Month: July 2021

Economics of fuel price hike-A line of no control

Remarkable role of fuel:

Fuel is at the center of our lives and we revolve around it. It plays a pivotal role in our daily life without which our life would be unfeasible and become intricate. It is one of the widely used sources of energy in the world. It has its prevalence in various spheres from the domestic field of life to dealing with worldwide business, fuel is very essential. Beyond fuel in the tank, it is used to make everyday objects, because fuels like petrol are not only concerned with transportation and vehicles, it has lot more to deal with like in the medical field, toiletries, paint, electronics etc. It takes an indispensable part in our livelihood and irrespective of fuel life would be strenuous. It is like a key ingredient in the products that we use everyday and is an integral part of our life. Fuel is a universal need but the fuel prices are sky rocketing and when there is a continuous price hike, enormous amount of people especially those who toil for their daily being and many major sectors like transportation, manufacturing would be greatly affected. So eventually it will leave a huge devastating impact on us and the economy which could paralyze various fields all over world.

Fuel price hike crisis:

Hike in price of petroleum products in India has been a boiling issue since two decades. Petrol and diesel rates in the country have sharply climbed after the latest round of fuel price hike by oil marketing companies. When fuel price increased in 2000 there was a huge impact on the transport sector. Within three years petrol price has increased ten times and still counting. Petrol is now retailing above Rs.90 per liter in all major cities. It has already hit century in some spheres. A recent report indicated that some folks in Bihar’s Araria and Krishnaganj region are crossing the borders to smuggle petrol from Nepal. Both oil and petroleum are scarce commodities. Therefore both demand and supply are less elastic. The supply of the foreign currency reduces thus appreciating the value of the foreign currency and depreciating the value of the local currency which in turn increases the prices of imports. In 1990 the petrol was available to the consumers at Rs.9.8, if we compare the historical and the present prices the consumer will notice that the price has increased 9 times.

Cascading effect of the price hike:

There are many ways in which the people would be affected by the rising fuel crisis. Initially the impact would be felt by the owners of vehicles where two wheelers provide mobility to the aspiring people of the middle class. And many people agree that the price hike is having a great impact on their monthly budget. Petrol price hike directly and subsequently affects many major sectors like transportation, textiles, manufacturing, automotive sector etc. This affects the prices of daily essential commodities which are transported on a daily basis. Banking sector is also expected to suffer due to high inflation level. Increase in fuel price will also make an increase in food price. This will have a more severe effect on poor people who toil day and night for one or two meals a day. It is a like chain reaction which is interconnected with many other domain. If there is an increase in petrol price it will obviously increase the transportation cost which in turn will increase the price of goods and gradually it would push people into poverty. This will hit the common man so hard who is striving arduously to meet ends, because the business class would shift the burden to the customers. It also destructs the balance of trade of the country.

Proposals in framing alternatives:

We cant pin the blame on just one entity. It is not just one factor that causes fuel price hike ,it is a combination of things and even we are liable for the same. So each one of us are solely responsible for the betterment of the situation.

The initial thing to contribute to the alternatives is using the public transport for travelling places which can save fuel eventually.

Developing alternate sources of energy like solar and alternate fuel forms like hydrogen, natural gas, biodiesel, propane, waste derived oils, electricity etc.

Constantly accelerating and braking only wastes fuel and reduces the fuel consumption so coast when possible and avoid burning excess fuel.

For every 100 pounds of weight in the vehicle, the car’s fuel economy decreases by about 1 or 2%. So we can get rid of the unnecessary weight adding to the trunk of the car.

The Government can take initiatives which can help in the long run by allocating funds for the alternative sources of energy.

We all know fuel is a non-renewable energy and limited in nature. It is our responsibility to use it prudently and bequeath the future generation with this legacy and thus lead to sustainable development!!!

Vaccination

Before we start, please ensure that you — yourself and other are trying and registering yourself for the Covid-19 Vaccines.

The worlds largest vaccination drive, surely, but I’m tired of searching slots, and definitely who isn’t at this point. Be it Dose 1 or Dose 2, getting a slot — is equivalent to witting lottery, and you can’t argue with me, the lottery has amounts; price, money as a gift, with Vaccination slots, the nearer the Centre the bigger the jackpot. Oh.. what a nuisance. 

I just had to travel 10+ KM to get my jab, and mind you; I stay in a metropolis. After months, and I’m not exaggerating, months, I finally paid enough to get my first jab (a pat on my back).

Nonetheless, don’t get dishearten, getting these vaccinations are crucial, with the Delta Variant hanging over our head, it has been all the more important that we start taking care of our health more and more. 

Please still do follow all the social guidelines and public health notices, make sure you follow it for yourselves and that you don’t bring harm upon someone else; don’t complain if someone isn’t following the rules, you can insist them, but it’s their option and we have to respect, but that doesn’t mean you can compromise your safety. 

Eat healthy, eat well, stay door, maintain social distance and wear a mask. 

Go to the COWIN website and ensure that you have registered yourself by now, don’t make plans for a group vaccination day, it’s not a picnic, your health should be your primary focus. Keep on searching for slots in your district, or area, enrol yourself to sites/apps like PayTM to get notified when the nearest slot is available, the process is tough, with such a huge population, it can’t be avoided, that’s why you need to stay of top of your vaccination game, and take proper care once you do get your jab.

PLEASE CHECK THE COWIN WEBSITE HERE: https://www.cowin.gov.in/home

Revolt of puli Thevar 1755-1767

Puli Thevar

In March 1755 Mahfuzkhan (brother of Nawab of Arcot)was sent with a contingent of the company army under colonel Heron to Tirunelveli.Madurai easily fell into their hands.Thereafter colonel Heron was urged to deal with puli Thevar as he continued to defty the authority of the company.Puli Thevar wielded much influence over the western palayakkarars.For want of cannon and of supplies and pay to soldiers,colonel Heron abandoned the plan and retired to Madurai.Heron was recalled and dismissed from service.

Confederacy and Alliance with enemies of the British

Three pathan officers ,Nawab chanda sahib’s agents, named Miannah ,Mudimiah and Nabikhan Kattak commanded the Madurai and Tirunelveli regions.They supported the Tamil palayakkarars aganist Arcot Nawab Mohamed Ali.Puli Thevar had established close relationships with them.Puli Thevar also formed a confederacy of the palayakkarars to fight the British.With the exception of the palayakkarars of sivagiri,all other Maravar palayams supported him.Ettayapuram and panchalamkurichi also did not join this confederacy.Further ,the English succeeded in getting the support of the rajas of Ramanathapuram and pudukottai.Puli Thevar tried to get the support of Hyder Ali of Mysore and the French .Hyder Ali could not help Puli Thevar as he was already locked in a serious conflict with the Marathas.

