The fossils are the preserved remains of animals,plants or their parts found in various strata of earth.Fossils may be of entire organisms or a part which got burried,a mould or cast,foot prints or imprints of a leaf on a stone.
Fossilization : Fossils can result by several methods.However these methods are purely accident.There are many methods of fossilization.
1) Petrifaction:It is the commonest method.In this method dead and buried organisms turn into stones.This is due to formation of sedimentary rocks under water.While the soft parts disappear due to decaying,hard parts get preserved due to mineralisation.The preservation happens in the original strata.
2) Petrifaction of soft parts:Under certain conditions muscles and other soft organs may get mineralised and form rocky fossils.Several such plant fossils had been obtained.
3) Preservation of foot prints: Moving animals on soft mud can leave foot prints.These prints,if left undisturbed,can get hardened and form rocky fossils.A study of such imprints can provide clues regarding the body form and characteristics of the extinct animal.
4)Moulds and casts:Fossilized moulds are found in volcanic ashes.Several invertebrate fossils had been obtained as moulds.They provide details about the exact physical features of the animal.
5) Fossilization in resins and Amber:Normally,insects get entangled in soft sticky secretions of trees called resin.The dried material can get Fossilized.These fossils can even reveal the colour of the organism.
6) Preservation in ice:Entire animals can get Frozen and may be preserved in ice.In such fossils the body parts remain intact without change.Fossils of woolly mammoth from Siberia are classical fossils of this nature.
7) Dating of fossils:The age of the fossils to a large extent can be assessed accurately,using radioisotope method.It is known that all elements exist as isotopes.Isotopes are atoms having slightly different atomic weights.eg c12 and c14.Some isotopes remain unstable.They undergo decay and release sub atomic alpha and beta particles till they become more stable.
The time required for the breakdown of half the given quantity of unstable isotope is called the half life.The half life of many isotopes is useful to assess the age of the rock accurately by measuring the ratio of unstable:stable nuclides.
Evolutionary significance of fossils
⭐Fossils tell us the full story of evolution.Fossil studies reveal the course of evolution.
⭐ Through fossils the origin and evolution of specific groups of organisms can be understood.eg.Hirse evolution.
⭐Fossils provide us clues regarding climatic conditions of various prehistoric periods.
⭐Study of fossils simplifies phylogenetic discussions.
⭐Some fossils like woolly mammoth can provide vital clues regarding genetical make up.
During each night a person goes through two stages of sleep that alternate with each other.They are
1)Slow wave sleep and
2)REM sleep
Slow wave sleep
In this type of sleep the brain waves are very slow.Though this sleep is frequently called “dreamless sleep”,dreams actually occur very often and even nightmares occur during this sleep.During this sleep the process of consolidation of the dreams in memory does not occur.This sleep is highly useful in decreasing blood pressure, respiratory rate and basal metabolic rate.
REM sleep or Rapid eye movement sleep
In a normal night sleep,REM sleep lasting 5-30 minutes usually appear on an average every 90 minutes.It is usually associated with active dreaming.The muscle tone throughout the body is exceedingly depressed during this sleep indicating strong inhibition of the spinal projections from the reticular formation of the brain stem.
The heart rate and respiration usually become irregular,which is characteristic of the dream state.During REM sleep,the brain is quite active.But,the brain activity is not channeled in the proper direction for persons to be aware of their sorroundings and therefore to be awake.
Physical effects of sleep
Sleep restores both normal sensitivities of nervous system and “balance” among the different parts of the central nervous system.Due to good sleep arterial blood pressure falls,pulse rate decreases,skin vessels dilate, muscles fall into relaxed state and overall metabolic rate of the body falls by 10-30 Percent.
Exercise is physical activity that is planned, structured and repetitive for the purpose of conditioning any part of the body used to improve health and maintain fitness. Generally you work up a sweat, breath heavy and increase your heart rate during exercise.
The muscle inactivity always leads to weakness and wasting of muscles.Muscles are no exception to the saying “use it or lose it”.Regular exercise increases muscle size, strength and endurance.There are several exercises according to the needs and benefits.For example jogging or biking results in stronger,more flexible muscles with greater resistance to fatigue.Stamina formation is mainly carried out through aerobic activities,such as running and swimming.
Benefits of aerobic exercise:
⭐Physical exercise is a major contributor to health and can improve the body in three ways:more efficient heart,and lungs, improved muscle tone,and more supply joints.
⭐It is also essential to prevent obesity.Due to regular exercise,blood supply to muscle increases,it results in supply of more oxygen.
⭐Further exercises make body metabolism more efficient, improve digestion and enhance neuromuscular coordination.
⭐Heart beat enlarges,so that more blood is pumped out with each beat,fat deposits are cleared from the blood vessels and the lungs become more efficient in gaseous exchange.
