The term Panchayati Raj in India signifies the system of rural local self-government. It has been established in all the states of India by the Acts of the state legislatures to build democracy at the grass-root level. It is entrusted with rural development. It was constitutionalized through the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1992.

Evolution- 

BALWANT 

RAI MEHTA COMMITTEE-  In January 1957, the Government of India appointed a committee to examine the working of the Community Development Programme (1952) and the National Extension Service (1953) and to suggest measures for their better working. The chairman of this committee was Balwant Rai G Mehta. The committee submitted its report in 1957 and recommended the establishment of the scheme of democratic decentralization which ultimately came to be known as Panchayati Raj.

Rajasthan was the first state to establish Panchayati Raj. The scheme was inaugurated by the prime minister on October 2, 1959, in Nagaur District. Andhra Pradesh succeeded Rajasthan, which also adopted the system in 1959. Thereafter, most of the states adopted the system.

Though most of the states created Panchayati raj institutions by the mid-1960s. There were differences among states concerning the number of tiers, the relative position of Samiti and Parishad, their tenure, composition, functions, finances, and so on. For example. Rajasthan adopted the three-tier system while Tamil Nadu adopted the two-tier system. Further, in the Rajasthan- Andhra Pradesh Pattern, panchayat Samiti was powerful as the block was the unit of planning and development, while in the Maharashtra-Gujarat pattern, Zila Parishad was powerful as the district was the unit of planning and development.

Ashok Mehta Committee-  In December 1977, the Janata Government appointed a committee on Panchayati raj institutions under the chairmanship of Ashok Mehta. It submitted its report in August 1978 and made 132 recommendations to revive and strengthen the declining Panchayati raj system in the country.

73rd Amendment Act of 1992 –  This act has added a new Part- IX to the Constitution of India. This part is entitled ‘The Panchayats’ and consists of provisions from articles 243 to 243 O . In addition, the act has also added a new Eleventh Schedule to the constitution. This schedule contains 29 functional items of the panchayats. 

The act has given a practical shape to Article 40 of the constitution which says that “ The state shall take steps to organize village panchayats and endow them with such powers and authority as may be necessary to enable them to function as units of self-government”. This article forms a part of Directive Principles of State Policy.

The basic features discussed in the act are – Gram Sabha, Three- Tier system, Election of Members and Chairpersons, Duration of panchayats, Reservation of seats, Disqualifications, State Election Commission, Powers and Functions, Finances, and Audit of Accounts.

Drawbacks –  

1. Unscientific distribution of functions.
2. Incompatible relation between the three tiers.
3. Inadequate Finance.
4. Lack of conceptual clarity
5. Lack of cordial relations between officials and people.

Sources – Google, Wikipedia, Quora

 what is digital marketing 

At a high level, digital marketing refers to advertising delivered through digital channels such as search engines, websites, social media, email, and mobile apps. Using these online media channels, digital marketing is the method by which companies endorse goods, services, and brands.

Digital marketing can be broadly broken into 7 main categories including: Search Engine Optimization, Pay-per-Click, Social Media Marketing, Content Marketing, Email Marketing, Mobile Marketing, Marketing Analytics.

The average salary for a Digital Marketing beginner level / fresher is about Rs 3.0 Lacs to 4.0 Lacs per annum. This will depend on various other factors like skills, organization, and city of work.

Fossil fuels are made from decomposing plants and animals. These fuels are found in the earth’s crust and contain carbon and hydrogen, which can be burned for energy.

Coal, oil and natural gas are examples of fossil fuels. This is a nonrenewable energy source whose extraction often damages the environment.

More than 50 percent of a piece of coal’s weight must be from fossilized plants. Oil is originally found as a solid material between layers of sedimentary rock, like shale.

This material is heated in order to produce the thick oil that can be used to make gasoline. Natural gas is usually found in pockets above oil deposits.

It can also be found in sedimentary rock layers that don’t contain oil. Natural gas is primarily made up of methane. 

According to the National Academies of Sciences, 81 percent of the total energy used in the United States comes from coal, oil, and natural gas.

This is the energy that is used to heat and provide electricity to homes and businesses and to run cars and factories.

Unfortunately, fossil fuels are a nonrenewable resource and waiting millions of years for new coal, oil, and natural gas deposits to form is not a realistic solution.

Fossil fuels are also responsible for almost three-fourths of the emissions from human activities in the last 20 years.

Now, scientist and engineers have been looking for ways to reduce our dependence on fossil fuels and to make burning these fuels cleaner and healthier for the environment.

Fossil fuels are compound mixtures made of fossilized plant and animal remnants from millions of years ago.

The creation of fossil fuels—either oil, natural gas, or coal—from these fossils is determined by the type of fossil, the amount of heat, and the amount of pressure.

FOSSIL FUELS FORM :

After millions of years underground, the compounds that make up plankton and plants turn into fossil fuel. Plankton decomposes into natural gas and oil, while plants become coal.

