Day: July 27, 2021

CYBER ATTACK

CYBER:

Cyber is the relation between internet and information. It can be related to all aspects of computing, including storing data, protecting data, accessing data, processing data, transforming data, linking data etc.

Cyber Attack:

A vulnerability is a weakness in design implementation, operation, or internal control. Most of the vulnerabilities that have been discovered are documented in the Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures database.

Backdoor: A Backdoor in a computer system, a cryptosystem or an algorithm, is any secret  method of bypassing normal authentication or security controls. They may exist for many reasons, including by original design or from poor configuration. They may have been added by an authorized party to allow some legitimate access, or by an attacker for malicious reasons; but regardless of the motives for their existence, they create a vulnerability. Backdoors can be very hard to detect, and detection of backdoors are usually discovered by someone who has access to application source code or intimate knowledge of Operating System of the computer.

Denial of Service Attack: Denial of Service Attack(DoS) are designed to make a machine or network resource unavailable to its intended users. Attackers can deny service to individual victims, such as by deliberately entering a wrong password enough consecutive times to cause the victim’s account to be locked, or they may overload the capabilities of a machine or network and block all users at once. While a network attack from a single IP Address can be blocked by adding a new firewall rule, many forms of Distributive Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks are possible, where the attack comes from a large number of points – and defending is much more difficult.

Phishing: Phishing is a process to track sensitive information such as username, password and credit card detail directly from users by deceiving the users. Phishing attacks are mainly happened by suspicious email and redirect users to a fake website whose look and feel are almost same to a legitimate one. Attackers are using creative ways to gain access to real accounts. A common scam is for attackers to send fake electronic invoices to individuals showing that they recently purchased music, apps, or other, and instructing them to click on a link if the purchases were not authorized.

Spoofing: Spoofing is a act of masquerading as a valid entity through falsification of. Data, in order to gain access to information or resources. That one. Is otherwise unauthorised to obtained.

Email Spoofing, where an attacker forges the sending (From, or source) address of an email.

IP Address Spoofing, where an attacker alters the source IP address in a network packet to hide their identity or impersonate another computing system.

MAC Spoofing, where an attacker modifies the Media Access Control (MAC) Address of their network interface to obscure their identity, or to pose as another.

Biometric spoofing, where an attacker produces a fake biometric sample to pose as another user.

Malware: Malicious software (malware) installed on a computer can leak personal information, can give control of the system to the attacker and can delete data permanently.

CYBER ATTACK

CYBER:

Cyber is the relation between internet and information. It can be related to all aspects of computing, including storing data, protecting data, accessing data, processing data, transforming data, linking data etc.

Cyber Attack:

A vulnerability is a weakness in design implementation, operation, or internal control. Most of the vulnerabilities that have been discovered are documented in the Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures database.

Backdoor: A Backdoor in a computer system, a cryptosystem or an algorithm, is any secret  method of bypassing normal authentication or security controls. They may exist for many reasons, including by original design or from poor configuration. They may have been added by an authorized party to allow some legitimate access, or by an attacker for malicious reasons; but regardless of the motives for their existence, they create a vulnerability. Backdoors can be very hard to detect, and detection of backdoors are usually discovered by someone who has access to application source code or intimate knowledge of Operating System of the computer.

Denial of Service Attack: Denial of Service Attack(DoS) are designed to make a machine or network resource unavailable to its intended users. Attackers can deny service to individual victims, such as by deliberately entering a wrong password enough consecutive times to cause the victim’s account to be locked, or they may overload the capabilities of a machine or network and block all users at once. While a network attack from a single IP Address can be blocked by adding a new firewall rule, many forms of Distributive Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks are possible, where the attack comes from a large number of points – and defending is much more difficult.

Phishing: Phishing is a process to track sensitive information such as username, password and credit card detail directly from users by deceiving the users. Phishing attacks are mainly happened by suspicious email and redirect users to a fake website whose look and feel are almost same to a legitimate one. Attackers are using creative ways to gain access to real accounts. A common scam is for attackers to send fake electronic invoices to individuals showing that they recently purchased music, apps, or other, and instructing them to click on a link if the purchases were not authorized.

Spoofing: Spoofing is a act of masquerading as a valid entity through falsification of. Data, in order to gain access to information or resources. That one. Is otherwise unauthorised to obtained.

Email Spoofing, where an attacker forges the sending (From, or source) address of an email.

IP Address Spoofing, where an attacker alters the source IP address in a network packet to hide their identity or impersonate another computing system.

MAC Spoofing, where an attacker modifies the Media Access Control (MAC) Address of their network interface to obscure their identity, or to pose as another.

Biometric spoofing, where an attacker produces a fake biometric sample to pose as another user.

Malware: Malicious software (malware) installed on a computer can leak personal information, can give control of the system to the attacker and can delete data permanently.

DRUG ADDICTION AMONG TEENAGERS

Medication and substance maltreatment among young people is a worldwide hazard. A large number of adolescents are truly captivating in medication and substance misuse representing a danger to the group of people yet to come. Young people across the world have now tried a wide range of medications including cigarettes and liquor to hard medications like cocaine, cannabis, and heroin .The paces of chronic drug use have been expanding throughout the long term. World medication report gauges specify “More than 153 million and 300 million individuals matured 15-64 of the total populace have devoured unlawful medications” (United Nations Office on Drug and Crime 48). A few associations and drives have accentuated on this issue and attempted to put systems to deal with it. Illicit drug use among adolescents and teens has been prominent in practically all nations on the planet slicing across created nations to agricultural nations including popular nations and states like the US, Germany, and China.

As per Newcomb, Scheier, and Bentler (215), a portion of the usually mishandled drugs by young people incorporate liquor, cigarettes, cannabis, and cocaine. Adolescents have been taking medications and hence making genuine compulsion that further meddles with their own just as influencing individuals near them. Notwithstanding recognizing the unfavorable impacts of substance addiction, adolescents have persistently continued manhandling drugs. Subsequently, this exposition tries to recognize significant circumstances and end results identified with drug abuse in teens.

