UFO sighting?

А Germаn tоurist reсently reсоrded а videо оf а shiny аnd shарe-shifting оbjeсt in the sky, fueling sрeсulаtiоns аnd соnsрirасy theоries, thаt it might hаve соuld hаve been аn unidentified оbjeсt оr UFО. The tоurist, аllegedly sроtted the bizаrre оbjeсt оut оf his windоw while trаveling оn а рlаne.
Intrigued by it, he filmed the shiny white оbjeсt оn his Nikоn Р900 саmerа аnd сlаimed thаt the susрeсted UFО wаs flying аlоngside fоr seven minutes. He then sent the fооtаge tо рорulаr YоuTube соnsрirасy theоrist knоwn аs Disсlоse Sсreen The Grimreefаr. The videо shоws а white glоwing оbjeсt, аррeаring tо соnstаntly сhаnge shарe аnd flying аt а higher аltitude thаn the аirрlаne.

Grimereefаr shаred the videо sаying, “I’ve gоt this inсredible sighting оn film by а раssenger оn bоаrd аn аirline оf whаt аррeаrs tо be а shарe-shifting оbjeсt. The рlаne’s аltitude is аnywhere between 10,000 аnd 30,000 feet аnd this оbjeсt is filmed оver seven minutes аbоve the аltitude оf the рlаne аnd it seems tо be mоving аlоngside with the рlаne. Рeорle аre gоing tо саll this а UFО, well teсhniсаlly it is, but I’m leаning mоre tоwаrds this being а biоlоgiсаl entity оr а рlаsmа-bаsed life fоrm living in оur uррer аtmоsрhere.
While mаny рeорle were fаsсinаted by the sight, оthers users sаid thаt it соuld hаve been а refleсtiоn оn the windоw glаss оr а weаther bаllооn. Аnоther thоught thаt it соuld be а саmerа thаt wаs zооmed in оn а wаter drорlet just оutside the windоw.

”If you have ever taken pictures through the plastic windows of an airplane you recognise this, ice crystals in the double-glazed windows….. They jump and move around and shift shape in an instant,” one user wrote.

A second one commented, ‘This is light playing in the distortion in the plane’s window. That’s why he can’t focus on it, it’s too close for his lens.”Abother said, ”Beautiful. It’s like looking at the entrance to a tunnel and through the other side we see the Strings of the Universe pulling and pushing the world(s)!”

Space trouble

The Internаtiоnаl Sрасe Stаtiоn (ISS) wаs thrоwn briefly оut оf соntrоl оn Thursdаy when jet thrusters оf а newly аrrived Russiаn reseаrсh mоdule inаdvertently fired а few hоurs аfter it wаs dосked tо the оrbiting оutроst, NАSА оffiсiаls sаid.
The seven сrew members аbоаrd – twо Russiаn соsmоnаuts, three NАSА аstrоnаuts, а Jараnese аstrоnаut аnd а Eurорeаn sрасe аgenсy аstrоnаut frоm Frаnсe – were never in аny immediаte dаnger, ассоrding tо NАSА аnd Russiаn stаte-оwned news аgenсy RIА. But the mаlfunсtiоn рrоmрted NАSА tо роstроne until аt leаst Аug. 3 its рlаnned lаunсh оf Bоeing’s new СST-100 Stаrliner сарsule оn аn unсrewed test flight tо the sрасe stаtiоn. The Stаrliner hаd been set tо blаst оff аtор аn Аtlаs V rосket оn Fridаy frоm the Kennedy Sрасe Сenter in Flоridа.

Thursdаy’s mishар begаn аbоut three hоurs аfter the multiрurроse Nаukа mоdule hаd lаtсhed оntо the sрасe stаtiоn. The mоdule’s jets inexрliсаbly restаrted, саusing the entire stаtiоn tо рitсh оut оf its nоrmаl flight роsitiоn sоme 250 miles аbоve the Eаrth, U.S. sрасe аgenсy оffiсiаls sаid. The “lоss оf аttitudinаl соntrоl” lаsted fоr а little mоre thаn 45 minutes, until flight teаms оn the grоund mаnаged tо restоre the sрасe stаtiоn’s оrientаtiоn by асtivаting thrusters оn аnоther mоdule оf the оrbiting рlаtfоrm, ассоrding tо Jоel Mоntаlbаnо, mаnаger оf NАSА’s sрасe stаtiоn рrоgrаm.

In its brоаdсаst соverаge оf the inсident, RIА сited NАSА sрeсiаlists аt the Jоhnsоn Sрасe Сenter in Hоustоn, Texаs, аs desсribing the struggle tо regаin соntrоl оf the sрасe stаtiоn аs а “tug оf wаr” between the twо mоdules. Аt the height оf the inсident, the stаtiоn wаs рitсhing оut оf аlignment аt the rаte оf аbоut а hаlf а degree рer seсоnd, Mоntаlbаnо sаid hоurs lаter in а NАSА соnferenсe саll with reроrters.

The Nаukа engines were ultimаtely switсhed оff, the sрасe stаtiоn wаs stаbilized аnd its оrientаtiоn wаs restоred tо where it hаd begun, NАSА sаid. Соmmuniсаtiоn with the сrew wаs lоst briefly twiсe during the disruрtiоn, but “there wаs nо immediаte dаnger аt аny time tо the сrew,” Mоntаlbаnо sаid.

Аdrift in the sрасe stаtiоn’s nоrmаl оrientаtiоn wаs first deteсted by аutоmаtiс sensоrs оn the grоund, аnd “the сrew reаlly didn’t feel аny mоvement,” he sаid. Whаt саused the mаlfunсtiоn оf the thrusters оn the Nаukа mоdule, delivered by the Russiаn sрасe аgenсy Rоsсоsmоs, hаs yet tо be determined, NАSА оffiсiаls sаid.

Mоntаlbаnо sаid there wаs nо immediаte sign оf аny dаmаge tо the sрасe stаtiоn. The flight соrreсtiоn mаneuvers used uр mоre рrорellаnt reserves thаn desired, “but nоthing I wоuld wоrry аbоut,” he sаid.

Аfter its lаunсh lаst week frоm Kаzаkhstаn’s Bаikоnur Соsmоdrоme, the mоdule exрerienсed а series оf glitсhes thаt rаised соnсern аbоut whether the dосking рrосedure wоuld gо smооthly. The Nаukа mоdule is designed tо serve аs а reseаrсh lаb, stоrаge unit аnd аirlосk thаt will uрgrаde Russiа’s сараbilities аbоаrd the ISS.

