivity from the fans and I’m incredibly proud of that,” Southgate added.

Before and during the Euro 2020 tournament, the England players have knelt before each of their matches in a display of unity in the fight against racism and inequality.That was an act that caused anger among sections of the England fanbase, with some supporters choosing to boo as the players knelt.London’s Metropolitan Police said it was investigating the “unacceptable” social media comments on both Instagram and Twitter, while UK Prime Minister Boris Johnson also condemned the racist abuse.England’s Jadon Sancho and Marcus Rashford get ready to come onto the pitch during the Euro 2020 final between England and Italy.”This England team deserve to be lauded as heroes, not racially abused on social media,” Johnson said on Twitter.”Those responsible for this appalling abuse should be ashamed of themselves.”In recent weeks, Johnson — along with other lawmakers in his government such as Home Secretary Priti Patel — have been specifically asked to condemn the England fans who have booed players taking the knee before kick-off but failed to do so.Gary Neville, former England international, criticized Johnson for not condemning those who booed the players in their battle for equality when he had the chance.”Gareth Southgate and the players a few weeks ago, about five days on the trot told us that they were taking the knee to promote equality and it was against racism,” Neville told Sky News.”The Prime Minister said it was ok for the population of this country to boo those players who are trying to promote equality and defend against racism.”It starts at the very top.””The fact of the matter is, there is an issue obviously in football, there is an issue in society where we feel it’s acceptable basically to criticize players for sporting actions because of the color of their skin,” added Neville.Ahead of Euro 2020, Southgate penned an open letter to the country, outlining why he thought it was important for players to continue using their voice for good.”This is a special group. Humble, proud and liberated in being their true selves,” wrote Southgate in the Players Tribune.Prince William said he was “sickened” by the discriminatory abuse while the Football Association in England said in a statement it was “appalled.”The English national team’s Twitter account tweeted its support for the players on Monday.”We’re disgusted that some of our squad — who have given everything for the shirt this summer — have been subjected to discriminatory abuse online after tonight’s game. We stand with our players.”

INTRODUCTION TO E-CONTRACT

Since the internet is no more secluded for just mere communication or computing and analysing of data, online contracts are now the order of the day and there are no differences between online and offline contracts. Hence, online contracts are still contracts and all the rules of contracts will still apply.

The online contract formation uses a communication technology which involves numerous intermediaries such as Internet Service Providers (ISPs). Imagine a contract that an Indian exporter and an American importer wish to enter into. One option would be that one party first pulls up two copies of the contract, signs them and couriers them to the other, who in turn signs both copies and couriers one copy back. The other option is that the two parties meet someplace and sign the contract.

In the electronic age, the whole contract can be completed in seconds, with both parties simply attaching their digital signatures to an electronic copy of the contract. There is no need for delayed couriers and additional travelling costs in such a situation. There was initially a hesitation amongst the legislatures to recognize this modern technology, but now many countries have passed laws to recognize electronic contracts.

WHAT IS E CONTRACT?

E-contract is any kind of contract formed in the course of e-commerce by the interaction of two or more individuals using electronic means, such as e-mail, the interaction of an individual with an electronic agent, such as a computer program, or the interaction of at least two electronic agents that are programmed to recognize the existence of a contract^[3].

E-contract is a contract modelled, specified, executed and deployed by a software system^[4].

The 2 main parties to an e-contract are- The Originator and the Addressee.

– Originator according to the IT Act, 2008 is a person who sends, generates, stores or transmits any electronic message to be sent, generated, stored or transmitted to any other person and does not include an Intermediary.

An Addressee according to the IT Act, 2008 is a person who is intended by the originator to receive the electronic record but does not include any Intermediary

NATURE OF E-CONTRACT

1. The parties do not, in most cases, meet physically.
2. There are no physical boundaries.
3. No handwritten signature and in most times, no hand writing is required.
4. Since there is no utmost security, risk factor is very high.
5. Jurisdictional issues are a major setback on e-contracts in case of breach.
6. There is no single authority to monitor the whole process especially in shrink wrap contracts.
7. Digital Signatures are used and electronic records are used as evidences in court n when need arises.
8. The three main methods of contracting electronically are e-mail, World Wide Web (www), and Cyber contracts (Click to agree/online contract).
9. The subject matter includes:

(A). Physical goods, where goods are ordered onlineand paid over internet and physical delivery is made.

