Day: July 29, 2021

MONOPOLY

The Sherman Antitrust Act was the first federal act that outlawed monopolistic business practices. In the US Sec 2 of Sherman act, 1890 makes it unlawful for a company to achieve monopoly power, and Sec 7 of Clayton act 1914 prevents mergers of companies that will lessen competition or lead to a monopoly. The Federal Trade Commission protects consumers from any kind of unfair practices taking place in the market places. Similarly in India, the Competition Commission of India has the responsibility to ensure fair and healthy competition in economic activities, to eliminate practices adversely affecting competition. All over the world, similar government agencies are constantly developing regulations and laws to keep the marketplace clean and just.

Big tech companies are now under the intense scrutiny of competition watchdogs around the world. In the US antitrust charges are filed against Google and are accused of protecting the monopoly, bipartisan lawsuits filed against it say Google search engine and play store is anticompetitive. French completion watchdog fined google $268 million for abusing its dominant position and asked it to pay for news to the publishers. Australia too directed google to pay for news content.

In India, big techs are at loggerheads with the government over the new IT rules. Both have different perceptions regarding certain aspects. The new IT rules make it mandatory for companies having a users base of more than 50 lakhs(5 million) to appoint a chief compliance officer, nodal officer, and grievance officer in the country all residents of India. Also in India, data protection laws are at a very nascent stage and are underdeveloped and incapable of protecting its citizens’ data from any kind of misuse.

Developed nations are now recognizing the unquestionable power big companies enjoyed so long. Recently G7 countries agreed on a 15% global minimum corporate tax which they say aims to discourage large corporates from avoiding tax by shifting bases.

So basically nations arround the world are conserned about tax evasion, unfair business practices, and lack of rules and regulations to restrict powers of monopolistic companies.While it is legal for companies to adopt strategies for reducing taxable income, tax evasion tactics by using it dominance is unacceptable.There is difference between gainging monopoly and afterwards using it for sustaining monopoly. I am of the option that if companies are providing quality products and services and gaining monopoly it’s fine but sustained hold of monopoly for long period can make them all too powerful, and that is why we need dynamic regulations in place to check their power.

No Saul or Chiesa – but can Liverpool afford to ignore need for midfield and forward signings this summer?

It is that time of year again, as far as Liverpool fans are concerned.

Transfer season. Where hope springs eternal and imaginations run wild.

And where fear, frustration and downright anger – in some cases – have increasingly become stock emotions.

The Reds have so far added only Ibrahima Konate to their squad, but at least two more arrivals are needed at Anfield before the window closes

Pollution

Introduction:
Pollution is a major issue or concern I today’s times. Pollution is when the natural environment gets contaminated by contaminants which in turn cause great damage to the environment. Pollution comes in many different substances such as noise, heat or light. It could be natural or which is created due to human activity like trash or factories. Pollution comes with the cost. It could affect our health as a whole and it will also cost a lot to the society clean it up. In this article I am mainly going to talk about the types of pollution such as water pollution, noise pollution, air pollution and plastic pollution.


• Water pollution:
Water pollution is the contamination of water and water bodies with either physical, chemical or biological properties of water due to the discharge of industrial elements or any substance like liquid, solid or gas into water. It could be dangerous for public health as consuming this contaminated water could lead to diseases and unsafe health conditions. It could also affect agriculture. It’s also possible to harm the marine life, the living organisms in water such as fishes, corals etc. The main way to prevent water pollution is if people and industries don’t throw waste and toxic discharge into the water.


• Noise pollution:
One of the most prominent types of pollution is the existence of noise pollution. It refers to the presence of excessive or loud sound or noise in the environment. It might not sound too dangerous but it could be dangerous for human and animal health. There can be many ways noise pollution can be created, some are from big vehicles, large industries or even during constructions, the constant noise can be very inconvenient and uncomfortable for many. Another reason could be due to loud speakers during festivals, concerts etc. Even listening to music at a loud volume could damage our hearing. Some ways to avoid damaging your ears would be to listen to volume at an acceptable volume and try to avoid any festival which use big, huge speakers.