Save a ‘GEOLOGICAL HERITAGE’ Part-2.

Development at the cost of nature. Part-2 :

Growth and development are inevitable and necessary to absorb the growing needs of the economy. But the problem lies in the truth that none of this growth is monitored. Giant machines dig the earth out and transport mud to all corners of the city. Ratty trucks with the broken remains of gigantic rocks can be seen ferrying the roads primarily during dusk or night. Most of this quarrying is illegal. Contractors excavate mud and destroy rocks in remote spots often under the dark cover of night for a paltry sum.

Mass destruction of rocks has exacerbated the depletion of green cover. Precious fauna and flora has been destroyed. Loss of these rocks has meant ground water depletion which has further compounded the city’s water woes. Years ago tiny lakes dotted the entire city including the famous Jubilee and Banjara hills localities. Today lakes are found only on the city outskirts in places like Shamirpet. Lakes closer to the city are shrinking every passing year.

Fighting For Conservation :

Though Hyderabad has seen the gradual depletion of rock cover, ecological conservation is an issue that has not found much voice with the population. Most citizens, especially those new to the city, are too busy focusing on seeing a snazzy Hyderabad finding its spot on the global map. But even in this bleak scenario there is a ray of hope for the rocks.

Since 1996, a group of concerned citizens have come together to prevent indiscriminate destruction of the rocks and protect the rocky landscapes. Their organization ‘Society to Save Rocks’ (STSR) has since then been working hard to preserve the rocky ecosystem in the city and state.

Due to their dedicated campaigning, the Government of Andhra Pradesh has added nine rock formations in Regulation No. 13 of the Hyderabad Urban Development Authority (HUDA) for the protection of Heritage Buildings and Precincts. This act of the governments was hailed by conservationists across the country as a great step in recognising the importance of the rocks and the need to protect them. Today Hyderabad is the only city in India where rocks are protected as a natural heritage. Encouraging the government to preserve these rocks by promoting them as tourist attractions i5 an alternative that the Society is pushing for.

But despite STSR’s dedicated efforts, the city faces a challenge as much land in and around the city has already been sold off. Durgam Cheruvu, one of the designated heritage sites is the best place where the government’s attempt at conservation and apathy towards rocks, are both visible. Years ago the lake lay hidden between rocky cliffs and was inaccessible. A few years ago it was converted to a model tourist spot with boating and other leisure facilities. But entire stretches of hills on one bank of this protected area have been destroyed in the past decade to accommodate the fast-growing Hi-tech city. Durgam Cheruvu thus epitomises the ongoing conflict between development and protection in the city.

However some individuals have successfully managed to integrate rocks that abut their house into the structure of their homes. The rock forms as much a part of their home’s interior as does their sofa or any other furniture. Some builders and companies too have taken the initiative to include rocks in their building complexes. While they have included a natural rock structure within their building premise, their focus remains on decorative appeal rather than ecological consideration for the rocks.

Over the years, due to the efforts of organizations like the STSR, the rocks of Hyderabad have found a voice. But the din of the construction industry and growing needs of an expanding city are far louder than the voice of these few individuals. What the rocks require are greater public support and a deeper appreciation of their existence. Locals, tourists and governments need to take a pro-active approach to ensure that growth includes preservation of rocks and their eco-systems. After all if a booming economy overtakes billions of years nature, the consequences and blame will have to be borne by none other than the citizens themselves for the only people who stand to gain will in reality be the ones of who lose.

Abhijit Banerjee

Economist Abhijit Banerjee shared the 2019 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences with Esther Duflo and Michael Kremer for their experimental approach to alleviating global poverty. Born in 21st February 1961, to both economist parents in Mumbai, Abhijit is currently the Professor of Economics at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He has also taught at Harvard University and Princeton University.

His work focuses on development economics. Together with his wife, Esther Duflo, he has discussed field experiments as an important methodology to discover causal relationships in economics. They try to measure the effectiveness of actions, such as government programmes, in improving people’s lives. Although polio vaccination is freely available in India, many mothers were not bringing their children for the vaccination drives. Banerjee and Esther Duflo conducted an experiment in Rajasthan, where they gifted a bag of pulses to mothers who vaccinated their children. Soon, the immunization rate went up in the region. In another experiment, they found that learning outcomes improved in schools that were provided with teaching assistants to help students with special needs.

Apart for his research that helped millions of people across the world, he wrote books about economics which are easy to read and understand, enabling even non-economic field readers to quickly grasp the knowledge the books have to offer. Good Economics for Hard Times (2019) looks into how the resources to address issues such as immigration, globalisation, slow economic growth, climate change are already there but we lack the ideas to overcome the divide and distrust that plagues us. In Poor Economics (2011), Abhijit says that by paying attention to evidence, one can not only understand the real causes of poverty but can also assess how to end it. They argue that most charitable organisations want to help the poor but their assumptions are based on generalisations. It looks at how the impoverished make decisions on education, savings, healthcare, food and other issues. Making Aid Work (2007) states that foreign aid can lend a helping hand in reducing poverty. Banerjee says that while billions of dollars flow in to poor countries, they are not used effectiently. Lack of analysis causes considerable waste and inefficiency in this regard. He suggests that donors should conduct randomised controlled trials (RCT) – a method Banerjee and Duflo have mastered.

In 2013, he was named by the United Nations Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon to a panel of experts tasked with updating the Millennium Development Goals after 2015. In 2014, he received the Bernhard-Harms-Prize from the Kiel Institute for the World Economy. In 2019, he delivered Export-Import Bank of India’s 34th Commencement Day Annual Lecture on Redesigning Social Policy. And in the same year, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics, together with Esther Duflo and Michael Kremer, for their work alleviating global poverty.

During the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, Abhijit Banerjee criticised the government for their poor decision making which resulted in the pandemic reaching the high rates that it is in now. He also said that the healthcare system is built in a way that does not benefit the underprivileged. He expressed his concerns about the pandemic getting worse and how it will affect the world economy in the long term.

Media and Democracy

A democratic system is successful only when there is extensive participation by the masses, which is not possible without people getting informed about various issues. Therefore, the media plays a vital role in a healthy democracy.

Press Freedom

Mahatma Gandhi had said “Freedom of press is a precious privilege that no country can forgo.” In India, freedom of press is implied from the freedom of speech and expression guaranteed under Article 19(1)(a) of the Constitution of India. Article 19(1)(a) says that all citizens shall have the right to freedom of speech and expression. But this right is subject to reasonable restrictions under Article 19(2).