Kalakadu Battle

The Nawab sent an additional contingent of sepoys to Mahfuzkhan and the reinforced army proceeded to Tirunelveli.Besides the 1000 sepoys of the company,Mahfuzkhan received 600 more sent by the Nawab.He also had the support of cavalry and foot soldiers from the Carnatic.Before Mahfuzkhan could station his troops near kalakadu ,2000 soldiers from Travancore joined the forces of Puli Thevar .In the battle at kalakadu ,Mahfuzkhan’s troops were routed.

Yusuf Khan and puli thevar

The organized resistance of the palayakkarars under puli Thevar gave an opportunity to the English to interfere directly in the affairs of Tirunelveli .Aided by the Raja of Travancore,From 1756 to 1763,the palayakkarars of Tirunelveli led by Puli Thevar were in constant state of rebellion against the Nawab’s authority.Yusuf Khan (also known as Khan sahib or, before his conversion to Islam,Marudhanayagam)who had been sent by the company was not prepared to attack Puli Thevar unless the big guns and ammunition from Thiruchirappalli arrived.As the English were at war with the French,as well as with Hyder Ali and Marathas ,the artillery arrived only in September 1760 .Yusuf Khan began to batter the Nerkattumseval fort and this attack continued for about two months .On 16 May 1761 Puli Thevar’s three major forts (Nerkattumseval,Vasudevanallur and Panayur) came under the control of Yusuf Khan.

Yusuf Khan and Puli Thevar

In the meantime, after taking pondicherry the English had eliminated the French from the picture.As a result of this the unity of palayakkarars began to break up as French support was not forthcoming.Travancore ,seithur,uthumalai and surandai switched thier loyalty to the opposite camp.Yusuf Khan who was negotiating with the palayakkarars, without informing the company administration,was charged with treachery and hanged in 1764.

Fall of puli Thevar


After the death of Khan sahib ,Puli Thevar returned from exile and recaptured Nerkattumseval in 1764.However ,he was detected by Captain Campbell in 1767.Puli Thevar escaped and died in exile.

Nelson Mandela (1918……..)

Resentment is like drinking poison and then hoping it will kill your enemies.” “I learned that courage was not the absence of fear, but the triumph over it. The brave man is not he who does not feel afraid, but he who conquers that fear.” “Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world.”

⭐Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (xhosa pronunciation :[xo’li??A mande?la]; born 18 July 1918) is a South African anti-apartheid revolutionary and politician who served as President of South Africa from 1994 to1999. He was the first black south African to hold the office ,and the first elected in fully representative,multiracial election. His government focused on dismantling the legacy of apartheid through tackling institutionalisef racism, poverty and inequality ,and fostering racial reconciliation. Politically in African nationalist and democratic socialist,he served as the President of the African National Congress (ANC) from 1991 to 1997 . Internationally, Mandela was the secretary General of the Non-Aligned Movement from 1998 – 1999.

⭐A xhosa born to the Thembu Royal family, Mandela attended Fort Hare University and the University of witwatersrand,where he studied law. Living in Johannesburg,he became involved in anti-colonical politics, joining the ANC and becoming a founding member of its Youth League.

⭐In 1962 he was arrested, convicted of sabotage and conspiracy to overthrow the government,and sentenced to life imprisonment in the Rivonia Trail. Mandela served 27 years in prison.

⭐Becoming ANC President,Mandela published his autobiography and led negotiations with President F.W. de Klerk to abolish apartheid and establish multi-racial elections in 1994 ,in which he led the AMC to victory. He was elected President and formed a Government of National Unity. As President,he established a new Constitution and initiated the Truth and Reconciliation commission to investigate past human rights abuses, while Introducing policies to encourage land reform, combat poverty and expand healthcare services.

⭐Controversial for much of his life, right-wing critics denounced Mandela as terrorist and communist sympathiser . He has nevertheless received international aaclaim for his anti-colonical and anti-apartheid stance, having received over250 awards, including the 1993 Nobel Peace Prize,the US Presidential medal of Freedom and the Soviot Order of Lenin. He is held in deeo respect within South Africa, and has been described as "the father of Nation." He is often referred to by his Xhosa clan name of Madiba.

⭐But the late 1960s, Mandela's fame had been eclipsed by Steve Biko and the Black Consciousness Movement. (BCM).

⭐He was awarded an honorary decorate in Lesotho ,the Nehru prize for international Understanding in India in 1970, and the Freedom of the city of Glasgow, Scotland in 1980 . In March 1980 the slogan “Free Mandela” was Developed by journalist Percy Qoboza, sparking an international campaign that led the UN Security Council to call his release . Presidency of South Africa: 1994-1999.

⭐South Africa's first black President , Mandela became head of a Government of National Unity dominanted by the ANC-which alone had no experience of governance - but containing representatives from the National Party and Inkatha. In keeping with earlier agreement ,de Klerk became first Deputy President, while Than Mbeki was selected as second.

https://books.google.co.in/books?id=MBwkDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=forgiveness+nelson+mandela+quotes&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiZrYG0lcLxAhVh6XMBHTbvAtMQ6AEwA3oECAYQAw

⭐In December 1994, Mandela's autobiography, Long walk to Freedom ,was finally published. Across the world , Mandela cane to be seen as "a moral authority" with a great " concern for truth". Considered friendly and welcoming , Madela exhibited a " relaxed charm" when talking to others, including his opponents. Although often befriending millionaires and dignitaries,he enjoyed talking with their staff when t official functions. In later life,he was known for looking him too trusting of with their staff when at official functions. In later life,he was known for looking him too trusting of others. He was renowned for his stubbornness and loyalty,and exhibited a " hot temper" which could flare up in anger in certain situations,also being "moody and dejected" away from the public eye. He also had a mischievous sense of humour.