There are various reasons for chronic drug use recognized and tried experimentally, viz. peer pressure, parental impact, and financial viewpoints among others. Starting with peer pressure, a few investigations have analyzed how friend pressure is a contributing component in young substance addiction. Traditionally, people as a rule are ordinarily characterized with what occurs inside their current circumstance. Most adolescents like partner themselves with bunches usually known as friend gatherings.

The United Nations Office on Drug and Crime specifies, “The vast majority acquire their first portion of unlawful medications from a companion, relative, or significant other” (91). In this unique situation, few medication clients in a gathering will presumably impact the remainder of the individuals into devouring medications. Much of the time, people are significantly affected by the living climate where they invest the greater part of their energy. Friend bunches create inside one’s nearby climate and in youth schools, neighborhoods and social clubs will in general impact the development of companion gatherings.

Family construction and family conduct impact individual credits. Most current families will in general receive exquisite living styles impacted by westernization. A family living with customary habits is generally connected with naivety. In this advanced world, social qualities have dissolved therefore prompting a decrease in accepted practices.

Bahr, Hoffman, and Yang noticed social hypotheses and presumed that family and companion connections are significant in inspecting reasons for illicit drug use, since they assume huge parts in deciding the mentalities and practices of people (530). Truth be told, with the expanding relocation and urbanization rates, solid customary family ties are bit by bit consuming and the conventional worth frameworks are losing their significance in the modernized world. Most guardians are these days spotted drinking liquor and straightforwardly utilizing drugs within the sight of their youngsters. Pressed metropolitan communities additionally power this association.Socio-monetary status is another denotative reason for illicit drug use. Internationally, populace rates are developing at disturbing rates with a few affordable difficulties experienced. Joblessness is one of the major compelling elements for drug dealing and illegal illicit drug use. Because of the current circumstance of joblessness across the globe, particularly in agricultural nations, individuals are searching for elective method for endurance.

Accordingly, people wind up taking part in drug dealing organizations hence diminishing the hole between worldwide nobles and nearby medication merchants and therefore making the medications effectively open to youngsters. The high paces of joblessness among young people have subsequently constrained them to participate in drug dealing and unlawful chronic drug use.

Nonetheless, joblessness isn’t the just financial factor that drives young people and adolescents into illicit drug use and habit. Others remember disparities for income and removal subsidizes given to adolescents in created nations, which impact illicit drug use in many youths. The supports given to youngsters are an impetus for illicit drug use and dependence if not utilized suitably with due duty. On imbalance in profit, individuals procuring pitiful pay rates might be enticed to participate in drug dealing as aforementioned.Drug misuse is a risky movement that is related with a few destroying repercussions. Individuals acclimated with chronic drug use experience the ill effects of mental to social results. As far as wellbeing, chronic drug use prompts mental issues. Newcomb, Scheier, and Bentler set, “Psychological well-being issues are regularly seen in among drug victimizers” (215). The mental effects of chronic drug use can show up promptly or significantly later in the victimizer’s life. Clinically analyzed there is an incredible connection between illicit drug use and psychopathology.

Clinical proof shows that extraordinary medication use has psychopathology impacts previously, during, and surprisingly in the wake of getting treatment and going through restoration (Newcomb, Scheier, and Bentler 215). Since the young adult stage is an essential stage in human turn of events, illicit drug use among adolescents and youngsters thusly brings about mental issues including posttraumatic messes and enthusiastic disorders among others. These problems influence self-awareness and development and can bring about unfavorable long haul adverse consequences on their grown-up life.

Illicit drug use has on various events related with the spread of the most undermining irresistible illnesses like HIV/AIDS. As per the United Nations Office on Drug and Crime, “of the assessed 16 million individuals who infuse drugs, around 3 million are living with HIV” (16). Individuals have wound up reaching the destructive sickness while affected by drugs. Aside from securing irresistible infections while an individual is under impact, substance addiction includes the sharing of individual things.

As indicated by a new world report, “Infusing drugs conveys a high danger of disease with blood-borne infections like HIV, hepatitis C, and hepatitis B, and the sharing of tainted needles and needles is a significant method of transmission for those infections”. On a few events, specialists and doctors have distinguished substance addiction as one of the significant reasons for the spread of irresistible illnesses. Illicit drug use for the most part prompts indiscreet living in this manner compelling people to participate in other risky exercises including unprotected sex, prostitution, wrongdoing and brutality, which increment the danger of HIV infection.Globally, substance addiction has affected medication related passings among adolescents, prominently known as unexpected losses. Illicit drug use has been the significant reason for passings that outcome from mishaps that happen when young people are driving, or in any event, having a good time. Principle coincidental passings identifying with illicit drug use incorporate self-destructive cases, street mishaps coming about because of driving affected by drugs, murder cases, unexpected excess, accidental diseases, and even injury (United Nations Office on Drug and Crime16).

Adolescents associated with illicit drug use will in general acquire the certainty to take part in dangerous exercises as a result of the impact of visualizations brought about by drug utilization. As per the United Nations Office on Drug and Crime, the world medication report appraises that, internationally, between 99,000 to 253,000 passings coming about because of mishaps in the year 2010 came about because of illicit drug use . It is very damaging to recognize that of these passings, over 77.9 instances of such passings were individuals matured between 15-64 years, adolescents inclusive.Drug maltreatment among youth is certainly a worldwide issue. A few variables have impacted teens to participate in illicit drug use. Friend pressure is a contributing component towards adolescent chronic drug use with those used to illicit drug use affecting others into it. Family construction and family conduct impacts illicit drug use since most guardians have embraced western culture prompting disintegration of accepted practices, which are significant in molding youth practices. Globalization and rustic metropolitan relocation have been adding to this situation.