⭐These benefits may be temporary or permanent on the basis of regular and vigorous exercises.Aerobic exercises do not cause the muscle to increase in size,even though the exercise may go on for hours.
⭐Aerobic exercises increase the adaptability of muscles and give greater endurance to muscles.
⭐To gain good health,it is suggested that a total of atleast 20 minutes per day,of moderate exercise,to burn around 200 calories (837)a day,is required.Regular exercise is preferrable to occasional intense sessions.
The bulging of muscles of a body builder or proffesional weight lifter results mainly from resistance or isometric exercise in which muscles are pitted against some immovable,or nearly so, object.
Endurance and resistance exercises produce different patterns of muscle response,it is important to know what your exercise goals are.
Weight lift will not improve your endurance for a marathon race.At the same time, jogging will do little to improve your muscle definition nor will it make you stronger.Proper exercise for proper goal is necessary.
Cancer is a disease in which some of the body’s cells grow uncontrollably and spread to other parts of the body. Cancer can start almost anywhere in the human body, which is made up of trillions of cells.
Cancers are named according to the tissues from which they arise
1)Sarcoma-Malignancy in structural tissues
2)Carcinoma-Epithelial Cancers
3)Lymphoma-Lymphatic tissues
4) Leukemia-White blood cells
Causes for cancer
Majority of the cancers are caused by living habits and some environmental factors
⭐ Tobacco:Nearly 35% of all cancer deaths are due to usage of tobacco in some form.Atleast 90% of lung cancer deaths are due to smoking.Smoking can also affect gastro-intestinal tract,pancreas,genito-urinary tract and upper respiratory passage.Snuff and chewing tobacco can affect mouth and respiratory tracts.Smoke inhaled by non-smokers can also cause lung cancer and blood cancer.
⭐ Exposure to ionising radiations such as x-rays,gamma rays,uv Ray’s can produce cancer.These radiations rupture DNA strands, causing mutations.Solar radiations can cause skin cancers.
⭐Physical irritants,such as continues abrasion of the linings of the intestinal tract by some types of food can also lead to cancer.Dietary substances such as fast,high calorie intake of animal proteins,salted or smoked food can cause cancer in breast,colon, stomach and oesonophages.
⭐ Certain drugs if taken without medical advice can cause cancer.
⭐Viruses and parasite organisms like schistosoma,liverfluke can also affect.
Cancer and death
A severe onset of cancer ends in the death of a person.It is because of the unique characteristics of the cancer cells.The growth of normal cells is controlled by certain factors.However the cancer cells do not require the growth factors.Hence these cells do not respect usual cellular growth limits.Normal cells have a nature of remaining together in tissues.But the cancer cells are less adhesive to each other.Hence they wander through the tissues and enter the blood.They can be transported to all parts of the body and cause new cancer growths.
The cancer cells rapidly multiply.Some cancers also produce angiogenic factors that cause many new blood vessels to grow into the cancer.Thus these cells will drain all the nutrients and normal cells get deprived of food.Ultimately the normal cells and tissues suffer nutritive death.
Management of cancer
⭐ The treatment or management of cancer depends on an accurate diagnosis.Diagnosis is made through microscopic observations,study of markers on the surface of cells,cytochemical methods, cytogenetics and various scanning and X-ray diagnostic methods.
⭐ After diagnosis, treatment of cancer involves surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and hormonal treatments.
⭐ Surgery is used for initial diagnosis of cancer as well. Sometimes a solid lump or tumor is removed surgically and tissues are examined under the microscope for cancer. This is both a diagnostic and therapeutic use of surgery. Most people with cancer will have some type of surgery. If the cancer has not spread to other organs and tissues, surgery usually helps increase chances of survival to a great extent.
⭐ Chemotherapy:This treatment uses powerful drugs that destroy the cancer cells. Chemotherapy is delivered orally (pills) or through an intravenous (IV) line.
⭐ Radiotherapy:Radiation therapy is a type of cancer treatment that uses high doses of radiation to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Learn about the types of radiation, why side effects happen, which ones you might have, and more.
⭐ Targeted therapy:Targeted therapy is a type of cancer treatment that targets the changes in cancer cells that help them grow, divide, and spread. Learn how targeted therapy works against cancer and about common side effects that may occur.
Inspite of all advances in diagnostic and treatment,the death rate due to cancer is greater, Primary prevention of cancer will be a greater alternative to diagnosis and treatment.Consumption of fibrous food and avoidance of fatty food will avoid tumours related to alimentary canal.
Thus it is apparent that fight against cancer will be successful with early detection and appropriate education for avoidance.
Poverty and environment are closely interrelated. … It also highlights the impact of poverty on environmental health.Poverty is a condition of having insufficient resources of income.It is a lack of basic human needs such as adequate nutritious food, clothing, housing,clean water and health services.Extreme poverty can cause terrible suffering and death.They often suffer from severe malnutrition, epidemic disease outbreaks.