⭐Within South Africa, Mandela is widely considered to be “the father of the Nation”, and “the founding father of democracy”, being seen as ” the national liberator,the saviour ,it’s Washington and Lincoln rolled into one”. In 2004, Johannesburg granted Mandela the freedom of the city, with sandton square being renamed Nelson Mandela square, after a Mandela statue was installed there. In 2008, another Mandela statue was inveiled at Groot Drakenstein Correctional Center, formerly Victor Verster Prison, near Cape Town , standing on the spot where Mandela was released from the prison.

⭐He has also received international aaclaim. In 1993, he received the joint Nobel Peace Prize with de Klerk. In November 2009, the united Nations General Assembly proclaimed Mandela's birthday, 18 July,as "Mandela Day", marking his contribution to the anti-apartheid struggle. It called on individuals to denote 67 minutes to doing something for others,commemorating the 67 years the Mandela had been a part of the movement.

⭐Awarded the US Presidential Medal of Freedom,and the order of canada, he was the first living person to be made an honorary Canadian citizen. The last reciprocate of the Soviot Union's Lenin Peace Prize from the Soviot Union,in 1990 he received the Bharat Ratna Award from the government of India, and in 1992 received Pakistan's Nishan-e-Pskitan . In 1992 he was awarded the Ataturk Peace Award by Turkey. He refused the award, citing human rights violations committed by the Turkey at the time, but later accepted the award in 1999. Elizabeth 2 nd awarded him the Bailiff Grand Cross of the Order of St.John and the order of Merit.

LGBTQ

When lesbian, gay, promiscuous, and transsexual (LGBT) people are an undeniably open, recognized, and obvious piece of society, clinicians and scientists are confronted with fragmented data about the wellbeing status of this network. Albeit a humble assemblage of information on LGBT wellbeing has been created in the course of the most recent twenty years, much remaining parts to be investigated. What is presently thought about LGBT wellbeing? Where do holes in the examination around there exist? What are the needs for an examination plan to address these holes? This report plans to address these inquiries.

The expression “lesbian, gay, androgynous, and transsexual network” (or “LGBT people group”) alludes to an expansive alliance of gatherings that are different regarding sex, sexual direction, race/identity, and financial status. Subsequently while this report centers around the network that is exemplified by the abbreviation LGBT, the board wishes to feature the significance of perceiving that the different populaces spoke to by “L,” “G,” “B,” and “T” are unmistakable gatherings, each with its own unique wellbeing related concerns and needs. The panel trusts it is basic to stress these distinctions at the beginning of this report in light of the fact that in some contemporary logical talk, and in the mainstream media, these gatherings are regularly treated as a solitary populace under umbrella terms, for example, LGBT. Simultaneously, as talked about further beneath, these gatherings share numerous encounters practically speaking, key among them being the experience of criticism.

Rather than lesbians, gay men, and swinger people, transsexual individuals are characterized by their sex personality and introduction. This gathering includes people whose sexual orientation personality contrasts from the sex initially doled out to them upon entering the world or whose sex articulation shifts altogether based on what is generally connected with or run of the mill for that sex (i.e., individuals recognized as male upon entering the world who along these lines distinguish as female, and individuals recognized as female upon entering the world who later recognize as male), just as others who change from or reject conventional social conceptualizations of sex regarding the male–female division. The transsexual populace is different in sex personality, articulation, and sexual direction. Some transsexual people have gone through clinical mediations to adjust their sexual life structures and physiology, others wish to have such methodology later on, and still others don’t. Transsexual individuals can be hetero, gay, or androgynous in their sexual direction. A few lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals are transsexual; most are definitely not. Male-to-female transsexual individuals are known as MtF, transsexual females, or transwomen, while female-to-male transsexual individuals are known as FtM, transsexual guys, or transmen. Some transsexual individuals don’t find a way into both of these double classes. As one would expect, there are wellbeing contrasts among transsexual and nontransgender individuals, just as between transsexual females and transsexual guys.

Though “LGBT” is suitable and helpful for depicting the joined populaces of lesbian, gay, androgynous, and transsexual individuals, it additionally can darken the numerous distinctions that recognize these sexual-and sex minority gatherings. Joining lesbians and gay men under a solitary rubric, for instance, clouds sex contrasts in the encounters of gay individuals. Similarly, falling together the encounters of indiscriminate ladies and men will in general darken sex contrasts. Further, to the degree that lesbian, gay, and androgynous are perceived as character names, “LGB” leaves out individuals whose experience incorporates same-sex attractions or practices yet who don’t embrace a nonheterosexual personality. What’s more, the transsexual populace, which itself envelops numerous gatherings, has needs and worries that are unmistakable from those of lesbians, indiscriminate ladies and men, and gay men.

While recognizing that peer-evaluated diaries are the best quality level for the detailing of exploration results and bending over backward to counsel works distributed in significant examination diaries, the advisory group decided to remember for this investigation what it decided to be the best exact writing accessible: diary articles, book parts, observational reports, and other information sources that had been fundamentally audited by the board of trustees individuals. Perceiving that scholastic diaries contrast in their distribution standards and the thoroughness of their companion audit measure, the panel gave the best weight to papers distributed in the most legitimate diaries. Given that sections, scholastic books, and specialized reports normally are not exposed to a similar friend audit principles as diary articles, the advisory group gave the best assurance to such sources that announced examination utilizing thorough strategies, were wrote by settled scientists, and were commonly reliable with academic agreement on the present status of information.

Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender. Over the previous decade, LGBT individuals have increased increasingly more resilience and acknowledgment in India, particularly in huge urban communities. In any case, most LGBT individuals in India remain closeted, dreading separation from their families, who may consider homosexuality to be dishonorable. Segregation is as yet present in rustic regions, where LGBT individuals frequently face dismissal from their families and constrained other gender relationships. Individuals in the LGBT people group are battling for equivalent rights and acknowledgment. Trans individuals, particularly, face a great deal of trouble in discovering acknowledgment. Individuals in the LGBT people group are peered downward on constantly. This is a significant issue since oppression the LGBT people group is profoundly predominant. Individuals’ biases lead them to believe that LGBT individuals are odd and totally different. Today, homosexuality and eccentric personalities might be satisfactory to more Indian adolescents than any time in recent memory however inside the limits of families, homes and schools, acknowledgment actually stays a steady battle for LGBT individuals. I have known about individuals exposing the unadulterated truth and announcing to their families that they are not the individual their family anticipated that them should be. Being L,G,B or T isn’t a ‘issue’, nor is it a ‘decision’ thusly. LGBT people are simply people who have sexual inclinations that contrast from what might seem, by all accounts, to be the ‘standard’, due to varying educated practices and, you know, having an individual point of view and outlook that varies from everybody else’s. Saying that it’s dispassionately off-base for individuals to have sexual inclinations that contrast from the standard is unbiasedly off-base itself. Article 15 of our Indian Constitution Article 15, 1949 15. Restriction of segregation on grounds of religion, race, station, Sex or spot of birth. On the off chance that ordinary people reserve the privilege to live in this general public with deference then why not an individual who has a place with LGBT can live in this general public with deference. It’s not about what our religion says it’s regarding what humankind says… If we talk about religion according to the Hindu viewpoints Lord Rama had given a shelter to hijras for their reliability that is the reason the revile or aid of hijras implies a great deal to the typical creatures.