Role of media in a Democracy

Ideally, the media is the voice of the citizens, it is said to be “voice of the voiceless”. A democracy cannot function properly without free press. It acts as a bridge between the government and the citizens. It is the fourth pillar of democracy. It exposes corruption, scandals, maladministration, policy failures and promotes government transparency, accountability, & public scrutiny.

The Right to Information Act (2005) is vital for the press in India to promote transparency. Press uses RTI as a tool to strengthen democracy and to update the citizens about implementation of the government schemes/policies and expose its loopholes.

A healthy functioning democracy is established when the voters make informed choices and this is based on the quality of information that they receive. The Press is the main source of news and information. Information disseminated by the Press impacts and shapes the public opinion.

Democracy cannot function without public participation. People have the freedom to express their ideas, opinions, suggestions, and criticism using various media platforms. Public feedback of any policy or law reaches the government through the media. Press acts as a catalyst for democracy and development, making public participation meaningful. Press also provides a platform for public debate.

Citizens can participate in a democracy only when they are fully aware of their rights and duties. Press plays a major role in spreading awareness among the masses about fundamental rights of the citizens ,government schemes, and campaigns . The press has played a significant role in educating the rural masses through newspapers in regional languages , radio, television etc.

Challenges faced by Media in a Democracy

Press Censorship is a major challenge to freedom of press. Press censorship by political authority is an attack on free speech. For example, During the Emergency(1975) Indian media was heavily censored and it was known as the “dark period of democracy.” The Indian Express and The Statesman protested against the censorship by leaving their editorial pages blank.

Paid news hinders unbiased reporting and leads to favouritism. It diverts the coverage of real issues and suppresses information. This produces uninformed or misinformed citizens in a democracy. Corporate and political influence can also stop a particular media organization from functioning freely.

“A free press is one of the pillars of democracy” said Nelson Mandela. A free and independent press is integral to the process of democratisation and good governance. Ideally, the purpose of the press in a democracy is to keep in the public spotlight every decision that the government makes. Press plays its role by reporting/informing, spreading awareness, ensuring accountability of the government, and providing a platform for public debate.

Government vs Twitter

Chris pirillo said that “twitter is a great place to tell the world what you are thinking before you have had a chance to think about it”. However, the government wants to control it.

India’s Covid-19 rise had eclipsed all superlatives only a few months ago. Hundreds of thousands of people have died because of India’s worst public-health catastrophe in history, which has highlighted the country’s deteriorating healthcare infrastructure. In the midst of the tragedy, while armies of medical personnel and volunteers focused their energies on battling the virus, the administration looked to be concentrating on a different issue. And that issue is TWITTER.

The initial root of the situation was a tweet sent by BJP spokesperson Sambit Patra on May 18. Patra displayed a paper he referred to as a “toolkit” in this tweet, which appears to be an internal Congress document outlining the processes for undermining the BJP’s reaction to the epidemic and increasing publicity of the party’s activities. Days later, the Delhi Police, which reports to the Union government but is not a full-fledged state, paid a visit to Twitter’s headquarters in Delhi and Gurugram, ostensibly to find out why the company opted to put the warning label on Patra’s post. According to local sources, authorities in Uttar Pradesh recently blamed Twitter, along with journalists and opposition party officials, for posting a video that sparked communal strife. The video, which alleged to depict majority Hindus beating a minority Muslim guy, prompted another complaint against Twitter India CEO Manish Maheshwari, according to Delhi police. However, The problematic footage has subsequently been deleted, with no more comment from the firm other than a remark about following local regulations.

The government has opted to focus on digital image management many times during the epidemic, including the most recent occurrences. Following government demands, Twitter and Facebook pulled down about 100 postings in April. The government’s approach to the epidemic was criticized in several of these tweets.Following the agricultural demonstrations, Twitter agreed to the BJP’s demands to temporarily and permanently restrict 500 accounts, including those of opposition leaders and journalists. The government also forced Twitter to remove several well-known personalities who expressed support for the protestors, like Punjabi musician JazzyB, whose account has 1.2 million followers but can’t be viewed from India, though the firm hasn’t followed through on all of its demands.

Therefore, they not only silence the critical voices but also exposes the corporation to much more pressure to stifle government critics in India and elsewhere. Twitter, a relative newcomer with 17.5 million members, has India as one of its fastest-growing markets. However, its limited reach makes it vulnerable in a country that demonstrated its willingness to outlaw popular foreign services a year ago when it banned TikTok — which had 200 million users in the country — WeChat, and hundreds of other Chinese-made apps following a violent clash on the disputed border. It is critical to political debate in India, and Modi himself is a frequent user with a following of over 69 million people, demonstrating its global reach. While politicians have been outspoken in their criticism of Twitter, none have publicly threatened to abolish it.

The hydrogen powered reality is here

Сentre is соnsidering green hydrоgen tо fuel vehiсles оn Indiаn rоаds. Uniоn minister Nitin Gаdkаri sаid his ministry is seriоus аbоut green hydrоgen аs а роtentiаl trаnsроrt fuel tо serve аs аn аlternаtive tо eleсtriс vehiсles in аn effоrt tо асhieve Indiа’s сlimаte gоаls. Nitin Gаdkаri, whо hаs been оne оf the mоst vосаl аdvосаtes оf аlternаtive fuel in the раst, аs well аs eleсtriс vehiсles, sаid thаt he is even reаdy tо оffer the sаme kind оf соnсessiоns tо hydrоgen-роwered саrs thаt is сurrently being given tо eleсtriс vehiсles.

Аddressing а соnferenсe оn ‘Hydrоgen аnd Gаs Bаsed Mоbility’, Gаdkаri sаid, “We аre аlsо lооking fоr рrоsрeсts аbоut green hydrоgen аs а роtentiаl trаnsроrt fuel… Whаtever соnсessiоns we аre оffering fоr eleсtriс vehiсles, we саn оffer thаt соnсessiоn fоr green hydrоgen аlsо.” Ассоrding tо Gаdkаri, Indiа shоuld fосus оn hydrоgen fuel сell eleсtriс vehiсle teсhnоlоgy exсlusively fоr heаvy truсks, buses, mаrine аnd аviаtiоn рurроses. Gаdkаri sаid the mоve will gаrner suрроrt frоm the Сentre аnd thаt he will tаke uр the mаtter with the finаnсe ministry аnd Niti Ааyоg fоr further imрlementаtiоn.