• Air pollution:
Air pollution is something that happens when there is pollutant present in the atmosphere. It needs to be high in concentration to cause harm to humans, animals and plants. Anything which contaminates or harms the air or makes it dirty and not comfortable to breathe is called air pollution. Air pollution could cause great damage as it’s what we breathe every day and even if we can’t see effects immediately, it could affect us later in life. It affects every form of being, anything which breathes and needs oxygen to survive.


• Plastic pollution:
Plastic pollution mainly refers to the fact that the environment is getting contaminated by plastic and products made of plastic. Plastic products such as milk packets, plastic straws, plastic bags etc are all causes for the pollution. The only way to prevent this it is by making sure to not use plastic bags and even if you do, don’t throw it away especially into the ocean.


Conclusion:
It is very important to preserve our earth and contamination is not the way to do it. We must make sure that the planet we live in is safe for everyone, including ourselves. As global warming is increasing, we need to look back on our actions and help overcome this setback.

https://www.britannica.com/science/water-pollution

https://www.britannica.com/science/noise-pollution

https://www.nrdc.org/stories/air-pollution-everything-you-need-know

https://www.britannica.com/science/plastic-pollution

Hairline Fracture

Hairline or stress fractures are tiny cracks on a bone that often develop in the foot or lower leg. It is common for hairline fractures to occur as a result of sports that involve repetitive jumping or running. Hairline fractures usually develop gradually as a result of overuse, as opposed to larger bone fractures or breaks that are mostly caused by acute traumas, such as a fall. While hairline fractures may heal with sufficient rest, they can be painful and last several weeks. The most common treatment approach is rest.

Certain factors are associated with an elevated risk of developing hairline fractures, these include:

  • Gender: Hairline fractures are more common in women, particularly those with irregular menstrual cycles.
  • Anatomical abnormalities: Some abnormalities can intensify the strain on particular bones, such as having flat feet or high arches. This can also be exasperated by low quality or worn out footwear.
  • Bone problems: Conditions that weaken bones, such as osteoporosis
  • Previous hairline fractures: A hairline fracture causes the bone to be more susceptible to fractures reoccurring
  • Diet imbalances: Weakened bones can develop from diets that lack nutrients essential to bone health, such as calcium or vitamin D, increasing the risk of hairline fractures occurring.

Hairline fractures are easily dealt with, but medical attention should be sought immediately to prevent the injury from worsening. Ignoring a hairline fracture can lead to a more serious fracture or break occurring, which is more difficult to treat.

MIRABAI CHANU

 

MIRABAI CHANU

Saikhom Mirabai Chanu was born on 8th August 1994. She was born in Nongpok, Manipur. She won the silver medal at 2020 Olymics in the women’s 49kg. Mirabai had won several medals under Common wealth games. 

She was qualified for the 2016 Rio Olympics, unfortunately she was able to finish it. However, her first three attempts ended in failure. In 2017, she won Gold in 48 kg women category which was held at the US. Chanu make a breakthrough  by winning Gold for India in 2018 Common Wealth games. In 2019, She lifted a 201 kgs which created a new record under 49 kgs category.

In 2020, she won Gold in 49kg category under 2020 Senior national weightlifting Championships. In 2021, Chanu became the only woman weight lifter to win Second position on 49kg category.

CASH PRIZES

Manipur Chief Minister N. Biren Singh announced an award of Rs. 1 Croce

Indian Railway Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw announced an award of Rs. 2 Croce along with the promotion.

MIRABI OLYMPICS

MirabaiChanu’s  won the decoration for India within the 2014 metropolis Commonwealth Games. This was the primary time individuals detected MirabaiChanu’s name for the primary time. The special issue is that the gold of this class conjointly came into India’s account. She defeated jock Kunjrani within the 2016 city Olympic Games qualifying match to secure her place at the city Olympic Games. 

This made special for her as she thought of jock Kunjrani as her leader.However, she couldn’t do a lot within the city Olympic Games and had to face defeat altogether her 3 clean and jerk tries. Thanks to this he conjointly Janus-faced several criticisms.

 Mirabai has not been ready to do something special within the city Olympiad, she has brought laurels to the country by winning the trophy within the forty eight kilo class within the 2017 World bodybuilding Championships. 