Today, humans extract these resources through coal mining and the drilling of oil and gas wells on land and offshore.

TOPIC: ROLE OF WOMEN EMPOWERMENT RURAL IN INDIA

Women’s empowerment is the process of empowering women. It may be defined in several ways, including accepting women’s viewpoints or making an effort to seek them, raising the status of women through education, awareness, literacy, and training

Educating women results in promoting self respect and also helps in raising the status of women. An educated woman will be aware of her rights. She can fight against social evils such as domestic violence, dowry demand, low wages etc.

Women’s empowerment is the process of empowering women. It may be defined in several ways, including accepting women’s viewpoints or making an effort to seek them, raising the status of women through education, awareness, literacy, and training. 

Oliver Twist is a great book written by Charles Dickens. This book has an interesting plot and timeless appeal. The story revolves around an orphan name Oliver Twist, whose mother died giving birth to him.

As an Social reformer, Charles Dickens spread light on the prevalent social issue. The issue class difference, exploitation of the poor and of child labour. The rich remained rich and snobbish, while the poor suffered. The society would determine the fate of the people. There were no scopes for the poor to rise and prosper.

This even look on the sordid lives of the criminals and the criminal practice of the Victorian Era. This book review of Oliver Twist contains a summary of the plot as well as thoughts on the overall novel.

Oliver Twist  was born in a workhouse but his mother was died when Oliver was very little. This young man grew up in an orphanage where he got his name. A gentle man named Mr. Bumble took him away from the orphanage and put him to work. At the workhouse, his job was to pick and weave oakum. Child labour was not uncommon back in that time, so it wasn’t too surprising to see him and other orphans working all day for the benefit of the ruling class with receiving little to no pay, extorted, overworked and starving.  Oliver was nine years of age at that time. Later he was sold to a coffin maker named Mr. Sowerberry as an apprentice by Mr. Bumble later on.  Mrs. Sowerberry had a dominating and manipulative personality and Oliver wasn’t shown affection or care by her even though he was a mere child, he was only seen as the house help. But he tried to fled from there but he was caught by Mr. Sowerberry and got punished by him. After arriving in London, he met the ‘Artful Dodger’. He happens to be part of a young boys’ pickpocket gang led by, Fagin, an aged criminal.  Oliver’s trusting and innocent nature failed find any of his actions dishonest.  He was taken to Fagin by the pickpocket. Fagin is a complex character; even though he’s a criminal, he empathizes and nurtures the young kids while training them to become expert pickpockets.  Oliver stayed with the pick pocketer because he didn’t aware about what they are doing but when he understand what are they doing that time he left the place. From an old man called Mr. Bronlow, Bates and Dodger steal a handkerchief. When he noticed, however, young Oliver caught his eye and he suspected him of theft.  Trying to run away out of fright, he got caught and taken to the magistrate. But seeing his innocent face and nature, Mr. Brownlow doubted the fact that it was him who was the thief.  The owner of the bookshop where the incident of theft took place, cleared the confusion as he explained that it wasn’t Oliver who was the thief. Fagin, fearing that Oliver might disclose their wrongdoings to the police, wanted Oliver back in his lair.  So, when Oliver was sent on a duty to pay for the books, Nancy and Bill Sikes – both working alongside Fagin, put on a successful act to capture and bring him back. To re-involve Oliver in criminal activities, Sikes planned a burglary and threatened to take his life unless he cooperates.  He was then taken to a house, asked to open the lock of the main door before being pushed into a small window to enter the house. By this description reader can understand about Oliver identity when a mysterious man named monk appears.

Edward Leeford was the father of Monks and Oliver. He fell in love with Agnes, Oliver’s mother, after he had separated from Monks’ mother.  Later on, Mrs. Rose Mayliewas revealed to be Agnes’ sister thus being Oliver’s aunt.  Nancy, being protective of Oliver, went on to meet them at the London Bridge and told everything to Mrs. Rose Maylie and Mr. Brownlow about Monks’ plan and gave them an idea on how to save Oliver from Fagin, Monks and Sikes’ hand. Later on, the news of Nancy’s murder spread across London and Sikes along with the criminal coach Fagin were wanted for their crimes. Fagin got arrested and sentenced to death by execution. Mr. Brownlow confronted Monks about his plot against Oliver and decided to give him a second chance.  When asked, Oliver happily agrees to give Monks half of his inheritance. Oliver Twist was adopted by Mr. Brownlow and was given love and care as well as a promise to live a proper life.  Dodger was convicted with a punishment of transportation to Australia, Charlie Bates became an honest citizen and Noah became a semi-professional police informer.

In this book review, we would like to conclude that Oliver Twist is a true Dickens classic. The social novel – ‘Oliver Twist’ was one of Dickens’ early writings where he satirizes the hypocrisies of his time. The story shows how strong of an influence environment can have on a person’s life and how it is possible to overlook and overcome these influences.