“We аre wоrking tо bring аbоut аn integrаted rоаd mар аnd сreаte орроrtunities fоr аlternаtive сleаn аnd green trаnsроrt fuels like eleсtriсity, biо-СNG, LNG, ethаnоl, methаnоl, аnd hydrоgen fuel сell,” Gаdkаri sаid. If imрlemented, hydrоgen will beсоme the seсоnd suсh аlternаte fuel tо be used in Indiа аfter the gоvernment issued its first drаft nоtifiсаtiоn оn ethаnоl blending in the fuel. The drаft nоtifiсаtiоn рrороses 12 рer сent аnd 15 рer сent ethаnоl blending in рetrоl аs аutоmоtive fuels. Ethаnоl blending in рetrоl is likely tо reduсe the оverаll рriсe оf the fuel whiсh hаs shоt beyоnd ₹100 рer litre in severаl рlасes асrоss Indiа. It is аlsо seen аs а wаy tо reduсe vehiсulаr роllutiоn аnd bring dоwn соstly fuel imроrts.Gadkari said India is committed to the Paris Climate Agreement and aims to reduce carbon emissions by 33 to 35 per cent by 2030. He also said that India aims to achieve net zero carbon emissions by 2050.

THE ELIZABETHAN THEATRE

The early part of the Elizabethan age was a period of strolling players. It was a time when the actors had to go to the audience instead of the audience coming to the actors. These strolling players performed in improvised theatres anywhere in tavern, yards, palaces or gentleman’s house.

DRAMATIC COMPANIES OF ELIZABETHAN PERIOD:

There were many such touring traumatic companies but the most important where the Admiral’s Men and Chamberlain’s Men. When both these companies where patronised by Queen Elizabeth. James I who succeeded Elizabeth took Chamberlin’ Men under his protection and thereafter the company was called the “King’s Men“. It was to this company that Shakespeare belonged for most of his career as a dramatist.

THE THEATRES OF THE TIME:

The first permanent theatre was built in 1576 by James Burbage, father of one of the colleagues of Shakespeare at Shoreditch, to the north of London. It was called the theatre as it was the only one of its kind in existence. Soon other theatres were also built thus the famous ‘Rose’ was built in 1587 the ‘Globe’ in 1599 and the ‘Fortune’ in 1600. Most of the theatres of the time was small as they were expected to accommodate only a limited number of spectators. They were different in shape, the Swan was after octagonal but the fortune was square. Part of the theatre that is the yard in the front of the stage was open to the sky where is the backstage as well as the galleries found in the yard was roofed.

THE STAGE ARRANGEMENT AND PRACTICES:

Throughout the Elizabethan period the theatre was half open to the sky and the place were acted during day time. But towards the end of Shakespeare’s career great changes for the better took place. In 1608 James Burbage bought the refectory of old Blackfriars Monastery and convert it into an indoor playhouse. Here plays where acted by candlelight and therefore most stage effects were possible.

The stage arrangement in the Elizabethan theatre was not so elaborate as in a modern one. Its main drawback was that there were no proper stage appliances to produce the effect of change in time and place. Placards were sometimes used to announce the location of the action. Shakespeare considered such devices as very and realistic and therefore tried to convey the effects of place time and action through the dialogues between characters. For instance, in Hamlet, Act I, scene 1, to let the audience know that the time of action is dawn for Horatio says to Marcellus and Bernardo.

“But look, the morn in russet mantle clad Walks o’er the dew of yon eastern hill”

There was no drop curtain in the Elizabethan theatre. The end of a scene was so often indicated by a rhyming couplet. In Hamlet, Act II,

“. . . I will have grounds
More relative than this, play is the king, Wherein I catch the conscience of the king”

NO FEMALE ACTORS:

A feature of great importance of Elizabethan stage was that there were no female performers. The acting profession was entirely masculine. It was only in the Restoration period that professional actresses became the accepted part of the English theatre. Women’s part was therefore played by young boys train from childhood for the purpose. The dramatic company for which Shakespeare wrote his plays, perhaps did not have many such ‘actresses’ and that is the reason why there are only a few women in most of his place. He had his own difference about the effect that was likely to be produced by these boy actresses and so he tried to overcome the difficulty by making his heroine is like Roselind, Viola and Beatrice appear under the disguise of boys. It was likely that this boy actors are not able act successfully like the part of somewhat grown up women of the type of Lady Macbeth and Cleopatra. Shakespeare himself is aware of this difficulty when he makes Cleopatra complain

“. . . and I shall see
Some squeaking Cleopatra boy may greatness”

AUDIENCE:

The audience of the Elizabethan age consisted of a small motley crowd drawn from all sections of society differing in tastes, education and wealth. Most of them were highly superstitious believing in ghost and witches and witchcraft and found of witnessing scenes of violence like brutal fights and bear biting. Those who could pay well was seated in the galleries from where they could have a better view of the performances. Some of the most privilege person sat on the stools on the stage and this enables them to pass remarks on the acting of the players. The rest of the audience known as groundlings, the most unruly and noisy section of the spectators, who pay just the penny stood on the floor around the uncovered part of the stage which jutted into the yard.

RELIGIOUS TO NON-RELIGIOUS DRAMA:

The Elizabethan age was a period of transition from the old religious trauma tomorrow and non religious plays. It is often said that the church was the cradle of English drama. In the beginning the dumb show were performed inside the church or the church premises by the clergyman. After the Renaissance there was a revival of learning and the demand was for the new type of classically influenced non-religious drama. At first this plays were written according to the classical tradition, observing the three unities of time, place and action. Later this rules were broken and the modern type of drama was evolved.

THE PLAYWRIGHTS OF THE PERIOD:

The first English dramatist of some originality was Robert Greene, who was one of “University wits“. The famous “Spanish tragedy” written by Thomas kyd is considered to be first tragedy in English. However, Christopher Marlowe, the author of Tamberline, The Jew of Malta, Dr. Faustus and Edward II is recognised by all as the father of english tragedy.

SHAKESPEARE’S CONTRIBUTION:

The presiding deity, however, of the Elizabethan stage, was William Shakespeare whose dramatic carrier extended to about 20 years from 1590 to 1610. Starting as an errand boy and actor of minor parts, be slowly rose to prominence and dominated the stage for years together without any break and without arrival anywhere in the vicinity. At the end of his career having earned a fortune sufficient to live comfortably for the rest of his life. ‘Shakespeare return to his native town, Stratford-on-Avon.’

HOW TO STUDY MATHS IF YOU FIND IT BORING

Everyone is unique. Someone might be a good painter and someone might be a good sportsperson. There might be children who do not like neither of the two and like spending their time doing scientific experiments and learning new concepts. This is a macro view of the interests and talents of different people in different fields.