Financial components including joblessness have affected chronic drug use among youths, with a few jobless residents discovering conceivable methods of enduring. Joblessness prompts people drawing in themselves in chronic drug use and dealing. Medications misuse brings about a few unfortunate results. Such repercussions might incorporate psychopathology problem, posttraumatic messes, expanded dangers of HIV/AIDS disease and surprisingly an increment in death-related mishaps. Chronic drug use is as yet the most difficult thing and may stay irksome if the important specialists won’t put tough measures to capture the circumstance.

INDIRA GANDHI

History of Indira Gandhi

Indira Gandhi was a famous Indian politician and the third Prime Minister of India. She was the daughter of the first Prime Minister of India, Pandit Jawarharlal Nehru. Her charismatic personality and intelligence made her a powerful statesperson and extremely popular amongst the common people.

Birth and Early Life

Indira Gandhi was born on 19 November 1917 in Allahabad to Kamala and Jawaharlal Nehru. Since Indira was born in a family that had roots in politics, she was exposed to politics right from a tender age. Many important leaders, including Mahatma Gandhi, used to visit her house in Allahabad. Indira often used to interact with Mahatma Gandhi and was deeply influenced by his ideologies.

College and Marriage

She garnered her initial education from Pune University and was then sent to Rabindranath Tagore’s educational institute, Shantiniketan, in West Bengal. Later, she went abroad to pursue her higher studies. In 1936, Indira came back to India and joined the Indian National Congress. Here, she met Feroze Gandhi, a young Parsi boy, who was also an important member of the Youth Wing of Congress. In 1941, despite Pandit Nehru’s objections, she married Feroze Gandhi. In 1944, Indira gave birth to Rajiv Gandhi and two years later, Sanjay Gandhi, her second son, was born.

Involvement in Politics

After independence, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru became the first Prime Minister of India. During this time, Indira remained busy in taking care of her family and became a little less active in politics. Thereafter, one tragedy after another hit her: on 8 September 1960, Feroze Gandhi passed away after suffering a major heart attack and in 1964, Pandit Nehru passed away. After the sudden demise of her husband and father, Indira decided to join the active politics. She contested the next elections and won with a comfortable margin over her opponents. She was appointed as the Information and Broadcasting Minister under the then Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri.

After the death of Lal Bahadur Shastri on 11 January 1966, the Congress high-command unanimously selected Indira as their leader and she thus became the Prime Minister of India. In 1971, in order to stop the infiltration of Bangladeshi refugees, Indira Gandhi extended military support to East Pakistan and helped it achieve freedom from West Pakistan. India’s victory in the 1971 Indo- Pakistan war augmented the popularity of Indira Gandhi as a far-sighted and wise political leader.

In 1975, Indira faced severe resistance and criticism from the opposition over the issues of unchecked corruption, growing inflation and other irregularities in the government set-up. A ruling of Allahabad High Court was released ordering her to vacate her seat with immediate effect. In view of the growing political chaos, on 26 June, 1975, Indira Gandhi declared ‘political emergency’. During this period, her political rivals were arrested, constitutional rights of the citizens were taken away and the press was kept under strict scrutiny. In 1977, fearing military coup, Indira Gandhi called for general elections and, as anticipated, she lost them by a big margin.

Later Life and Death

Indira Gandhi came back to power in 1980 and started working for the welfare of the country.  In September 1981, a Sikh terrorist group demanding a separate state of ‘Khalistan’ entered into the sacred premises of the Golden Temple, Amritsar. Indira Gandhi ordered the army to launch ‘Operation Blue Star’ and barge into the holy shrine in a bid to take out the militants. This action deeply hurt the sentiments of the Sikh community.

On 31 October 1984, Indira Gandhi was assassinated by her own bodyguards and we lost a great leader. Indira Gandhi will always be remembered for her praiseworthy efforts towards the development and progress of science, space exploration, agriculture and implementing several important policies related to the country’s economy.

3 Facts about Indira Gandhi

  1. Indira Gandhi’s middle name was Priyadarshini.
  2. Indira Gandhi was the only woman Prime Minister of India.
  3. In her last public address, Indira had said, “I don’t mind if my life goes in the service of the nation. If I die today every drop of my blood will invigorate the nation”.

DRUG ADDICTION AMONG TEENAGERS

Medication and substance maltreatment among young people is a worldwide hazard. A large number of adolescents are truly captivating in medication and substance misuse representing a danger to the group of people yet to come. Young people across the world have now tried a wide range of medications including cigarettes and liquor to hard medications like cocaine, cannabis, and heroin .The paces of chronic drug use have been expanding throughout the long term. World medication report gauges specify “More than 153 million and 300 million individuals matured 15-64 of the total populace have devoured unlawful medications” (United Nations Office on Drug and Crime 48). A few associations and drives have accentuated on this issue and attempted to put systems to deal with it. Illicit drug use among adolescents and teens has been prominent in practically all nations on the planet slicing across created nations to agricultural nations including popular nations and states like the US, Germany, and China.

As per Newcomb, Scheier, and Bentler (215), a portion of the usually mishandled drugs by young people incorporate liquor, cigarettes, cannabis, and cocaine. Adolescents have been taking medications and hence making genuine compulsion that further meddles with their own just as influencing individuals near them. Notwithstanding recognizing the unfavorable impacts of substance addiction, adolescents have persistently continued manhandling drugs. Subsequently, this exposition tries to recognize significant circumstances and end results identified with drug abuse in teens.

There are various reasons for chronic drug use recognized and tried experimentally, viz. peer pressure, parental impact, and financial viewpoints among others. Starting with peer pressure, a few investigations have analyzed how friend pressure is a contributing component in young substance addiction. Traditionally, people as a rule are ordinarily characterized with what occurs inside their current circumstance. Most adolescents like partner themselves with bunches usually known as friend gatherings.