(B). Digitised products such as software which can also be ordered for.

(C). Services like electronic banking, sale of shares, financial advice etc.

ELEMENTS OF E-CONTRACTS

Since electronic contracts are presently taken as seriously as offline contracts, the same principles which apply to a valid contract will apply here. The law already recognizes contracts formed using facsimile, telex and other similar technology. An agreement between parties is legally valid if it satisfies the requirements of the law regarding its formation, i.e. that the parties intended to create a contract primarily. This intention is evidenced by their compliance with 3 classical cornerstones i.e. offer, acceptance and consideration.

A. OFFER

Under section 2(a) of The Indian Contract Act, speaks of offer. “When one person signifies his willingness to do or to abstain from doing anything with a view to obtain assent of that other to such act or abstinence, he is said to make a proposal^[5] ”. Advertisement on website may or may not constitute an offer as offer and invitation to treat are two distinct concepts. Being an offer to unspecified person, it is probably an invitation to treat, unless a contrary intention is clearly expressed. The test is of intention whether by supplying the information, the person intends to be legally bound or not. When consumers respond through an e-mail or by filling in an online form, built into the web page, they make an Offer. The seller can accept this offer either by express confirmation or by conduct. When dealing with business websites, it is important to establish whether the content of that business website amounts to an “offer” or merely an “invitation to treat”. An invitation to treat is not capable of being turned into a binding contract by simply accepting its terms. Rather, it is an invitation to others to make an offer of their own. By contrast, an offer is an expression of willingness to enter into a binding contract with another party^[6].

B. ACCEPTANCE.

One difficult task about entering electronic contract is to know when an agreement has been reached. Once an offer is accepted, a contract is concluded except the postal acceptance rule applies. The postal acceptance rule is an exception to the general rule that acceptance of a contract must be communicated to the offeror before a contract can be in existence. Under the rule, acceptance of a contract is said to occur at the time the acceptance is posted. Hence, the communication of acceptance is complete against the proposer when it is put in the course of transmission to him and as against the acceptor when it comes to the knowledge of the proposer, that is, when the acknowledgement enters into the into the designated computer resource. There is no disparity between Indian and Common law in this regard as seen in Lalman Shukla v. Gaurie Datta Sharma^[7] where in spite of the fact that he found the boy whose uncle had promised Rs. 501 to anyone who finds was denied the reward seeing that he came to know only after finding the boy.

C. LAWFUL CONSIDERATION

The Indian Contract Act of 1872 reads that “

In the present scenario, once an item has been supplied and the price has been paid, the consideration is executed and the requirement is satisfied. Problems may arise at a time when the consideration is merely executory^[10]. This arises when the seller’s computer has done no more than “promise” to supply that item. A key intention that lies behind such promises is, of course, the intention to be bound by that promise in other words, the intention to create legal relations. The Contract law cannot entirely apply in e-contracts as in sometimes when an autonomous computer is used.

D. LAWFUL OBJECT

The purpose of such contract must be a lawful one. Courts will not enforce contracts that are illegal or violate public policy. Such contracts are considered void. An agreement which calls for the commission of a crime is illegal and therefore void. For example, a person could not enforce an agreement with another party to burn a house down. Also, an agreement that calls for the commission of a civil wrong (such as a tort) is illegal and void.

E. COMPETENT PARTIES TO CONTRACT

It is generally accepted that both natural persons and legal persons are capable of entering contracts, Computers are clearly not natural persons ,and neither American nor English contract law, at present, deem them to be legal persons. Computers, therefore, are not capable of being parties to contracts. In our scenario, both the buyer and the seller are natural persons, and consequently, are capable of being parties to the transaction. The autonomous computer, however, clearly cannot be a contractual party as the law now stands.

F. FREE CONSENT

The consent of the both parties must be free from any deceit, mistake, fraud etc. E contracts can be broadly categorized into:

– Shrink Wrap Agreements
– Click Wrap Agreements

Shrink Wrap agreements are those which can only be read and accepted by the consumer after the opening of a particular product. The term is described after the shrink wrap plastic wrapping that is used to cover software or other boxes. Installing software from a CD into your PC is an example of a shrink wrap agreement.