The effects of poverty may also include poor nutrition,mental illness,drug dependence and crime.
Extreme poverty which threatens people’s health or lives and is known as absolute poverty.And a condition of having fewer resources or less income than others within a society or country when compared to world-wide averages is known as the relative poverty.
The cycle of Poverty,illness and limited opportunities becomes a self substaining process that passes from one generation to another.
Poverty and environmental issues
The increase in population and poverty has made an impact on natural resources and the environment in many regions.In many parts of the world, environmental degradation-the deterioration of natural environment including the atmosphere,bodies of water,soil,forest is an impact cause of poverty.
Environmental problems have led to shortage of food,clean water, materials for shelter,and other essential resources.As forests,land,air and water are degraded,people who depend upon these natural resources are adversely affected.
Various measures to eradicate poverty in human being include the following
⭐ Achieving self sufficiency by intensifying agriculture,argumenting green revolution, in increasing crop productivity through modern genetic and bio technological approaches.
⭐Increasing land and water resources.Expanding the area of cultivable lands, transforming dry lands into productive lands through irrigation water sheds development.
⭐ Prevention of land and water pollution by minimizing the usage of chemical pesticides and adopting biological control strategies for pest eradication.
⭐Establishment of industries and technologies and creating more avenues for employment and man power utilization.
⭐Establishing more primary health centres , hospital and orphanages for destitutes and diseased.
Water is the basis for life.It is very essential to conserve water and to protect water from being polluted.Water conservation is the practice of using water efficiently to reduce unnecessary water usage. Water conservation is important because fresh clean water is a limited resource, as well as a costly one.
Watershed management is the comprehensive method to conserve water not only during heavy rains when rivers and tanks are overflowing but also during dry season when they are devoid of water.Linking rivers which have surplus water with rivers in deficit areas is a wise suggestion to manage the problems of flood and drought.
The majority of household water use comes from toilets, washing machines, showers, baths, faucets and leaks.
Some Common practices of conservation of water
⭐Usage of washing machine and dish washers only when they are loaded fully.
⭐ Turning off the faucets while brushing the teeth.
⭐Using a low flow shower heads and faucet aerators.
⭐Rainwater harvesting methods and construction of small check dams to arrest water from runoff and to store water for ground water recharge.
⭐ Recycling of water wherever it is possible.
⭐Grow more trees.Trees act as sponge in absorbing excess water and recharge the underground water reserve.
⭐ Wastage of water must be avoided wherever possible.
Deforestation is cutting down of trees.Deforestation includes the conversion of natural forests into tree plantations, like the clearance of tropical rainforests in Southeast Asia for oil palm and timber plantations.Cutting of trees has seriously affected the quality of environment by increasing the temperature, decreasing rainfall,top soil erosion,loss of biodiversity and also causes flash floods.Trees play a very important role in maintaining the environmental role.
Forests provide more than a home for a diverse collection of living things; they are also an important resource for many around the world.Trees also absorb carbon dioxide, mitigating green house gas emissions produced by human activity.Deforestation not only removes vegetation that is important for removing carbon dioxide from the air.
The long term effects of deforestation are climate change and loss of biodiversity.Climate change occurs due to an increase of green house gases such as carbon dioxide.An increase in carbondioxide will increase the temperature of the earth and will therefore alter the weather.
Deforestation ruins the habitat of the animals and plants causing them to die.Destruction of forest affect the beauty of an area and directly exerts an impact on tourism.
Fast depletion of forests urges rural people to use inferior quality firewood and make them spend more time on fuel collection.Shortage of forests also force the villgers to use more commercial fertilizer in place of manures.Fodder for grazing cattle diminishes resulting in decreasing number of live stock.
Loss of green cover leads to soil erosion.Landslides occur due to cutting of trees in hill stations.
“REVERSING DEFORESTATION MAY BE COMPLICATED,BUT PLANTING OF TREES IS VERY SIMPLE”
Child labour refers to the exploitation of children through any form of work that deprives children of their childhood, interferes with their ability to attend regular school, and is mentally, physically, socially and morally harmful.
According to the committee on child labour,”child labour can be broadly defined as that segment of the child population which participates in work either paid or unpaid”.Child labour means a working child who is between 6 and 15 years of age,not attending school during the day,and working under a employer or learning some trade as an apprentice.
A child may be found employed in many different kinds of activities to earn.The child may be employed forcibly or voluntarily,in an organized or in an unorganized sector.The common places of employment may be carpet weaving,match factories, fireworks, restaurants,auto garages,quarries, household work etc.,
Poverty seems to be one of the most explicit reasons for child labour.Poverty of parents,or parental neglect leads children to seek employment.Inadequate income of the parents do not fulfil the minimum requirement of the children which in most of the cases induce the children to enter into the jobs market,by foregoing their education.The greedy employers attract such poor children to their factories,hotels and other work places by promising them food and salary.The child labour becomes a convenient tool for employers to escape from giving salary to employees.Employing child labour for dangerous works,for low salary and without required service condition has serious socio,economic, cultural implications.