The United Nations Office on Drug and Crime specifies, “The vast majority acquire their first portion of unlawful medications from a companion, relative, or significant other” (91). In this unique situation, few medication clients in a gathering will presumably impact the remainder of the individuals into devouring medications. Much of the time, people are significantly affected by the living climate where they invest the greater part of their energy. Friend bunches create inside one’s nearby climate and in youth schools, neighborhoods and social clubs will in general impact the development of companion gatherings.

Family construction and family conduct impact individual credits. Most current families will in general receive exquisite living styles impacted by westernization. A family living with customary habits is generally connected with naivety. In this advanced world, social qualities have dissolved therefore prompting a decrease in accepted practices.

Bahr, Hoffman, and Yang noticed social hypotheses and presumed that family and companion connections are significant in inspecting reasons for illicit drug use, since they assume huge parts in deciding the mentalities and practices of people (530). Truth be told, with the expanding relocation and urbanization rates, solid customary family ties are bit by bit consuming and the conventional worth frameworks are losing their significance in the modernized world. Most guardians are these days spotted drinking liquor and straightforwardly utilizing drugs within the sight of their youngsters. Pressed metropolitan communities additionally power this association.Socio-monetary status is another denotative reason for illicit drug use. Internationally, populace rates are developing at disturbing rates with a few affordable difficulties experienced. Joblessness is one of the major compelling elements for drug dealing and illegal illicit drug use. Because of the current circumstance of joblessness across the globe, particularly in agricultural nations, individuals are searching for elective method for endurance.

Accordingly, people wind up taking part in drug dealing organizations hence diminishing the hole between worldwide nobles and nearby medication merchants and therefore making the medications effectively open to youngsters. The high paces of joblessness among young people have subsequently constrained them to participate in drug dealing and unlawful chronic drug use.

Nonetheless, joblessness isn’t the just financial factor that drives young people and adolescents into illicit drug use and habit. Others remember disparities for income and removal subsidizes given to adolescents in created nations, which impact illicit drug use in many youths. The supports given to youngsters are an impetus for illicit drug use and dependence if not utilized suitably with due duty. On imbalance in profit, individuals procuring pitiful pay rates might be enticed to participate in drug dealing as aforementioned.Drug misuse is a risky movement that is related with a few destroying repercussions. Individuals acclimated with chronic drug use experience the ill effects of mental to social results. As far as wellbeing, chronic drug use prompts mental issues. Newcomb, Scheier, and Bentler set, “Psychological well-being issues are regularly seen in among drug victimizers” (215). The mental effects of chronic drug use can show up promptly or significantly later in the victimizer’s life. Clinically analyzed there is an incredible connection between illicit drug use and psychopathology.

Clinical proof shows that extraordinary medication use has psychopathology impacts previously, during, and surprisingly in the wake of getting treatment and going through restoration (Newcomb, Scheier, and Bentler 215). Since the young adult stage is an essential stage in human turn of events, illicit drug use among adolescents and youngsters thusly brings about mental issues including posttraumatic messes and enthusiastic disorders among others. These problems influence self-awareness and development and can bring about unfavorable long haul adverse consequences on their grown-up life.

Illicit drug use has on various events related with the spread of the most undermining irresistible illnesses like HIV/AIDS. As per the United Nations Office on Drug and Crime, “of the assessed 16 million individuals who infuse drugs, around 3 million are living with HIV” (16). Individuals have wound up reaching the destructive sickness while affected by drugs. Aside from securing irresistible infections while an individual is under impact, substance addiction includes the sharing of individual things.

As indicated by a new world report, “Infusing drugs conveys a high danger of disease with blood-borne infections like HIV, hepatitis C, and hepatitis B, and the sharing of tainted needles and needles is a significant method of transmission for those infections”. On a few events, specialists and doctors have distinguished substance addiction as one of the significant reasons for the spread of irresistible illnesses. Illicit drug use for the most part prompts indiscreet living in this manner compelling people to participate in other risky exercises including unprotected sex, prostitution, wrongdoing and brutality, which increment the danger of HIV infection.Globally, substance addiction has affected medication related passings among adolescents, prominently known as unexpected losses. Illicit drug use has been the significant reason for passings that outcome from mishaps that happen when young people are driving, or in any event, having a good time. Principle coincidental passings identifying with illicit drug use incorporate self-destructive cases, street mishaps coming about because of driving affected by drugs, murder cases, unexpected excess, accidental diseases, and even injury (United Nations Office on Drug and Crime16).

Adolescents associated with illicit drug use will in general acquire the certainty to take part in dangerous exercises as a result of the impact of visualizations brought about by drug utilization. As per the United Nations Office on Drug and Crime, the world medication report appraises that, internationally, between 99,000 to 253,000 passings coming about because of mishaps in the year 2010 came about because of illicit drug use . It is very damaging to recognize that of these passings, over 77.9 instances of such passings were individuals matured between 15-64 years, adolescents inclusive.Drug maltreatment among youth is certainly a worldwide issue. A few variables have impacted teens to participate in illicit drug use. Friend pressure is a contributing component towards adolescent chronic drug use with those used to illicit drug use affecting others into it. Family construction and family conduct impacts illicit drug use since most guardians have embraced western culture prompting disintegration of accepted practices, which are significant in molding youth practices. Globalization and rustic metropolitan relocation have been adding to this situation.

Financial components including joblessness have affected chronic drug use among youths, with a few jobless residents discovering conceivable methods of enduring. Joblessness prompts people drawing in themselves in chronic drug use and dealing. Medications misuse brings about a few unfortunate results. Such repercussions might incorporate psychopathology problem, posttraumatic messes, expanded dangers of HIV/AIDS disease and surprisingly an increment in death-related mishaps. Chronic drug use is as yet the most difficult thing and may stay irksome if the important specialists won’t put tough measures to capture the circumstance.