Child Abuse and Trafficking

Dealing of youngsters for work and sexual abuse disregards essential basic liberties and establishes a significant worldwide general medical issue. Pediatricians and other medical services experts may experience casualties who present with diseases, wounds, posttraumatic stress issue, suicidality, or an assortment of other physical or social ailments. Forestalling kid dealing, perceiving exploitation, and mediating fittingly require a general wellbeing approach that joins thorough exploration on the danger factors, wellbeing sway, and successful treatment alternatives for kid misuse just as usage and assessment of essential anticipation programs. Medical services experts need preparing to perceive potential indications of abuse and to mediate suitably. They have to receive a multidisciplinary, outward-engaged way to deal with administration arrangement, working with nonmedical experts in the network to help casualties. Pediatricians likewise need to advocate for enactment and strategies that advance youngster rights and casualty benefits just as those that address the social determinants of wellbeing, which impact the weakness to illegal exploitation. This arrangement proclamation plots significant issues with respect to public strategy, clinical training, examination, and coordinated effort in the territory of youngster work and sex dealing and gives suggestions to future work.

Youngster misuse is the physical or mental injury of a kid by any parent or other individual who has perpetual or brief consideration or care or obligation regarding oversight of a kid, or by any family unit or relative, under conditions that show that the kid’s wellbeing or government assistance is hurt or at generous danger of being hurt; or sexual maltreatment of a kid, if actual wounds are supported. Disregard is the leaving of a youngster unattended or other inability to concentrate on a kid by any parent or other individual who has lasting or transitory consideration or guardianship or duty regarding management of the kid under conditions that show: that the kid’s wellbeing or government assistance is hurt or set at generous danger of damage; or mental injury to the kid or a significant danger of mental injury. Disregard incorporates physical, instructive, clinical, and mental/passionate disregard.

Kid dealing is a significant issue that is pervasive particularly in India. As indicated by a report distributed by the U.S. Branch of State, “India is a source, objective and travel nation for men, ladies and youngsters exposed to constrained work and sex dealing… most of India’s dealing issue is interior, and those from the most burdened social layers least rank Dalits, individuals from ancestral networks, strict minorities and ladies and young ladies from barred gatherings – are generally defenseless .” The 2012 Global Report on Trafficking in Persons delivered by United Nations Office on Drug and Crime (UNODC) has uncovered that 27 percent of all casualties of illegal exploitation formally identified internationally between year 2007 and 2010 are youngsters. Youngster dealing either occurs for sex exchange or for kid work. Another enormous territory of concern is the sex slanting among missing kids, as the MHA information uncovers. More than 2010-2014, out of the 3.85 lakh youngsters who disappeared the nation over, 61% were young ladies. For instance, the quantity of missing young ladies in the territory of Andhra Pradesh remains at a stunning 11,625 as against 6,915 missing young men (The Times of India). These young ladies are regularly constrained into prostitution and asking rackets and are bound for an existence of youngster misuse and abuse.

It is the offspring of poor people and underestimated networks who are regularly dealt to be constrained in the process of childbirth. Guardians of these youngsters are either deceived or attracted because of their poor financial conditions hence driving them to ‘send’ or ‘sell’ their kids for better business choices. The absence of mindfulness is a circumstance that dealers abuse particularly with regards to uninformed helpless living in ghettos and other in reverse districts in the nation. Dealers guarantee day by day wages to guardians of little youngsters and transport them to huge urban communities where they are frequently treated as products. Families in critical monetary conditions are regularly drawn closer by dealers with a proposal to purchase their youngsters and with no other getaway from their pathetic conditions, guardians consent.

In India, there is an incredible requirement for combination and execution of exhaustive youngster assurance systems. The Indian kids are presented to numerous weaknesses. With a great many kids actually working in block furnaces, building destinations, and agrarian land, dealing for constrained youngster work is generally pervasive. Aside from this, horrendous stories arise day by day of young ladies as youthful as 9 years of age being constrained into the sex exchange. Aside from this youngsters are additionally sold by their folks to work in plant and ventures that are exceptionally risky with harmful conditions. The seriousness of the issue requests that the endeavors of the public authority be enhanced by open mindfulness. Youngster assurance is one of the needs for CRY. While the program centers around counteraction of issues like kid dealing with the mediation zones, it likewise manages the parts of ‘salvage’, ‘reclamation’ and ‘recovery’ of the dealt casualties.

Youngster dealing is a forceful type of savagery against kids and a developing worldwide general medical issue. Medical care suppliers assume an essential part in battling current servitude and dealing by upholding for sound, supporting childhoods (weakness decrease), acknowledgment of kid casualties when they present to medical services and the arrangement of injury educated, survivor-educated, ideal medical services and defending reactions. The wellbeing effects of kid present day bondage and dealing are various and compounding, especially serious because of the effect of mental and actual viciousness on the creating cerebrum and body. There is a basic requirement for additional instruction, backing, exploration and wellbeing aptitude with respect to youngster pre trafficking weaknesses, casualty acknowledgment, compelling intercessions and recuperation pathways. The pathways from youth to execution of dealing and misuse additionally require critical examination.

Natural disasters and man-made disasters

    A disaster is an event which causes physical damage to property,huge loss of life and drastic change in the environment.The economic,social and cultural life of the people is affected and they need external help for food,shelter, medicine, financial and social support to overcome the disaster.Disaster is classified according to the origin as natural and man made disaster.

    Natural disasters: Earthquake,landslides,tsunami,volcano, Avalanches,flood, Extreme temperatures,drought,wild fires,cyclones,storms,surges and waves.

    Man made disaster:

    Industrial accidents, pollution,acid rain,road accidents,leakage of toxic waste and war.