Coming to a micro view, there are times when we are expected to study since there is no other option for us. It may be because of a lack of self-introspection, wherein the person does not know what he is good at or it might be a parental compulsion. Hence, we are bound to study the subjects at hand whether regardless of our like or dislike for them.

One subject that many students find uninteresting or hardwired at is Mathematics. Admit it or not, sometimes or the other the subject of mathematics has haunted most of us. Either we found the whole subject boring or if by any chance, someone liked it, they must have found a topic or too boring or a tad too difficult to understand. We’ve all been through it. Some would have devised ways to tackle the subjects and related problems and some would have left the subject in higher classes for good.

The article is only for people who have no other option but to study maths. This is because students who are good at the subject or have dropped it, have no relation to the article in the first place.

So since you have no other choice but to continue with the subject why not do it in a way so that you do not get stressed over it and maximum output can be brought out?

Try following the tips given below.

Make it interesting- Human mind is such that it remembers knowledge and information based on our likes ( mostly). A simple example of this is you remember every character from a web series or movie that you found interesting and relatable. So, try relating the formulas and concepts to something you find interesting or in the form of a story. Make a thread of chunks of little stories and see the difference.
Start from the very basic- We often try copying our peers who have mastered the basic concepts and are solving problems of advanced levels. With this, a lot of chaos is created leading to negativity towards the subject. Always master the basics first. Solve problems at the rookie-level and then move to advance problems.
Practice, practice, and practice! – Studying a concept once and being able to solve related problems in one go does not make you a master of the topic. To get a proper hold of the same, keep practicing until you are confident of solving any problem of any type from that particular topic.
Go at your own pace- Do not try competing with some other person. A lot of factors differ between you and the other guy. Be yourself. Master topics at your own pace and ace the exams ( try keeping the pace such that the topics are covered before the exam!)

Good luck!

5 plants of Biofuel Production

What Is Bio fuel : Bio fuel is a liquid type of fuel derived from plant ,grass ,crop & other biological ,agricultural waste product .

Production plants: There are some plants which is used to produce this bio fuel —- Bio ethanol from Corn ; Bio diesel from Canola ; Bio ethanol from sugarcane ;Palm oil (acting as bio diesel ) from Palm (Elaeis Guineensis) ; Bio diesel from Jetropha ; Soy Bio diesel from soybean (Glycine max), Bio diesel from cotton seed or sunflower seed ;Bio ethanol from wheat (Triticum aestivum) ;Bio ethanol from Switch grass (Panicum virgatum) ; Bio diesel (CNSL or Cashew Nut Shell Oil ) from Cashew shell (Anacardium occidentale) .

Palma africana [African oil palm] (Elaeis guineensis) | Flickr — Palm (*Elaeis Guineensis)*

Panicum virgatum | Although cultivated as an ornamental, Pan… | Flickr — Switch grass *(Panicum virgatum)*

File:CSIRO ScienceImage 4689 Soya bean crop ColeamballyNSW.jpg - Wikimedia Commons — soybean *(Glycine max)*

Triticum aestivum | Cultivated wheat is most commonly grown … | Flickr — wheat (*Triticum* *aestivum*)

Significance: 1) Bio fuels contain very low amount of carbon .That’s why the production amount of Carbon dioxide & Carbon monoxide become low .The chances of environment harm reduces . 2) Bio fuels are very good replacement of fossil fuel ,crude oil ,natural gas as fossil fuels are in very demand & low in amount . 3) As bio fuel are a better replacement for carbon containing fossil fuels they helps to prevent the pollution. Sometime they are mixed with gasoline to act as an engine oil.

4) Bio fuel are renewable energy .So there are no threat for finishing up of these type of sources .

Scientists study ways to integrate biofuels and food crops… | Flickr — Environment friendly biofuels

Categories: There are 2 types of bio fuel . 1)Bio Alcohol — Ethanol, which is produced by the fomentation of the starch compound of yeast and bacteria. 2)Biodiesel — Produced from animal fats and plant oils.

Some of the bio fuel plants are discussed below ————

1.Jatropha: Scientific name : Jatropha curcas It is very poisonous tree. Cultivating jatropha is economically benefiting for rural farmers as it has the bio fuel producing value. Moreover jatropha can grow very quickly & live for 50 years long. They need less amount of water for cultivating. Jatropha seeds contain 40% Oil. India is the largest country for producing this plant. Bio fuel is extracted from seeds and the remaining part of these plants are used as a biomass fuel.

Jatropha raw & ripe fruit (Which is used for producing Biofuel)

2.Sugar cane: Scientific Name : Saccharum officinarum Bio ethanol are produced from sugar cane . In Brazil it is cheaper than gasoline and is produced in a lot of amount. The juice of Sugarcane plant has lots of sugar which gives lot of energy and the reduced part is a inflammable product used in cooking. Production cost of bio ethanol by reaction process is costly than production cost of bio ethanol from sugar cane.

3.Rapeseed or Canola: Scientific name : Brassica napus Canola is a type of rapeseed . From ancient time it is used as a cooking oil for containing low amount of erucid acid and is good for human body. In cold environments, biodiesels tend to convert in crystals because of saturated fat which is not good for combustion engines of vehicles. In this case canola has low saturated fat and is able to work in cold climates. Canola is high in oil contain and low in saturated fats. Produced bio diesel have very low amount of Carbon so the production of Carbon monoxide by burning is low .

4.Corn: Scientific name : Zea mays It is the major crops in the world, which produce ethanol. Produced ethanol is used in car engine along with gasoline. The kernels of corn are smashed into dust then it’s mixed with water to made a dough which is fermented by yeast to produce ethanol. Produced bio ethanol emits less carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide and Sulphur after burning. The body part cannot be used in the production of biodiesel rather it is used as a cooking mass for containing cellulose. This bio ethanol helps to reduce the smog.

5.Sunflower: Scientific name : Helianthus annuus L. This flower name comes from facing the sun every time. The seeds of sunflower are edible, delicious and good for health. As you all know Edible cooking oil are produced from sunflower. The biodiesel is produced from seeds which have lots of oil & the remaining plant parts are used as a biomass to produce bio fuel. Its plantation of sunflower helps the farmer economically as it has food production value & bio fuel production value .