INDIRA GANDHI

History of Indira Gandhi

Indira Gandhi was a famous Indian politician and the third Prime Minister of India. She was the daughter of the first Prime Minister of India, Pandit Jawarharlal Nehru. Her charismatic personality and intelligence made her a powerful statesperson and extremely popular amongst the common people.

Birth and Early Life

Indira Gandhi was born on 19 November 1917 in Allahabad to Kamala and Jawaharlal Nehru. Since Indira was born in a family that had roots in politics, she was exposed to politics right from a tender age. Many important leaders, including Mahatma Gandhi, used to visit her house in Allahabad. Indira often used to interact with Mahatma Gandhi and was deeply influenced by his ideologies.

College and Marriage

She garnered her initial education from Pune University and was then sent to Rabindranath Tagore’s educational institute, Shantiniketan, in West Bengal. Later, she went abroad to pursue her higher studies. In 1936, Indira came back to India and joined the Indian National Congress. Here, she met Feroze Gandhi, a young Parsi boy, who was also an important member of the Youth Wing of Congress. In 1941, despite Pandit Nehru’s objections, she married Feroze Gandhi. In 1944, Indira gave birth to Rajiv Gandhi and two years later, Sanjay Gandhi, her second son, was born.

Involvement in Politics

After independence, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru became the first Prime Minister of India. During this time, Indira remained busy in taking care of her family and became a little less active in politics. Thereafter, one tragedy after another hit her: on 8 September 1960, Feroze Gandhi passed away after suffering a major heart attack and in 1964, Pandit Nehru passed away. After the sudden demise of her husband and father, Indira decided to join the active politics. She contested the next elections and won with a comfortable margin over her opponents. She was appointed as the Information and Broadcasting Minister under the then Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri.

After the death of Lal Bahadur Shastri on 11 January 1966, the Congress high-command unanimously selected Indira as their leader and she thus became the Prime Minister of India. In 1971, in order to stop the infiltration of Bangladeshi refugees, Indira Gandhi extended military support to East Pakistan and helped it achieve freedom from West Pakistan. India’s victory in the 1971 Indo- Pakistan war augmented the popularity of Indira Gandhi as a far-sighted and wise political leader.

In 1975, Indira faced severe resistance and criticism from the opposition over the issues of unchecked corruption, growing inflation and other irregularities in the government set-up. A ruling of Allahabad High Court was released ordering her to vacate her seat with immediate effect. In view of the growing political chaos, on 26 June, 1975, Indira Gandhi declared ‘political emergency’. During this period, her political rivals were arrested, constitutional rights of the citizens were taken away and the press was kept under strict scrutiny. In 1977, fearing military coup, Indira Gandhi called for general elections and, as anticipated, she lost them by a big margin.

Later Life and Death

Indira Gandhi came back to power in 1980 and started working for the welfare of the country.  In September 1981, a Sikh terrorist group demanding a separate state of ‘Khalistan’ entered into the sacred premises of the Golden Temple, Amritsar. Indira Gandhi ordered the army to launch ‘Operation Blue Star’ and barge into the holy shrine in a bid to take out the militants. This action deeply hurt the sentiments of the Sikh community.

On 31 October 1984, Indira Gandhi was assassinated by her own bodyguards and we lost a great leader. Indira Gandhi will always be remembered for her praiseworthy efforts towards the development and progress of science, space exploration, agriculture and implementing several important policies related to the country’s economy.

3 Facts about Indira Gandhi

  1. Indira Gandhi’s middle name was Priyadarshini.
  2. Indira Gandhi was the only woman Prime Minister of India.
  3. In her last public address, Indira had said, “I don’t mind if my life goes in the service of the nation. If I die today every drop of my blood will invigorate the nation”.

Top 5 Major types of Farming.

Types of agriculture in India:

Agriculture is one of the most important fields in India as well as everywhere on earth. Without agriculture, we can’t imagine the world. So, it is compulsory to know the importance of various types of agriculture in India.

1. Primitive Subsistence farming

Primitive Subsistence Farming: This type of farming is practiced on small patches of land. Primitive tools and family/community labour are used in this type of farming. The farming mainly depends on monsoon and natural fertility of soil.

2.Dry farming

Dry farming or Dry Land Farming refers to an improved system of cultivation whereby maximum amount of water is conserved by soil and water management. It involves efficient system of soil and crop management in the regions of low land and uneven distributed rainfall.

3.Wet farming


Wet Farming is practiced in the areas of alluvial soils where annual average rainfall is more than 200cm. Here, more than one crop is grown in a year because enough amount of moisture in the soil is available. Rice and jute are the main crops of these types of farming.

4.Shifting agriculture

Shifting agriculture is a system of cultivation in which a plot of land is cleared and cultivated for a short period of time, then abandoned and allowed to revert to producing its normal vegetation while the cultivator moves on to another plot.

5.Mixed and Multiple Agriculture

Mixed cropping is the practice of cultivating more than one crop, that is growing of two or more crops simultaneously in the same field

Top 5 Major types of Farming.

Types of agriculture in India:

Agriculture is one of the most important fields in India as well as everywhere on earth. Without agriculture, we can’t imagine the world. So, it is compulsory to know the importance of various types of agriculture in India.

1. Primitive Subsistence farming

Primitive Subsistence Farming: This type of farming is practiced on small patches of land. Primitive tools and family/community labour are used in this type of farming. The farming mainly depends on monsoon and natural fertility of soil.

2.Dry farming

Dry farming or Dry Land Farming refers to an improved system of cultivation whereby maximum amount of water is conserved by soil and water management. It involves efficient system of soil and crop management in the regions of low land and uneven distributed rainfall.

3.Wet farming

Wet Farming is practiced in the areas of alluvial soils where annual average rainfall is more than 200cm. Here, more than one crop is grown in a year because enough amount of moisture in the soil is available. Rice and jute are the main crops of these types of farming.