Physical labour and consequent work pressure make the child weak at times.The use of children as a source of labour force,raises many other questions with regards to demographic and economic implications.Among other implications child labour causes adult unemployment,low productivity with economic loss to the society.
Free and compulsory primary education,mid day meal schemes,and other incentives are meant to reduce the child labour.
The neem is a large evergreen tree that grows up to 20 m in height, with spreading branches that form a broad crown. The plant is found throughout India and neighboring regions, where it is cultivated commercially. Leaves grow alternately with leaflets containing 8 to 19 leaves. The tree yields high-quality timber and a commercial gum. Various parts of this tree have long been utilized in traditional Asian medicine.
The bark, leaves, and seeds are used to make medicine. Less often, the root, flower, and fruit are also used.
Neem contains chemicals that might help reduce blood sugar levels, heal ulcers in the digestive tract, prevent pregnancy, kill bacteria, and prevent plaque formation in the mouth.
Neem twigs: People in the tropic regions chew neem twigs instead of using tooth brushes.It fights germs, maintains the alkaline levels in your saliva, keeps bacteria at bay, treats swollen gums and also gives you whiter teeth.
Bark:The bark is used for malaria,stomach and intestinal ulcers,skin diseases,pain and fever.
Leaves:The neem leaves are used for healing the wound, clearing dandruff,eye troubles such as irritation,redness or tiredness,dark spots,acne,ear ailments,other skin disorders etc.,
Seeds:Neem oil that are extracted from the neem seeds are rich in medicinal properties.It can treat lot of skin diseases and more over it is an excellent mosquito repellent.It is also used for blackheads,anti ageing and for great hair.
Root:It is used as a tonic and astringent.
Flower:White and delicate, neem flowers with their off-white buds are almost too pretty to be eaten and unbelievably therapeutic. They’re often dry roasted and sprinkled on top of the dish to garnish as well.Neem flowers can be used to treat anorexia, nausea, belching and intestinal worm.Ayurveda suggests neem leaves are good for the eyes and useful in treating skin disease and headaches.
Fruits:The fruit is used for hemorrhoids, intestinal worms,urinary tract disorders,bloody nose,eye disorders,wounds and diabetes.
A disaster is an event which causes physical damage to property,huge loss of life and drastic change in the environment.The economic,social and cultural life of the people is affected and they need external help for food,shelter, medicine, financial and social support to overcome the disaster.Disaster is classified according to the origin as natural and man made disaster.
Natural disasters: Earthquake,landslides,tsunami,volcano, Avalanches,flood, Extreme temperatures,drought,wild fires,cyclones,storms,surges and waves.
Man made disaster:
Industrial accidents, pollution,acid rain,road accidents,leakage of toxic waste and war.
NATURAL DISASTERS
⭐ Earthquake:An earthquake is a sudden vibration or shake of the Earth’s crust.It is caused by the circulation of the convection cells and the plate movements.An earth quake may cause the landslide, avalanche,fire,soil liquefaction and tsunami.
Changes in the shape of the Earth’s surface,loss of life and property are some of the effects of earth quake.
⭐ Landslides: Landslides occur when ground on slopes becomes unstable. The unstable ground collapses and flows down the side of a hill or mountain, and can consist of earth, rocks, mud and any debris which may be caught in its wake. If a landslide occurs near inhabited areas, it can cause a great deal of damage.
Slides can cause disastrous flooding, particularly when landslide dams across streams are breached, and flooding may trigger slides.
⭐Tsunami:An extremely large wave in the sea caused by the earth quake occuring under the ocean floor.Apart from huge loss of life and property the environmental impact of tsunami is tremendous.It affects the quality of fresh water in the coastal acquirers.The salt is deposited on the table land by sea water and it takes long time to restore the quality of soil.
Tsunami can travel as fast as 500 miles per hour, without being noticed and can cross the entire ocean is lass than a day.
⭐Volcano:Volcanic gases that pose the greatest potential hazards are sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen fluoride. Locally, sulfur dioxide gas can lead to acid rain and air pollution downwind from a volcano. These gases can come from lava flows as well as a volcano that erupts violently.
⭐ Avalanches:An avalanche is a natural disaster that occurs when snow rapidly flows down a mountain. During an avalanche a combination of snow and ice is formed. The avalanche begins when the snowpack is unstable and breaks off along a mountain slope.
Human activity, vibration or movement,steep slopes,warm temperature are some of the causes of Avalanches.
⭐Flood:Sudden overflow of large amount of water caused by heavy rainfall, cyclones, melting of ice,tsunami,etc.,is called as flood.Low lying flood plains, coastal plains and river confluences are prone to flood.