Happy Flowers | Pacific Biodiesel Technologies sunflower fie… | Flickr — sunflower plant

Sunflower | Another sunflower from last week. | Stig Nygaard | Flickr — Sunflower

Sunflower seed kernels and whole seeds with sunflower flow… | Flickr — sunflower seed

Sunflower oil is with the flowers of sunflower and grain o… | Flickr — sunflower oil

How you can improve your thinking ability

Introduction:
Thinking process refers to the steps or ways required to fulfill/achieve/complete a task. It’s an important aspect of critical thinking. Critical thinking is the objective analysis of a problem by carefully stating your arguments to reach a desired and rational conclusion/judgement/result. When thinking processes are involved, we can reach a more clear conclusion and it helps us be a better judge of character and helps us build reasonable arguments.

The few main things to keep in mind to improve ones thinking process and ability are:

• Train your Memory:
Training your memory refers to how one can improve their memory by reading or making sure that your brain is never stagnant. If one trains their memory regularly then it’s possible for them to retain information. Reading and writing regularly, memorization is an useful way to do so.

• Question facts:
Whenever you learn a new fact, try to find out more about it and try to question as to why it’s the way it is. Try not to think the conventional way and always think outside the box. Even if it’s something you’ve known for a long time and it’s always been the way it is, question it’s authenticity and it’s relatability.

• Read:
Make it a habit to read a lot, even it’s just a page a day, remember to read. It’s an important element to improve your thinking ability. Reading helps your vocabulary and it also intrigues your mind and makes you question what’s around you.

• Self awareness:
To have an excellent thinking ability, becoming self aware is very necessary. Noticing your surroundings and changes happening with you can help you overcome your narrow-minded attitude as you get to learn so much about yourself and how mature you can be when the situation calls for it.

• Active listening:
While getting yourself involved in the process of improving your thinking ability, active listening plays an important role. Just like how you need to be aware of your surroundings, listening carefully to others and your own self is very important. Never ignore your gut feeling. While trying to come to a conclusion, always try to consider the opinion of others too and compare it with your arguments to see which would be a better fit for the situation to resolve.

• Rest:
While trying to improve your thinking ability, resting is very significant. While trying to learn new information and retaining that information, your brain might be overworked and needs a few minutes for itself before it starts to proceed gaining new information. Resting doesn’t only mean to lie down or to close your eyes. It could mean anything which is peaceful for you, it could be exercising, meditation, painting, singing, dancing etc. There’s no fixed method. Whatever brings you peace and calms you down can be called resting.

• Engage in multitasking:
Doing one task at a time is great but it’s amazing if you’re capable of completing 2 or more tasks at the same time. Don’t always play safe. Try to come out of your comfort zone and learn something new. Completion of many tasks at a time could save you time and energy which will therefore give you more time to engage in other interests.

Conclusion:
There’s no fixed way of knowing how to improve your thinking ability. It’s all about how much you want to put in effort to better yourself so it mainly depends on you.

Doubling Farmers Income

Agriculture sustains livelihood for more than half of India’s total population. Doubling farmers’ income in such a short period is an overwhelming task for decision makers, scientists and policy makers because of its continued role in employment, income and most importantly in national food security.
Doubling farmers’ income is possible through increasing total output and better price realization in the market, reduction in production costs,diversification of product, efficient post-harvest management, value addition, etc.

What are the needs of the Agricultural sector?

Extension of Irrigation Facilities:
- The coverage of irrigation facilities needs to be extended while ensuring an effective water conservation mechanism.
Improve Agricultural Credit:
- An inclusive approach to provision for agricultural credit has to be undertaken to address the issue of skewness in its regional distribution, it said.
Land Reform:
- As the proportion of small and marginal holdings is significantly large, land reform measures like freeing up land markets can help farmers improve their Income.
Boost to Allied Sectors:
- Allied sectors, such as animal husbandry, dairying and fisheries, need to be given a boost to provide an assured secondary source of employment and income, especially for small and marginal farmers.
Farm Mechanisation:
- There is also a need to address the issue of lower farm mechanisation in India which is only about 40% as compared to about 60% in China and around 75 % in Brazil.
Improving Food Processing Sector:
- More focussed attention” is required to be given to the sector due to its significant role in reducing post-harvest losses and creation of an additional market for farm outputs.
  - The food processing sector is growing at an average annual growth rate of more than 5% over the last six years ending 2017-18.
Exploring Global Markets:
- There is a need to give increased focus on exploring global markets for agricultural commodities to give an additional source of market for the surplus of agricultural produce India currently has.
Reallocation of Labour:
- There is also a need to reallocate labour resources to other sectors.
- Though the structural transformations involved a falling share of the agriculture sector and rising share of services sector jobs, more needs to be done to create manufacturing jobs to absorb the large pool of workers.
Other Issues:
- Issues such as investment in agriculture, insurance coverage, water conservation, improved yields through better farming practices, access to market, availability of institutional credit, increasing the linkages between agricultural and non-agricultural sectors need urgent attention.

What are the Government policies and interventions?

Institutional reforms

Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana, Soil health card, and Prampragat Krishi Vikas Yojana: Aiming to raise output and reduce cost.
Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana: To provide insurance against crop and income loss and to encourage investment in farming.
Interlinking of rivers – To raise output and farm incomes.
Operation Greens: To address price volatility of perishable commodities like Tomato, Onion and Potato (TOP).
PM Kisan Sampada Yojana: To promote food processing in a holistic manner.

Technological Reforms

Initiating E-NAM: The National Agriculture Market (eNAM) is a pan-India electronic trading portal which networks the existing Agricultural Produce Market Committees (APMCs) mandis to create a unified national market for agricultural commodities.
Technology mission on cotton: It aims to increase the income of the cotton growers by reducing the cost of cultivation as well as by increasing the yield per hectare through proper transfer of technology to the growers.
Technology Mission on Oilseeds, Pulses and Maize (TMOPM): Few schemes implemented under TMOPM are: Oilseeds Production Programme (OPP), National Pulses Development Project (NPDP), etc.
Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH): It is a scheme for the holistic growth of the horticulture sector covering fruits, vegetables, root & tuber crops, mushrooms, spices, flowers, aromatic plants, coconut, cashew, cocoa and bamboo.
Sugar Technology Mission: Aimed at reducing the cost of production of sugar and improving sugar quality through steps for improvements in productivity, energy conservation and improvements in capital output ratio.
National Mission on Sustainable Agriculture: It aims at promoting sustainable agriculture through a series of adaptation measures focusing on ten key dimensions encompassing Indian agriculture namely; ‘Improved crop seeds, livestock and fish cultures’, ‘Water Use Efficiency’, ‘Pest Management’, ‘Improved Farm Practices’, ‘Nutrient Management’, ‘Agricultural insurance’, ‘Credit support’, ‘Markets’, ‘Access to Information’ and ‘Livelihood diversification’.
In addition, schemes relating to tree plantation (Har Medh Par Ped), Bee Keeping, Dairy and Fisheries are also implemented.