4.Shifting agriculture

Shifting agriculture is a system of cultivation in which a plot of land is cleared and cultivated for a short period of time, then abandoned and allowed to revert to producing its normal vegetation while the cultivator moves on to another plot.

5.Mixed and Multiple Agriculture

Mixed cropping is the practice of cultivating more than one crop, that is growing of two or more crops simultaneously in the same field

M karunanidhi: A man who shaped Tamil nadu politics for over 50 years

Muthuvel Karunanidhi was an Indian politician who served as the chief minister of Tamil Nadu on five separate occasions. He was born on 3 June 1924. He served as the president of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK), a major Dravidian political party in the state of Tamil Nadu. Karunanidhi led the party since its founder, C. N. Annadurai, passed away in 1969. The DMK chief also worked as a playwright and screenwriter for Tamil cinema. He was known as ‘Kalaignar’ (meaning ‘artist’) by his supporters. He breathed his last on 7 August 2018, just a few days after he completed 50 years as DMK’s president.

Political Career of M. Karunanidhi

Karunanidhi got inspired to enter into the realm of politics at a mere age of 14 and this was believed to be after hearing a speech of Justice Party’s Alagiriswami. His political career commenced with his involvement in Anti-Hindi agitations. He also formed an organisation in his locality for the local youth and circulated ‘Manavar Nesan,’ a handwritten newspaper, among its members.

Subsequently, he founded ‘Tamil Nadu Tamil Manavar Mandram,’ a student organisation. It was the first student wing of the Dravidian Movement. Karunanidhi got engaged in social work along with other organisation members. He started a newspaper which grew into ‘Murasoli’, the DMK party’s official newspaper today.

Karunanidhi’s journey in Tamil Nadu politics started with his involvement in the Kallakudi agitation in 1953. The original name of this town was Kallakudi but it was later changed to Dalmiapuram in order to name it after a cement baron who had constructed a cement plant there. The DMK was eagerly protesting to switch the name back to the previous one. During the protest, Karunanidhi was arrested and two people died.

Karunanidhi was first elected to the Tamil Nadu legislative assembly in 1957 from Kulithalai seat of Tiruchirapalli district. In 1961, he became the DMK treasurer and the following year, he assumed the position of deputy leader of opposition in the state assembly.

When the DMK came to power in 1967, he became the minister for public works. After the death of C.N. Annadurai in 1969, Karunanidhi became the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu. He has held a number of positions in both government and party during his political career in Tamil Nadu.

Karunanidhi suffered many poll defeats against his main opponent M.G. Ramachandran’s ADMK until the death of the latter in 1987. Karunanidhi became the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu in 1996. After completing a full term, his party suffered lost to J. Jayalalithaa’s AIADMK in 2001 elections.

He was, however, back in power 5 years later after his coalition party won from J. Jayalalithaa in the 2006 polls. After completing a full term in office, Karunanidhi suffered defeat from Jayalalitha’s AIADMK in the Assembly elections of 2011. He also represented Tiruvarur constituency in Tamil Nadu legislative assembly. He has been elected to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly 12 times and once to the erstwhile Tamil Nadu Legislative Council.
Last Updated on 17 August, 2018

M karunanidhi: A man who shaped Tamil nadu politics for over 50 years

Muthuvel Karunanidhi was an Indian politician who served as the chief minister of Tamil Nadu on five separate occasions. He was born on 3 June 1924. He served as the president of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK), a major Dravidian political party in the state of Tamil Nadu. Karunanidhi led the party since its founder, C. N. Annadurai, passed away in 1969. The DMK chief also worked as a playwright and screenwriter for Tamil cinema. He was known as ‘Kalaignar’ (meaning ‘artist’) by his supporters. He breathed his last on 7 August 2018, just a few days after he completed 50 years as DMK’s president.

Political Career of M. Karunanidhi

Karunanidhi got inspired to enter into the realm of politics at a mere age of 14 and this was believed to be after hearing a speech of Justice Party’s Alagiriswami. His political career commenced with his involvement in Anti-Hindi agitations. He also formed an organisation in his locality for the local youth and circulated ‘Manavar Nesan,’ a handwritten newspaper, among its members.

Subsequently, he founded ‘Tamil Nadu Tamil Manavar Mandram,’ a student organisation. It was the first student wing of the Dravidian Movement. Karunanidhi got engaged in social work along with other organisation members. He started a newspaper which grew into ‘Murasoli’, the DMK party’s official newspaper today.

Karunanidhi’s journey in Tamil Nadu politics started with his involvement in the Kallakudi agitation in 1953. The original name of this town was Kallakudi but it was later changed to Dalmiapuram in order to name it after a cement baron who had constructed a cement plant there. The DMK was eagerly protesting to switch the name back to the previous one. During the protest, Karunanidhi was arrested and two people died.

Karunanidhi was first elected to the Tamil Nadu legislative assembly in 1957 from Kulithalai seat of Tiruchirapalli district. In 1961, he became the DMK treasurer and the following year, he assumed the position of deputy leader of opposition in the state assembly.

When the DMK came to power in 1967, he became the minister for public works. After the death of C.N. Annadurai in 1969, Karunanidhi became the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu. He has held a number of positions in both government and party during his political career in Tamil Nadu.

Karunanidhi suffered many poll defeats against his main opponent M.G. Ramachandran’s ADMK until the death of the latter in 1987. Karunanidhi became the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu in 1996. After completing a full term, his party suffered lost to J. Jayalalithaa’s AIADMK in 2001 elections.