She won the trophy within the 2018 Commonwealth Games. She was awarded Rs twenty hundred chief Ministers of Manipur. Together with her performance, she has invariably brought laurels to Manipur and therefore the country.

INDIA HOPES FOR LAURELS

The largest event of the Games, the Edo Olympic Games can run from twenty three July to eight August. These games were to be commanded within the year 2020 itself, however, thanks to the corona epidemic, the games were deferred until 2021. Allow us to tell you that this point within the Edo Olympic Games, India’s largest team of 126 players goes to participate within the Games. Of these players can participate in sixty nine events of eighteen sports. The team can leave for Edo on seventeen July 2021. India has high hopes of medals from all the players as well as MirabaiChanu.

INDIA HAS WON SEVERAL MEDALS 

28 medals from 1900-2016 (9 Gold, 7 Silver, 12 bronze medals)

A game in which India has won most medals is Hockey. It contributes about 8 Gold, 1 Silver.

THE REAL PRIDE TO INDIA

Our Prime minister Narendra Modi congratulated on her success. Many stars  tweeted and congratulated her. It is really a pride moment for India on winning at Olympics. 

X-Rays

An X-ray is a common imaging test that’s been used for decades. It can help your doctor view the inside of your body without having to make an incision. This can help them diagnose, monitor, and treat many medical conditions. Different types of X-rays are used for different purposes. There are some risks involved in getting an X-ray. But for most people, the potential benefits outweigh the risks.

Conditions that may call for an X-ray include:

  • Bone cancer
  • breast tumors
  • enlarged heart
  • blocked blood vessels
  • conditions affecting your lungs
  • digestive problems
  • fractures
  • infections
  • osteoporosis
  • arthritis
  • tooth decay
  • needing to retrieve swallowed items.

If you ingest a contrast material before your X-ray, it may cause side effects. These include:

  • hives
  • itching
  • nausea
  • lightheadedness
  • a metallic taste in your mouth

The nature feels proud when a tiger walks free in its natural habitat

International Tiger day is celebrated on July 29 to raise awareness about the conservation of wild cat.However with several countries taking measures to curb poaching,illegal wildlife trade,and habitat loss,etc.The tiger is the largest of the world’s big cats and this magnificent creature, with its distinctive orange and black stripes and beautifully marked face, has a day that is dedicated to it.

We cannot deny the fact that tigers are the largest species of the cat family and also one of the most iconic animals on the planet.There is a very famous quote,”Where Tigers thrive,it is a sign that the ecosystem is healthy”.

Why Tigers are so important?

As top predators,Tigers help to keep their environment healthy.Generally the predators prey on other animals.In this case, herbivores such as deer.But without enough Tiger to eat them, herbivores can overgraze and damage the land, disrupting the balance of the local environment.By keeping the prey species under their control,they protect the vegetation which inturn maintains the integrity of streams,forests and crop plants that provide people around the world with clean air,fresh water,food and financial benefits.

And also Tiger is the symbol of wilderness and well being if the Eco system.By conserving and saving tigers the entire ecosystem is conserved.

Reasons for the declining population of Tigers

⭐ Tigers were poached for their furs.Tigers may prey upon agricultural animals and have been illegally shot at or poisoned by consuming baited carcasses.

⭐ From elephant ivory to orchids,the illegal wildlife trade touches tens of thousands of species around the world.Its become increasingly with organized networks obtaining, transporting, selling and bribing their ways to big profit.

⭐ Nowadays with the increasing population,forest are becoming less by clearing of forests for several reasons like agriculture, industries,etc.made a loss of around 93% of the natural habitats of Tigers.

⭐The combined effect of climate change and sea level rise leads to the wiping out of Sundarbans, one of the habitat of Bengal Tigers.

⭐ Several animals die due to certain diseases like Feline Panleucopania, tuberculosis,etc.,

Tigers are of various colours like White Tigers,Brown Tiger with black stripes,White Tiger with black stripes,and golden Tigers.Watching them walking is a lovely sight.So far the four species of Tigers including Bali Tiger,Caspian Tiger,Javan Tiger and Tiger hybrids are extinct.