Loss of life and property, displacement of people,spread of contagious diseases such as cholera,malaria,etc,.are some of the effects of flood.
⭐ Extreme temperatures:Illnesses caused by exposure to high temperatures include heat cramps, fainting, heat exhaustion, heatstroke, and death. Population at increased risk especially older and younger people, risk of dehydration, low fitness/excessive exertion, etc. Another reason of death during heat wave is because of living alone.
⭐ Drought:Long period of rainless weather condition is termed as drought.The severity of the drought depends upon the degree of moisture deficiency,the duration,and the size and location of the affected area.
Techniques of conversation of water like sprinkle irrigation,fertigation,pot hole irrigation, precise farming,and selection of suitable variety of crop that can with stand draught are some of the remedies that may reduce the impact of drought when it is possible to predict drought.
⭐Wild fires:Forest wild fires are a major disaster all over the world.The environmental impact of forest fire includes emission of large amount of carbon dioxide leading to global warming,loss of bio diversity, affecting hydrological cycle,reducing photo synthetic activity,and health hazards.
⭐ Cyclones:Areas of low pressure sorrounded by high pressure is called as cyclone.It is anticlockwise in northern hemisphere and clockwise in southern hemisphere.The centre of the cyclone called the eye of the storm is calm and clear without clouds.The condensation of vapour releases more latent heat and that gives the energy for the Cyclones to enhance further evaporation and formation of clouds.
Cyclones are associated with strong squall, torrential rain, flood and storm surge.
MAN-MADE DISASTERS
⭐ Industrial accidents:These disasters result from accidents, failures,mishap or misuse of some kind of technology.The storage and transportation of various hazardous materials used in industries may result in industrial hazard accidents.
Chemical industries faces multiple risks involved with its production, transportation,storage,usage and disposal of the effluents containing residual chemicals.
⭐ Pollution: Pollution is the introduction of harmful materials into the environment. … These harmful materials are called pollutants. Pollutants can be natural, such as volcanic ash. They can also be created by human activity, such as trash or runoff produced by factories. Pollutants damage the quality of air, water, and land.
The Burning of Fossil Fuels, industrial emission, indoor air pollution, transportation,open burning of garbage waste are some of the causes for pollution.
⭐ Acid rain:Acid rain , or acid deposition, is a broad term that includes any form of precipitation with acidic components, such as sulfuric or nitric acid that fall to the ground from the atmosphere in wet or dry forms. This can include rain, snow, fog, hail or even dust that is acidic.
⭐Road accidents:large number of railroad accidents, including collisions and derailments, happen in India; many get injured, and some people even die in these accidents.
The more severe physical injuries associated with a car accident commonly include brain and head trauma such as a traumatic brain injury , neck injuries such as whiplash, neck strains, or disk damage, and back or spine injuries such as sprains, strains, fractures, or disk injuries.
⭐ Leakage of toxic waste:Toxic wastes often contain carcinogens, and exposure to these by some route, such as leakage or evaporation from the storage, causes cancer to appear at increased frequency in exposed individuals.
⭐War:Disasters are also caused by sociopolitical conflicts that escalate into violence. War is defined as a conflict between to large groups of population, which involves physical force, violence and the use of weapons.
The ozone layer is the part of the Earth’s atmosphere which contains relatively high concentrations of ozone gas, which is an inorganic molecule with the chemical formula O3.In the stratosphere,ozone blocks out the sun’s ultraviolet Ray’s and is a life saver.
The ozone layer in the stratosphere absorbs a portion of the radiation from the sun,preventing it from reaching the planet’s surface.Most importantly,it absorbs the portion of UV light called UVB.It has been linked to many harmful effects like skin cancers,cataracts,and harm to some crops and marine life.
Ozone as a natural sun block
The ozone layer is like the Earth’s sunscreen,as it absorbs some of the sun’s radiation hitting our place. Without the ozone, radiation from the sun would reach earth directly,damaging DNA of many plants,animals and even human beings.Skin cancerrates would be on the rise .
The electromagnetic radiation emitted from the sun includes ultraviolet radiation,which is potentially harmful to most living things since it can damage DNA.The ozone layer screens out the sun’s harmful ultraviolet radiation.Even 1 percent reduction in the amount of ozone in the upper stratosphere causes a measurable increase in the ultraviolet radiation thet reaches the earth surface.If there was no ozone at all,the amount of ultraviolet radiation reaching us would be very high.All living things would suffer radiation burns,unless they were underground or in the sea.
In the stratosphere,small amount of ozone are constantly being made by the action of sunlight on oxygen.At the same time,ozone is being broken down by natural processes.The total amount of ozone usually stays constant because it’s formation and destruction occur at about the same rate.But human activity has recently changed the natural balance.