    NATURAL DISASTERS

    ⭐ Earthquake:An earthquake is a sudden vibration or shake of the Earth’s crust.It is caused by the circulation of the convection cells and the plate movements.An earth quake may cause the landslide, avalanche,fire,soil liquefaction and tsunami.

    Changes in the shape of the Earth’s surface,loss of life and property are some of the effects of earth quake.

    ⭐ Landslides: Landslides occur when ground on slopes becomes unstable. The unstable ground collapses and flows down the side of a hill or mountain, and can consist of earth, rocks, mud and any debris which may be caught in its wake. If a landslide occurs near inhabited areas, it can cause a great deal of damage.

    Slides can cause disastrous flooding, particularly when landslide dams across streams are breached, and flooding may trigger slides.

    ⭐Tsunami:An extremely large wave in the sea caused by the earth quake occuring under the ocean floor.Apart from huge loss of life and property the environmental impact of tsunami is tremendous.It affects the quality of fresh water in the coastal acquirers.The salt is deposited on the table land by sea water and it takes long time to restore the quality of soil.

    Tsunami can travel as fast as 500 miles per hour, without being noticed and can cross the entire ocean is lass than a day.

    ⭐Volcano:Volcanic gases that pose the greatest potential hazards are sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen fluoride. Locally, sulfur dioxide gas can lead to acid rain and air pollution downwind from a volcano. These gases can come from lava flows as well as a volcano that erupts violently.

    ⭐ Avalanches:An avalanche is a natural disaster that occurs when snow rapidly flows down a mountain. During an avalanche a combination of snow and ice is formed. The avalanche begins when the snowpack is unstable and breaks off along a mountain slope.

    Human activity, vibration or movement,steep slopes,warm temperature are some of the causes of Avalanches.

    ⭐Flood:Sudden overflow of large amount of water caused by heavy rainfall, cyclones, melting of ice,tsunami,etc.,is called as flood.Low lying flood plains, coastal plains and river confluences are prone to flood.

    Loss of life and property, displacement of people,spread of contagious diseases such as cholera,malaria,etc,.are some of the effects of flood.

    ⭐ Extreme temperatures:Illnesses caused by exposure to high temperatures include heat cramps, fainting, heat exhaustion, heatstroke, and death. Population at increased risk especially older and younger people, risk of dehydration, low fitness/excessive exertion, etc. Another reason of death during heat wave is because of living alone.

    ⭐ Drought:Long period of rainless weather condition is termed as drought.The severity of the drought depends upon the degree of moisture deficiency,the duration,and the size and location of the affected area.

    Techniques of conversation of water like sprinkle irrigation,fertigation,pot hole irrigation, precise farming,and selection of suitable variety of crop that can with stand draught are some of the remedies that may reduce the impact of drought when it is possible to predict drought.

    ⭐Wild fires:Forest wild fires are a major disaster all over the world.The environmental impact of forest fire includes emission of large amount of carbon dioxide leading to global warming,loss of bio diversity, affecting hydrological cycle,reducing photo synthetic activity,and health hazards.

    ⭐ Cyclones:Areas of low pressure sorrounded by high pressure is called as cyclone.It is anticlockwise in northern hemisphere and clockwise in southern hemisphere.The centre of the cyclone called the eye of the storm is calm and clear without clouds.The condensation of vapour releases more latent heat and that gives the energy for the Cyclones to enhance further evaporation and formation of clouds.

    Cyclones are associated with strong squall, torrential rain, flood and storm surge.

    MAN-MADE DISASTERS

    ⭐ Industrial accidents:These disasters result from accidents, failures,mishap or misuse of some kind of technology.The storage and transportation of various hazardous materials used in industries may result in industrial hazard accidents.

    Chemical industries faces multiple risks involved with its production, transportation,storage,usage and disposal of the effluents containing residual chemicals.

    ⭐ Pollution: Pollution is the introduction of harmful materials into the environment. … These harmful materials are called pollutants. Pollutants can be natural, such as volcanic ash. They can also be created by human activity, such as trash or runoff produced by factories. Pollutants damage the quality of air, water, and land.

    The Burning of Fossil Fuels, industrial emission, indoor air pollution, transportation,open burning of garbage waste are some of the causes for pollution.

    ⭐ Acid rain:Acid rain , or acid deposition, is a broad term that includes any form of precipitation with acidic components, such as sulfuric or nitric acid that fall to the ground from the atmosphere in wet or dry forms. This can include rain, snow, fog, hail or even dust that is acidic.

    ⭐Road accidents:large number of railroad accidents, including collisions and derailments, happen in India; many get injured, and some people even die in these accidents.

    The more severe physical injuries associated with a car accident commonly include brain and head trauma such as a traumatic brain injury , neck injuries such as whiplash, neck strains, or disk damage, and back or spine injuries such as sprains, strains, fractures, or disk injuries.

    ⭐ Leakage of toxic waste:Toxic wastes often contain carcinogens, and exposure to these by some route, such as leakage or evaporation from the storage, causes cancer to appear at increased frequency in exposed individuals.

    ⭐War:Disasters are also caused by sociopolitical conflicts that escalate into violence. War is defined as a conflict between to large groups of population, which involves physical force, violence and the use of weapons.

    Choices we made

    There is approximately a population of 700+ Crore. Which means there are 700+ approx. individuals in this world ‘considered separately rather than as part of a group’ is the meaning of individual according to google search. Which means every person or individual is one rather than being the part of a group. Which brings up to the point that every person has a different point of view, every induvial has a different lifestyle and various aspects in their individual life’s.

    You cannot let your point of view decide someone else’s opinion: -There always comes a moment in all our life that we feel anxious, unstable, and much more insecurities in life because of many things happening around us. Sometimes someone says something which let us to think upon us not to reflect ourselves, but they do so to bring us down in our life, when we are not in our stable point of life and if someone’s points out something or says something bad to us which brings us down and may reduce our confident. I know it is difficult to say but try to avoid such useless comments from such more useless peoples.

    Here are some ways which I follow to avoid such chois in my mind and in my inner piece: –

    • Try reding books, if you are first to reading books try with a shorted and a book which is under your favorite genres once if you will like it you try to read more books of every genre sometimes romantic, comedy, suspense, inspiring and more.
    • Silence is the best, when these useless people say or passes yourself comments to you try to stay calm in that situation. While being silence the moment, you will try to think and find results for such a chouse in a positive way and react to it positively.