Click Wrap agreements are mostly found in the software installation process. The user has to click either ‘Accept’ or ‘Decline’ to accept or reject the agreement respectively. These agreements lack a certain amount of bargain power. Choosing to make payments online or choosing to reject it is an example of using a click wrap agreement.

Either ways, the consent to such must be free. This is quite difficult to determine because sometimes the margin used to determine the strict rule of free consent gets narrower.

G. CERTAINTY OF TERMS

Keeping a record of the contract as agreed is vital. This can be difficult if there have been several email exchanges (perhaps each attaching documents intended to form part of the terms of the contract) including counter offers and negotiations between the contracting parties. As noted above, it may be difficult in such a scenario to determine who is the offeror and who has accepted the final offer, which may determine which party’s terms and conditions apply. In any event, it is important to ensure that the parties are clear on the content of the final contractual terms.

As organic matter acts as both the substrate and food in vermicomposting, and soil is not involved, only earthworms can be used in vermiculture.The growth of industries,urban cities and the ever increasing human population have led to an increased accumulation of waste materials.Waste materials introduced into the environment are of two types namely non-degradablr and degradable wastes.The disposal of these solid wastes remains serious challenge in most of the countries.

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Vermiculture

In recent years vermiculture has received much attention in many countries.The spiralling cost of fish meal and the low supply of soyabean meal are responsible for the utilization of earthworms as an alternative low cast protein meal in aquaculture and poultry industry.Further the worms also play an important role in waste disposal.They decompose natural organic wastes into rich compost fertilizer.A single earthworm can produce 1000-1500 offsprings in a year.2000 mature breeders can produce more than 1 million worms.

Culture of earthworms

The method of culturing earthworms can vary from place to place.A cultured worm must be able to adapt to substrates,grow fast and breed or multiply readily under controlled conditions.

A compost pile bed of 2.4 m long,1.2m wide and 0.6m deep appears to be very satisfactory for a population of more than 50,000 earthworms.The boxes can be made from wood to accommodate 5000 to 6000 worms.Soil, organic matter,manure,leaves,rice straw,dried water hyacinth,saw dust and any fermented substrate can be used as a culture medium to raise worms in boxes or containers.The worms in the worm beds can grow and reproduce faster if they are given sufficient food.Any decayed organic matter appears to be good food for worms but the feed should not be contaminated by detergents or insecticides.

Since the earthworms are rich in protein,fat, carbohydrate and Ash they are used as a feed component for fish,prawn and shrimp.They are also used as livestock feed in poultry industry.

Vermicompost

Many species of earthworms are easily adapted to agricultural wastes like after harvest strubble, sugarcane thrash,coir waste,dung of cow,horse,sheep and poultry droppings.The breakdown of these materials or the degrades of organic matter by worm activity is called ‘vermicompost’.It is a better source of organic manure.

INTRODUCTION

Sabarimala temple is situated at Sabarimala in Pathanamthitta district, Kerala. It is a Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Ayyappa and their followers Ayyappan. This temple is managed and administered by statutory body Travancore Devaswom Board created under the Travancore-Cochin Hindu Religious Insitution Act, 1950. In the past women devotees between age of 10 to 50 years were not permitted to exercise their right to worship[1] in this temple.

This restriction on women is justified on the ground that Lord Ayyappa is ‘Naishtik Brahmachari’ and for preservation of character of deity Ayyappa it is necessary. So, as per notification by Travancore Devaswom Board, women belonging to age of 10 to 50 years are not permitted to enter into the temple. On the other hand, some gender right activist thinks that this exclusionary practice which is based upon the biological factor exclusive to the female gender amount to discrimination and violates various fundamental right guaranteed under Indian Constitution.

Sabarimala Temple row is all about the conflict between tradition and women rights. As per traditions and customs, women between 10 and 50 years of age were not allowed to enter into Sabarimala Temple but this restriction is not in accordance with the constitutional morality. Constitutional morality and Individual or social morality is different things. In a democratic country like India, if there is any conflict between constitutional morality and societal morality, farmer should prevail over later.