According to the WWF,the current population of the wild cat is 3,900.By next year,WWF aims to double their population to 6000.International Tiger Day play a important role in it by spreading awareness and by working towards conservation of tigers.

“So protect and conserve Tigers”

Content Writing As A Career

Over time content writing has evolved enormously in the market. Content writing as a career provides a tremendous opportunity. In today’s world, many big firms are hiring content writers exclusively to provide content solutions to clients. 

This brings us to the question that if content writing has such potential, What do I need to become a content writer? What are the career opportunities? Salary Expectation? Well, you will find all the answers needed in this article. 

What do you need to become a content writer?

While many of the companies prefer hiring an individual who has a degree in literature or journalism & mass communication, one with excellent writing and communication skills is also welcomed by the companies. In short, anyone with good writing and communication skills can apply for it. Also, thorough knowledge of the field you are writing about is always a plus point. 

What are the career opportunities?

Looking at the demand for content writers, it can be said that the demand will stay longer in the industry. Besides taking a job in a firm one can also become a freelance writer or a full-time blogger. Mentioned below are some of the different fields of content writing:-

I) Public Relations Writing: These days, most of the corporate hire in-house writers to write their newsletters, press releases, and bulletins.

II) Technical Writing: It mostly deals with literature like user manuals and do-it-yourself kits, etc.

III) Marketing Content: In this field, a writer should be able to attract customers through catchy headlines and slugs. As a marketing content writer, one needs to be creative to attract the attention of consumers and convince them. This type of writing includes brochures, fliers, etc.

IV) Web content: As websites need to update their content to stay fresh and relevant, they hire content writers. 

V) Others: Some of the other fields of content writing includes – health, lifestyle, financial, children’s writing, academic, copywriting, and fashion.

Salary Expectation

As an experienced freelance writer one can earn up to Rs 40-50 thousand in a month. And for the content writers working for a firm, the salary varies from company to company. The average starting salary for a content writer ranges from Rs 15,000 to Rs 20,000 per month. 

If you think you are made for writing then you should give content writing a short. 

Karakku

Caste discrimination faced by Bama

Introduction:
Karakku is a novel written by the Tamil Dalit writer Mary Faustina Fatima Rani. In this novel she speaks about a lot of problems faced by the Dalits and how they were discriminated and exploited. She expresses her angst and her pain through her writing. The most prominent one is the problems faced by the dalits is that of caste discrimination. Bama belongs to the untouchable class called Parayas.


• Even though her living standards were not luxurious, it was still a little better than others as her father was an army officer and because of that, whenever he came back home, there was always food at the table. She also had an older brother who made her aware of the conditions of Dalits and help to understand why it is important to overcome it.


• In the Indian society, the discrimination of people based on their caste was rampant. Every person was judged according to which caste they belong to and showed respect accordingly.


• The problem with food:
The people of the upper caste always got to eat all the tasty food like the fishes with fancy names but the lower caste people always had to settle for the cheap fishes as that is what they could afford. She tells us how the lower caste people are the ones who do all the work yet only the rich benefit from it.


• The problem of exploitation and untouchability:
Bama mentions the exploitation of the poor Dalits by the rich Naickers and tells us how that is the reason that the Dalits haven’t prospered yet. She talks about work and how the Dalits had to work all their lives just to make ends meet and they were not even be rewarded for it. An example or incident is when a lady was holding a ‘bajji’ with a string so she does not touch it while giving it to a Naicker. At first Bama found this incident funny but after she was explained about the concept of untouchability by her brother she gets a little furious.


• The problem of Education:
The next problem that the Dalits face is the problem of education. Not all Dalits have the luxury or opportunity to attend school and receive an education. The children or not allowed education and even if they are, they are not given equal opportunities and are always identified by their caste.
Bama also faced or experienced these during her school days but she managed to gain the trust and respect of her peers and teachers as she was a very bright student. That is when Bama realised that if every child is given this opportunity to receive education, they would be independent and would not have to struggle to make ends meet and would also be a respectable citizen of the country.