    These are my two best and always helpful techniques to let myself calm and happy at the moments when it is difficult for others to do so.

    My Way

    Do what you think is good for you not what others thing what is good for you. There is always a moment in our life’s where we start to think like weather all the discission we took which are now in our life. Are we happy with the decision we took back, is there any regret? Well, the answer to this in NO there are always some decisions which we took are not as food as we thought is going to be good to us. So, at a moment when you got what you wanted you are happy for a moment, but these are not very long moment after some time you will fall into a deep thought you will regret but try not to be in that moment of regret for a longer period.

    After all this going through try taking your decision not because of you emotions but keep aside all you emotions think wisely so that you will not take decision because of some useless persons comment avoid it and go forward towards your direction of your dreams.

    Think Before You Eat

    Can our eating habits effect our environment? What we today will be responsible for tomorrow’s destruction? Is there a relation between between global warming and food we eat? Answer to all these questions is a big “YES”

    The relation between food and environment can be understood through chain of carbon foot print. ‘Carbon footprint’ is amount of greenhouse gases that emits due to human activities which obviously includes ‘eating habits’. Almost every food we consume emits carbon gases in certain amount. But consumption of meat releases highest carbon gases as compared to other food products. The carbon hierarchy within meat is as follows-

    Beef > lamb > pork> poultry.

    According to Agriculture Organisation of United Nations (FAO) emission from global live stocks is estimated at 7.1 gigatons of carbon dioxide each year. Not only consumption but also food that we waste emits carbon gases. Decomposition of waste food is a long process and throughout this process certain amount of green house gases is released , thus, deteriorating the condition of our planet. According to FAO around 1.3 billion tons of food produced for human consumption are either lost or wasted every year.

    So the question arises, how can we save our planet from further destruction ? Answer is quite simple — changing our diet. Planning our diet in a careful manner may create a huge impact not only globally but also in our individual health. Eating more leafy vegetables and cutting down meat consumption will surely contribute to a noble cause. We often ignore the food choices we make and try our best to satisfy our tummy. So next time before consuming food lets ask one question, is it good for my planet and my health? This simple question may change our future.

    All about : Business enenvironment

    Photo by Zeeshaan Shabbir on Pexels.com

    The word ‘business environment’ indicates the aggregate total of all people, organisations and other forces that are outside the power of industry but that may affect its production. 

    Business environment is an aggregate of all conditions, events and influences that surround and affect it. It is broad and ever changing as its separate elements interact. A single firm’s environment is narrow in scope than the total environment of business. It is complicated and continuously changing.” —Professor Keith Davis.

    No business can exist in a vacuum. The rapidly changing business environment might shorten the life of a given strategy. The external changes might influence the activities and quality of decisions of both the firm and its competitors. George Salk says, “If you’re not faster than your competitor, you’re in a tenuous position, and if you’re only half as fast, you’re terminal.”

    Hence, as Kenich Ohmae says that “environmental analysis is the critical starting point of strategic thinking.” Charles Darwin has said, “It is not the strongest of the species that survive nor the most intelligent, but the one most responsive to change.”

    We live in a dynamic environment that changes all the time. Businesses must understand the changes in the environment and how these changes affect their performance. The process of thinking strategically requires that managers understand how the structure and competitive dynamics of their industry affect the performance and profitability of their companies. Armed with an appreciation of the forces in their industry that give rise to opportunities and threats, managers should be able to make better strategic decisions.

    Successful managers must recognize opportunities and threats in their firm’s external environment. Regardless of the industry, the external environment is critical to a firm’s survival and success. A host of external factors influence a firm’s choice of direction and action.

    https://byjus.com/commerce/business-environment/

    https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.economicsdiscussion.net/business-environment/business-environment/32496&ved=2ahUKEwi03ayMjsLxAhWH73MBHSywCNMQFjAdegQIQhAC&usg=AOvVaw0q8hAs46xYNiZxMosg94ta&cshid=1625151231113

    National Doctor’s Day 2021

    “People pay the doctors for his trouble; for his kindness, they still remain in his debt.”

    – Seneca

    Introduction

    1st July is known as National Doctor’s Day in India and it is organized by the Indian Medical Association. The theme for this year is “Save the Saviours”. The profession of a doctor is full of responsibility to serve the public, and they play a huge role in everyone’s life. We enter the world because of the successful delivery by a doctor, we are safe from the viruses because we get vaccinated by doctors, we recover from our sickness by the consultation of a doctor, doctors perform surgeries on us to keep us alive, and the most important, it is because of the research of these doctors that we now have a vaccine for SARS-CoV-2.

    History of the Day

    This day was declared as Doctor’s Day in 1991 by the Government of India in honor of Dr. Bidhan Chandra Roy’s birth and death anniversary. Dr. B.C. Roy is famously known for making good health services available to common people. He played a huge role in the creation of two very important medical institutions of the country; the Indian Medical Association in 1928 and the Medical Council of India in 1933. He is also known for helping in the creation of the Indian Institute of Mental Health. He was awarded the Bharat Ratna on February 4, 1961, a year before his demise.

    A few facts about his life; he had to take 30 meetings with the dean of St Bartholomew’s Hospital in London to gain admission because the dean was not too inclined to admit him. He graduated in 1911, after which he became a member of the Royal College of Physicians and a fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons. He entered politics after returning from London and took part in the Civil Disobedience Movement. He was a friend of Mahatma Gandhi and took care of him during the 21-day fast. After Independence, he became the Governor of Uttar Pradesh and a year later, he was the second Chief Minister of West Bengal and he served till his death on 1st July 1962. And the B.C. Roy National Award was instituted in 1976, it is the highest Indian award in the medical category.

    Mental Health of Doctors

    The theme of “Save the Saviours” should not just be to save the doctors from violence but also from the mental health issues they face. An IMA survey claims that 80% of doctors in India are stressed because of their profession. This is not a new problem that arose because of the pandemic, it has been an issue from a long time without getting much attention. A survey conducted by IMA in 2017 shows that 56% of doctors do not get comfortable 7-hour sleep most days. Other studies from 2019 show that 30% of Indian doctors go through depression and 80% face the risk of burnout. It was studied that India’s doctor-patient ratio is very high which brings stress to the doctors related to extended working hours, verbal/emotional abuse by the patients and frequent negative patient outcomes. This stress can then result in prescription errors, loss of temper, being unable to give sufficient time to patients and poor communication skills. But the doctors tend to refuse to seek professional help as it might affect their prospects as a doctor. The doctors are also trained to mask their pain and deal with it themselves which is not healthy. The overtime and overexertion are just normalized and expected that people forget how it affects our doctors. As we focus on saving our saviours, we should also normalize mental health issues and accept and promote doctors seeking professional health, these saviours deserve to save themselves too.