When chlorine and bromine atoms come into contact with ozone in the stratosphere, they destroy ozone molecules. One chlorine atom can destroy over 100,000 ozone molecules before it is removed from the stratosphere. Ozone can be destroyed more quickly than it is naturally created.Some manufactured substances such as chlorofluorocarbons and hydrochlorofluorocarbons can destroy stratosphere ozone much faster than it is formed.
Ozone hole
Ozone layer depletion is the thinning of the ozone layer present in the upper atmosphere. The loss of ozone was first detected in the stratosphere over the Antarctic.Tye part of the atmosphere where ozone is most depleted is referred as ozonehole.But it is not a real hole just a vast region of the upper atmosphere where there is less ozone than elsewhere.
Ozone poor air can spread out from the polar regions and move above other areas.
Reasons for the ozone hole in Antarctica
The ozone hole formed over Antarctica is due to compounds of chlorine and bromine formed in the atmosphere.Most of the chlorine and half of the bromine in the stratosphere comes from human activities.The chlorofluorocarbons released due to human activities get transported up into the upper stratosphere.
The most common ozone depleting substances are chlorofluorocarbons or freon gases, certain bromine compounds, nitrogen oxides and methyl bromide.These are released from air conditioners,freezers,foam insulations,aerosol products, industrial solvents,fire extinguishers and pesticides.
Effect of Ozone depletions
If the ozone is more depleted more ultraviolet radiation will reach the Earth’s surface.
Effect on plants:Will affect crop yield and forest productivity.
Effect on animals:Will cause damage to fish larvae and other small animals.
Effect on human health:It results in non-melanoma skin cancer and melanoma, acute erythemia,occur abnormalities, cataract and poor immune responses.
How can we prevent depletion of ozone?
⭐Avoid the consumption of gases dangerous to the ozone layer, due to their content or manufacturing process.
⭐Serving of refrigerators and air conditioners Should be regulated and minimize the use of cars.
⭐ Production,use and emission of ozone depleting chemicals should be controlled.
Nutritive value of Fishes The nutritive and medicinal value of fish have been recognized from time immemorial.Fish flesh is an excellent source of protein in human diet.Fish is also a great source of omega-3 fatty acids,which are important for our body and brain.The principal biochemical contents of fish flesh are protein,fat and water.Protein constitutes about 20 percent.
The nutritional value of fish is comparable and even higher than that of the flesh of birds and mammals.Fish flesh remains a good source for all essential aminoacids in needed concentrations.
The Indian pomfret is ranked high on the basis of it’s aminogram.As a child food,fish is easily tolerated by infants.Lean fish is recommended to convalescing patients.
The nutritive value of preserved and processed fish and fishery product is generally lower than that of raw fish.
The following are the nutritive information of some fishes
Atlantic Salmon fillet:280 calories,12.5 grams of fat,86 mg of sodium,39.2 gram of protein.
Pacific and jack mackerel (3 ounces) 134 calories, 7 grams fat, 1.6 grams of omega-3 fatty acids.
Medical and Economic importance of fish
Apart from direct consumption,contents in the body of fish are processed into a number of valuable products.
⭐Fish liver oil:Fish liver contains vitamin A and D in considerable quantities.Eg:cod liver oil and shark liver oil .Fish liver oil can cure or prevent occurrence of deficiency diseases such as rickets,eye defects, abnormalities in skin,mucous membrane and vertebrae.Fish liver oil will ensure healthy growth of bones and teeth.
⭐Fish body oil:Fish body oil is obtained from the entire body of fish.Fish body oil is generally extracted from oil sardines or from less edible varieties of Fishes.Some of the important uses of oil are:
1) Tanning of leather
2)steel and chemical industries
3) manufacture of lubricants,candles,cheap soaps,paints and varnishes.
⭐Fish meal:Fish meal makes an excellent poultry and animal feed.It enhances egg and milk production.
⭐Fish flour:Fish flour may also be mixed with wheat and maize flour.It is also used to enrich bakery products such as cakes,breads, biscuits,soup and sweets.
⭐ Fish manure and guano:All rejected and thrown out products from fishery industry are made use of as fish manure.Fish guano is obtained as waste from fish oil industries.It is a good manure.
⭐Fish glue:It is a kind of good glue obtained from fin trimmings,bones and skins of fishes.Fish glue is considered as a good adhesive.
⭐Isin glass:Isinglass is a high grade collagen produced from the air bladders of certain groups of fishes.It is also used in the preparation of plasters and special cements.
⭐Fish skin:Tanned skin of sharks and rays are used in the manufacture of shoes,handbags and wallets.
⭐Fish fin:The fins of sharks are exported to China where they are used for preparing soup.
Scales of garpike are used for jewelry and novelties. From scales of some fish is secured a pigment whose water suspension is known as pearl essence. It is used in the manufacture of artificial pearl in Europe, especially in France.