Way Forward

The low level of farmers’ income and year to year fluctuations in it are a major source of agrarian distress.
To secure the future of agriculture and to improve the livelihood of half of India’s population, adequate attention needs to be given to improve the welfare of farmers and raise agricultural income.
It is essential to mobilize States and UTs to own and achieve the goal of doubling farmers’ income with active focus on capacity building (technology adoption and awareness) of farmers that will be the catalyst to boost farmers income.
The National Sample Survey Office’s last survey on agricultural households was conducted in 2013. There has been no further assessment of the farmers income. Therefore there is an urgent need to track the progress of farmers and help them increase their income.

Operators and Expression in Python

Operators :-

Python consists a set of operators which are used to specify operations to be performed in an expression.

Unary Operators :- Operators that used only one operand. ‘+’ and ‘-‘ sign can be used as a sign of addition and subtraction and also as unary operators.
Binary Operators :- Operators which use two operands are known as binary operators like multiplication (*), addition (+) etc. are example of binary operators.
Membership Operators :- The membership operators (in and in not) are used to test for membership of a sequence, such as string , lists or tuples.
Identity Operators :- Identity operator ( is and is not) is used to compare the memory location of two objects by using id (object) functions.

Expression :-

Arithmetic Expression :- It is a combination of operands and arithmetic operators such as +,-,*,/ etc.
Relational/Conditional Expression :- The Expression that compares two operands using relational operators like >,<,>=,<=, etc. is called relational/conditional expression.
Logical Expression :- The logical expression uses logical operators like and, or and not. The logical expression produces boolean result such as True or False.

Green Marketing

What is Green Marketing?

The technique of advertising products or services based on their environmental benefits is known as green marketing. These items or services may be ecologically friendly in and of themselves, or they may have been created in an environmentally beneficial manner.

Green marketing entails businesses presenting their products or services in a way that emphasises their environmental friendliness. Green-marketing, often known as environmental marketing, is another term for eco-marketing.

When a firm promotes its eco-friendliness, it may include the following products:

Produced in a sustainable manner.
There are no hazardous or ozone-depleting chemicals in this product.
Produced from recycled materials or recyclable.
Made from renewable resources.
Excessive packing should be avoided.
Designed to be repairable rather than discarded.

Companies that are devoted to sustainable development and corporate social responsibility are more likely to engage in green marketing. More businesses are attempting to embrace sustainable business strategies. Businesses realise that they can make their goods more appealing to consumers while simultaneously saving money on packaging, shipping, energy and water consumption, and other costs.

Furthermore, businesses are learning that displaying a high degree of social responsibility may enhance brand loyalty among socially conscious consumers. The primary impediment to sustainable business strategies like green buying is the short-term expense. Going green may generally cost more up front, but will reap significant benefits in the long term.

Why is green marketing important?

There are several hazards to our world, including air and water pollution, food waste, plastic pollution, and deforestation. Chemicals produced by industries may be found all over the place. To help the environment, many businesses consider manufacturing their goods in an ecologically friendly manner. Furthermore, when consumer knowledge of the environment grows, individuals choose to buy eco-friendly items, even if they are more expensive.

Many businesses have begun manufacturing of such items in order to answer client desires and honour our obligations as residents of our planet. Green marketing has a good impact on people’s health and the cleanliness of the environment. This form of marketing encompasses all aspects of a company’s operations, from packaging to public relations.

Benefits of Green Marketing:

Companies may use green marketing to help alter our globe for the better and assist individuals who are conscious of the problem and trying to help the environment. Companies seek to decrease the harmful impact of waste goods on our environment by developing sustainable products. Going green allows you to gain the confidence and loyalty of your consumers. It aids you in the following ways:

stand out in the increasingly competitive environment;
reduce the negative impact of the production on the environment;
save energy, reduce the use of natural resources and carbon footprint;
produce recyclable products;
improve the credibility of a certain brand;
enter a new audience segment;
ensure long-term growth;
implement innovations;
obtain higher revenue.

It’s not enough just to know about the benefits of green marketing since you should also be aware of the strategies. Luckily, nowadays there are many ways to go green. Let’s review them right away.

Green Marketing Strategies:-

You can find a lot of strategies related to green marketing that can help you create a sustainable brand to help our planet. So let’s review some of them.

Sustainable design. It’s not just about a recycling logo on your product packaging, it’s about a full life cycle of the product in mind. You should pay attention to the details: the sources of your materials, the workers involved in the process. Especially, your company should control the amount of waste generated and the way your products are packaged and delivered. You have to consider a lot of things that have an impact on our environment when designing for sustainability.
Responsibility. If you’re giving a thought to going green, your brand should be ready for a profound change. Green marketing is about becoming conscious of pollution. To prove the sincerity of your intentions, rethink your company in terms of ecological and social responsibility and show customers that you care about our planet.
Green pricing. Environmentally friendly products are considered to have a high value due to the increased cost of sustainable design. However, despite the high price, customers are still willing to pay. So if you charge high prices for your eco products, ensure to communicate the specifics to prove that your goods are worth the price you’re asking for. Keep in mind that the greater your mission, the greater your opportunity to gain exposure for your brand’s goods.
Sustainable packaging. The excessive use of plastic is the number one reason for the pollution of our planet. According to Greenpeace, 8.3 billion tonnes of plastic has been produced since the 1950s and only around 9% of this plastic has been recycled. Nowadays consumers are more responsible and try to avoid plastic packaging. That’s why it’s advisable to create recycled or no-plastic packaging for your brand.