    Violence Against Doctors

    Violence against Doctors has been in existence from a long time but the pandemic has just brought more attention because of the role the doctors have been playing. The World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines of 2002 define workplace violence as incidents where the employees are abused, threatened, assaulted or subjected to offensive behaviour in circumstances related to their work. An IMA survey shows that 75% of doctors have faced some form of violence in their profession, which includes verbal, emotional, sexual, and cyber abuse. About 62.8% of doctors are unable to see patients without having a fear of violence, 13.7% of doctors fear criminal prosecution and 57.7% of the doctors have thought of hiring society. When the national lockdown was announced in March 2020, the common people were filled with panic and anxiety and they started acting out on the health care workers, they started discriminating against the doctors, not touching them, not letting them buy fruits from the stall, treating them as polluted, not just this but also physical abuse. Two female doctors were beaten by a fruit seller when he found out their profession. All this forced the Indian government to make an ordinance to protect the frontline workers, but even this could not protect them, in June 2020, a doctor at Hyderabad’s facility was assaulted by the relatives of the patient. Not just that, in June 2021, a doctor in Assam was punched, kicked and hit with metal trash cans by the relatives of a patient. This has become a common thing in India and a part of the reason is because of the lack of responsibility taken by the government in the health sector, so everything falls upon the doctors to deal with it. Till when do doctors have to suffer for protecting us? When will we realize that they are working for the public, they are trying to help us, they put themselves in danger every day to protect us and they get this treatment for it? This isn’t just an issue for existing doctors but also for the future doctors who keep worrying about being in situations where they are abused and the fear, in turn, changes the focus from saving the patient to saving themselves. Adding to that they start wondering if it is a country-based issue which then makes them consider further education abroad.

    Conclusion

    It is high time we start appreciating doctors for their service to the public and this Doctor’s Day is a good time to start if you haven’t already. Our saviours need to be saved.

    References

    India 🇮🇳

    One of the most heart-breaking things about India is the varied difference in the way a child is brought up. Not everyone gets to live in luxury or middle class but in utter poverty. We see how children mature very fast in such circumstances; we see how they are not able to enjoy the simple pleasures of life like any other kid does. They do not have huge dreams but a very simple one that is to go to sleep with some food in their stomach. Unlike us, they aren’t taught to dream because of their situations at home.

    Here we can see a fine line of differences between born as rich and poor. Education has become a luxury for the poor people. Even though our constitution guarantees that Education is a must for every one and that no one should be discriminated on the basis of caste, sex, race, religion or anything of sorts. Even though such cases exist in India, only a few like these are addressed. There are some sections of the society who do not have access to some of the basic necessities like the tribal people. They are kept away from the mainstream due to their way of living and culture. 

    Such a basic necessity like Education is so hard for a section of India’s population to access, it shows how much as a country we are lacking due to the lack of interest from the government as well as the society. We can see the divide between who can afford to go to school and not.

    So many factors are behind such a complex issue like poverty, gender inequalities, superstitions, vicious circle, forced to work due to lack of money. If we have to bring a change to this system then we have to eradicate all these problems together. Bringing such changes to India is a huge task and not just the government but also the people has to work their way through this.

    Capture Your Prey!

    “Your intuition knows what to write, so get out of the way.”

    – Ray Bradbury

    Today’s article speaks about being a Tiger and Capturing your Prey. I’m sure you are left wondering as to how a tiger is related to writing. Let’s quickly delve into the topic to learn how!

    Consider the entire concept of Writing as a Forest and the Tiger as a writer. A tiger succeeds in capturing his prey efficiently and is thus, proficient. Similar is the case with Writing. We have to Capture Creative Wordings in order to prove our efficiency. In short, the way you write is all that matters. Your Content is the prey! Capture it and be the king! Capturing the prey could also mean capturing the ‘X’ factor in the writing process!

    However, some aspects are necessary to cover when aspiring to reach the ‘X’ factor. Let us view some of them!

    Read More And More!

    Consider reading books of famous authors who use native English vocabulary because they sometimes tend to make use of interesting phrases and go – to lines which you could use for your content.

    Subscribe To YouTube Channels For English Learning!

    YouTube, a widely used video platform comes with all the remedies, doesn’t it? All you’ve got to do is, type in the search bar “English learning for beginners” and vast options are available for you to scroll by!

    Audio Books Are Bae!

    A new concept is out in the market! You could purchase audio books and read them while listening. Sounds cray cray, doesn’t it? But that’s exactly what you can do if you aren’t much of a bookworm and would prefer listening rather than reading!

    Try Conversing More In English!

    Conversation is the key where vocabulary is the lock,

    Go about framing interesting sentences as you talk!

    Said by The Laconic Writer! 😉 This may be said by me, but isn’t it true? Go about framing interesting sentences which you picked up from the above mentioned sources. After all, when you learn something, you should implement it for further enhancement. That’s how conversation comes in handy! When you learn some advanced words, try using them in your day to day conversation so that you capture that particular phrase or word in your head for next use. However, make sure you don’t use heavy oxford dictionary words during regular conversations. After all, you don’t want your friends wondering the meaning of your emotions and expressions! 😉

    Hold That Pen!

    Another way is to hold the pen and write as much as you can think of and resolving to incorporate as many advanced words in your write up as possible! This helps develop your vocabulary.

    Make A Note Of Certain Interesting Facts!

    Try noting down certain mind boggling and humorous facts which you could use for your content. When you incorporate fun facts, your content becomes all the more engaging. Clutch an important topic and write an amazing fact on the basis of that!

    Try Inventing Some Of Your Own Peculiar Phrases And Quotes!

    That works! That really does work! Readers consider it interesting to read something new that you come up with. You could frame your own acronyms, come up with creative illustrations by dragging your mundane daily life elements or using natural aspects. For instance, helping caterpillars bloom into a butterfly meaning helping novices become experts 😉

    These are some of the ways to effective English learning. All that matters is how well you Capture the Prey at the end while remembering that it comes from within and requires utmost imagination.