Omega fatty acids
The unique feature which differentiates fish food from other animal protein sources is the presence of omega-3fatty acids such as linolenic acid,DHA and EPA.Decosahexaenoic acid(DHA) promotes learning ability in children and improved memory in elders.It is also essential for foetal growth and development.Omega fatty acid is also good for heart and reported to be good for arthritis.
Her father Moropant Tambe worked as an adviser to the court of the peshwa,of the Maratha empire,Baji Rao II.As Manikarnika’s mother lost her mother at her age of four,she moved to the court along with her father.Bai had an unusual upbringing for a Brahmin girl.She was educated,and was more independent in her childhood than others of her age.She was trained with martial arts and became proficient in sword Fighting and horse riding.
Early life of Jhansi
Lakshmibai,Rani of Jhansi,was born on 19th November 1828 at Varanasi.She was born into a Marathi karhade Brahmin family.She was named Manikarnika and was nicknamed Manu.Rani Lakshmibai one of the warriors of India’s struggle for independence,lost her mother at the age of four.
Marriage with Maharaj of jhansi
She married the Maharaja of Jhansi,Gangadhar Rao in 1842.After wedding she changed her name to lakshmibai,in honour of goddess Lakshmi.In the year of 1851,she gave birth to a boy.But he died when he was only few months old.Once,Maharaj became ill.By following the Hindu tradition they adopted a five year old boy .He was named Damodhar Rao and declared to be the heir of the throne of Jhansi.
Doctrine of lapse
The east India company took advantage of the maharaj’s death and applied the doctorine of lapse.
Doctorine of lapse is an annexation policy followed by Lord Dalhousie. ⭐According to this, any princely state under the direct or indirect control of the East India Company where the ruler did not have a legal male heir would be annexed by the company.
⭐As per this, any adopted son of the Indian ruler could not be proclaimed as heir to the kingdom.
So ,due to this policy,Britishers did not accept Damodhar Rao as the legal heir.
By applying the doctorine of policy, Dalhousie annexed the states of Satara,Jaitpur and Sambalpur,Baghat,Udaipur,Nagpur.The plan of the Britishers was to annex Jhansi.They seized the state jewels,granted her pension and asked her to leave the fort forever.
Revolt of 1857
The Revolt of 1857 had broken out in Meerut and the Rani was ruling over Jhansi as regent for her minor son. British forces under the command of Sir Hugh Rose arrived at Jhansi fort with the intention of capturing it in 1858. He demanded that the city surrender to him or else it would be destroyed.
⭐ As many factor led to the revolt,the main factor is the introduction of greased cartridges by the East Indian company.
⭐The sepoys had to bite the cartridges by their teeth.This was unaccepted by the soldiers as the cartridges were greased with beef and pork.
⭐In January 1858, the English army started marching towards Jhansi and besieged the city. Lakshmibai gave a great fight against the British as the siege of jhansi lasted for about two weeks.
⭐After a fierce war,when the British army entered jhansi,Rani lakshmibai tied her son Damodhar rao to her back and faught bravely .
⭐She escaped to kalpi and was accompanied with other rebellions.She then departed to gwalior and a fierce battle was taught between the British and lakshmibai’s army.
Death of lakshmibai
On June 18th 1858, Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi, one of the most important figures of India’s First War of Independence, died while fighting against the British in Gwalior.
India’s freedom struggle had seen many freedom fighters over the years, but the name of Rani Lakshmibai stands out among them. Lakshmibai, the Rani of the princely state of Jhansi, was a brave and fearless woman who fought courageously against the British and eventually lost her life in battle on June 18th 1858 in Gwalior.
“If defeated and killed on the field of battle ,we shall surely earn eternal glory and salvation”
Computed Tomography (CT) which is also called Computerized axial Tomography (CAT) is an technology which has revolutionized the medical world.It enables the doctors to watch the vital organs, identify the blockages and growths and diagnose signs of diseases without surgery.
What is Computed Tomography scan?
Computed Tomography scan combines the us of a digital computer together with a rotating X-ray device to create detailed cross sectional images or slices of the different organs.
Advantages of CT over other imaging techniques
CT scan is a painless and less sensitive to patient than MRI.Among the various imaging techniques CT has the unique ability to image a combination of soft tissues,bone,and blood vessels.Here no radiation remains in the patient body after a CT examination.X-ray image of the head can only show the dense bone structure of the skull.Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging does an excellent job of showing blood vessels and soft tissue,but MR does not give as much details of bony structures such as the skull.CT images of the head allow the physicians to see soft-tissues ,anatomic structures like the brain’s ventricles,of grey and white matter.And,CT can provide detailed cross sectional images and diagnostic information for nearly every part of the body.
Role of CT scan in the diagnosis of covid -19
Chest CT scanning in patients with covid associated pneumonia usually shows ground glass opacification,possibly with consolidation.Though CT scans aren’t recommended as the only way to diagnose COVID-19, it may be appropriate on a case-by-case basis. For patients with severe symptoms, imaging might help to assess the seriousness of the disease. And when used with lab tests, a thorough medical history and a physical exam, CT scans can be helpful for determining a plan of care for a patient
Uses of CT scan
⭐CT scan can be used to measure bone mineral density for the detection of osteoporosis.