• Visible Caste discrimination:
In the future when she joined the convent and taught for 5 years, Bama also realised that the caste discrimination still exists. She realised that where there was a vow to help the Dalit children, really care about that aspect. Nobody tried to teach the children what their rights are and how they can together work to overcome their problems as a community and prosper.


Conclusion:
All of these incidents show us the plight of the dalits and how difficult their lives are on a daily basis. They need to overcome problems every day, in every field they go to. There is no leniency for the poor which shows us that the hierarchy of caste is an atrocious topic and everyone should be treated equally.

Content Writing As A Career

 

Over time content writing has evolved enormously in the market. Content writing as a career provides a tremendous opportunity. In today’s world, many big firms are hiring content writers exclusively to provide content solutions to clients. 

This brings us to the question that if content writing has such potential, What do I need to become a content writer? What are the career opportunities? Salary Expectation? Well, you will find all the answers needed in this article. 

What do you need to become a content writer?

While many of the companies prefer hiring an individual who has a degree in literature or journalism & mass communication, one with excellent writing and communication skills is also welcomed by the companies. In short, anyone with good writing and communication skills can apply for it. Also, thorough knowledge of the field you are writing about is always a plus point. 

What are the career opportunities?

Looking at the demand for content writers, it can be said that the demand will stay longer in the industry. Besides taking a job in a firm one can also become a freelance writer or a full-time blogger. Mentioned below are some of the different fields of content writing:-

I) Public Relations Writing: These days, most of the corporate hire in-house writers to write their newsletters, press releases, and bulletins.

II) Technical Writing: It mostly deals with literature like user manuals and do-it-yourself kits, etc.

III) Marketing Content: In this field, a writer should be able to attract customers through catchy headlines and slugs. As a marketing content writer, one needs to be creative to attract the attention of consumers and convince them. This type of writing includes brochures, fliers, etc.

IV) Web content: As websites need to update their content to stay fresh and relevant, they hire content writers. 

V) Others: Some of the other fields of content writing includes – health, lifestyle, financial, children’s writing, academic, copywriting, and fashion.

Salary Expectation

As an experienced freelance writer one can earn up to Rs 40-50 thousand in a month. And for the content writers working for a firm, the salary varies from company to company. The average starting salary for a content writer ranges from Rs 15,000 to Rs 20,000 per month. 

If you think you are made for writing then you should give content writing a short. 

Review of The Alchemist Book

Book Name     : The Alchemist 

Author Name : Paulo Coelho 

Year of publication : 1988

Paulo Coelho is a famous Brazilian writer. He published his first book in 1982 and has written more than 30 novels to date. The most famous of these is the 1988 novel The Alchemist. The novel was originally written and published in Portuguese. It has since been translated into 70 world languages. 

The story is very, very simple. Let’s get into the story.

The region of Andalusia in Spain has mountains and fertile pastures. There a shepherd boy named Santiago stays with his flock in a dilapidated church in that mountain. He often has a dream. That is, he often dreams that he will get the greatest treasure if he goes to Egypt and sees the pyramids. He asks the girl from a nomadic group to find out if this dream will come true. She confirms this dream and says that it is true and that he will definitely get the treasure if he goes to Egypt somehow. The next day he meets a king in disguise. He also encouraged him and said that when you want to achieve something, this universe will create the environment for you to achieve. Not only that, he gives him two gems from his armor, buys some of his sheep and sends them money for the trip.

Santiago arrives in Morocco after a two-hour voyage by boat from Andalusia. There unfortunately all of his money and stuff is stolen. He has nothing on hand now because the money was stolen. So he works in a glass shop there. After working there for several months and arranging the money for the trip, he plans to travel to Alfheim in Egypt. Then an Englishman becomes a companion. That Englishman has a desire to meet an alchemist who has lived in the desert for over 200 years. The desert journey takes several days for the two to continue their journey together. They both live in an oasis due to the war against the nomadic tribes there. There the Englishman is looking to meet that alchemist who has lived for 200 years. At the same time, Santiago falls in love with Fatima, the daughter of the oasis leader. Santiago warns those who are there one day as the signs of an attack on the desert oasis appear. That is why he is appointed as the consultant of the oasis. As his life progresses smoothly as Fatima’s love and counselor for the oasis, he tries again to chase his dream. Somehow he goes to Egypt and finds the pyramids and intends to get the treasure.