    After you have gained expertise and strong hold on the reigns of vocabulary, remember to use your talent in copywriting. Don’t know what that is? Well, let me introduce you to it. Copywriting is content intending to make sales. It is solely used for marketing wherein you provide ample information regarding your services or products thereby compelling people to buy your facilities through the incorporation of various calls to action!

    Call to action includes involvement of various links for customers to be redirected to the “buying” page. It also comprises of boosting content at the end that usually starts with a verb like, Try our products now and you won’t regret. You introduce discounts for your customers and create a sense of urgency by involving limited time periods for a specific offer or purchase of goods. You provide incentives to customers thereby getting them acquainted with the benefits of the product or service. You try creating convenient situations for them by providing money back guarantees. In short, customer satisfaction and well – being becomes your goal because marketing is all about understanding the pain points and desires of the mob.

    Content is thus, the basis of digital marketing and to master copywriting, one needs to work on the creativity aspect of this interesting English language. Basic English vocabulary gives birth to intermediate expertise in it which in turn opens the doors to creativity and later helps you climb the advanced ladder of English language wherein you hop into copywriting.

    A copy mustn’t ever include incorrect punctuations or grammar because that is enough to let your marketing efforts go down the drain!

    Avoid redundancy or repetition of words. For instance, ‘We provide goods that are good enough for daily life.’ Sounds crazy doesn’t it?

    Improper punctuation or overuse of it like, “We, provide, high quality, goods, and services.” Enough to infuriate the reader, isn’t it? That’s exactly why, it is advisable to work on enhancement of English before resolving to move towards copywriting.

    Thus, now you know why improvement of vocabulary was stressed upon in the earlier part of this article.

    What if you already are an ardent English fan and copywriting isn’t at all a monotonous or tedious task for you? Set up your own website and get marketing.

    Thank You For Reading!

    The heatwave in US-Canada

    Heat waves begin when high pressure in the atmosphere moves in and pushes warm air toward the ground. That air warms up further as it is compressed, and begins to get hotter. The high pressure forcing the warm air down onto the ground expands vertically, changing the surrounding weather. It minimizes wind and cloud cover. The humidity in the atmosphere is high, thereby making the air more stifling. Heat waves over an area lasts for several days or longer.

    The heat over western parts of Canada and the US caused by high pressure of hot air has lead to formation of a heat dome stretching from California to the Arctic territories. Temperature records have been shattered across western Canada and the US Pacific Northwest. Canada broke its country temperature record for a third straight day on Tuesday, 49.6 C, in Lytton, British Columbia. At least 486 sudden deaths were reported over five days in British Columbia. The new death tally of British Columbia, announced on Wednesday, sees a 195% increase in death rate over normal years. Typically, 165 sudden deaths would occur in the province over that period.

    Map showing the hottest areas in Canada and the US north-west

    The US north-west has also seen record highs- in temperature and a number of fatalities. The temperature at Portland International Airport peaked at 46.1C on Monday, going above the previous day’s high of 44.4C. At least a dozen deaths in Washington and Oregon are believed to be linked to the heatwave. US President Joe Biden said the heatwave was tied to climate change in a speech on Tuesday.

    Many homes in British Columba do not have air conditioning as temperatures are usually far milder during the summer months. Residents of the province, state that the condition is intolerable and hope it never becomes like that again.

    Many people have been forced to take refuge in cooling centres – air-conditioned building, such as stadiums, where residents can work and sleep. People and infrastructure in urban spaces, absorbing more heat than rural areas, have been particularly affected.The intense heat has melted power cables and cracked up the roads. Some places have been sold out of portable air conditioners, fans and ice and water.

    There are also fears of an increased risk of wildfires, with the town of Lytton, British columbia, already forced to evacuate because of a blaze – a day after it recorded Canada’s highest ever temperature.

    The wave is now moving eastwards over Canada’s provinces – Alberta and Saskatchewan and parts of Manitoba have been placed under heat warnings. As for the US, the heat is starting to ease near US western coastal regions, and in Seattle and Portland, but is expected to last all week in the interior areas of the Pacific Northwest.

    All you need to know about Modena vaccine

    Moderna will be the fourth vaccine to be used for the vaccination drive in the country. The other three vaccines that are being used in India are Covishield, manufactured by the Serum Institute of India, Bharat Biotech’s Covaxin and the Russian vaccine, Sputnik V.

    Drugs Controller General of India (DCGI) has approved Cipla, a Mumbai-based pharmaceutical company, to import Moderna vaccine for restricted emergency use in the country, VK Paul, member of NITI Aayog announced on Tuesday. “New drug permission has been granted to Moderna, the first internationally developed vaccine. This new drug permission is for restricted use,” Paul also said in the press briefing.
    The Moderna vaccine has been manufactured by the American pharmaceutical company with the same name. Here is all you need to know about the international vaccine:

    How many shots are required?

    The Moderna vaccine is a two-dose regimen at an interval of 28 days. In India as well, it will be administered in two doses, Paul confirmed in the briefing. However, the interval between the two doses in India is yet to be announced.

    Is it WHO approved?

    The Moderna vaccine is approved by the World Health Organisation (WHO). The world health body approved on April 30 on the basis of the recommendations of its strategic advisory group of experts (SAGE).

    How effective is the vaccine?

    The Moderna vaccine has been shown to have an efficacy of approximately 94.1% in protecting against Covid-19. The immunity starts to develop after 14 days of the first dose, WHO mentions on its site.

    Does it work against new variants?

    According to the studies done so far, the Moderna vaccine is effective against the new variants of SARS-CoV-2, including the Alpha variant and the Beta variant. However, researchers are still testing the vaccine’s efficacy against the new variants.

    How many countries have approved the Moderna vaccine?

    So far, the vaccine has been approved in more than 40 countries including Canada, the United States, Germany, France, United Kingdom, Italy, Israel, Japan and South Korea.

    Any side effects?

    The Moderna vaccine has no major side effects. However, after a person is administered with the dose there may feel slight fever, soreness in the arm, chills. The after effects include body ache, nausea and fatigue.

    Age groups that it is safe for?

    The WHO has approved the vaccine for all above the age of 18-years. Recently Modenra filed a request with the European Medicines Agency seeking authorisation for use in adolescents in the 12-17 age group. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is also reviewing its medical trial data for emergency use authorisation of its vaccine in kids 12 and up.