Green Marketing Ideas:

Use recycled materials:- Make every effort to use recycled materials and limit the use of virgin items. Recycling decreases raw material refining and processing, which produces significant air and water pollution. It also aids in energy conservation and the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.
Consider using bulk email service:- Newsletters provide an excellent opportunity to contact your target audience without the need to produce promotional materials. You may use it to preserve trees. Furthermore, email marketing is more successful at getting consumer feedback on your initiatives. You may send as many email campaigns as you need to your client base with SendPulse. You may tell your audience about your decision to manufacture environmentally friendly items. Create your own emails with our drag-and-drop editor.
Upgrade your equipment and vehicles:- If you have adequate funds, it would be ideal to use part of them to purchase new equipment and cars. It is recommended that you switch to electrical models in order to decrease the amount of carbon your firm emits. Our environment is impacted by the vehicles you typically utilize to transport your items. As a result, many manufacturers choose to employ fuel-efficient automobiles. Don’t forget to add your company’s emblem on such a vehicle.
Highlight that your company is eco-friendly:- Inform customers about your brand’s eco-friendly practises, such as utilising energy-efficient office equipment, partnering with vendors who value sustainability, or creating an in-house recycling programme for paper and electronics. Because some clients choose to buy green items, you must tell them about your business methods. It will provide them with a broader range of items from which to choose the finest. A shopper, for example, may discover all the essential information about the brand’s sustainability on the website of Dr. Scholl’s Shoes.
Invest in social media marketing:- Since social media marketing is more environmentally friendly and nowadays isn’t less popular than offline marketing, it would be a great step to invest in it to reach your customers with your innovative ideas and eco-friendly products. For example, The Body Shop’s campaigns against animal testing through its Instagram account.
Support environmental initiatives:- Some companies make donations to help the environment. Some of them even establish their own foundations and organizations. Donating cash helps your firm to support environmental projects, improve our world, and acquire reputation and confidence. People Tree, a company created in 1991 and recognized for its ecologically friendly clothing, supports a variety of activities. The People Tree Foundation is an independent nonprofit that promotes environmental justice. People Tree works with this charity to conserve our world and raise awareness about the challenges that threaten it.

Green Marketing Examples:

TOMS:

The well-known brand for its comfy shoes utilises business to better people’s lives while minimising environmental impact. If you go to the company’s website, you’ll see that over the past five years, TOMS has been attempting to grow sustainable practises in important areas of the business: the brand utilises eco-friendly materials, lowers waste and energy usage, and uses sustainable cotton. Furthermore, the company offers recycled-material packaging to consumers.

Green Toys:

The company assumes that to raise a happy and healthy child, you should provide a healthy environment. This makes everybody think about our earth and take care of it. Green Toys are safe both for kids and the environment as they are made from 100% recyclable materials.

The Body Shop:

The well-known cosmetics company fights animal cruelty by opposing animal experimentation. The company only sells vegetarian goods. This firm is regarded as the first multinational cosmetics company to speak out against animal cruelty.

Boden:

Universal companies, like as Boden, must pay close attention to the sourcing and supply chain since they have a big impact on our environment. That is why the aforementioned firm is committed to sustainability. Boden manufactures their clothing from organic and ecological cotton.

Love Beauty and Planet:

Unilever, a worldwide consumer products business, has several brands, one of which is Love Beauty and Planet. The brand was developed in order to make consumers and the environment more lovely. The business believes that beauty and its environmental effect are inextricably linked. As a result, they created recycled plastic bottles for shampoos, hand creams, and other items.

Avocado Mattress:

Avocado is a brand of environmentally friendly mattresses. The firm is dedicated to employing organic materials in the manufacture of its pillows, mattresses, and bedding. It maintains such policies to protect consumers’ health and to preserve our world from harmful consequences.

Green marketing includes progressive ideas that are so necessary for our planet now, when it suffers from water and air pollution, cruelty to animals during animal testing, and other environmental problems. By going green, your brand enables people to live better, conscious, and responsible lives.

Ratha Yatra

Jagannath temple is one of its own kinds where the divinities get involved in human affairs. The deities are deemed to reside in human form. So, the god has to follow the natural laws applicable to living beings. He bears the suffering like his subjects and has his own share of joy and pain. So after the ceremonial bath with 108 pots of water on eve of Snana Purnima; the lords fall sick and get isolated in “Anasar gruha” for 15 days. The priests take care of them as we take care of sick persons. They are well treated with medicinal herbs. The temple doors remain closed for the devotees. The series idols are made of wood, so in this time, the wooden idols are re-painted and cleaned properly. And once the doors open, the festival of Rathayatra begins in full form.

Ratha Yatra is an annual festival in Jagannath temple when Lord Jagannath along with his siblings visit Gundicha temple getting on their huge chariots. The first day of Ratha Yatra is called Pahandi Bije when the lords come out of their sanctum, decorated with huge flower adorned tahiyas and carried on to their respective chariot. The journey of the deities to the world outside, starts with a spectacular royal procession called Pahandi Bije. This Pahandi procession of the deities is in a row and is known as ‘Dhadi Pahandi’ or a group movement. In Dhadi Pahandi procession the deities take rest whenever required during the journey to their respective chariots. All the deities move simultaneously one after the other in close succession. First lord Sudarshan, then Balabhadra, the Subhadra and lastly lord Jagannath are taken out from the inner sanctum. At the seven – stairs northern exit from the dancing hall, the three deities assemble and receive giant floral crowns, called Tahias. Then the deities are literally pulled, pushed and dragged in rhythmic movement with the accompaniment of the beat of cymbals, drums, and chanting of their names in chorus by devotees. Lord Sudarshan and Subhadra are carried on the shoulders but Balabhadra and Jagannath are carried all the way with little pauses in forward and backward motions. Every year during Ratha Yatra, Lord Jagannath visits queen Gundicha temple with his siblings to keep a promise that he made to the queen. It is believed that the mythological king Indradyumma and his queen Gundicha sacrificed a lot in the making of Jagannath temple. When Lord Jagannath first appeared in Puri temple, he asked the king to make a wish and generous king told that he never wants his successors to claim their authority on Jagannath temple. But deep inside Lord Jagannath could sense the motherly feeling of queen Gundicha and promised her that he along with his siblings will pay a visit to her temple once a year so that she never gets to feel childless. It is believed that Gundicha temple is the birthplace of the Lord’s and Queen Gundicha was the first to open the doors and witness the divine wooden incarnation of Lord Krishna. This is the reason why first day of Ratha Yatra is also known as “Shri Gundicha” and every year Lord Jagannath offers ‘Pinda Shraddha’ to Indradyumma and Gundicha during Dena deepabali considering himself as their child.

During the nine days long festival to Ratha Yatra, lord Jagannath along with his siblings while visiting to Gundicha temple meet his devotees leaving behind his beloved wife Maha Laxmi in Shrimandir. Jagannath temple is the only temple where the god dies all these humanly affairs like going on a trip with his siblings and planning not to involve his wife in this.

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Development at the cost of nature. Part-2 :

Fighting For Conservation :

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What are the needs of the Agricultural sector?

What are the Government policies and interventions?

Institutional reforms

Technological Reforms

Way Forward

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Operators :-

Expression :-

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