⭐CT has excellent application in trauma cases and other internal bleeding in patients.
⭐CT is an invaluable tool in the cancer diagnosis and is often the preferred method for diagnosis lung,liver and pancreas cancer.
⭐CT imaging and CT angiography and finding a greater role in the detection, diagnosis and treatment of heart disease, vascular diseases and acute stroke,which lead to stroke,gangrene or kidney failure.
⭐CT is used extensively for diagnosing problems of the inner ears and sinuses.CT is excellent for imaging tumors or polyps in the sinuses and diseases that cause degeneration of the small bones in the inner ear.
⭐CT has been the basis for interventional work like CT guided biopsy and minimally invasive theraphy.CT is also often used to follow the course of cancer treatment to determine how the tumour is responding to treatment.
Disadvantages of CT scan
⭐ CT scan,being a valuable tool for diagnosis and screening, a CT scan does carry risks, which relate to increasing your risk of cancer and reacting to contrast agents.It is really expensive.
⭐It is not suitable for tracking the progress of the stone over time, supporting the recommendation for KUB radiography along with the CT scan.
⭐At the low doses of radiation a CT scan uses, your risk of developing cancer from it is so small that it can’t be reliably measured.
This section provides some characters of Ramayana like Rama,Sita,Ravana,Lakshmana,Hanuman,,Dasaratha,Bharatha,,Luv and kush,Mandodari,Jatayu,Indrajit,Sugriva and more.
Rama
Rama,the hero of Ramayana is the prince of Ayodhya.He is the son of king Dasaratha and the queen kousalya.He is an avatara of Vishnu,the blue God.He is married to Sita and he has a strong bond with his brother Lakshmana.
Sita
Sita,an avatar of goddess Lakshmi,is the wife of Rama.She is the daughter of king Janaka of Videha and his wife Sunaina.She is also called as Boomija,janaki.
Ravana
Ravana,the villain of Ramayana,is a rakshasa done a penance for the god Siva for many years.He was the demon king of Srilanka.He is the eldest son of Vishrava and kaikeshi.He is described as having 10 heads and 20 arms.
Lakshmana
Lakshmana,is the son of Dasaratha by Sumitra.He is the younger brother of Rama.He is also known as Gudakesh.Lakshmana’s love and devotion for Rama is endless.Lord Rama too loved him immensely.
Hanuman
Hanuman also called as Anjaneya and Maruti is a great devotee of Rama.He is the symbol of strength and energy.He can change himself too small and become huge as touching the sky.
Dasaratha
Dasaratha is the father of Rama and the king of kosala.He had three wives called kausalya,kaikeyi and Sumitra.Rama,Bharata,Shatrugna and Lakshmana were the sons of Dasaratha.He is a perfect ruler.
Bharata
Bharata is the son of Dasaratha by kaikeyi and the second brother of Rama.He was married to the Mandavi ,daughter of kusadhvaja.He is a skilled warrior and exceptionally thoughtful.
Luv and Kush
Luv and kush are the sons of Rama and Sita.They were born at the ashram and were well skilled and trained under the tutelage of valmiki. These two supported their mother Sita during her exile from Ayodhya and has gone into so many adventures.
Mandodari
Mandodari is the wife of Ravana and the mother of Mandodari is very beautiful and righteous.She advices Ravana repeatedly to return Sita to Rama.
Jatayu
Jatayu is the eagle friend of Dasaratha and the brother of Sampati.He is believed to be the nephew of Garuda.He was the first to fight with Ravana to save sita.He tried to rescue Sita from Ravana.He taught valiantly to save Sita but he was severely injured.
Indrajit
Indrajit is the first son of Ravana.He is the most powerful warrior.He was named Meghanada as his birth cry sounded like thunder.When he born Ravana wished that no one in the world could defeat his son.
Sugreeva
Sugreeva was the brother of Vali and the friend of Rama.He is a monkey from Kiskinda.He became one of most Rama’s greatest and most loyal allies in the fight against Ravana.
Kumbhakarna
Kumbhakarna is a well known rakshasa and the younger brother of Ravana.He was given to long spells of sleep.He had two sons named kumbha and Nikumbha.He had an uncontrollable temper which was feared by many.He is with 44 feet height and 144 feet long huge.
Neela
Neela is the commander of the monkey army.He is a vanara chieftain in the army of Ravana.In Ramayana,Nila is described as the child of the god of the fire,Agni.
Surpanakha
Surpanakha is the sister of Ravana.She contacted Rama and sowed the seed of destruction.Nashik is the place where Lakshman,brother of Lord Rama cut off the demon Surpanakh’s nose.
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