FACTS OF THE CASE

In 1990, a petition was filed in Kerala High Court seeking a ban on entry of women inside the Sabarimala temple. The Kerala High Court had upheld the restriction of women of certain age entry inside the holy shrine of Lord Ayyappa. In 2006, A petition under Art 32 of Indian Constitution was filed in the Supreme Court by the registered association of Indian Young Lawyers seeking entry of women between 10 to 50 years.

In 2008 after two years matter was referred to three-judge bench. In January 2016 Supreme Court of India raise questions against such restriction and said that this is not in accordance with constitutional morality. In April 2016, Kerala government replied that it is under obligation to protect the right to practice the religion[2] of Sabarimala devotees. In 2017 Supreme Court of India referred the case to Constitutional bench.

In writ petition it was argued that Rule 3(b) of Kerala Hindu places of public worship (authorisation of entry) rules, 1965 (hereinafter referred as 1965 rules) framed in exercise of the powers conferred by section 4 of the Kerala Hindu places of public worship (authorisation of entry) act, 1965 (hereinafter referred as 1965 Act) is unconstitutional because it violates Articles 14,15,25 and 51A(e) of Indian Constitution.

CONCLUSION

There is a sharp distinction between the societal morality/individual morality and constitutional morality. I case where, there is violation of fundamental right, we should have to focus on the constitutional morality. Whether any practise is essential part of the religion or not? It can be found out only through the documentary evidences. So, as Indu Malhotra j. right observed that this case involves the mix question of fact and law and question of fact can not be decided in writ petition hearing.

Question of fact need to be solved by competent court of civil jurisdiction. There is also lack of documentary evidences with regard to the question whether devotees of Lord Ayyappa constitute a religious denomination under art 26 or not? So there are various lacuna in this judgment, so review petition was filed later and 5 judge bench (3:2) referred this matter to 7 judge bench.

The artichoke is a flavoursome vegetable and also a superb ornamental garden plant thanks to its lovely purple flowers. It is eaten raw or cooked depending on the variety, hot or cold, alone or as a side dish.

Mediterranean origins

Originating in the Mediterranean basin, artichokes were probably first cultivated in Andalusia or Tunisia. They undoubtedly reappeared in Italy during the Renaissance (mid-15th century), and had pride of place on all the finest tables in Europe. The Spanish and French colonists developed its cultivation in America, in California and Louisiana respectively.

A tasty surprise

Although they are spread across the five continents, the biggest artichoke producers are still concentrated in the Mediterranean basin. Italy, Spain and Egypt alone produce more than half of the 1600 tonnes harvested around the world every year. Artichoke cultivation takes up a large amount of space. Artichoke heads are still harvested by hand and, since this depends on their ripening, this may span several weeks. This leads to particularly high production costs, making artichokes among the most expensive vegetables on the market (at equivalent edible quantities). They are harvested in Europe from June to November and in California from March to May. Artichoke heads are eaten raw or cooked. However, care must be taken to remove the choke (for the largest specimens) and the outermost ‘leaves’ or bracts, which are too tough and rather bitter. The small, purple poivrade artichoke is eaten whole, or peeled and cooked for a short time. Some Italian varieties of purple artichokes are especially eaten raw, thinly sliced, with salt, lemon juice and olive oil. Artichokes can be boiled in salted water, steamed, microwaved, roasted or braised, etc.

Health Benefits

Artichoke extract is sometimes used to treat a variety of health conditions. For example, some consumers use the extract to treat hangovers, high blood pressure, anemia, arthritis, kidney problems, liver problems, snake bites, water retention, and other concerns. There is not enough evidence to support the use of artichoke leaf extract for these health benefits.

There is research, however, to support the use of artichoke leaf extract to treat indigestion and high cholesterol with studies about cholesterol gaining interest.

Healthiest way to prepare an artichoke:

Grab a steamer pot, and add a small amount of water with a squeeze of lemon juice.

Add one tablespoon of salt and bring to a boil.

Trim the spiky leaves, then place the artichokes stem-side up in the steamer basket after having trimmed their spiky leaves.

Cover pot, steam for 25 to 30 minutes, until heart is tender when pierced with a knife and inner leaves pull out easily.