The alchemist, who then lived for 200 years, appears before him and helps him. With his help he goes to the pyramid. Paulo Coelho has written beautifully about whether the treasure was finally found and how it was found.

This is a story with a small center. But everyone who aspires to make their dream come true should definitely read this book at least once. Having the environment to make a dream come true makes life so much happier. Coelho has written fantastic comments on how people are capable of realizing their dream at any time of their lives. His words are also very simple. A journey in that desert, the sand, the air, the heat, the friendship of the Englishman, the love of Fatima, everything is simply described. The story, which moves like a magical journey, will be a pleasant read for those who are dreaming of a dream come true at any time of their lives.

Sexually transmitted diseases (STD’S)

STD’S are sexually transmitted diseases. This means they are most often — but not exclusively — spread by sexual intercourse. HIV, chlamydia, genital herpes, genital warts, gonorrhea, some forms of hepatitis, syphillis, and trichomoniasis are STD’s.

Each year, 20 million new cases are reported; half of these infections are among people ages 15 to 24 and they can have long-term consequences. STDs are serious illnesses that require treatment. Some STDs, such as HIV, cannot be cured and can be deadly. By learning more about STDs, you can learn ways to protect yourself.

You can get a STD from vaginal, anal, or oral intercourse You can also be infected with trichomoniasis through contact with damp or moist objects such as towels, wet clothing, or toilet seats, although it is more commonly spread by sexual contact. You are at high risk if:

  • You have more than one sexual partner
  • You have sexual relations with someone who has had many partners
  • You don’t use a condom when having sex
  • You share needles when injecting intravenous drugs

COVID-19 and the Suffering of the Poor People

Till date COVID-19 is one of the most dangerous viruses that have taken crore lives or even we can say more. The pandemic of COVID-19 is till day come in the list of most hazardous problems faced by us. Crores of people lost there loved once and the only thing left was the family which was completely shattered after this outbreak. It was found that the crisis that the people suffered after the arrival of corona virus is like no other virus faced since recent decades. Also, from the beginning till today no such pandemic had hit the social and economic structure as hard as this virus did.

According to the survey around forty nine million people lifestyle changed and ultimately resulted in extreme poverty. The countries which are already poor have fallen much more but the countries which were counted in the list of middle income are also suffering. For the poor of India the life have been much difficult and survival too. Survive and living a normal life during such outbreak is really a difficult one. India is itself a poor country and the arrival of this pandemic has pushed it more economically. People struggled to survive in the initial face of lockdown and many people are still surviving and a fighting a battle against such great pandemic. The real problem was the battle was not only against the problem of surviving but also inequality in various places like healthcare provided to the patients and the education sector too. The economic crisis faced by the poor section of the society triggered them a lot as it rise the level of income inequality. This virus was itself considered as a virus which gave birth to inequality and this inequality increased rapidly with the passage of time as the rich became richer where as on the other end of the spectrum the poor became more inferior. In a report it was found that the top billionaire’s of India become richer and this percent increased to 35% where as millions of people lost their bread for the day. The report suggests that around 1.70 people lost their jobs in every hour in the month of April, 2020. Maximum people who lost there jobs were from the informal sector and there fight in not ended. These people are still fighting and struggling. 

Only we all can end up this poverty gap which can be done from the combination of domestic as well as international resources. No technological or else financial reason could be find till now which can accept the reversals of worldwide poverty. This destruction is due to lack of proper party-political will as well as worldwide leadership on the issue of poverty.  The poverty has increased by one hundred forty four million in 2020. Thus, we can sum up that arrival of such hazardous virus has shattered the whole world but the one who suffered the most and are still suffering is the poor and our government should take affective steps regarding reduction of this poverty.

Inequality

            We all are living in 2021, do you think the society treats men and women in a equal manner? No, many of us answer would be no. Don’t you think why? Take your house as an example, does everyone in house do the household chores? No, only the girls especially the mothers.

            It is totally not fair at all to make the women to getup in the middle of the meal to serve you. How cruel it is? She is also a human, she to have her own choices and she have all rights to enjoy her life.