He was, however, back in power 5 years later after his coalition party won from J. Jayalalithaa in the 2006 polls. After completing a full term in office, Karunanidhi suffered defeat from Jayalalitha’s AIADMK in the Assembly elections of 2011. He also represented Tiruvarur constituency in Tamil Nadu legislative assembly. He has been elected to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly 12 times and once to the erstwhile Tamil Nadu Legislative Council.
Last Updated on 17 August, 2018

Iron Lady of Tamil nadu

The two iconic politicians of the last era were M Karunanidhi and J Jayalalithaa. The late Chief Minister Jayalalithaa was born in Melukote, Mandya district of Mysore on February 24. Her wisdom and knowledge had exponentially risen through her practise and experience right from her education.

Jayalalithaa’s Educational Background:

  • In Bangalore, she attended Bishop Cotton Girls’ School
  • She later shifted to Chennai and studied in Church Park Presentation Convent, then known as Sacred Heart Matriculation School.
  • She excelled in academics and was offered government scholarship to study further
  • She secured a gold medal in her 10th standard
  • She was offered a seat in Stella Maris College, but declined it.

Jayalalithaa’s Career Graph

Acting Career

  • Jayalalithaa’s interest in extra curricular activities was supported by her mother Sandhya, who was an actress.
  • She learnt classical music, western classical piano, and various forms of classical dance, including Bharatanatyam, Mohiniattam, Manipuri and Kathak.
  • She played many stage plays and was appreciated my the then veteran artists like Shivaji Ganesan and Y G Parthasarathy.
  • During one of the film shootings of Jayalalithaa’s mother Sandhya, Kannada film-maker B. R. Panthulu requested Sandhya to star Jayalalithaa against Kalyankumar in movie Chinnada Gombe. After much thought, she accepted the offer and made her daughter act.
  • In 1965, she was cast as the lead role in the movie ‘Vennira Aadai’
  • She made her debut in Telugu film Manushulu Mamathalu
  • In 1968, she acted in a Hindi film called Izzat.
  • Between 1965 and 1973, she acted in various films with the then Superstar Actor M G Ramachandran
  • In 1971, she won Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actress after a series of hit movies in Tamil

Political Career

  • M G R, who was the Chief Minister of Tamilnadu in 1977 was instrumental in enrolling Jayalalithaa in the party. She joined AIADMK in 1982.
  • In 1983, she became the Propaganda Secretary of AIADMK
  • From 1984 to 1989, she was a Rajya Sabha member
  • In 1987, MGR deceased due to stroke. AIADMK split into two factions, one under MGR’s wife Janaki and another under Jayalalithaa. Janaki was crowned as the CM, however, she could not handle the duties and President rule took place.
  • The party later re-united under Jayalalithaa’s leadership and she became the leader of opposition in 1989.
  • In 1991, for the first time she became Chief Minister of Tamilnadu.
  • She was five times elected as the CM.
  • On 4 December, she passed away due to a cardiac arrest.

Youngest Skateboarder at Olympics.

Skateboarding is one of the four newly added sports in Tokyo Olympic 2020, other three being Surfing, Karate and Sport Climbing. This new sport is dominated by the host ie Japan. Gold medal in skateboarding both in men’s and women’s category is won by Japan.

Japan’s 13-year-old Momiji Nishiya became one of the youngest gold medalist in the history of Olympics. She is only months older than current female record holder Majone Gestring who won gold in diving at the age of 13 years and 267 days, at Berlin Olympics 1936. Nishiya is also now the youngest gold medalist of Japan , it was previously held by Kyoko Iwaski , who at the age of 14 won gold for swimming at Barcelona Olympic 1992.

This 13 year old Champion also participated at Summer X Games in the women’s street event where she scored 90.00 and achieved a silver . She also secured a silver at 2021 street Skateboarding World Championship with a score of 14.17. She is truly a rising star of Japan and has more to come.

Horigame Yuto is equally impressive as Nishiya. He rocked the Olympics by securing gold at skateboarding in its debut. His all tricks scored 9.5 in the final round and made him the winner.

Youngest Skateboarder at Olympics.

Skateboarding is one of the four newly added sports in Tokyo Olympic 2020, other three being Surfing, Karate and Sport Climbing. This new sport is dominated by the host ie Japan. Gold medal in skateboarding both in men’s and women’s category is won by Japan.

Japan’s 13-year-old Momiji Nishiya became one of the youngest gold medalist in the history of Olympics. She is only months older than current female record holder Majone Gestring who won gold in diving at the age of 13 years and 267 days, at Berlin Olympics 1936. Nishiya is also now the youngest gold medalist of Japan , it was previously held by Kyoko Iwaski , who at the age of 14 won gold for swimming at Barcelona Olympic 1992.

This 13 year old Champion also participated at Summer X Games in the women’s street event where she scored 90.00 and achieved a silver . She also secured a silver at 2021 street Skateboarding World Championship with a score of 14.17. She is truly a rising star of Japan and has more to come.

Horigame Yuto is equally impressive as Nishiya. He rocked the Olympics by securing gold at skateboarding in its debut. His all tricks scored 9.5 in the final round and made him the winner.

How does blogging gain you money?

Is it not interesting when you get income by pursuing your passion? Bloggers are people who write blogs and put forth their opinions or pen their thoughts which are incorporated into websites. While blogging was initially an opportunity to outbring an individuals writing skills like a diary or journal, it has grown more over the years from which you can even acquire income. These days blogging has taken in its form in a video material called video blog or video log condensed to vlog. Blogging has grown by 12% since 2015 and presently there are roughly over 1.9 billion web pages. Bloggers come up with a wide range of contents like food blogging, travel blogs, fashion blogs, fitness blogs, DIY blogs, finance blogs, business blogs, parenting, news blogs, gaming, and many such things that fascinates our interest. People visit such blogging pages when they are looking out for ideas and information about a particular area of field where there is a lack of grip and that’s where the blogging becomes a popular tool, bloggers bring the outside world more closer to us, of things which we may not be aware of and want to acquire knowledge about. This is how the bloggers bring traffic to their page and gain profit.

A blogger can earn anything between $100 and $10000 per month. On an average a typical blogger earns around $300-$400 per month. If the blogger is more experienced they can earn up to $30000 + also. There are various income streams and lets have a look at some of them.

  • One of the most common ways to make money is affiliate marketing. It is just promoting other’s products on your blog and when someone makes a purchase of that product, you get paid for it, like a paid promotion not necessary that bloggers have to come up with their products/services.
  • When you a have a large amount of followers on your page people offer advertisements and pay the website owners based on how many people have seen their ads. Cost per click ads are usually banners that bloggers place in their content/sidebar. Each time a reader clicks on the ad, they are paid for that click. Click per impression are ads that pay the bloggers a fixed amount of money based on the views.
  • Bloggers also make ventures by introducing their own products through the websites and gain money by selling them online.
  • Paid reviews are also one of the common modes of gaining income. This is making a review about the product that the bloggers use and get paid for making such reviews in their videos, the bloggers need to be mindful about the products reviewing on the blog.
  • Launching online courses is a very consistent way to make income. It is a form of selling what you know which just needs an investment in time and work. The topics that can be covered in the online courses is very vast including language, educational courses, parenting, make up artistry, technology, marketing, finance etc.
  • There are also social media applications which can provide you income just on the views you bring to your blogs or vlogs.

So there are numerous streams to make money through blogging. The most prominent factor to dwell as a successful blogger is the consistent work and the quality of content. You should have a well built connection and never be reluctant or cease building great connections, acquire adequate knowledge about the websites and the topic. It may take time to become successful in the field, all you need is endurance, real focus, SEO knowledge, flexibility, strong work ethics and be passionate and the victory is never afar.

‘Netaji’

Subhash Chandra Bose is fondly remembered as one of the greatest freedom fighters of India, and popularly known by the name of ‘Netaji’ (Respected Leader). He was strongly influenced by Swami Vivekananda’s teachings, and also believed that the Bhagavad Gita was a great source of inspiration for the struggle against the British. Bose was an Indian nationalist, and a prominent figure of the Indian independence movement. The leader spearheaded the revolutionary Indian National Army during World War II. He always pitched for complete and unconditional independence of India from the British Rule.
S. C. Bose was a twice-elected President of the Indian National Congress (INC), founder and President of the All India Forward Bloc, and founder and Head of State of the Provisional Government of Free India, which he led alongside the Indian National Army from 1943 until his demise in 1945. Spoken as a part of a motivational speech for the Indian National Army at a rally of Indians in Burma in July 1944, Bose’s most famous slogan was “Give me blood, and I shall give you freedom!”

Early Life of S. C. Bose

Subhash Chandra Bose, popularly known by the name of ‘Netaji’ (Respected Leader), was born to Prabhavati Devi and Janakinath Bose on January 23 in 1897 in Odisha. He took admission into the Protestant European School which was run by the Baptist Mission. He did B A in Philosophy from the Presidency College in Calcutta, and was later expelled for assaulting Professor for the latter’s anti-India remarks. After the incident, Bose was considered as one of the rebel-Indians. During his college days, he gradually developed nationalistic temperament, and became socially and politically aware. He found Britishers’ insults to Indians in public places as offensive. In December 1921, Bose was arrested and imprisoned for organising a boycott of the celebrations to mark the Prince of Wales’s visit to India. Bose left for England in 1919 to appear for Indian Civil Service Examination. 

Political Life of Subhash Chandra Bose

After a few years, Bose returned to India as he resigned from his civil service job in April 1921, and later joined the Indian National Congress to fight for the independence of India. Subhash Chandra Bose started the newspaper known as ‘Swaraj’, and took charge of publicity for the Bengal Provincial Congress Committee. In 1923, Bose was elected as the President of All India Youth Congress and as the Secretary of Bengal State Congress. He was also editor of the newspaper called ‘Forward’, founded by his mentor Chittaranjan Das, and he served as the CEO of the Calcutta Municipal Corporation. By December 1927, Bose was appointed as the General Secretary of the INC. In November 1934, he wrote the first part of his book ‘The Indian Struggle’, which was about nationalism and India’s independence movement during 1920–1934, but the British government banned the book. By 1938, he agreed to accept nomination as the Congress President, and presided over the Haripur session. However, due to his strong differences with Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru, he resigned in 1939. 

Subhash Chandra Bose’s Role in India’s Independence

S C Bose was always in favour of armed revolution in order to expel the Britishers from India. During the time when the Second World War took place, Bose revived the Indian National Army (INA) with the help of the Imperial Japanese Army, and also founded an Indian Radio Station called ‘Azad Hind Radio’. A few years later, he travelled to Japan, where more soldiers and civilians joined the INA. Even when faced with military reverses, Bose was able to maintain support for the Azad Hind movement. In Europe, S C Bose sought help from Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini for the liberation of India. Bose had struck an alliance with Japan and Germany as he felt that his presence in the East would help India in the freedom struggle against the British. 

Subhash Chandra Bose’s famous quotes

S C Bose’s most famous slogans/quotes are “Give me blood and I will give you freedom”, Dilli Chalo (“On to Delhi)!” This was the call he used to give to the INA army to encourage them. “Jai Hind”, or, “Glory to India!” was another slogan used by him, and later adopted by the Government of India and the Indian Armed Forces. Another slogan coined by him was “Ittefaq, Etemad, Qurbani” (Urdu for “Unity, Agreement, Sacrifice”). INA also used the slogan “Inquilab Zindabad”, which was coined by Maulana Hasrat Mohani. In July 1944, in a speech broadcast by the Azad Hind Radio from Singapore, Bose addressed Mahatma Gandhi as the “Father of the Nation”. 

Death of Subhash Chandra Bose

Subhash Chandra Bose is believed to have died in a plane crash in Taiwan in 1945, but his body was never found. There have been several theories regarding his disappearance. The government had set up a number of committees to investigate the case and come out with the truth.