            We all are hearing different stories each day about how the society treats the girl in the worst manner, the dowry cases, inter caste marriage, acid attack, rape, harassment, abuse these are all the evidence that how the women are struggling to live the common life in this world. As the world is modern the problems are modern, I’m saying about the social media platforms, where most of the women feels insecure,

            She is not your servant to fulfill your needs but a living human to fulfill her own needs. As the years passed there stood many peoples raising the voice for the equality of women but still we are fighting for the equality. A good point about that is the situation is not bad as that time but it is not ok to accept that.

            Fighting all these things we can see women in the higher points, think about the road she travelled to reach the goal it is not at all the easier one. It says how determine the women should be reach it.

            We should teach everyone in the society that men and women are equal, this should be done in the childhood itself so that it would create the better society in the future. This is not only with the men and women but with every human in this world should be treated equally, we all are a fellow human being who are responsible for the society, so it’s our responsibility to make the awareness, and make people understand about the equality.

            “Equality is the soul of liberty; there is, in fact, no liberty without it.” – Frances Wright

            “The word ‘equality’ shows up too much in our founding documents for anyone to pretend it’s not the American way.” – Martha Plimpton

“There’s nothing complicated about equality.” – Alice Paul

 “I would like to be known as a person who is concerned about freedom and justice and prosperity for all people.” – Rosa Parks

India of 1991 in 2021 – 30 Years of LPG

Do you remember the 1991 Economic crisis which led to Liberalisation, Privatisation and Globalisation (LPG) reforms ?

So lets us compare the India of 1991 with the India of 2021 which also marks 30 years of LPG Reforms

  • The Crisis of 1991 & Reforms:
    • 1991 Crisis: In 1990-91, India faced a severe Balance of Payments (BOP) crisis, where its foreign exchange reserves were just adequate to finance 15 days of imports. There were many factors that led to the BOP crisis:
      • Fiscal Deficit: The fiscal deficit during 1990-91 was around 8.4% of GDP.
      • Gulf War I: In 1990-91, the situation was aggravated by the rise in the price of oil due to Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait.
      • Rise in Prices: The inflation rate increased from 6.7% to 16.7% due to a rapid increase in money supply and the country’s economic position became worse.
    • Nature and Scope of 1991 Reforms: In order to get out of the macro-economic crisis in 1991, India launched a New Economic Policy, which was based on LPG or Liberalisation, Privatisation and Globalisation model.
      • Then Finance Minister, Manmohan Singh, was the prime architect of the historic 1991 liberalisation.
      • The broad range of reforms under the LPG model included:
        • Liberalising Industrial Policy: Abolition of industrial license permit raj, Reduction in import tariffs, etc.
        • Beginning of Privatisation: Deregulation of markets, Banking reforms, etc.
        • Globalisation: Exchange rate correction, liberalising foreign direct investment and trade policies, Removal of mandatory convertibility cause, etc.
      • These reforms are credited and applauded for the high economic growth seen from 1991 to 2011 and substantial reduction of poverty from 2005 to 2015.
  • The Crisis of 2021 :
    • The World Economic Outlook Report 2021, states that the Indian economy is expected to grow by 12.5% in 2021 and 6.9% in 2022.
      • However, the pandemic has led to massive unemployment in the informal sector and poverty is increasing after decades of decline.
    • The social sectors of health and education have lagged behind and not kept pace with our economic progress.
      • Too many lives and livelihoods have been lost that should not have been, during the pandemic.
    • Inspector Raj is set to make a comeback through the policy for e-commerce entities.
    • India is back to the old habits of borrowing excessively or extracting money (in form of dividends) from the RBI to finance the fiscal deficit.
    • The migrant labour crisis has laid bare the gaps in the growth model.
    • India foreign trade policy is again suspecting trade liberalisation, as India has already decided to opt-out of the 16-nation Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) trade deal.

Way Forward

The 1991 reforms helped the economy stave off a crisis and then bloom. It is time to outline a credible new reform agenda that will not just bring GDP back to pre-crisis levels, but also ensure growth rates higher than it had when it entered the pandemic.